Proceedings, 6th IFAC Conference on Bio-Robotics

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Proceedings,
Beijing, China,6th IFAC
July Conference
13-15, 2018 on Bio-Robotics
Proceedings, 6th IFAC Conference on Bio-Robotics
Beijing, China,
Proceedings, July
6th 13-15,
IFAC 2018
Conference on Bio-Robotics
Bio-Robotics
Proceedings,
Beijing, China,6th IFAC
July Conference
13-15, 2018 on
Beijing,
Beijing, China,
China, July
July 13-15,
13-15, 2018
2018 ScienceDirect
IFAC PapersOnLine 51-17 (2018) 397–401

Precision management of groundwater abstraction on different spatial scales of

Precision
Precision management
management of
of groundwater
groundwater abstraction
abstraction on
on different
different spatial scales
scales of
lower Chenab
Precision management of canal system
groundwater in Punjab,
abstraction on Pakistan spatial
different spatial
of
scales of
lower Chenab
lower Chenab canal system in Punjab,
canal system in Punjab, PakistanPakistan
lower Chenab
Hu Yongguang* 1
. Noman canal system
Ali Buttar*. Abdulin Punjab,
Shabbir*. Pakistan
Muhammad Faheem*
Hu Yongguang*11. Noman Ali Buttar*. Abdul
Muhammad Shabbir*. Muhammad Faheem*
Aleem**.
Hu Yongguang*11. Noman Ali Buttar*. Abdul Shabbir*. Muhammad Faheem*
Hu Yongguang* .. Noman
Hu Yongguang* Noman Ali AliMuhammad
Buttar*.
Buttar*. Aleem**.
Abdul
Abdul Shabbir*.
Shabbir*. Muhammad Muhammad Faheem* Faheem*
Muhammad Aleem**.
**Key Laboratory ofMuhammad Muhammad
Modern Agricultural Aleem**.
Aleem**. Equipment and Technology
**Key Laboratory Jiangsuof Modern Agricultural Equipment and Technology
**Key Laboratory ofUniversity,
Modern AgriculturalZhenjiang 212013,
Equipment China.
and Technology
**Key
**Key
**School ofJiangsu
Laboratory
Laboratory of
ofUniversity,
Modern
Modern
Environmental Zhenjiang Hohai
Agricultural
Agricultural
Engineering,
Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
212013,
Equipment
Equipment China.
and
and Technology
University, Technology
Nanjing
**School ofJiangsu Environmental
University, Engineering,
Zhenjiang Hohai
212013, University,
China. Nanjing
China.
**School ofJiangsu University,
Environmental Zhenjiang Hohai
Engineering, 212013, University, Nanjing
Abstract: The estimation **School
**School of ofgroundwater
of Environmental
Environmental abstraction
Engineering,
Engineering,at different
Hohaispatial
Hohai University,
University,scalesNanjingof lower canal system in
Nanjing
Abstract:
Punjab, The estimation
Pakistan was madeof groundwater
Khurianwalaabstractionand Mungiat different spatial scales ofgroundwater
lower canal system in
Abstract: The estimation offorgroundwater abstraction atdistributaries
different spatial to quantify
scales of lower canalabstraction, system in
Punjab,
Abstract:
Abstract:
during Pakistan
The
The was
estimation
estimationmade of
offor Khurianwala
groundwater
groundwater and Mungi
abstraction
abstraction at
atdistributaries
different
different to
spatial
spatial quantify
scales
scales groundwater
of
of lower
lower canalabstraction,
canal system
system in
in
Punjab,2014-2015
Pakistan was to identify
made forthe share of canal
Khurianwala and water
Mungiindistributaries
relevance to to groundwater,
quantify groundwater to minimize the crop
abstraction,
during
Punjab,
Punjab,
water 2014-2015
Pakistan
Pakistan was
wasto identify
made
made for
for the share
Khurianwala
Khurianwala of canal
and
and water
Mungi
Mungi in relevance
distributaries
distributaries to groundwater,
to
to quantify
quantify to minimize
groundwater
groundwater the crop
abstraction,
abstraction,
duringdemand2014-2015 and to to identify
access the the constraints
share of canal in thewaterimplementation
in relevance of demand-basedtoirrigation
to groundwater, minimizesystem the crop in
water
duringdemand
during 2014-2015
2014-2015 and to identify
to
to access the the constraints
share
share of inin
of canal the
waterimplementation
in
in relevance on aof to demand-based
groundwater, toirrigation
to minimize system
the crop in
lower
water Chenab
demand canal
and to identify
system.
access the the
Information
constraints canal water
insurvey
the relevance
captured
implementation toquestionnaire
of groundwater,
demand-based minimize
including
irrigation Bore thedepth,
system crop in
lower
water Chenab
demand
water demand canal
and
and to system.
access
to system.
access Information
the
the constraints
constraints in insurvey
the captured
implementation on a ofquestionnaire
demand-based including
irrigation Bore depth,
system in
Water
lower table depth,
Chenab canalHead range, Diameter
Information inin
of the Brand
pipe,
survey implementation
of theonpump,
captured aofquestionnaire
demand-based
Water quality, irrigation
Pumping
including Boresystem
hours in
for
depth,
Water
lower
lower table
Chenab
Chenab depth,canal
canal Head range,
system.
system. Diameter
Information
Information of
in pipe,
survey
in pipe,
survey Brand of
captured
captured the onpump,
a Water
questionnaire quality, Pumping
including Bore hours for
depth,
the
Water wholetableyear depth, andHead cost of
range,tube well installation
Diameter of was
Brand of theonpump,
obtained a questionnaire
during this survey.
Water quality,including
This Bore
abstraction
Pumping depth,
hours data
for
the
Water wholetableyear depth, andHead costground
of tubetrothing
well installation was obtained during Water this survey. This abstraction data
Water
calculated
the whole table depth,
through
year andHead
the range,
range,
cost of Diameter
tubeDiameter was of pipe,
of
well installation pipe, Brand
Brand
corroborated
was ofand
of
obtainedthereconfirmed
the pump,
during Water
pump, quality,
quality,
through
this survey. ThisPumping
Pumping
R.S and GIS. hours
hours
abstraction for
for
After
data
calculated
the
the
reviewwhole
whole of thethrough
year
year and
and
literature,the
cost
costground
of
of tube
tube trothing
well
well
analysistrothing was
installation
installation
of the situation corroborated
was
was and
obtained
obtained
& interpretation reconfirmed
during
during this
this through
survey.
survey.
of results, itthrough R.S
This
This
revealedR.S and GIS.
abstraction
abstraction
thatand Ground After
data
data
calculated through the ground was corroborated and reconfirmed GIS. water
After
review
calculated of the is literature,
through the analysis
the ground of at
the situation
trothing was of& interpretation
tailcorroborated and ofespecially
and reconfirmed results, itthrough
atrevealed thatand Ground water
calculated
abstraction
review of the throughsignificantly
literature, ground higher
analysis trothing
of thethe was
situation corroborated
&the distributary
interpretation of results, itthrough
reconfirmed peak R.S
revealed R.S
thatand
months. GIS.
GIS. After
After
Moreover,
Ground water
abstraction
review of
review of the theis significantly
literature, higher
analysis of at
the the tail
situation of & the distributary
interpretation ofespecially
results, it at peak
revealed months.
that Moreover,
Ground water
Groundwater
abstraction is literature,
intensive
significantly analysis
survey higher of at
gave thethesituation
much of&the
tailbetter interpretation
estimation
distributary andofespecially
results, itatrevealed
an assessment that
peakonmonths. Ground
quantification water
Moreover, of
Groundwater
abstraction intensive survey gave much better theestimation andespecially
an
for assessment peakon ofquantification of
Groundwateris
abstraction
groundwater significantly
is abstraction
significantly
intensive and
survey higher
higher
sharing
gave at
at the
on tail
the
much tail
canal of
better the
of water. distributary
distributary
Constraints
estimation andespecially
an the at at peak
adoption
assessment onmonths.
months. demandMoreover,
Moreover,
quantification based of
groundwater
Groundwater
Groundwater
irrigation system abstraction
intensive
intensive and
survey
survey
were alsoand sharing
studied gave
gave on
much
much
to make canal
better
better water. Constraints
estimation
estimation
recommendations. and
and for
an
an the adoption
assessment
assessment on
on of demand
quantification
quantification basedof
of
groundwater abstraction sharing on canal water. Constraints for the adoption of demand based
irrigation
groundwater
groundwater system were alsoand
abstraction
abstraction and studied
sharing
sharingto make
on
on recommendations.
canal
canal water.
water. Constraints
Constraints for
for the
the adoption
adoption of
of demand
demand based
based
irrigation system groundwaterwere also studied tolower
abstraction, makeChenab
recommendations.
canal system, distributary, constraints
© 2018, IFAC
Keywords:
irrigation
irrigation
Keywords: system
system
groundwaterwere
were also
(International
also studied
Federation
studied
abstraction, to make
tolower
make recommendations.
of Automatic Control)
recommendations.
Chenab canal system, Hosting by Elsevier
distributary, Ltd. All rights reserved.
constraints
Keywords: groundwater abstraction, lower Chenab canal system, distributary, constraints
groundwater abstraction,
Keywords: groundwater
Keywords: abstraction, lower lower Chenab
Chenab canal canalsecurity
system, of
system, distributary,
distributary, constraints around the globe (IWMI,
sparser population
constraints
1. INTRODUCTION security of sparser population
1. INTRODUCTION 2000).
security Water
of resources
sparser populationare of around immense
around
the importance
globe (IWMI,
the globe (IWMI, for
Agriculture is the key 1. INTRODUCTION
in the economy of Pakistan. Besides 2000).
security
security
Pakistan Water
of
of
being resources
sparser
sparser
an population
population
agricultural are of immense
around
around
country. the
the importance
globe (IWMI,
globe (IWMI, for
1. INTRODUCTION
1. INTRODUCTION 2000). Water resources are of immense importance for
Agriculture
20.7% shareisinthe is the
GDP, key in the economy of Pakistan. Besides Pakistan
2000).
2000). being
Water
Water an agricultural
resources
resources are
are country.
of
of immense
immense importance
importance for
for
Agriculture key67% in the population
economyisofliving in rural
Pakistan. areas
Besides Pakistan
Water isbeing
a most an agricultural
important country. factor for production in the
20.7% share
Agriculture
Agriculture
and more than in
is
is GDP,
the
the key
key 67%
in
in population
the
the economy
economy isof
ofliving in
Pakistan.
Pakistan. rural areas
Besides
Besides Pakistan
Pakistan being
being an
an agricultural
agricultural country.
country.
20.7% share in60%GDP,earning their needsisdirectly
67% population living inorruralindirectly
areas Water
agriculture is a most important factor for production in the
and
20.7%
20.7% more
through share
sharethan
this in 60%
GDP,
insector earning
67% their needs
67% population
GDP,earning
(Chaudhry, population et al.is directly
living
2006).in
isdirectly
living or
inor indirectly
rural
rural
Water areas
areas
is a Water is a sector of Pakistan.
most important It was
factor for needed
production about in 149
the
and more than 60% their needs indirectly agriculture
Water
Water
Million is
is
Acrea
a sector
most
most
Feet of Pakistan.
important
important
(MAF) in It
factor
factor
2000, was
for
for
which needed
production
production
increased about in 149
the
in 215
to the
through
and more
and morethis this
than sector
60%
thansector
60% There (Chaudhry,
earning
earning their
istheir et
needs
onlyneeds al. 2006).
directly Water
or is
indirectly a agriculture sector of Pakistan. It was needed about 149
precious
through resource. (Chaudhry, et2.5al. directly
2006). or
percent indirectly
fresh
Water water
is a Million
agriculture
agriculture
MAF inAcre Acre Feet
sector
sector
2013Feet (MAF)
of
of
and(MAF) in
Pakistan.
Pakistan.
would inincrease2000, It
It which
was
was increased
needed
needed
to 277increased about
about
MAF into2025 to 215
149
149
precious
through
through this
available resource.
this
in the sector
sector
worldThere
(Chaudhry,
(Chaudhry,
and is isof only
twoet 2.5al.
etthird percent
2006).
al. percent
2006).
is locked fresh
Water
Water
up in water
is
istheaa Million 2000, which 215
precious resource. There only 2.5 fresh water MAF
Million
Millionin
(Yaseen, inAcre2013
S.M.Feet
Acre and
and(MAF)
Feet would
(MAF)
M.I. Rao inincrease
2000,
inincrease
2000,
2002). toThis
which
which 277increased
MAF into
increased
scenario to 2025
215
215
warns
available
precious
precious
form of inice in the
resource.
resource. worldThere
There and is
isof two
only
only third
2.5
2.5 is locked
percent
percent up
fresh
fresh in
water
waterthe MAF 2013 would to 277 MAF in 2025
available the caps
world and and of glaciers.
two thirdDue to continuous
is locked up in the (Yaseen,
MAF
MAF
Pakistan
(Yaseen,
in
in S.M.
2013
2013
as being
S.M.
and
and
andPoor M.I.
would
would
M.I.
Rao
water
Rao
2002).
increase
increase
country
2002).
to
to This
that277
277
This
scenario
MAF
MAF
already
scenario
in
in warns
2025
2025
withstood
warns
form
available
available of inice the caps
world and
andtwo glaciers.
of two third
third Due to continuous
isremaining
locked upwater
in the
the
form of inice
hydrological the world
cycle,
caps about and
and of two
third
glaciers. of the Dueis locked up
to continuous in is Pakistan
(Yaseen,
(Yaseen,
in 1994 as asS.M.
being
S.M. and
and
shortage Poor M.I.
M.I.
aboutwater
Rao
Rao108country
2002).
2002).
and 151 that
This
This already
MAF scenario
scenario withstood
thewarns
warns
bywithstoodyear
hydrological
form
form
lost due of
of to ice
ice cycle,
caps
caps
evaporationabout and
and twoglaciers.
while third
glaciers.
and of20%the
Due
Due remaining
of to
to
the water is
continuous
continuous
remaining Pakistan being Poor water country that already
hydrological cycle, about two third of the remaining water is in 1994
Pakistan
Pakistan
2013 and as
as shortage
being
being
2025 Poor
Poor aboutwater
water
respectively. 108 and
country
country
This 151
that
that MAF
already
already
situation by the
withstood
withstood
warrants year
for
lost due
hydrological
hydrological to evaporation
cycle, about
cycle,water
about is while
two
two and
third
third of 20%
the of the
remaining remaining
water is in 1994 as shortage about 108 and 151 MAF by the year
potentially
lost due to usable evaporation whilepresentandof the
in20% areasremaining
of beyond water
the remaininghuman is 2013
in
in 1994
1994
immediateand as
as 2025
shortage
shortage
action respectively.
about
about 108
108
as further deterioration This
and
and situation
151
151 MAF
MAF warrants
by the
suicidalyear
by
will bewarrants the for
year
and
potentially
lost
lost due
due to
to
access. Therefore,usable water
evaporation
evaporation is
while
whilepresentand
and in20%
20% areas of
of beyond
the
the human
remaining
remaining 2013 and 2025 respectively. This situation for
potentially usable afterwaterdeducting
is presentallinthe quantities
areas beyondofhuman water immediate
2013
2013harm and
andthe action
2025
2025 as further
respectively.
respectively. deterioration
This
This will
situation
situation be suicidal
warrants and
for
access.
potentially
potentiallyTherefore,
usable
usable after
waterdeducting
water is present
is present allinthe quantities
areas beyond ofhuman
water can
immediate federal
action as fabric of
further this country
deterioration will bewarrants
as well. suicidal and for
which can't
access. be utilized
Therefore, after by
deductingthe humanallintheareas
being beyond
quantities ofhuman
(for example water can harm the
immediate
immediate federal
action
action as
as fabric of
further
further this countrywill
deterioration
deterioration as well.
will be
be suicidal
suicidal and
and
which
access.
access. can't be
Therefore,
Therefore,
excess can't
water utilized
during after
after by
deducting
thededucting
monsoonthe human
all
all
or the being
the quantities (for
quantities
flood(for example
of water
of
water), water
only can
The harm
reasons the federal fabric
for thisfabric of
unfairness this country as well.
which
excess
which water
can't
be
be
utilized
during
utilized the on
by
monsoon
by
the human
the orearth
human
being
thebeing
flood
example
water),
(for exampleonly
can
can
The
harm
harm
reasons
the
the federal
federal
for this fabric of
unfairness this are
of this are
referred
country
country as
referred
to social and
as well.
well.
to social that and
which
0.08% can't
of the be utilized
total water by the
plants human
excess water during the monsoon or the flood water), onlyof being
is (for
actually example
utilized physical
The reasons factor. The unfairness
for this physical compulsions
are referred tocontain social and
0.08%
excess
excess
by the of of the
water
water
mankind total
during
during waterthe
the on
(Lashari, on plants
monsoon
monsoon of
B., et.oforor earth
the
the
al.earth is actually
flood
flood
2003)Thus water),
water),utilized
only
canonly
it utilized be physical
The reasons
The reasons
distributary factor.for The
this
for this
points of the physical
unfairness
unfairness
central canal compulsions
are referred
are referred
would work tocontain
social
tocontain
social
at 75%thatthat
and
and
or
0.08% the total water plants is actually physical factor. The physical compulsions
by
0.08%
0.08%the ofmankind
the total (Lashari,
water on B., et.of
plants ofal.earth
2003)Thus
ishuman
actually it can
utilized be distributary
physical
more thanfactor. points of thephysical
ofThe central canal would work
compulsions at
contain 75%that or
by the ofmankind
concluded thethattotal water
water is on
(Lashari, also plants et. al.earth
B.,essential foris
2003)Thusactually and
it utilized
can plant
be physical
distributary factor.
75%
points The thephysical
offull supply
centrallevel. compulsions
canal Water
would workexitscontain 75%that
(Moghas)
at or
concluded
by
by the
the that
mankind
mankind
life on thethat earth,water is
(Lashari,
(Lashari,
plays also B.,
B., essential
a decisive et.
et. al.
al.rolefor human
2003)Thus
2003)Thus and
it
it can
can plant
be
be more than
distributary
distributary 75%
points
points of of
offull
the
the supply
central
central level.
canal
canal Water
would
would exits
work
work (Moghas)
at
at 75%
75% or
or
concluded water is also essential forinhumanthe sustainable
and plant are un-gated
more than 75% andofrelease
full supply the flow level. of Water
water exits
proportional
(Moghas) to
life on thethat
concluded
concluded
livelihoods earth,
that
of water
water
rural plays is
is
people a decisive
also
also essential
essential
and rolefor
for
approximately inhuman
the 40%
human sustainable
and
and of plant
plant
the are
more
more
the un-gated
than
than
command 75%
75% and of
of
area. release
full
full
More thefewer
supply
supply
or flow
level.
level. of Water
waterhave
Water
farmers proportional
exits
exits (Moghas)
(Moghas)
not got to
any
life on the earth, plays a decisive role in the sustainable are un-gated and release the flow of water proportional to
livelihoods
life on
life on thethe of rural
earth,
earth, people
plays a and
decisiveapproximately
role in the 40% of
sustainable the the
are command
un-gated area.
and More
release or
the fewer
flow farmers
of water have not
proportionalgot any
to
world's
livelihoods food of ruralplays
supply is aproduced
people decisive role
on the
and approximately in the sustainable
irrigated
40% oflandthe are command
un-gated
quantity
the of waterand
area.release
for
More many thefewer
or flow farmers
years of
at water proportional
a downstream
have not got of anyto
the
world's
livelihoods
livelihoods food of supply
rural
1995).people
of supply
rural is produced
people and on the irrigated
and approximately
approximately 40%
40% of land
oflandthe
the quantity
the
the command
command of water area. for
More
area.wealthy
More manyor years farmers
ororfewer
fewer at a downstream
have not of any
got the
(Johnson,
world's S.H.,
food is produced on the irrigated canal,
quantity while some
of water for many years farmers
opulent have on
atofa Mogha;
downstream notthegot any
ofother
the
(Johnson,
world's food
world's S.H.,supply
food 1995). is
supply is produced
produced on on the the irrigated
irrigated land land canal,
quantity
quantity
hand, poorwhileof some wealthy
water
of people
water for
are many
for many or opulent
alarmed years
years atofaa Mogha;
atof
or struck downstream
downstream
with fear on the ofother
the
ofother
coming the
(Johnson,
The S.H.,system
irrigation 1995). available in Pakistan is not enough to canal, while some wealthy or opulent Mogha; on the
(Johnson,
(Johnson, S.H., 1995).
S.H., 1995). hand,
canal,
canal, poor
while
while
close topoor people
some
some are
wealthy
wealthy
an outlet(Mohyuddin, alarmed
or
or or
opulent
opulent struck
of
of with
Mogha;
Mogha; fear
on
on coming
the
the other
other
The irrigation
fulfillirrigation system
the crop system available in Pakistan
water requirement is notthe enough to hand, people are alarmedJ. or andstruck
Tarique, withM.,fear2008).
coming
The available inofPakistan the plant, is so
not enoughfarmers to close
hand,
hand, totopoor
an outlet(Mohyuddin,
poor people
people are are alarmed
alarmedJ. J. or
andstruck
or Tarique,
struck with
withM.,fear2008).
fear coming
coming
fulfill
The
The the crop
irrigation
irrigation
use groundwater water
system
system requirement
available
available
abstraction. in
inof the
Pakistan
Pakistan
Theofartificialplant,is
is so
not
not the farmers
enough
enough to
to close an outlet(Mohyuddin, and Tarique, M., 2008).
fulfill the crop water requirement the plant,uplift so theoffarmers
water Now
close
close to
toit an
anis a time
outlet(Mohyuddin,
outlet(Mohyuddin, to adopt J.
J. an
and
and irrigation
Tarique,
Tarique, water
M.,
M., 2008).
2008).saving
use groundwater
fulfill
fulfill the crop
the croplevel
water
water abstraction.
requirement
is requirement Theofartificial
the plant,
plant, uplifttheoffarmers
so the water
farmers Now it is a time to adopt anwater
irrigation water saving
fromgroundwater
use ground called ground
abstraction. Theofwater
the
artificial so
abstraction.
uplift of World
water technique
Now it isbya which time to we adoptcan usean efficiently
irrigation waterand can
saving
from
use ground level
use groundwater
groundwater is called
abstraction.
abstraction. ground
The
The water
artificial
artificial abstraction.
uplift
uplift of World
water
of World
water technique
Now
Now it theis
it bya which
iscrop time
water to we can use
adopt an water efficiently
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1Corresponding author. E-mail: deerhu@ujs.edu.cn
1Corresponding author. E-mail: deerhu@ujs.edu.cn
1 Corresponding
Corresponding
Copyright author.
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IFAC BIOROBOTICS 2018
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on the crop grown in the field by using this system the
irrigation water could be saved or the wastage of irrigated
water may become less. The Demand Based Irrigation
System Scheduling is an approach which has the potential to
contribute to solving are at least to reduce the above-
motioned deficits in Pakistan's Irrigation System
management (Bandaragoda, D.J., and S. Rehman. 1998).
Appropriateness of the water might be improved by
fulfilling sight- specific and time-depending demand;
wastage of Irrigation water could be reduced and in a more
productive proper way utilized. The study "Estimating
groundwater abstraction at different spatial scales in lower
Chenab canal system of Punjab, Pakistan" is carried out to
find out the total ground water abstraction in the specified
area at different spatial scales and also to find out the share
of ground water abstraction with the canal water for the
fulfilment of crop water demand. This study contributes to
an initiative to implement this system in this area to assess
the reliability of this system. Replacing the traditional
supply-based system of irrigation operations "Warabandi
system" to the demand-based Irrigation System or to crop
based irrigation system faces most challenges related to the
Punjab Irrigation Department (Nakashima, M. 2002).
2. MARERIALS AND METHODS
The study was conducted on two distributaries of lower
Chenab canal system (LCC): Mungi and Khurianwala,
where demand-based irrigation scheduling is considered as
an alternative to the conventional schedules. Field visits
collected the primary data regarding this study and also from
PIDA (Punjab Irrigation Development Authority) and IWMI
(International Water Management Institute) Lahore,
Government agencies and also after interviewing beneficiary
farmers as they can be the prime movers for the success of
this system.
2.1 Description of study area
Figure 1 is the map of LCC, showing three significant
distributaries:Khurianwala, Mungi, and Killianwala. The
Khurianwala distributary is located at the head of the
distributary as shown on the map and Killianwala is at the
Tail, and the Mungi is in the middle of this system.
2.2 Selection of study area and sample size
This study was conducted at command area of two
distributaries namely Mungi and Khurianwala lying in
district Faisalabad and Toba Tak Singh. It is located at a
latitude of 31º 25'52" N and longitude of 72º59'40" E and an
elevation of 186 m above mean sea level. These originate
from Lower Chenab Canal (LCC) system having different
cropping pattern for each distributary. The LCC falls in
Rechna Doab having gross command area of about 2.97
million hectares; around 80% is cultivated (Wahaj, R., and
M.N.Asghar. 2002). The scope of the study suggests much
broader jurisdiction, however, due to time and financial
limitations; the study was confined to the Khurianwala and
Mungi distributary to cover the envisioned targets in a
befitting manner.
398
Fig. 1. Map of lower Chenab canal system
2.3 Groundwater Abstraction Survey
Ground appraisal verified groundwater abstraction at two
main distributaries namely Khurianwala and Mungi of LCC
for precise information on a survey form from the farmers of
the specified area as they are the essential stakeholders in
this business. This information was compiled about tube
wells on well-defined questionnaires, specially designed for
the groundwater survey.
In these questionnaires, information captured includes
original bore depth at which the tube well is installed and
uplifting the irrigated water from the ground. It varies
concerning the area as in some areas it goes up to the 200 ft
depth and for some it only ranges up to 60 ft. The necessary
information about the installation of tube well (Year of the
well was drilled) was also collected as it is necessary to
estimate that from how much period this specific tube well is
working for getting groundwater abstraction. The data
regarding the water table depth (Depth of water at the time
of drill) was also calculated as is necessary to have
information about the water table depth for the specific area
of study. The data related to the deepening of pump depth
(Number of times well was deepening) was also calculated
as in some area after some time due to regular groundwater
abstraction the water table depth is going down, so the
farmers need to deepen their tube well for getting a proper
discharge of irrigated water. So the information about some
times well was deepening till now was also calculated from
the farmers. Then after getting information about a total
number of deepening, the total depth of total deepening till
now was also calculated. Then data regarding the brand of
pump used in the tube well was also obtained from the
farmers as it is good to know about the trend to brands of the
pump is going in the specific area. The more important thing
was to find out what is the source of power for the running
of tube well was also collected. In most cases, they use
tractors as a source of power as there is a shortage of
electricity now a day in our country. The data related to the
electricity price in the specific area was also collected. The
more important the thing was to how much length the tube
well is irrigating the field was also calculated per acre and
marla as well. The capacity of each pump and motor was
also calculated in (horsepower). The outlet pipe diameter of
each tube well was also calculated by using the simple scale.
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That was mostly ranging in 4, 5 and 6 inch for all tube wells
in the study area. The head range was also calculated for
each tube well. The head range is the distance of outlet pipe
to the impeller of each pump. This was a measure for each
and every tube well was visited. The information about the
total cost of installation per tube well that very concerning
the brand use was also gathered during field visits. The
discharge of each tube well used for ground water
abstraction was also calculated by using float method.
2.4 Groundwater abstraction calculation
The ground water abstraction of both distributaries was
calculated in terms of depth (mm) by using the formula
(Utilization Factor).
Depth=pumping hours (hr)*Discharge(m3/hr)*1000
/Total area (m2)
Where,
Pumping hours=hours for which the tube well is irrigating
the field crop (Kharif and Rabi);
Discharge=Discharge rate of each tube well (m3/hr);
Total area=Total CCA of the distributary;
Total volume=Discharge(m3/hr)*Total pumping hours (hr);
Total depth=(Total volume(m3)/CCA of
distributary(m2))*1000
3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
3.1 Groundwater abstraction calculation of Mungi and
Khurianwala distributary
Figure 2 is RS data and GS data for the year 2014-2015. It
shows the relationship between them for the whole year
from April to next March. In April the groundwater
abstraction was very little and RS data was increasing in
April and May, and then decreased from June to September.
RS data increased until October and then reduced to zero in
November and December. After that it rose again till
January and then decreased to zero in March. This graph
shows that the RS data is giving more values that of ground
water survey. The trend line shows the data is as excellent
as R2=0.8725, which is close to the original data.
The data of Mungi distributary for the year 2014-2015 is
shown in Figure 3. Nearly the same variation happened for
GS and RS data. And the trend line shows a good
relationship between the two correspondents as R2= 0.951.
whole
Fig. 2. Comparison of ground survey and remote sensing
data (Khurianwala).

The total depth of Mungi and Khurianwala distributaries was

calculated by using Unit method. The final results are drawn
as shown in Table 1 and Table 2.
Table 1. Calculation using Unit method (Mungi
distributary)
No. of Total area Total volume Total depth
outlets (m2) (m3) (mm)
88 18,927.94 86,325143.7 456.07
1 18,927.94 86,325,143.7 5.18
103 18,927.94 86,325,143.7 533.81 Fig. 3. Comparison of ground survey and remote sensing
data (Mungi).
Table 2. Calculation using Unit method (Khurianwala
distributary) 3.3 Share of canal water with ground water in Khurianwala
Distributary
No. of Total area Total volume Total depth
2 3
Compared to the ground water, canal water meets with the
outlets (m ) (m ) (mm) crop water requirement for the Khurianwala distributary
38 2,309,514,170 86,558,176.44 37.50 during the year 2014-2015. As shown in Figure 4, the share
1 2,309,514,170 86,558,176.44 9.86 of ground water is less than that of the Canal water for the
123 2,309,514,170 86,558,176.44 121.31 whole year.

3.2 Comparison of ground survey and remote sensing
The comparison of ground survey (GS) and remote sensing
(RS) data for Khurianwala and Mungi distributaries are
shown in Figure 2 and Figure 3.
The trend line between two correspondence groundwater
and canal water shows a perfect relationship between the
two as the R2=0.8687 which is in an excellent range.

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Fig. 4. Share of GW with canal water (Khurianwala)
3.4 Share of canal water with ground water in Mungi
distributary
The graph shown as above is between the groundwater and
the canal water showing the share of canal water with the
groundwater in this graph it clearly shows that the share of
groundwater for the Mungi distributary is less than that of
canal water for the whole year of 2014-2015 as shown in
Figure 5.
The trend line between two correspondence ground water
and canal water shows a perfect relationship between the
two as the R2=0.9312 which shows good relation.
Fig. 5. Share of G.S with canal water (Mungi).
4. DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS
Primary constraints in the Implementation of demand-based
irrigation, irrigation gap, less knowledge of new technology
and Determination to Adopt New Trend, Departmental
Involvement, and Complex System Political Interference
Groundwater abstraction is significantly higher at the tail of
the distributary especially in the peak months. Groundwater
intensive survey gave much better estimation and an
assessment on quantification of groundwater abstraction and
sharing on canal water. Ground water pumping increased
according to cropping pattern in areas having sugarcane and
rice crops due to more pumping in August and September.
Sufficient supplies of irrigation water were found available
in May and June. There were significant reports of
groundwater theft at Khurianwala, theft in areas having rice
and sugarcane as principal crops. The gravity of ground
water abstraction was found in Mungi distributary then
Khurianwala distributary. The deficit between demand &
supply was observed in both distributaries and after ground
truthing; it revealed that this gap has been bridged through
ground water abstraction. Availability of irrigation supplies
and demand do not match, and there is no calamity of canal
400
water supplies at critical period becomes of low stage
capacity at river head.
4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are grateful to the financial support by Priority
Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher
Education Institutions (2014-37).
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