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IFAC PapersOnLine 52-4 (2019) 443–448

Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic active
active power
power control
control based
based onon BESS
BESS smoothing
smoothing
Photovoltaic active power control based on BESS smoothing
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic active
active power
power control
control based
based on
on BESS
BESS smoothing
smoothing
Linjun
Linjun Shi*,
Linjun Shi*, Ladier
Ladier Fa*,
Shi*, Fa*, Haoqing
Haoqing Zhu*,
Ladier Zhu*, Jiangfeng
Jiangfeng Shi*,
Fa*, Shi*, Feng
HaoqingFeng Wu*,
Wu*, Weiguo
Weiguo He**,
Zhu*, He**, Chun
Chun Wang
Wang **,
Jiangfeng **, Kwang
Kwang Y.
Y.
Shi*, Feng Wu*, Weiguo He**, Chun Wang **, Kwang Y. Lee***,
Lee***,
Lee***,
Linjun
Linjun Shi*,
Shi*, Ladier
Ladier Fa*,
Fa*, Haoqing
Haoqing Zhu*,
Zhu*, Jiangfeng
Jiangfeng Shi*,
Shi*,
Keman Feng
Feng Wu*,
Wu*,
Lin* Weiguo
Weiguo He**,
He**, Chun
Chun Wang
Wang **,
**, Kwang
Kwang Y.
Y. Lee***,
Lee***,
Linjun Shi*, Ladier Fa*, Haoqing Zhu*, Jiangfeng Keman
Shi*,
Keman
Keman Feng Lin*
Wu*,
Lin*
Lin* Weiguo He**, Chun Wang **, Kwang Y. Lee***,
Linjun Shi*, Ladier Fa*, Haoqing Zhu*, Jiangfeng Shi*, Keman Feng Wu*,
Lin* Weiguo He**, Chun Wang **, Kwang Y. Lee***,
Keman
Keman Lin*
Lin*
*
*
* College
College
College of
of
of Energy
Energy
Energy and
and
and Electrical
Electrical
Electrical Engineering,
Engineering,
Engineering, Hohai
Hohai
Hohai University,
University,
University, Nanjing,
Nanjing,
Nanjing, Jiangsu
Jiangsu
Jiangsu 211100
211100
211100
*
* College
College of
of Energy
Energy and
and
CHINA Electrical
Electrical Engineering,
Engineering,
(Tel: 13951992305;
13951992305; Hohai
Hohai
e-mail: University,
University,
eec@hhu.edu.cn Nanjing,
). Jiangsu
Nanjing, Jiangsu 211100
211100
* College of Energy CHINA
and
CHINA
CHINA (Tel:
Electrical
(Tel:
(Tel: 13951992305;
Engineering,
13951992305; e-mail:
Hohai
e-mail:
e-mail: eec@hhu.edu.cn
University,
eec@hhu.edu.cn
eec@hhu.edu.cn ).
Nanjing,
).
). Jiangsu 211100
***College
State of
Key Energy
Laboratory and
CHINA Electrical
of(Tel:
Operation Engineering,
13951992305;and ControlHohai
e-mail:
of University,
eec@hhu.edu.cn
Renewable Nanjing,
Energy ).& Jiangsu
Storage 211100
Systems
**
**
** State
State
State Key
Key
Key Laboratory
CHINA
Laboratory
Laboratory of
of
of Operation
(Tel: 13951992305;
Operation
Operation and
and
and Control
Control
Control of
e-mail:
of
of Renewable
eec@hhu.edu.cn
Renewable
Renewable Energy
Energy
Energy ).&
&
& Storage
Storage
Storage Systems
Systems
Systems
** State China
Key CHINA
Laboratory
Electric of
Power (Tel: 13951992305;
Operation
Research and e-mail:
Control
Institute, of eec@hhu.edu.cn
Renewable
Nanjing, Jiangsu Energy ).
210024 & Storage
CHINA Systems
** China Electric Power Research Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210024 CHINA
** State Key
Key Laboratory
State China
China
China Electric
Electric
Laboratory
Electric
***
of
of Operation
Power
Power
Power
Department
Research
Research
Operation
Research
of
and
and
Electrical
Control
Institute,
Institute,
Control
Institute,
of
of Renewable
Nanjing,
Nanjing,
Renewable
Nanjing,
Engineering,
Jiangsu
Jiangsu
Jiangsu
Baylor
Energy
210024
210024
Energy
210024
University
& Storage
Storage Systems
& CHINA
CHINA
CHINA Systems
China *** Department of Electrical Engineering, Baylor University
China Electric
***
***
Electric
***
Waco,
Power
Department
Department
Power
Department
TX 76798
Research
of
of Electrical
Electrical
Research
of Electrical
USA
Institute,
Institute,
(e-mail:
Nanjing,
Engineering,
Engineering,
Nanjing,
Engineering,
Jiangsu
Baylor
Baylor
Jiangsu
Baylor
Kwang_Y_Lee@baylor.edu)
210024
University
University
210024
University
CHINA
CHINA
Waco,
*** TX
TX 76798
Department 76798of USA (e-mail:
Electrical Kwang_Y_Lee@baylor.edu)
Engineering, Baylor
Waco,
Waco,
***
Waco, TX
Department
TX 76798
76798 ofUSA
USA (e-mail:
(e-mail:
Electrical
USA (e-mail: Engineering, Baylor University
Kwang_Y_Lee@baylor.edu)
Kwang_Y_Lee@baylor.edu)
Kwang_Y_Lee@baylor.edu) University
Waco, TX
Waco, TX 76798 76798 USA (e-mail:
USA (e-mail: Kwang_Y_Lee@baylor.edu)
Kwang_Y_Lee@baylor.edu)
Abstract:
Abstract:
Abstract: The
The
The power
power
power fluctuation
fluctuation
fluctuation of
of
of photovoltaic
photovoltaic
photovoltaic (PV)
(PV)
(PV) is
is
is harmful
harmful
harmful to
to
to power
power
power systems,
systems,
systems, so
so
so the
the
the battery
battery
battery energy
energy
energy
Abstract:
Abstract:
storage The
The
system power
power
(BESS) fluctuation
fluctuation
was applied of
of photovoltaic
photovoltaic
to smooth (PV)
(PV)
power is
is harmful
harmful
fluctuation to
to
in power
power
PV. At systems,
systems,
present, so
so
the the
the
mainbattery
battery
ways energy
energy
to get
storage
Abstract:
storage
storage system
The
system
system (BESS)
power
(BESS)
(BESS) was
fluctuation
was
was applied
applied
applied of to
to
to smooth
photovoltaic
smooth
smooth power
(PV)
power
power fluctuation
is harmful
fluctuation
fluctuation in
to
in
in PV.
power
PV.
PV. At
At
At present,
systems,
present,
present, the
so
the
the main
the
main
main ways
battery
ways
ways to
energy
to
to get
get
get
Abstract:
storage
configuration The
system power
of(BESS)
BESS fluctuation
was
are applied
low-pass of photovoltaic
to smooth
filter and (PV)
power
spectrum is harmful
fluctuation to
in
compensation, power
PV. At systems,
whichpresent,
have so
the
somethe
mainbattery
ways
drawbacks.energy
to get
In
configuration
storage system of BESS
(BESS) are
was low-pass
applied tofilter
smooth and spectrum
power compensation,
fluctuation in PV. which
At have
present, some
the maindrawbacks.
ways to In
configuration
configuration
storage
configuration
this paper,system
a
of
of
of
method
BESS
BESS
(BESS)
BESS that
are
are
was
are low-pass
low-pass
low-pass
combines
filter
filter
appliedempirical
tofilter
smooth and
and
and spectrum
spectrum
power
spectrum
mode
compensation,
compensation,
fluctuation
decomposition in(EMD)
compensation, PV. Atwhich
which
which have
have
present,
with have some
some
the
waveletsome maindrawbacks.
drawbacks.
ways
drawbacks.
analysis (WA)to get
In
In
get
In
is
this
this
this paper,
configuration
paper,
paper, a
a
a method
of
method
method BESS that
that
that are combines
low-pass
combines
combines empirical
filter
empirical
empirical and mode
mode
mode decomposition
spectrum compensation,
decomposition
decomposition (EMD)
(EMD)
(EMD) with
which
with
with wavelet
have
wavelet
waveletsome analysis
analysis
analysis (WA)
drawbacks.
(WA)
(WA) is
In
is
is
configuration
this
proposed paper, toa getof
method BESS that are
grid-connected low-pass
combines active filter
empirical
power and spectrum
mode compensation,
decomposition
expectation of PV (EMD)
properly.which
with have
wavelet
Based some
on drawbacks.
analysis
simulation (WA)
of In
PVis
proposed
this
proposed
proposed paper, to
to
toa get
method
get
get grid-connected
that
grid-connected
grid-connectedcombines active
active
active power
empirical
power
power expectation
mode
expectation
expectation of
decomposition
of
of PV
PV
PV properly.
(EMD)
properly.
properly. Based
with
Based
Based on
wavelet
on
on simulation
analysis
simulation
simulation of
(WA)
of
of PV
PV
PVis
this
proposed
output, paper,thetoa method
get
minimum that
grid-connected
sizingcombines
of BESS empirical
active ispower mode
determined decomposition
expectation
by of PV
different (EMD)
properly.
batteries’ with wavelet
Based on analysis
simulation
state-of-charging (WA)
(SOC) of PV
andis
output,
proposed
output,
output, the
the
theto minimum
get
minimum
minimum sizing
grid-connected
sizing
sizing of
of
of BESS
active
BESS
BESS is
is
is determined
power
determined
determined by
expectation
by
by different
of PV
different
different batteries’
properly.
batteries’
batteries’ state-of-charging
Based on
state-of-charging
state-of-charging (SOC)
simulation
(SOC)
(SOC) of and
PV
and
and
proposed
output,
efficiency. to get
the minimum
Comparinggrid-connected
sizing of
traditional active
BESS ispower
low-pass determinedexpectation
filter by
and of PV
different
spectrum properly.
batteries’
compensation, Based on simulation
state-of-charging
this method (SOC)
not of PV
and
only
efficiency.
output, Comparing traditional low-pass filter and spectrum compensation, this method not only
output, the
efficiency.
efficiency.
efficiency.
acquires the
the
minimum
Comparing
Comparing
minimum
Comparing
capacity
sizing
sizing
of BESS
of
traditional
traditional BESS
ofaccurately,
traditional BESS is
is determined
low-pass
low-pass
low-pass filter
filter
determined
but filter
also
by
and
and
different
by spectrum
and spectrum
different
spectrum
improves the
batteries’
compensation,
compensation,
batteries’
compensation,
effect to
state-of-charging
this
this
state-of-charging
smoothing this
power
method
method
method
(SOC)
not
not only
(SOC)
not
fluctuation
and
only
and
only
of
acquires
efficiency.
acquires
acquires the
the
the capacity
Comparing
capacity
capacity of
of
of BESS
traditional
BESS
BESS accurately,
low-pass
accurately,
accurately, but
but
but also
filter
also
also improves
and
improves
improves the
spectrum
the
the effect
effect
effect to
to
to smoothing
compensation,
smoothing
smoothing power
this
power
power fluctuation
method not
fluctuation
fluctuation of
only
of
of
efficiency.
acquires
PV the
effectively. Comparing
capacity
Finally, of atraditional
BESS
case is low-pass
accurately,
proposed but
to filter
also
verify and spectrum
improves
correctnessthe of compensation,
effect
the to smoothing
theory. this
powermethod not
fluctuation only
of
PV effectively. Finally, a case is proposed
accurately, to
but verify
also correctness
improves the of the
effect theory.
to
acquires
PV
PV
acquires
PV
the
effectively.
effectively. capacity
Finally,
Finally,
the capacity
effectively. Finally,
of aBESS
case
of aaBESS
case is
case is proposed
isaccurately,
proposed but
proposed to verify
to verify
to verify correctness
correctness
also improves
correctness of the
ofeffect
theof to smoothing power fluctuation of
the theory.
the
smoothing
theory.
theory. power fluctuation of
PV effectively.
Keywords:
Keywords:
PV© 2019, IFAC
effectively. Finally,
Finally, aaoutput;
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic
(International case
output;
case is proposed
is Sizing
Sizing
Federation
proposed to
to verify
ofenergy
energy
Automatic storage
storage
verify correctness
capacity;
capacity;
Control)
correctness of
Hosting the
thebytheory.
ofEmpirical
Empirical mode
mode
Elsevier
theory. Ltd.decomposition
decomposition (EMD);
(EMD);
All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Keywords:
Keywords: Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic output;
output;
output; SizingSizing
Sizing energy
energy storage
storage
energy storage capacity;
capacity; Empirical
Empirical
capacity; Empirical mode
mode decomposition
decomposition
mode decomposition (EMD);
(EMD);
(EMD);
Wavelet
Wavelet analysis.
analysis.
Photovoltaic
Keywords:
Wavelet
Wavelet
Keywords:
Wavelet Photovoltaic output;
analysis.
analysis.
analysis. output; SizingSizing energy
energy storage
storage capacity;
capacity; Empirical
Empirical mode mode decomposition
decomposition (EMD); (EMD);
Wavelet analysis.
Wavelet analysis.
grid-connected
grid-connected reference
grid-connected reference can
reference can be
can be obtained
be obtained by
obtained by spectral
by spectral analysis
spectral analysis
analysis
1.
1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION grid-connected
grid-connected reference
reference can
can be
be obtained
obtained by
by spectral
spectral analysis
analysis
1.
1. INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION and
and compensated
compensated
grid-connected
and for
for the
the
reference right
right
can frequency
frequency
be obtained band.
band.
by spectral analysis
With
With the
the increasing
increasing
1.
1. INTRODUCTION
penetration
INTRODUCTION
penetration of
of photovoltaic
photovoltaic (PV)
(PV) in
in and compensated
and compensated
grid-connected
compensated for
for the
for the right
the
reference right
can be
right frequency
obtainedband.
frequency
frequency band.
by spectral analysis
band.
With
With the
the increasing
increasing penetration
penetration of
of photovoltaic
photovoltaic (PV)
(PV) in
in and
The
and compensated
method
compensated named for
for the right
empirical
the right frequency
mode
frequency band.
decomposition
band. (EMD)
With
power the
systems, increasing
the penetration of photovoltaic (PV) in The
The method
method named
named empirical
empirical mode
mode decomposition
decomposition (EMD)
(EMD)
power the
With
power
power systems,
systems,
systems, the problems
increasing
the
the problems
penetration
problems
problems
of
of safety,
of
of safety,
of
safety,
safety,
stability
stability and
photovoltaic
stability
stability and
and
operation
and operation
(PV)
operation
operation in The
The
(Huang method
method
et al., named
named
1998) empirical
empirical
has a goodmode
mode decomposition
decomposition
performance in (EMD)
(EMD)
processing
With
power
become the
systems, increasing
increasingly the penetration
problems
acute. of
More of
safety,
and photovoltaic
stability
more and
attention (PV)
operation
has beenin (Huang
The
(Huang et
method
et al.,
al., 1998)
named
1998) has
has a
empirical
a good
goodmodeperformance
decomposition
performance in
in processing
(EMD)
processing
become
power
become increasingly
systems,
increasingly the acute.
problems
acute. MoreMore
of
More and
safety,
and more attention
stability
more and
attention has been
operation
has been
been (Huang
The
(Huang et
method
et
non-stationary al.,
al., 1998)
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1998)
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in processing
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processing
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and operation non-stationary
(Huang et signal has
1998) and ait has
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widely used
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in many
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become
paid
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used
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2007.). influence
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areet some
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2009). In to
order the toPV output,
diminish et
In al.,
this paper, aaa new
2003). new power
power smoothing
smoothing methodmethod is is proposed
proposed
impact
quality
impact
for of
example, PV,
(Mairajuddin
of PV, there
there
the are
are
maximum et some
some
some restrictions
restrictions
2009).
al., power
restrictions In order
fluctuation
to
to
to the
the
the toPV
PV
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ratio
output,
output,
diminish
output,
in one
In
In this
In
thatthis
this paper,
paper,
paper, aaEMD
combines
new
new
new withpower
power
power WA
smoothing
smoothing
smoothing
to obtain
method
method
method
the
is
is proposed
is proposed
proposed
grid-connected
for
impact
for
for example,
of
example,
example, PV, the
there
the
the maximum
are
maximum
maximum some power
power
power fluctuation
restrictions
fluctuation
fluctuationto the ratio
PV
ratio
ratio in
in
in one
output,
one
one that
In
that combines
this paper,
combines EMD
a
EMDnew with
power
with WA
WA to
smoothing
to obtain
obtain the
method
the grid-connected
is proposed
grid-connected
impact
for
minute of PV,
example,
must be there
theless are some
maximum
than 10% restrictions
power
of the fluctuation
installed to the
PV PV
ratio output,
in
capacity one
in that
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that
power combines
this paper,
combines
reference EMD
a
EMDnewof with
power
with
PV, WA
WA
which to
smoothing
to obtain
obtain
makes the
method
the grid-connected
is proposed
grid-connected
full use
minute
for must be
example, betheless
less than 10%
maximum 10%powerof the
the fluctuation
installed PV PVratiocapacity
in in that power reference of with
PV, WA which makesthe use of of the
fullgrid-connected the
minute
minute
for
minute
China
must
must
example,
must
(GB/T
be
betheless
less
China,
than
than
maximum
than 10%
10%
19964-2012).
of
of
power
of the
the installed
installed
fluctuation
installed PV
PV ratio in one
capacity
capacity
capacity in
in
one
in power
power
that
power
combines
reference
reference
combines
reference
characteristics
EMD
EMD
and
of
of PV,
PV,
with
PV, WA
of effective which
which
which
to
to obtain
makes
makes
obtain
makesthe
information
full
full
full
of
use
use
use of of the
of the
grid-connected
photovoltaic the
China
minute
China
China (GB/T
must
(GB/T
(GB/T China,
be less
China,
China, 19964-2012).
than 10%
19964-2012).
19964-2012). of the installed PV capacity in characteristics
power reference
characteristics and
and of effective
PV,
effective whichinformation
makes
information of
full
of photovoltaic
use of
photovoltaic the
minute
China must be
(GB/T less than
China, 10% of the installed PV capacity in characteristics
19964-2012). power referenceand
characteristics
power generation. and of effective
PV, which
effective
Compared information
makes
information
with the other of
full
of photovoltaic
use suchof the
photovoltaic
methods,
China (GB/T China, 19964-2012). power generation.
generation.
characteristics
power and Compared
effective
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other methods,
information
with the methods,
of such as
photovoltaic
such as
Energy
China
Energy
Energy
Energy
storage
(GB/T
storage
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storage
China,devices
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19964-2012).
devices are
are
are
applied
applied
applied
applied
to
to
to
to
smooth
smooth
smooth
smooth
the
the
the
the
output
output
output
output
power
power
low-pass
low-pass
generation.
characteristics
generation.
filter
filter
and
and
and
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effective
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with
conventional
conventional
the
the other
information
other
spectrum
spectrum
methods,
methods, such as
such
ofcompensation,
photovoltaic
compensation,
as
as
Energy
fluctuation storage of devices are applied to smooth the output power
low-pass generation.
filter andCompared with
conventional the other
spectrum methods, such
compensation, as
fluctuation
Energy
fluctuation
fluctuation storage of PV
of
of PV
PV
properly
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PVdevices
properly
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applied
(Barton
(Barton
et
et al.,
et
et al.,
to
al.,
al.,
2004;
2004; Wang
smooth
2004;
2004; Wang
Wang
Wangthe et
et al.,
et
et al., low-pass
output
al.,
al.,
power
low-pass
superiority filter
generation.
filter
of the and
and
new conventional
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conventional
method is spectrum
the other
spectrum
verified in a compensation,
methods, such as
compensation,
study case.
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fluctuation storage of PV devices
properly are(Barton
applied to smooth the output superiorityfilter
al., low-pass of the
theandnew conventional
method is is verified
verified in aa study
spectrum study case.
compensation,
2012),
2012),
fluctuation due
due to to
of its
its
PV high
high cost.
cost. The
properly The key et
key
(Barton to
et al., 2004;the
to calculate
calculate
al., Wang
the minimum
minimumet superiority
superiority
low-pass
superiorityfilterof
of
of the
theandnew
new method
method
method is
new conventional is verified in
in
in aa study
spectrum case.
case.
compensation,
2012),
2012),
fluctuation
2012),
energy
due
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to
to
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of its
its high
PVhigh
high
stored
cost.
cost.
properly
cost.
is to
The
The
The key
key
(Barton
key
determine
to
to
et
to al., 2004;
calculate
calculate
2004;
calculate
the
Wang
the
the
Wang
the
reference
minimum
minimum
minimum
value
et
et al.,
al.,
of superiority
2. PV of
REFERENCE the new method
POWER is
verified
verified
CACULATION in a
study
study
BASED
case.
case.
energy
2012),
energy to
due
to be
to
be stored
its high
stored is to
cost.
is to determine
The key
determine to the reference
calculate
the the
reference value
minimum
value of
of superiority
2.
2. PV
PV of the new POWER
REFERENCE
REFERENCE method isCACULATION
POWER verified in a study
CACULATION BASED
BASEDcase. ONON
energy
2012),
energy
active
active
energy
to
due
to
power
power
to
be
be
stored
to for
be its
for PV
PV
stored
is to
to determine
highgrid-connected.
stored cost.
is The key to the
determine
grid-connected.
is to determine the
the
reference
calculate
reference
reference
value
the minimum
value
value
of
of
of
2.
2. PV
PV REFERENCE
REFERENCE POWER POWER
EMD
EMD AND
AND
CACULATION
CACULATION
WA
WA BASED ON
BASED ON
ON
active
active
energy power
power
to be for for PV
PV
stored grid-connected.
grid-connected.
is to determine the reference value of 2. PV REFERENCE
2. PV REFERENCE POWER POWER
EMD
EMD AND
ANDCACULATION
WA
WA
CACULATION BASED
BASED ON ON
active
active power
power for
for PV grid-connected. EMD AND WA
It
It is
It is aaaapower
active
is common
common
common for PV grid-connected.
method
PV to
to obtain
obtain the
grid-connected.
method
method to obtain the scheduling
the scheduling power
scheduling power of
power of 2.1
of 2.1 Empirical
Empirical mode
EMD
EMD AND
mode decomposition AND WA
decomposition WA
It
It is
is a
intermittent common
common method
method
renewable to
to
energyobtain
obtain the
the
including scheduling
scheduling
PV by power
power
low of
of
pass 2.1
2.1 Empirical
Empirical mode
mode decomposition
decomposition
intermittent
It is a
intermittent common renewable
method
renewable energy
to
energyobtain including
the
including PV
scheduling
PV by by
by low
power
low pass
of
pass 2.1 Empirical mode decomposition
intermittent
It is a common
intermittent renewable
methodenergy
renewable to obtain including PV
the scheduling low
power of 2.1 Empirical
pass mode decomposition
filtering
filtering (Li
intermittent
filtering (Li et
(Li et
renewable
et al., 2012;energy
al., 2012;
al., 2012; Jiang
Jiang et
energy
Jiang etincluding
et al.,
including
al., 2013).PV
al., 2013).
2013). PV by
However,
However,
by
However,
low
low itpass
it
it has
has 2.1
pass
has The
The
The
Empirical
EMD
EMD
EMD must
must
must
mode
meet
meet
meet
decomposition
the
the three
the three principles
principles (Huang
(Huang et al., 1998):
et al., 1998):
filtering
intermittent
filtering
some
some
filtering
some
(Li
(Li
drawbacks
drawbacks
(Li
drawbacks
et
et
et
al.,
renewable
al.,
al.,
2012;
2012;
such
such
2012;
such as
as
as
Jiang
energy
Jiang
time
time
Jiang
time
et
et
delay,
delay,
et
delay,
al.,
including
al.,
al.,
2013).
2013).
low
low
PV However,
traceability
2013).
low
by
However,
traceability
However,
traceability
low
and
and
and
it
it
it
has
pass
has
poor
poor
has
poor
The
The
1)
1) At
At
EMD
EMD
least
least
must
must
one
one
meet
meet
maximum
maximumthe three
the three
three
value
value
principles
principles
principles
and
and one
one
(Huang
(Huang
(Huang
minimum
minimum
et
et al.,
et al.,
al., 1998):
1998):
1998):
value
value of
of
some
filtering
some drawbacks
(Li
drawbacks et al.,such
2012;
such as
as time
Jiang
time delay,
et
delay, al., low
low traceability
2013). However,
traceability and
and itpoor
has
poor The
1)
1)
The At
AtEMD
least
least
EMD must
one
one
must meet
maximum
maximum
meet the
the three
value
value
three principles
and
and
principlesone
one (Huang
minimum
minimum
(Huang et
et al., 1998):
value
value
al., of
of
1998):
characterization
characterization
some drawbacks
characterization in
in some
some
such
in some as cases.
cases.
time
cases. Although
Although
delay,
Although low Nguyen
Nguyen
traceability
Nguyen et
et
et al.
al.
and
al. (2014)
(2014)
poor
(2014) 1) At
input
input least
signals
signals one maximum
are
are needed.
needed. value
2)
2) and
Time
Time one minimum
characteristic
characteristic value
scale
scale of
is
is
characterization
some drawbacks
characterization in
in some
such
some cases.
as time
cases. Although
delay,
Although Nguyen
low traceability
Nguyen et al.
et al.
and (2014)
poor
(2014) 1) At
input
input
1) At least
signals
signals
least one
one maximum
are
are needed.
needed.
maximum value
2)
2)
value and
Time
Time
and one minimum
characteristic
characteristic
one minimum value
scale
scale
value of
is
is
of
proposed
proposed
characterization
proposed a
a
a method
method
method in based
based
some
based on
on
cases.
on zero-phase
zero-phase
Although
zero-phase low-pass
low-pass
Nguyen
low-pass et filter
filter
al. (2014)
filter to
to
to input signals
determined
determined by
by are
the
the needed.
time
time 2)
interval
interval Time
of
of characteristic
continuous
continuous extreme
extreme scale is
value.
value.
proposed
characterization
proposed aa method
method in somebased
based on
cases.
on zero-phase
Although
zero-phase low-pass
Nguyen
low-pass etal. filter
al. (2014)
filter to
to input signals
determined
determined
input signals by
by are
the
the
are needed.
time
time 2)
interval
interval
needed. 2) Time
of
of
Time characteristic
continuous
continuous extreme
extreme
characteristic scale is
value.
value.
scale is
eliminate
eliminate
proposed the
the problem
problem
aa method of
of time
time delay,
delay, and
and Jiang
Jiang et
et al. (2013)
(2013) determined
3) Extreme by
valuethe time
can beinterval
obtained of continuous
by the extreme
differential, ifvalue.
there
eliminate
proposed the
eliminate
eliminate
presented the
the problembased
problem
aa method
problem
two-time-scale
of
of time
based
of
on
time
on
time
zero-phase
delay,
delay,
zero-phase
delay,
coordination
and
and
low-pass
Jiang
and control
Jiang
low-pass
Jiang et
ettoal.
et al.
filter
(2013)
(2013)
al.improve
filter
(2013)
to 3) Extreme
3)
Extreme by
to determined
3) Extreme
determined
3) only
Extreme
value
value
value
by
value
the can
thecantime
can
time
can
beinterval
be
be
obtained
obtained
obtained
beinterval
obtained
of by
by
by
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the
differential,
continuous extreme
the differential,
ofextreme
continuous
by extremeif
differential,
ifvalue.
if there
there
there
ifvalue.
there
presented
eliminate
presented
presented thea two-time-scale
problem
two-time-scale
aa two-time-scale of coordination
time delay,
coordination
coordination and control
Jiang
control et to
toal.improve
(2013)
improve is
is
3)
is only
only one
one
Extreme
one inflection
inflection
value
inflectioncan point
point
be
point but
but
obtained
but no
no
no extreme
by the
extreme value.
value.
differential,
value. if there
eliminate
presented
the the
traceability problem
two-time-scale
of wind ofenergy
time delay,
coordination
by and control
using Jiang
control
the etto
to
predictedal.improve
(2013)
improve
wind is
3)
is only one
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only one inflection
value canpoint
inflection but
be obtained
point but no
no extreme
extreme value.
by the differential,
value. if there
the
the traceability
presented
traceability a of
of wind
two-time-scale
wind energy
energy by
coordination
by using
using the
the predicted
control to
predicted wind
improve
wind is only one
the
the
power traceability
presented
traceability
in short of
of
time, wind
a two-time-scale
wind
these energy
energy
methods by
coordination
by using
using
were the
the predicted
control to improve
predicted
complicated. Inwind
wind
the In
is
In only
In one inflection
addition,
addition,
addition, the
the most
inflection
the
point
basic
most point
most
but
unit
basic but
basic
no
unitno
unit
extreme
that makes
extreme
that
that
value.
up
up of
makesvalue.
makes up of the
the original
original
power
the
power
power
the
power
in
in
in
in
short
traceability
short
short
traceability
short
time,
of
time,
time,
of
time,
these
wind
these
these
wind
these
methods
energy
methods
methods
energy
methods
by
by
were
using
were
were
using
were
complicated.
the predicted
complicated.
complicated.
the predicted
complicated.
In
In
In
In
the
wind
the
the
wind
the
In
In addition,
addition,
signal
signal is
is
the
the
called
called
most
most basic
basic
intrinsic
intrinsic
unit
unit
mode
mode
that
that makes
makes
function
function up of
up
(IMF),
(IMF),
of
oforthe
the original
original
theempirical
or original
empirical
meantime,
meantime,
power
meantime, in short the
the
the method
method
time,
method of
of
these
of spectrum
spectrum
methods
spectrum compensation
compensation
were complicated.
compensation appears
appears
appears In to
to
the
to In addition,
signal
signal
In is
is
addition, the
called
called
the most basic
intrinsic
intrinsic
most basic unit
mode
mode
unit that makes
function
function
that makes up
(IMF),
(IMF),
up of
of the
or
or
the original
empirical
empirical
original
meantime,
power
meantime, in short the
the method
time,
method of
these
of spectrum
methods
spectrum compensation
were complicated.
compensation appears
appears In to
the
to signal
mode is called
component.
mode component.
component. intrinsic
The
The IMFIMF
IMFmodehas function
the (IMF),
following
has function
the following
following two or empirical
constraints:
twoorconstraints:
constraints:
be
be promising
promising
meantime, the in
in the
the
method literature
literature
of (Wang
(Wang et
et al.,
al., 2012),
2012), where
where the
the signal
mode is called intrinsic
The modehas the (IMF), two empirical
be
be
be promising
promising
meantime,
promising
intermittency
in
in
theof
in the
the
method
the of spectrum
literature
literature
literature
renewable
(Wang
(Wang
spectrum
(Wang
power’s
compensation
et
et al.,
al.,
compensation
et al.,
(including
2012),
2012),
2012),
wind
appears
where
where
appears
where
and
to
to mode
the
the
the
solar)
signal
mode
1)
1)
modeThe
The
component.
isnumber
called of
component.
number
component. of
The
intrinsic
The IMF
IMF
extreme
extreme
The IMF
modehas
and
and
has
the
the
the
the
following
has function
the number
number
(IMF),
following
following of
of
two
two
two
orconstraints:
zero
zero
empirical
constraints:
crossing
crossing
constraints:
intermittency
be promising
intermittency of
in
of renewable
the literature
renewable power’s
(Wang
power’s (including
et al.,
(including windwhere
2012),
wind and solar)
and solar)
the 1)
1) The number of extreme and the number of zero crossing
1)
modeThe
The number
number
component. of
of extreme
extreme
The IMF and
and
has the
the
the number
number
following of
oftwozero
zero crossing
constraints:
crossing
intermittency
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of the literature
renewable power’s
(Wang(including
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wind and
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intermittency
intermittency
2405-8963 © 2019,
of renewable
of IFAC
renewable power’s (including
power’sFederation
(International (including wind
of wind
Automatic
and
and solar)
solar) 1) The by
Control) Hosting number
ElsevierofLtd. extreme andreserved.
All rights the number of zero crossing
Peer review©
Copyright
Copyright ©under
2019 responsibility
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IFAC of International Federation of Automatic
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© 2019 IFAC 478
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must be equal, or differ at most by 1; 2) The local extreme
value’s envelope curve (including local maximum envelope
curve and local minimum envelope curve) of any point on the
data obtained by interpolation method, and mean value of the
two envelope curves should be zero. The process to obtain
the IMFs from the given signal is called sifting, and its detail
steps are in (Chen, 2010). In the sifting process of EMD, its
decomposition is orderly since high frequency IMFs are
sifted before low frequency IMFs for its successive extraction.
Therefore, we can analyze the signal’s physical
characteristics by selecting several IMFs discretionarily.
Because of the cubic spline interpolation’s characteristics,
there are endpoint effects in EMD (Chen, 2010). In order to
eliminate the endpoint effects, mirror boundary extension
(Huang et al., 2003) is used in this paper. This method
regards endpoint as extension center to eliminate the singular
endpoint.
2.2 Wavelet analysis and de-noising
Wavelet analysis (WA) is developed on the basis of Fourier
transform (Cai et al., 2011). Due to the merits of WA, such as
excellent capability of frequency analysis, time-domain
localization analysis as well as de-noising, a large number of
scholars or experts pay more attention to this field, and many
most of them have made significant achievements by using
WA.
The wavelet transform is a transformation. First, shift a
wavelet function, and then the inner product is made with the
unanalyzed signal at different scales, as shown in the follows
(Cai et al., 2011; Yuan, 2008):
1 t
WTx ( , ) X (t ) ( ))dt
dt
In this formula, WTx is a wavelet transform; α is a positive
scale factor used to stretch the basic wavelet function (t) ;
is a displacement parameters; X(t) is the unanalyzed signal.
The frequency domain representation of (1) is expressed as
follows:
WTx ( , ) X( ) ( e j
)d
2 conditions in (GB/T China, 19964-2012). The value of the
In this formula, ( ) is the representation of (t) in
frequency domain; 2 f , and f is is the frequency of the
unanalyzed signal.
The WA is used to de-noising or to analyze characteristics of
the original signal. Since the wavelet coefficients of original
signal and noise are different, de-noising by WA can be
easily implemented. The noise vector is in the form of Gauss
transformation as well as its orthogonal transformation (Cai
et al., 2011). The results show that when the wavelet
transform scale is larger, the Gaussian white noise is smaller
and the de-noising effect is better (Yuan, 2008).
In this paper, the de-noising by wavelet threshold is adopted.
However, there are some issues in the process: The first one
is how to select wavelet function, the second one is how to
determine the decomposition layers, and the last one is how
to get the threshold function.
In this paper, wavelet symlets 7(sym7) is selected as a basic
wavelet and mandatory de-noising threshold value is selected
as a threshold function. According to the characteristics of
data, the wavelet decomposition layer is selected by empirical
method. If the number of layers is small, the signal will not
meet the requirements by de-noising. On the contrary, if the
number of layers is large, the computation will increase
significantly. In this paper, both the root mean square error
(RMSE) and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are used to decide
the number of layers:
1 2
RMSE [ x ( n) xˆ (n)]
) (3)
N
x 2 ( n)
SNR 10 log[ n
] (4)
[ x ( n) xˆˆ((n)]
)2
Among them, x(n) is the original signal, xˆ(n) is the denoised
signal, and n =1,2,3,…, N is number of layers.
In principle, when the value of RMSE is smaller and the
value of SNR is greater, the number of decomposition layers
is more reasonable.
2.3 Combination of EMD and WA
Since EMD does not require any basic functions in advance,
it can be applied conveniently. In addition, EMD is effective
in matching nonlinear and linear signals by Fourier transform
with higher harmonic frequency component (Hu et al.,2012).
However, the IMF contains noise, and the simple
(1)
combination of several IMFs may also lose useful signals, so
it is necessary for IMF to be de-noised. On the other hand,
Noise can be separated from the useful signals by WA, since
WA has its unique advantages in the noise removal.
Therefore the method of combining EMD and WA is
proposed in the paper. First, the original PV output signals
are decomposed into IMFs by EMD. Second, each IMFs are
de-noised by WA. Third, the ideal waveform can be obtained
(2) by regrouping IMFs which satisfied with the constraint
waveform is the reference value for the grid-connected active
power of PV.
3. CASE STUDY
The PV station with a battery energy storage system (BESS)
is shown in Fig. 1.
From Fig. 2, the maximum active power (Pg) fluctuation ratio
(fmax) in one minute is 54.4%, which far exceeds the
maximum power fluctuation requirement of less than 10%.
Therefore, a BESS is installed in the 10kV AC bus as shown
in Fig. 1.
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Power
10kv AC bus network

Step-up Step-up
transformer transformer

BESS AC AC
converter
DC DC
PV converter
Load

BESS PV

Fig.1 The PV power station system diagram.

Fig.3 Decomposition of the original PV output signals with
EMD.

As can see from Fig. 3, the signals are decomposed by EMD

from high to low frequency. The first IMF has the highest
frequency and the densest signal, while the seventh IMF has
the lowest frequency.
(2) The choice of decomposition layers
Sym7 is selected for the original power signal from the grid-
connected PV power plant in this case. The value of RMSE
and SNR can be obtained from the wavelet decompositions in
three layers, four layers and five layers respectively by
threshold de-noising. The results are given in Table 1.
As can see from Table 1, the value of RMSE is the smallest
and SNR is the largest when the number of decomposition
Fig.2 The measured original PV power (Pg).
layers is three. The decomposition effect is the best under this
In Case I, the reference value of active power for PV grid- situation, which is used as the basis for the subsequent
connected is obtained by combining EMD and WA, while the analyses.
reference value is acquired by traditional low-pass filter. Table 1. The value of RMSE and SNR in different
Based on the reference active power, the optimal sizing of decomposition layers
BESS was calculated to smooth the output power fluctuations.
Finally, comparison and analysis of the results in the two Number of Decomposition Layers RMSE SNR
cases are given in the paper.
Three layers 20.5149 46.7367
3.1 Case I
Four layers 29.4831 39.4834
The first case is the optimal sizing of the BESS based on the Five layers 44.8509 31.0929
combination of EMD and WA.
(1) Decomposition by EMD (3) WA applies to decomposed IMFs

The original PV output signals are decomposed by EMD, and
seven IMFs at different levels can be obtained as shown in
Fig. 3.
The WA is performed on the seven IMFs in Fig. 3
individually based on the three decomposition layer.
The third IMF applied with WA is shown in Fig. 4. It can be
seen that the signals can keep their own basic characteristics
by WA. Other IMFs are de-noised similarly.

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Fig.4 De-noising of the third IMF component by WA Fig.6 The ideal and actual compensation of BESS.

(4) Sizing of BESS From the actual compensation of BESS (Pb), the actual
reference value of active power for PV grid-connected P (P1)
The charging and discharging efficiency of BESS is equal to can be obtained (P1= Pg - Pb). The maximum fluctuation ratio
0.928, and the maximum and minimum state-of-charge (SOC) of P1 is 5.69% in one minute, which exceeds the theoretical
of BESS is 1 and 0.3 respectively. The maximum active fluctuation ratio, but still satisfies the regulation (less than
power fluctuation ratio in one minute should be less than 10% 10%). From Fig. 6, the maximum output of BESS is
according to (GB/T China, 19964-2012), and BESS is 122.1642 kW, which can be the rated power of BESS, PBESS.
adopted to reduce the fluctuation ratio. Based on trial and The comparison of fluctuation ratios for P1 and Pg is shown
error method (Li, 2014), the last four IMFs de-noised by WA in Fig. 7, where all fluctuation ratios of P1 are less than 10%.
are combined to be P0 as shown in Fig. 5, which is used as
an ideal reference value of active power for PV grid-
connected. The maximum active power fluctuation ratio of P0
is 5.08%, which is less than 10%. While P01 is combined by
last four IMFs undecomposed in Fig. 5. The maximum active
power fluctuation ratio of P01 is 10.02%. Therefore, P0 is
better than P01.

Fig.7 The comparison of power fluctuation ratios.

The energy fluctuation of BESS can be obtained by
integrating the power fluctuation in Fig. 6:
n
EBESS , acu [n] ( Pb [n] T ), n 0,1, ,M (5)
0

Fig.5 The original vs. de-noised signal and undecomposed
signal.
Since P0 satisfies the fluctuation ratio in (GB/T China,
19964-2012), the difference between the actual PV output Pg
and ideal reference value of active power for PV grid-
connected P0 is compensated by the BESS. From Fig. 5, the
ideal compensation of BESS Pb0 (Pb0=Pg-P0) is obtained.
Considering the efficiency of the BESS, the actual
compensation waveform of BESS Pb is in Fig. 6.
In these formulae, EBESS , acu is accumulating energy of BESS
p
at every sampling point n, M is the total number of sampling
points, and T is sample interval.
Based on (5) and Fig. 6, the energy fluctuation EBESS , acu and
SOC are plotted in Fig. 8. The capacity of the BESS, EBESS, is
25.612 kWh by this simulation (Wang et al., 2012).

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From Fig. 9 and Table 2, only fc =1/660 Hz satisfies the

regulation (less than 10%). The case in which fc=1/660 Hz
ought to compare with the combination of EMD with WA.

3.3 Comparison and analysis

Two different methods are given in Cases I and II to calculate

Fig.8 Energy fluctuation and SOC of BESS.
As can be seen from Fig. 8, the charged state of BESS returns
to the initial value at the end of a cycle, and there is good
complementary relationship between the fluctuation of stored
energy and charging state of battery.
the reference value of active power for PV grid-connected.
Fig. 10 shows the comparison of these two methods.
From Fig. 10, the original signals cannot be reflected very
well by low-pass filter because of the time-delay. However,
the method combined EMD with WA shows that the original
signals’ characteristics are reflected very closely. Table 3
shows that, on the premise of meeting the requirement (less
than 10%), BESS requires smaller capacity and power
configuration by combining EMD with WA, and smoothing
effect is better in this method.

3.2 Case II

In this case, PV output is smoothed by traditional low-pass

filter. It has different effect for different time constant T of
the filter. When the cut-off frequency fc is 1/60 Hz to 1/660
Hz, different smoothed PV output are obtained in Fig. 9. The
results are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Power and capacity of BESS for different cut-off
frequency and time constant
fc (Hz) 1/60 1/180 1/360 1/660
Fig.10 PV output in different method
T (s) 573 1719.75 3437.7 6305.7
Table 3. The results of capacity, power, and fluctuation
fmax (%) 24.42 14.63 10.08 5.87 by two method in two cases
PBESS (kW) 69.3164 100.7171 122.5237 135.8726 The maximum
Capacity of Power of
EBESS (kWh) 9.1593 26.1127 47.7697 77.4984 fluctuation
BESS/kWh BESS/kW
ratio/%
Combining
EMD with 25.612 122.1642 5.69
WA
Low-pass
77.4984 135.8926 5.87
filter

Fig.9 Comparison of waveform for different time constant T.
4. CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a new method based on the combination of
empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and wavelet analysis
(WA) is proposed to acquire reference value of active power
for PV grid-connected. The original PV output signals are
decomposed into several intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) by
EMD, and then reconstructed after WA. Finally, the reference
value of active power for PV grid-connected can be obtained.
Comparing with the conventional low-pass filter, this method
can keep original signals’ characteristics with smaller
capacity of battery energy storage system (BESS). The

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effectiveness and superiority is demonstrated by comparing Yuan, L. (2008). Application of Wavelet Transformation in
the two cases. Signal Denoising. Ph.D. dissertation, China University
of Geosciences (Beijing).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Li, W. (2014). Fault Diagnosis of Diesel Engine Based on
This work was supported in part by the Research and Empirical Mode Decomposition and Wavelet Threshold
application on key technologies of multi-layer intelligent De-noising. Ph.D. dissertation, North University of
operation control for large-scale renewable energy plant China.
(NY71-16-040). Technical requirements for connecting Photovoltaic power
station to power system, GB/T China, 19964-2012
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