Introduction to Computer Engineering

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 1) Binary arithmetic, logical unit, in digital computer

• Computers are divided into three categories based on their usefulness, size, and purpose.
• Computers may be analogue, digital, or hybrid, depending on their functionality.
• Analog computers process continuous data while digital computers process discrete data.
On the other hand, hybrid processors can process both discrete and continuous data.

Binary arithmetic:
• There are only two digits 0 and 1 in the binary system and these two digits are capable of
representing any number.
• The operations of binary multiplication, addition, subtraction, division and binary division
are referred to as binary arithmetic.
• Binary arithmetic begins with the minimum important bit.

Addition:
0+0=0
1+0=1
1+1=0

Multiplication:
1*1=1
1*0=0

Subtraction:
1-1=0
1-0=1
1-1=0

Division: quotient and reminder

Logical Operator:
A logical operator is a symbol or word used to connect two or more words, so the composite
expression value generated only depends on the original phrase and the operator's significance.
[1] [1] [1] AND, OR and NOT are common logical operators.

Language AND OR Not

C++ && || !
Python And OR Not
Java && || !
JavaScript && || !
c && || !

2. components of a computer and explain their functions

Main Component of computer:

✓ Output Unit
✓ Input Unit
✓ Control unit
✓ Memory Unit
✓ Athematic and logical unit
Input unit: A computer responds only when the device receives a command. You can use the
feedback unit or the input devices for these instructions.
Output Unit: When a computer is commanded for a task, it returns to the action carried out
and gets us a result. The output is this outcome.
Control Unit: This is the core unit which administers the computer device's entire operation.
The computer system is one of the most fundamental components.
Memory unit: The data entered is automatically stored on the central processer's memory unit
when we use an input device input to the computer (CPU).
Athematic and Logic Unit: As the name implies, the arithmetic unit of the CPU carries out all
the mathematical calculations or arithmetical operations.
3. Operating system feature:
✓ Protected and supervisor modes are available.
✓ Disk access and file systems are supported. Drivers for devices Security and Networking.
✓ Execution of the programmed
✓ Memory administration the term "virtual memory" refers to Performing several tasks at
the same time.
✓ I/O operations are handled.
✓ File system manipulation is a term used to describe the act of manipulating a
computer's file system.
✓ Error detection and correction.
✓ Allocation of resources

4. Transmission control protocol and Internet protocol

The Internet Protocol (IP) is a way of transmitting data from one device to another over the
internet. Every device has an IP address, which uniquely identifies it and allows it to
communicate and exchange data with other internet-connected devices.
The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is a communications protocol that allows application
programmers and computing devices to exchange messages over a network
5. Principal of Programming.
✓ Write DRY Code.
✓ Open/Closed.
✓ Single Responsibility.
✓ Separation of Concerns.
✓ Composition Over Inheritance.
 Task No#1
a) Cost of Hardware:
The following are the current computer hardware platform trends:

• Digital platforms for mobile devices.

• Please bring your own gadgets.
• Computing at the quantum level.
• Virtualization is a term that refers to the process of
• The use of the cloud.
• Computing that is environmentally friendly.

Every year, the regular skill suggestion spends $75,000 on hardware and software. After the
initial purchase, 80 percent of total IT costs emerge. Gartner, Inc. is a research and consulting
firm. The annual expense of an unmanaged PC is $6,000.

b) size of Memory:
Memory device is the amount of data contained in a storage device. The capability for this storage is
expressed as bytes. Computer and other storage devices depend on memory which has to sorted data
and manage it fastly process. There are main units are Bit, Nibble, Byte and word. These are main unit
of computers.

Bit (Binary Digit) It is logical 0 and 1. It represent Passive or Active state of a computer.

Nibble contain set of two pair of bits mean 4 bits.

Byte it is pair of four bits mean 8 bits. It is smallest unit represent data item and character.

Word Its size is fixed like byte. It contains fixed group bits. Length of computer word is also called word
size or word length. It has small 8bits and large may be 96 bits.

Higher unit of memory/ storage unit

1. Kilobyte 2. Megabyte 3. Giga byte 4. Tera Byte 5. Peta Byte

1KB=1024 Byte 1MB=1024 KB 1GB=1024 MB 1TB=1024 GB 1PB=1024 TB

All storage device price and quality depend on Size of memory. Any device is Known by their
storage. Large storage high speed small storage low speed with memory size and Processor. Both have
main work to speed up the storage device.
c)Speed of Hardware:
Hardware speed depends on their component high quality component will increase the speed of
hardware. There is most trending component of hardware are RAM, CPU and Mother board Also
Monitor. If they are precious and good quality product then it will work very fastly. RAM values
are basically depending of speed of hardware. Hardware is physical and tangible part/component
of a computer which we can see and touch it easily. It has main component Input devices (key
board, mouse), Output Devices (printer, Monitor), Secondary storage devices (Hard disk, DVD,
CD) and Internal Components (Motherboard, RAM, CPU) Software and hardware also both
depend on each other’s without software hardware is useless. Hardware expensive first time.
Different software can work in single hardware.
d)Number element processing:
Processing Elements. Preparing components (PEs) for the most part perform straightforward,
memoryless mappings of the information esteems to a solitary yield esteem. The number
juggling tasks generally utilized in DSP calculations are. Add/sub, add/sub-and-move. Increase,
duplicate and-aggregate.

Task No#2
a) Ease of Programming:
Simplicity of Programming: Multiprocessing framework: It requires an extremely complex
working framework to timetable, equilibrium, and arrange the info, yield, and handling
exercises of numerous processors. The plan of a particularly working framework is a complex
and time accept position. Uniprocessing framework: In single preparing framework it is not
difficult to help portion synchronization and CPU booking. Consequently, they are easier to use
and simple to program and work on when contrasted with multiprocessor frameworks
b) Need of synchronization:
The requirement for synchronization begins when cycles need to execute simultaneously. The
principle motivation behind synchronization is the sharing of assets without obstruction
utilizing common avoidance. The other intention is the coordination of the cycle associations in
a working framework.
Two cycles are supposed to be agreeable if the execution of one interaction influences the
execution of another interaction. These cycles should be synchronized so the request for
execution can be ensured.
c)Performance evaluation:
Multiprocessing framework: Multiprocessor frameworks have preferred execution remainder
over uniprocessor since on a solitary figuring unit all tasks (increases, augmentations, other
arithmetic, coherent activities, and so on) are done sequentially on the unit while they can be
combined in a multiprocessor climate. For Example: If there are two unique projects to be run,
two processors are clearly more remarkable than one on the grounds that the projects can be
at the same time run on various processors. Moreover, if a specific calculation can be divided
into various sub-calculations that can run simultaneously, in a multiprocessor framework, every
one of the sub-calculations can be at the same time run, with everyone on a distinction
processor (prevalently known as equal handling). Multiprocessing frameworks are more solid in
the event that a processor goes down as different processors can keep on working, while in
uniprocessor the whole framework will quit working. Uniprocessing framework: It can accept
position just in successive request, subsequently the general throughput of the framework will
be low when contrasted with the multiprocessing systems.
d)Run time System:
A runtime framework is basically made by the programming language in the manner it presents
the programming engineering that is local to the program. Commonly, a runtime framework
gives both low level and significant level orders, interfacing with both the essential
programming system/library and the fundamental equipment directions set engineering (ISA).
The low-level capacities given by a runtime framework incorporate processor interfacing,
memory stacking and advanced to-twofold change, among others. The more elevated level
capacities incorporate sort checking, code age, and investigating and improvement
administrations.
 Task No#3

Task No#4

Yes,
concurrency, but not parallels are possible. concurrency, concurrency, means that in an
overlapped time period two different activities or threads start working together, but that doesn't
mean that they can work simultaneously. In a concurrency, at least two processing threads should
be executed.
 Task N0#5
Network Protocol:
A network protocol is a set of rules, conventions, and data structures that govern how devices
communicate within networks. In other words, network protocols are languages that two devices
must learn in order to communicate information seamlessly, regardless of infrastructure or
design differences.
Why Network protocol necessary?
Network protocols are required because they include mechanisms for devices to recognize and
communicate to one another, as well as formatting rules that define how data is packed into
messages that are sent and received.

Task No#6
 TASK No#7
a) Display a welcome message

#include<iostream>

#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()

cout<<"wellcom to my program";

getch ();

return 0;

}
Part b) display average

#include<iostream>

#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main() {

int a;

int array[10];

int total_sum=0;

int average =0;

cout<<"Enter 10 numbers :";

for(a = 0; a<10;a++) {

cout<<"Number is %d : \n"<<a+1;

cin>>array[a];

for(a = 0; a<10;a++) {

total_sum = total_sum + array[a];

average = total_sum/10;

cout<<"Average is ="<<average;

//getch();

}
 Part c) Grading marks result Card

#include<iostream>

#include<conio.h>

using namespace std;

int main()

int number;

cout<<"Please Enter Your Marks";

cin>>number;

cout<<"your enter number is="<<number;

if(number>=70)

cout<<"congratulation ,you Got First class degree";

else if(number>=50)

{ cout<<"Congratulation ,You got second class Degree";

else if(number>=40)

cout<<"congratulation,you Got third class degree";

else if(number<40)

{
 cout<<"Sorry!!!,you haven't got a degree'";

return 0;

Coding Output: