DEDR PanchkhalVOL1Final 5 Sep 2019 REV 13 Sep PDF

DEDR: Panchkhal Water Supply & Sanitation Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT ...............................................................................................1
1.2 PANCHKHAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT .....................................................2
1.3 LOCATION ......................................................................................................................................2
1.4 CLIMATE .........................................................................................................................................3
1.5 SERVICE AREA, POPULATION AND GROWTH RATE .................................................................3
1.6 SETTLEMENT PATTERN ...............................................................................................................5
1.7 MAJOR COMPONENTS .................................................................................................................6
1.8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT .................................................................................................6
1.8.1 Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office ............................................................................6
1.8.2 Water User's and Sanitation Committee ..................................................................................6
1.9 ENGINEERING DESIGN .................................................................................................................7
1.9.1 Organisation of the Study Team...............................................................................................7
1.10 METHODOLOGY FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN.........................................................8
1.11 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT .....................................................................................................9
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF FEASIBILITY STUDY ........................................................ 11
2.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 EXISTING SITUATION ................................................................................................................. 11
2.2.1 Water Supply System ............................................................................................................ 11
2.2.2 Consumption Level ................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.3 Water Tariff ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.2.4 Sanitation............................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 IDENTIFICATION OF PROPOSED SERVICE AREA AND SOURCES ....................................... 14
2.4 WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE FOR WATER SUPPLY SERVICE ......................................... 15
2.5 WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE IN SANITATION WORKS...................................................... 15
2.6 EXISTING SUPPLY DEFICIT AND DEMAND .............................................................................. 15
CHAPTER III: FIELD INVESTIGATION ........................................................................ 16
3.1 SOURCES .................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.1 Existing Water Source ........................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2 New Water Source ................................................................................................................ 16
3.1.3 Sources Yield ........................................................................................................................ 17
3.1.4 Potential Source .................................................................................................................... 17
3.2 TECHNICAL VIABILITY OF THE SOURCES ............................................................................... 17
3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION OF THE SOURCE .................................................................. 18
3.4 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE SOURCES .............................................................. 18
3.5 RESETTLEMENT ISSUES ........................................................................................................... 22
3.6 PROPOSED SANITATION IMPROVEMENT ............................................................................... 25
3.6.1 Surface Drainage .................................................................................................................. 25
3.6.2 Sanitation Components ......................................................................................................... 25
3.6.3 Solid Waste Management ..................................................................................................... 25
CHAPTER IV: DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN .................................................... 26
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS ................................................................................................................. 26
4.1.1 Design Period ........................................................................................................................ 26
4.1.2 Population Growth Rate ........................................................................................................ 26
4.1.3 Population Projection ............................................................................................................ 26
4.1.4 Service Level ......................................................................................................................... 27
4.1.5 Water Demand ...................................................................................................................... 27
4.1.6 Peak Factor ........................................................................................................................... 28
4.1.7 Domestic Demand (fully plumbed, yard connection)............................................................. 28
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4.1.8 Non-Domestic Demand (Institutional, Commercial and other Demand) ............................... 29

4.1.9 Wastage and Leakage .......................................................................................................... 30
4.1.10 Total Water Demand ............................................................................................................. 30
4.1.11 Consumption Pattern ............................................................................................................. 31
4.2 PIPE MATERIALS ........................................................................................................................ 31
4.2.1 Pressure and Velocity ........................................................................................................... 32
4.3 DESIGN APPROACH ................................................................................................................... 32
4.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 32
4.3.2 Service Area .......................................................................................................................... 32
4.3.3 Proposed Sources and Intakes ............................................................................................. 33
4.3.4 Design of Electrical System ................................................................................................... 35
4.3.5 Transmission Main and Pumping .......................................................................................... 36
4.3.6 Treatment Plant and Chlorination.......................................................................................... 37
4.3.7 Service Reservoir .................................................................................................................. 38
4.3.8 Interruption Chamber/ Break Pressure Tank ........................................................................ 38
4.3.9 Distribution Main and District Metering Area ......................................................................... 38
4.3.10 House Connections ............................................................................................................... 40
4.3.11 Bulk Water Meter and District Metering Area ....................................................................... 40
4.3.12 Types of Connections ............................................................................................................ 41
4.3.13 Washout Valve ...................................................................................................................... 41
4.3.14 Air Valve ................................................................................................................................ 41
4.3.15 Control Valve/ Gate valve ...................................................................................................... 41
4.3.16 Generator House ................................................................................................................... 42
4.3.17 Office Building, Guard House and Dosing House ................................................................. 42
4.3.18 Boundary Wall and Retaining Wall ........................................................................................ 42
4.3.19 Summary of Major Project Component ................................................................................. 43
CHAPTER V: PROJECT COST ESTIMATE OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION
SYSTEM ....................................................................................................................... 44
5.1 CAPITAL COST OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM ......................................................................... 44
5.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE ............................................................................................. 48
CHAPTER VI: FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS ...................................... 51
6.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 51
6.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ANALYSIS ............................................................................................... 51
6.3 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ................................................ 52
6.4 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ............................................................................................................... 53
6.4.1 Project Costs ......................................................................................................................... 53
6.4.2 Capital Costs ......................................................................................................................... 53
6.4.3 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Costs ............................................................................ 54
6.4.4 Capital Replacement Costs ................................................................................................... 54
6.4.5 Average Incremental Economic Cost (AIEC) ........................................................................ 54
6.5 PROJECT BENEFITS................................................................................................................... 54
6.5.1 Non-incremental Water Sales Benefits ................................................................................. 54
6.5.2 Incremental Water Sales Benefits ......................................................................................... 55
6.5.3 Benefit from the Value of Unaccounted-for-Water ................................................................ 55
6.6 ECONOMIC EVALUATION .......................................................................................................... 55
6.7 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF WUSC ............................................................................................... 56
6.8 PROJECT COSTS ........................................................................................................................ 56
6.8.1 Capital Costs ......................................................................................................................... 56
6.8.2 Annual Capital Costs ............................................................................................................. 56
6.8.3 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Costs ............................................................................ 56
6.8.4 Interest on Term Loan ........................................................................................................... 57
6.8.5 Routine Capital Replacement Costs ..................................................................................... 57
6.8.6 Average Incremental Financial Costs (AIFC) ........................................................................ 57
6.9 FINANCIAL BENEFIT ................................................................................................................... 57
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6.9.1 Tariff Structure ....................................................................................................................... 57

6.10 FINANCIAL POSITION OF WATER USERS' COMMITTEE (WUSC) .......................................... 58
6.11 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 59
CHAPTER VII: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS .......................................................... 60
7.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 60
7.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE BASELINE STUDY .............................................................. 60
7.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................ 61
7.3.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 61
7.3.2 Census Survey ...................................................................................................................... 61
7.3.3 Stratified Sampling Method ................................................................................................... 61
7.3.4 Orientation Program .............................................................................................................. 61
7.3.5 Data Tabulation and Analysis ................................................................................................ 62
7.3.6 Selection of Enumerators ...................................................................................................... 62
7.3.7 Public Consultation/ Group Discussion and Interaction ........................................................ 63
7.3.8 Institutional Survey ................................................................................................................ 63
7.4 BASELINE SURVEY FINDINGS .................................................................................................. 63
7.4.1 Demographic Characteristics ................................................................................................ 63
7.4.2 Population by Sex and Family Size ....................................................................................... 64
7.4.3 Educational Status ................................................................................................................ 65
7.4.4 Level of Income ..................................................................................................................... 66
7.4.5 Existing Water Supply System .............................................................................................. 67
7.4.6 Willingness Assessment ........................................................................................................ 67
7.4.7 Average Water Consumption and Time Taken ..................................................................... 68
7.4.8 Latrine Facilities..................................................................................................................... 70
7.4.9 Expenditure for Treatment ..................................................................................................... 70
8.4.10 Treatment Expenses for Diarrhea and Water related Disease ............................................. 71
7.4.11 Practice on Appropriate Site for Solid Waste Disposal ......................................................... 71
7.5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................. 72
7.5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 72
7.5.2 Recommendation .................................................................................................................. 73
CHAPTER VIII: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS ........................................................... 74
8.1 GENERAL ..................................................................................................................................... 74
8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ADDRESSED ................................................................................. 74
8.2.1 Physico-Chemical Issues ...................................................................................................... 75
8.2.2 Biological Issues .................................................................................................................... 75
8.2.3 Social and Socio-economic Issues........................................................................................ 75
8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING ................................................................................................ 76
8.3.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................. 76
CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION .......................................... 77
9.1 RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................................... 77
9.2 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................................. 78
ANNEXES:
Annex-1: Photographs
Annex-2: Comments/ Suggestions and Its Clarifications
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1: Location Map of Project Town ....................................................................................................... 3
Figure 1.2: Location Map of Service Area ....................................................................................................... 4
Figure 3.1: Schematic Diagram ..................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 4.1: Distribution Netwok with DMAs ................................................................................................... 40
List of Tables
Table 1.1: Population and Growth Rate ........................................................................................................... 5
Table 1.2 Details of Newely Formed Panchkhal Municipality .......................................................................... 5
Table 1.3: Name List and Position of WUSC in Sunkoshi Panchkhal .............................................................. 7
Table 3.1: Water Quality Test Result ............................................................................................................. 20
Table 3.4: Resettlement plan ......................................................................................................................... 23
Table 4.1: Water demand .............................................................................................................................. 27
Table 4.2: Domestic water demand ............................................................................................................... 29
Table 4.3: Non-domestic water demand ........................................................................................................ 30
Table 4.4: Leakage and wastage demand ..................................................................................................... 30
Table 4.5: Total water demand in different uses ............................................................................................ 31
Table 4.6: Consumption pattern .................................................................................................................... 31
Table 4.7: Capacity and Number of Pumps ................................................................................................... 35
Table 4.8: Transformer and Diesel Generator ............................................................................................... 35
Table 5.1: Summary of Cost .......................................................................................................................... 45
Table 5.2: Personnel Cost ............................................................................................................................. 48
Table 5.3: Other Cost for Operation .............................................................................................................. 49
Table 5.4: Maintenance Cost ......................................................................................................................... 49
Table 6.1: Project Cost by Cost Component.................................................................................................. 53
Table 6.2: Monthly Tariff for HH Connection.................................................................................................. 58
Table 6.3 : Output of Financial and Economical Analysis .............................................................................. 59
Table 6.4 Sensitivity Analysis: FIRR (%) ....................................................................................................... 59
Table 6.5 Minimum Tariff based O&M Cost Analysis .................................................................................... 59
Table 7.1: Name List of Enumerator and Field Supervisor ............................................................................ 63
Table 7.2: Distribution of Household With Permanent & Rental Population .................................................. 64
Table 7.3: Distribution of Population by Sex and Family Size ....................................................................... 65
Table 7.4: Male/Female Ratio by Sex ............................................................................................................ 65
Table 7.5: Distribution of Household Head Status by Sex ............................................................................ 65
Table 7.6: Education Status of Household Head ........................................................................................... 65
Table 7.7: Information of Institutions (Educational Institutions in Service Area) ............................................ 66
Table 7.8: Income Level of Households by Ward .......................................................................................... 67
Table 7.9: Existing Water Sources in Panchkhal .......................................................................................... 67
Table 7.10: Willingness to Pay for Monthly Water Tariff by Ward .................................................................. 68
Table 7.11: Willingness for Up front Cash Collection ..................................................................................... 68
Table 7.12: Existing Water Consumption Scenario by Wet and Dry Season ................................................. 69
Table 7.13: Household Latrine Status by Ward ............................................................................................. 70
Table 7.14: Number and Type of Household Latrine ..................................................................................... 70
Table 7.15: Treatment Measure for Diarrhea and Waterborne Related Diseases ......................................... 71
Table 7.16: Expenses on Diarrhea and Water Borne Diseases.................................................................... 71
Table 7.17: Practice on Appropriate Site for Solid Waste Disposal ............................................................... 71
List of Acronyms & Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank
AIECs Average Incremental Economic Costs
CAP Community Awareness Plan
CBS Central Bureau of Statistics
DAO District Administration Office
DDC District Development Committee
DEWATS Decentralized Wastewater Treatment
DPC Damp Proof Course
DSMC Design Supervision and Management Consultant
DTW Deep Tube Well
DI Ductile Iron
DWSSM Department of Water Supply & Sewerage Management
EA Executing Agency
EARF Environmental Assessment and Review Framework
EIRR Economic Internal Rate of Return
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EMP Environmental Management Plan

EO Executive Officer
EOCC Economic Opportunity Cost of Capital
EPR Environmental Protection Rules
ES Environmental Safeguards
FEDWASUN Federation of Drinking Water & Sanitation Users-Nepal
FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return
FSR Feasibility Study Report
FY Fiscal Year
GESI Gender Equality & Social Inclusion
GI Galvanized Iron
GoN Government of Nepal
PE Polyethylene Pipe
IA Implementing Agency
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IRR Internal Rate of Return
LB Local Body
LG Local Government
LSGA Local Self Governance Act 2056 (1999)
MoWS Ministry of Water Supply
NDWQS National Drinking Water Quality Standard
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NLSS Nepal Living Standards Survey
NPR / NRs. Nepalese Rupees
NRB Nepal Rastra Bank
NRW Non-revenue Water
O&M Operation & Maintenance
OBA Output Based Aid
ODF Open Defecation Free
OHT Over Head Tank
PAM Project Administration Memorandum
PE Polythelene Pipe
PMC Project Management Consultant
PMO Project Management Office
PPTA Project Preparation Technical Assistance
QA Quality Assurance
RP Resettlement Plan
RVT Reservoir Tank
SESF Social & Environmental Safeguards Framework
SSTWSSSP Second Small Towns Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project
STW Shallow Tube Well
STWSSSP Small Towns’ Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project
TDF Town Development Fund
TL Transmission Line
ToR/TOR Terms of Reference
TSTWSSSP Third Small Towns’ Water Supply & Sanitation Sector Project
TW Tube Well
UfW Unaccounted for Water
USD US Dollar
UWSSP Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project
VDC Village Development Committee
WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene
WHO World Health Organization
WRA Water Resources Act
WS Water Supply
WSS Water Supply and Sanitation
WSSDO Water Supply and Sanitation Division/ Sub-division Office
WTP Water Treatment Plant
WtP Willingness to Pay
WUA Water Users’ Association
WUSC Water Users’ & Sanitation Committee
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
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SALIENT FEATURES
SN Items Description
1 Name of Project Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Pumping upto WTP (1 to 4 stage) and WTP to RVT-10/
th
2 Type Backwash RVT (5 stage); Gravity from WTP to RVT-1 to 9 and
RVT-1 to 11 Distribution System
3 Study Level Detailed Engineering Design Report
4 Location Area
Province 3
Zone Bagmati
District Kavrepalanchowk
VDC/Municipality Panchkhal Municipality
Panchkhal Municipality:
Ward no 2: Tinkune, Bagaladihi, Dwaredihi, Majhdihi, Takedihi,
Ratopahiro
Ward no 3: Lamidihi, Jantadihi, Kaphledihi, Baniyadihi,
Thumka, Rampur, Rampurdada, Bramhapur, Jorpati, Khok
Ward no 4: Jero Kilo, Lamidada, Panchkhal, Purano
Bazar,Tamaghat
Ward no 6: Dulalthok, Bakhreldihi, Tinpiple Bazar, Ekatabasti,
Service Area
Paudelthok, Jhiganpur, Pipaltar, Dhotra, Dhunganabesi
Ward and settlement
Ward no 7: Sigrampati, Shikharpur, Jorpipal
Ward no 8: Khattar, Padalla, Simradi,Kharani(Madi Gau)
Ward no 9 : It includes all area.
Ward no 10: Nayagau, Luitelgau, Ranipani, Chapkobot,
Bakultar, Baluwa Bazar
Ward no 11: It includes all area
Ward no 12: Devbhumi, Ojheltar, Sherabeshi, Karketar,
Kashkot, Tinghare, Nagbeli, Aapghari
5 Available Facilities
Road Arniko Highway ( Dhulikhel – Panchkhal- Dolalghat-Barahabise)
Supply Water System WUSCs
Electricity Available
Communication Available
Health Services Available
Banking Facilities Available
6 Social Status
Present HHs Numbers (2018) 5,998
Present Population (2018) 29,603
Base Year Population (2021) 31,415
Design Year Population
45,768
(2040)
Average HHS size 4.94
Population Growth Rate %
2.00
(PGR)
Projected HHs in Design Year
9,273
(based on GR)
7 Water Demand (MLD)
Base Year (2021) 3.97 (3,973,998 ltr per day)
Design Year (2040) 5.79 (5,789,652 ltr per day)
8 Source Characteristics
Source Name Sunkoshi River Water (seepage water after Infiltration Gallary)
Source Type Snowfed Perennial River (seepage water)
At boundry of Municipality, Bimire Dobhan about 2.5km
Source Location downstream of Dolalghat Bazaar (ie 2km downstream from the
confluence of Indrawati and Sunkoshi river)
Discharge to be tapped(lps) 84.00 ( including filter backwash and 20 hr pumping daily)
9 Type of Structures
Proposed intakes 1 set ( 2 sump well/ intake with 4 collector) at Sunkoshi river right
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bank
Rapid mixture followed by floculator followed by sedimentation
tank followed by rapid sand filter then disinfection. Total Capacity
Water treatment plant
for 84 lps, at WTP location beside transformer about 200m
downstream of Bhimsenthan.
All pumps runs at a time:
Stage 1/ Sumpwell: 4 nos . - 85HP,Transformer 500 kVA,
Generator
2 nos. 160 kVA ( for any two pumps)
Stage 2: 4 nos. 85HP, Transformer 500 kVA, Generator 2 nos.
160 kVA (for any two pumps)
Stage 3: 4 nos. 85 HP, Transformer 500 kVA, Generator 2 nos.

Pumping Details
160 kVA (for any two pumps)
Stage 4: 4 nos. 85 HP, Transformer 500 kVA, Generator 2 nos.

160 kVA(for any two pumps)
Stage 5 (WTP site): 2no each 20HP ( only one run at a time) for
RVT-10 and 2 no each 5HP ( only one run at a time) for
backwash cum Kharelthowk ( RVT-11) supply.
From sump well to WTP site:
nd rd th
1 no - 150cum at each 2 ,3 and4 stage pumping; 1 no. - 400
cum
storage at WTP site;
Ground Reservoir (No and Service reservoir

Capacity in cum) 6 nos. RVTs @150cum at 6 locations;
3 nos. RVTs @100cum at 3 locations;
2 nos. RVT @ 50cum at 2 location;
and 1 no. @ 150cum at one location for filter backwash
(total storage capacity 2,300 cum)
Pumping Chamber/ sump for Stage 2,3,4 and 5 (3 compartment at 3 locations and 2
pumping compartment at WTP/RVT outlet 1no)
Valve Chamber (Bricks/ RCC) 36 nos.
Pipe valve box 179 nos.
6 nos. (1 at branch transmission of 50cum, 10 cum each at RVT-
IC/ BPT at transmission and
9 distribution system (1 no.), RVT-10 distribution system (2 nos.)
distribution system
and Kharelthowk distribution system (2 nos.).
st
AT sump well (1 stage site): Guardhouse G 1-1 no.; Generator
house-1 no.; Boundary wall, Retaining wall
Stage 2,3,4 sites: Guardhouse G1-3 nos.; Generator house - 3
nos.;
Office Cum GH (O1) / Small
Boundary wall, Retaining wall
Guard House (G 1) / Guard th
At WTP site (5 stage site): Guard house G2-1 no.;Generator
House cum Store (G2) /
house-1 no.,; Dosing house – 1 no.; Boundary wall, Retaining
Dosing House (DH)/
wall
Storehouse/ Generator House
At backwash reservoir site: Guardhouse G1 – 1 no.; Boundary
(DG), Boundary wall
wall
At service reservoir site: Guardhouse G1 – 11 nos.; Boundary
wall
At service area: Ofice building -1 no., Boundary wall
Fire Hydrant (m) 20
12
River crossing (nos.)
Length of pipe in transmission
main (from sumpwell/intake –
9,135.00m
WTP/ Storge RVT site beside
transformer ie downstream of
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Bhimsenthan)
Length of pipe in branch
transmission main (from WTP/
storage to RVT 1 to RVT 9
(gravity), backwash RVT
37,237.00m
(pumping) (filter backwash and
to supply water to Kharelthowk
RVT-11 by gravity), RVT-10
(pumping)
Length of pipe in Distribution 189,309.00m
Total pipe length of main
transmission, branch transmission, 235,681.00 m
distribution main
Number of DMAs 11 nos.
Number of HH connection 5,998
Number of connection for
39
institution
Total Cost of WS Component 1,966,259,486.67
10
(Inclusive of all ) NRs.
Cost Sharing Arrangement (NRs)
GoN Component (70 %) 1,376,381,640.67
TDF Loan (25 %) 491,564,871.67
WUSC's upfront (Cash 98,312,974.33
contribution 5%)
11 Tariff
Up to 6 cum/monthly (NRs.) 60.00
7 to 10 cum/monthly (NRs.) 70.00
11 to 15cum/monthly (NRs.) 80.00
16 to 25 cum/monthly (NRs.) 90.00
Weighted av. Tariff (NRs./cum) 83.25
12 Financial Indicators
EIRR (Base case), % 18.34
FIRR(Base case), % 14.75
AIFC (Base case), NRs. per cum 72.35
AIEC (Base case), NRs. per cum 77.34
13 Environment
ADB Category B, Only IEE necessary
IEE finding No significant adverse impact.
Per Capita Cost for W/S
14
component
Per Capita Cost (for base year 62,589.83
pop.), NRs.
Per Capita Cost (for design 42,961.45
year pop.),NRs.
Total cost of Sanitation 8,528,288.39
15 Component (including all),
NRs.
GoN Component (85 %) 7,249,045.13
Local Authority (15 %) 1,279,243.26
Total cost of Water Supply and 1,974,787,775.06
16
Sanitation Component, NRs.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project (UWSSP or the project) will build upon
the on-going efforts of the Government of Nepal in providing Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS)
services in urban areas of Nepal. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has supported the
government in improving WSS services in 70 of the 176 small towns in Nepal through three
earlier projects. Drawing on accumulated experiences and lessons learnt from the successful
implementation of earlier interventions, this project is proposed to fund physical investments in
WSS infrastructure and non-physical investments to improve service regulation, monitoring and
governance, and user participation in the water and sanitation sector in selected urban areas
(Urban Towns).
The Detailed Edgineering Design Report (DEDR) for Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation
Project is prepared in close consultation of stakeholders and submitted to the client to meet
requirement of Terms of Reference (ToR). The DEDR is based on field technical options, social,
institutional and financial performance and data.
The Panchkhal is approximately 45 Km away from the capital city, Kathmandu. The town is in
hilly region with altitudes ranging between 585m to 1435m above mean sea level (amsl) with an
average altitude of 850 meters. The town has temperate with dry in winter and warm in summer
climate and is influenced by the monsoon (June-September) with an average annual rainfall of
about 102 mm.
The service area of the proposed project covers Panchkhal Municipality:

 Ward no. 2: Tinkune, Bagaladihi, Dwaredihi, Majhdihi, Takedihi, Ratopahiro
 Ward no. 3: Lamidihi, Jantadihi, Kaphledihi, Baniyadihi, Thumka, Rampur, Rampurdada,
Bramhapur, Jorpati, Khok
 Ward no. 4: Jero Kilo, Lamidada, Panchkhal, Purano Bazar,Tamaghat
 Ward no. 6: Dulalthok, Bakhreldihi, Tinpiple Bazar, Ekatabasti, Paudelthok, Jhiganpur, Pipaltar,
Dhotra, Dhunganabesi
 Ward no. 7: Sigrampati, Shikharpur, Jorpipal
 Ward no. 8: Khattar, Padalla, Simradi,Kharani(Madi Gau)
 Ward no. 9: It includes all area.
 Ward no. 10: Nayagau, Luitelgau, Ranipani, Chapkobot, Bakultar, Baluwa Bazar
 Ward no. 12: Devbhumi, Ojheltar, Sherabeshi, Karketar, Kashkot, Tinghare, Nagbeli, Aapghari.
The project area has been delineated in consultation with WUSC and the local community.
Existing Water Supply Situation
There are several water supply systems within the service area. The sources of each water
supply system is ground water. Each system has it’s own WUSC to manage the system. The
source has limited water and is not enough to meet the water demand. The groundwater table
and their discharge decreasing day by day and water discharge is decreased than it’s original
situation. There are small structures at each system. Each system has different water tariff
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collection modality and the supply hour is different. The following systems are in existence in the
town.
 Amarkot Water supply system
 Panchkhal Jal Water supply system
 Bhagawati Temple Water supply system
 Dungana Besi Water supply system
 Mayagau Water supply system
 Bakhrel Di Water supply system
 Satya Sai Water supply system
Proposed Water Supply System
Sunkoshi River (seepage water by infliltration) water pumping at four stage using 2 parallel pipes
in transmission main (up to WTP/ Storage reservoir site). Storage reservoir will supply water to 9
RVTs by gravity, 1 RVT by pumping, filter backwash RVT by pumping. Filter backwash RVT will
supply water to Kharelthok RVT by gravity. Distribution system will get water through 11 RVTs
by gravity.
The project area has been delineated in consultation with WUSC and the local community. As
per social survey, total HHs and population are 5,998 and 29,603 respectively in 2018 with
average family size of 4.94.
The forecasted populations of the town are 31,415 and 45,768 in 2021 and 2040 respectively
with growth rate of 2.00%. The amalgamation of various demands based on accepted design
criteria of TSTWSSSP has been assessed. The same has been used during the design. While
calculating the nodal demand domestic consumption has been considered at ultimate demand
i.e. 100 lpcd. The total daily water demand has been estimated to be 3.97 MLD in the base year
2021 and this demand is projected to increase to 5.79 MLD by the end of design period 2040.
The service area has been divided into 11 zones. Each zone will have independent service
reservoir. Each zone is considered one DMA. There are eleven Disrict Metering Area (DMA)
designed for the whole system. Due to the high elevation difference in service area interption
chamber (IC) is provided in branch transmission and the break pressure tank (BPT) is provided
in 3 zone’s service area.
As the proposed system is unique and does not have any alternative source than pumping
source to meet the water demand. The transmission main is the lifeline for the project, it may be
worthwile to use double pipe rather than one pipe to make the system durable and reliable. The
source of the water supply system is Sunkoshi river (seepage water after infliltration). The river
bank/ intake site lies in the boundry of ward no 10 of Bhumlu Rural Municipality, as well as the
boundry of Kavre District with Ramechap district. The conventional water treatment system for
surface/ stream water source is proposed at about 1334m elevation beside transformer which is
about 200m downstream of Bhimsenthan Mandir, Palanchowk, by pumping water from Sunkoshi
river right bank sump well at situated an elevation of 585m.
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Design Concept and Project Components
The proposed project has several existing system but not reliable water source. The entire water
is pumped from seepage water of Sunkoshi River, Bimire Dobhan through four stage pumping
about 210-220m head at each stage depending upon the site location to reach water at WTP/
clear water storage reservoir located at an elevation about 1334m.
The proposed Panchkhal system has been conceptualized as pumping in transmission main up
to WTP/ Storage reservoir and then gravity supply into 9 RVTs, pumping into one RVT then
gravity water suppy into distribution system and pumping in to backwash RVT and backwash
RVT supply water 1 RVT then supply water supply into distribution system and filter backwash
by gravity.
The overall concept has been developed with transmission main (pumping from sump well to
WTP/ storage reservoir), branch transmission main from (WTP/ storage reservoir to 12 RVTs)
including filter backway RVT and distribution main from 11 DMAs into household distribution
system (DS). In this concept whole service area has been divided into number of service area/
zone with dedicated storage reservoir for that particular service area. The service area/ RVT has
been divided on the basis of elevation difference and proximity of reservoir site. Therefore, the
main system comprises of number of sub-system. The main bazar area has been dividied into 3
DMAS/ Zones.
The transmission main, branch transmission main, distribution system, service reservoir/ DMA
will have control mechanism with bulk meter and valves so that it will support the principles of
DMA and provide efficienet water management in the new water supply system.
The water at entire distribution network is to be supplied from multiple reservoirs. The total
supply of the project has been divided into 11 numbers to manage RVT wise demand.
The existing systems are very small, the structures and pipes are not used in the new system
due to their irregular in size, their water carrying capacity and their conditions etc. This was
discussed with WUSC and community and discarded in the new system. Hence, all pipe network
is designed with new pipe.
Regardding water treatment plant, the water obtained from the seepage/ water infiltration of
surface water river source is used for the project. The sump well is proposed at right bank of
Sunkoshi river. The sump well receive water from collectors as well as gravel filter. It also
receive, water from gravel media surrounding. The gravel/ boulder surrounding will filter first
level impurities. In recommended option, water will be pumped using 2 nos. @85HP (at stage 1,
2, 3 and 4) at each pipe. Two pipe runs parallel and all 4 pumps run at a time. During any pump
failure, remaining pumps will work.
First level filteration will be made at sump well site with making infiltration gallery. The rapid
mixture, floculator, sedimentation tank, rapid sand filter and disinfection are proposed at stage 5
site for the process of water treatment. The rapid sand filter will be backwashed by gravity
system. Separate reservoir has been designed for this purpose. The backwash storage reservoir
RVT-12 will supply water for Kharelthok RVT-11 and filter backwash both. The pressure head of
Page xi
backwash system at the WTP outlet is maintained about 10-12m. In addition, air compressor
also provisioned for backwash purpose, if required. After, WTP clean water will be stored at
ground storage reservoir of 400cum capacity.
Plain sedimentation has been provided as a pre-treatment unit in all proposed main WTPs.
Detention time of about 3.5 hours has been kept in designing of each settling tank with design
load of 0.6 cum/sq. m /hour (ie 600ltr/hr/m2).
Rapid Sand Filter as main filtration unit have been proposed in treatment plant. The filtration
rate of 3.0 cum/sq.m/hr (3000 lit/m2/hour) has been adopted for design. RSF will have a depth of
3.5 m including free board of 0.50 m.
WTPs outlet will have dosing system before storing water to the storage reservoir. The dosing
system comprises of electronic dosing pump with FRP tank and stirring device. As the pump is
automatic dosing pump of the electronic type, close housing is recommended. The detail
calculation of reservoir sizing is provided in Volume II (Annex 2). A minimum size of RVT is 50
cum and maximum 150cum capacity have been provided at various location. In addition, 1.25hr
storage reservoir has been provided after treatment having capacity 400cum. The total capacity
of reservoirs is to be 2,300cum and total capcity of BPTs is to be 100cum. The cumulative
capacity RVT and BPT is 2,400cum.
The system will have four stage major pumping having each pumping head is about 210-220m
for transmission and each single stage minor pumping for one distribution RVT-10 and other
filter backwash RVT-12. The length of transmission main from sumpwell/ intake to WTP/
stroareg reservoir is 9,135.00m (DI - 200mm dia). The branch transmission length ie from
WTP/storage reservoir to various service reservoirs and filter backwash reservoir is 37,237.00m
( DI-100mm to 250mm and PE 63mm and 110mm dia) and distribution pipe length is
189,309.00m.Total pipe lengh for the whole water supply system is 235,681.00m. It comprises
DI 100-250mm dia, GI 40 -100mm, PE 100- PN 6, PN 10 and PN16 from dia 50mm to 250mm.
All PE pipes will be joined with electrofusion technology. This does not include drainage from
each RVT washout, bypass pipes, pipe connection at sumpwell to the river etc.
The distribution system comprises of a pipe network, which are looped in most of the cases and
branched in other. The network has been analyzed using EPANET, a design analytical software
tool.
There are about 5,998 numbers of household connections through PE/ DI/ GI mains from
distribution system area out of which about 980 HHs connections require drain-crossing. The
total household connection will be 5,998 in the project area plus 39 conection for institutions. All
connections will have water meter.
The system has been designed as private house connection comprising average of about 15 m
pipe PE-100, 20mm outer diameter pipe of rating PN-16 and volumetric rotary piston type water
revenue meter(15 mm ND). Tapping of household connection in PE pipe has been proposed
from PE saddle with ferrule.
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In order to mange NRW in the proposed system, total system divided primarily into eleven
DMAs. All these DMAs are getting water from dedicated storage reservoir. Due to separate
service area, each service reservoir is defined as DMA for Panchkhal system.
One instritution latrine, one public latrine and one tractor are proposed in sanitation
componenets.
The DEDR final report has been prepared based on the presentation held at PMO, WUSC/
community and suggestions on draft report. The report is based on Socio- economic profile and
people centered activities of the service area.
If the water at DMA increased more than designed demand, these can be managed using valves
designe at junction and reservoir inlet of branch transmission main. Also the basic SCADA has
been included to manage the pumping and reservoir/ DMA.
Unit rate of most of the work items for the project has been established by utilizing Construction
Norms of GoN (Second Revised Edition, 1993) and approved district rate for manpower and
materials. If there is no district rate, market price has been surveyed and used accordingly. The
total costs of water supply component work out to be NRs. 1,966,259,486.67 inclusive of
contingencies @ 15% and VAT@ 13%.
Likewise, total cost of sanitotion component work to be NRs. 8,528,288.39 including

contingencies 15% and VAT 13%.
The monthly water tariff for the use of 6 cum water is NRs. 60 per cum. The EIRR of the project
is 18.34%. Other financial indicator like FIRR is 14.75%, AIEC is NRs 77.34 per cum and AIFC
NRs 72.35 per cum.
Page xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT
The Urban Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project (UWSSP or the project) will build upon
the on-going efforts of the Government of Nepal in providing Water Supply and sanitation (WSS)
services in urban areas of Nepal. It will help the country to meet Sustainable Development Goal
(SDG) to ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all by 2030
and it is aligned with sector objectives laid out by the government’s Fourteenth Plan, National
Urban Development Strategy, and updated 15-year Development Plan for WSS in Small Towns,
which is to improve water supply and sanitation service delivery in urban areas across Nepal.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) has supported the government in improving WSS services
in 70 of the 176 small towns in Nepal through three earlier projects. Drawing on accumulated
experiences and lessons learnt from the successful implementation of earlier interventions, this
project is proposed to fund physical investments in WSS infrastructure and non-physical
investments to improve service regulation, monitoring and governance, and user participation in
the water and sanitation sector in selected urban areas (Small/Urban towns).
Department of Water Supply and Sewerage Management (DWSSM) is the implementing agency
whereas the Ministry of Water Supply is the executing agency. The project will assist in
implementing a part of the 15-year Development Plan for Small Towns Water Supply and
Sanitation Development in the country and about 20 Urban/ Small Towns will be covered by this
project.
In this context, the Eastern Regional Design Supervision and Management Consultants
(ERDSMC), joint venture of TAEC Consult P. Ltd. and Integrated Consultants Nepal (P) Ltd. has
been assigned to provide services on detailed design of seven towns namely; Birendranagar
(Chitwan), Katahariya (Rauthat), Lalbandi (Sarlahi), Katari (Udaipur), Diktel (Khotang), Bhojpur
Bazzar (Bhojpur) and Charikot (Dolakha) Town Projects. In addition, Ilam, Brihat Bhanu
(Tanahu), Panchkhal (Kavre), Kanchanrup (Saptari), Rampurtar (Okhaldhunga) and Deurali
Hopsekot (Nawalpur) are assigned for the preparation of FSR and DEDR report. The project
name of Sunkoshi Panchkhal Town has been changed as Panchkhal in UWSSP’s ADB Project
Administration Memorendam(PAM) documents. Hence, the project is named as Panchkhal,
though the reports, documents, annexes and drawings have mentioned as Sunkoshi Panchkhal.
The project has many stakeholders such as the WUSC, Project Management Office/ DWSSM,
DRTAC, Town Development Fund (TDF), and Regional Design Supervision and Management
Consultants (RDSMCs), RPMO. There is a need for effective co-ordination among the various
stakeholders. In this context, the consulting team especially the major members of the
Consultants’ Team including the Team Leader, socio-economist, design engineer and
environmental specialist are responsible for detailed design and has been responsible for
maintaining co-ordination with all the stakeholders involved in the project.
This Detailed Engineering Design Report (DEDR) Report for Panchkhal Water Supply and
Sanitation Project is prepared in close consultation of stakeholders and submitted to the client to
meet requirement of Terms of Reference (ToR). The overall project strategy is to implement the
project in people centered manner by application of participatory approach. This project seems
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to be effective, reliable, achievable and affordable. The project cost has been evaluated based
on the principles of allocable, allowable and reasonable.
UWSSP consists of many individual water supply town projects covering urban/ small towns in
different areas of Nepal. Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project is one of them being
studied under UWSSP. The major structures under this water supply scheme are stream intake/
sumpwell, collection chamber, transmission line, washout, air valve, water treatment plant,
reservoirs, distribution system, control valve and private taps connection, institutional
connection. During operation stage, private taps deliver 65 lpcd for yard connections and 100
lpcd for fully plumbed connection. This is depends upon the individual household consumption.
As mentioned earlier, 30% of the estimated cost of water supply component should be shared
by the users in terms of cash and loan. The contribution modality is as follows:
The project cost shared by users (beneficiaries) and GON in i.e. 30:70 basis. The users shall
receive 25% loan from Town Development Fund. The loan should be reimbursed within 25
years with an interest of 5% per annum. Out of the remaining 30% of the cost, the users should
deposit 5% of the total estimated water supply cost in cash in the WUSC account prior to the
four party agreement. The next 70% of the cost shall be born by Government of Nepal under
ADB loan. Further information of the Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project is provided
in sequential manner. The sanitation component, local authority will contribute 15% of total
sanitation cost and 85% of total sanitation cost contribute from GoN.
1.2 PANCHKHAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT
UWSSP has intended to implement about 20 urban towns' water supply and sanitation projects
providing the said facilities in its scope of work in urban/ small towns, immersed in different
areas, of the country. Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project is one of such town
projects considered to implement under UWSSP. The details of this town project are as follows.
1.3 LOCATION
The Project area of Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project lies in Panchkhal
Municipality, Kavre District situated in hilly area in Bagmati Zone, State 3 of Nepal.
Panchkhal Bazaar, the project site is linked at Dhulikhel with Barhabise and Kathmandu along
Arniko Highway. The project has all-weather black topped road passes from the middle of the
service area. The internal road in the service are mostly gravel and earthen. Beside Arniko
highway, a few kilometer road ie zero kilo to Palanchowk Bhagwati road has been black topped.
The town, Panchkhal is about 45km away towards east from capital city, Kathmandu. The
project area lies between its geographical coordinates are 27° 39' 0" Latitude, 85° 37' 0"
Longitude and its original name (with diacritics) is Panchkhal.
The town lies in the west from proposed Sunkoshi river water source. The location of the project
area is shown in Figure 1.1.
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Figure 1.1: Location Map of Project Town
1.4 CLIMATE
The climate of the project area is humid sub-tropical temperate climate with dry in winter and
warm in summer. There are several rain gauge station and climatological station in Kavre
district. The nearest station no 1026 is situated at Panchkhal. The required data from this station
is used for the project. The mean monthly temperature is 24.9°C. The temperature ranges from
11.66o to 24.9o. The average mean annual rainfall is 1020 mm, which is slightly less than 1400
mm, the average precipitation of Nepal.
1.5 SERVICE AREA, POPULATION AND GROWTH RATE
Service Area
Discussion was held with WUSC for the service area of new project. The initial discussion was
held with users committee. As the name of Panchkhal, it was envisaged that the majority of the
municipality will be covered from this project. The WUSC revised the area of Panchkhal ward 9,
and ward 11 totally, ward 4, ward 3 , ward 6 , ward 10, ward 12, ward 7, ward 8 and ward 2
partially. However, the WUSC has decided the following area in new Panchkhal Water Supply
and Sanitation Project. The names of the major settlements of the service area of Panchkhal
Municipality are as follows:

 Ward no. 8: Khattar, Padalla, Simradi,Kharani(Madi Gau)
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Figure 1.2: Location Map of Service Area
Population and Growth Rate
The present permanent population in the service area is 29,603 and rental is 960. According to
the social survey, there are 5,998 households (HHs) in the proposed service area. The
population growth rate of the Panchkhal Municipality of Kavre district is taken as 2%. The
growth rate is based upon population census 1998 to 2011 of Kavre district, nearest municipality
Dhulikhel and Panchkhal town. The population may increase more in comparison to the present
growth rate in that area after water supply facilities available. The Table 1.1 shows that the
population growth rate of the district and neighbouring municipality. The migration trend from
village to the town is increasing order day by day after conflict resolution.
The annual growth rate of Panchkhal Municipality is ranging from 2.05% to 1.55% in proposed
service area wards. The growth rate is different at each ward as shown in Table 1.2. The
growth rate of the district and neighbouring Municipality is compared to establish the growth
trend. It is envisaged that the population will be increased than the present scenario after
implementation of the scheme. With this assumption and referring NUDS documents, the
growth rate 2% is adopted considering that the number of household will be constructed along
the both side of major road within design year.
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Table 1.1: Population and Growth Rate

Description Population Growth Population Growth Population Growth Population
1981 AD Rate % 1991 AD Rate % 2001 AD Rate % 2011 AD
Kavrepalanchok District 307150 0.55 324329 1.75 385672 -0.1 381937
Dhulikhel Municipality 9664 1.77 11521 2.17 14283
Table 1.2 Details of Newely Formed Panchkhal Municipality

Census 2001 Census 2011
Ward Area Growth
Ward P. Densities P. Densities Remarks
(Ha) HHs Pop HHs Pop Rate
(PPHA) (PPHA)
1 1079.05 482 2665 2.47 794 3825 3.54 3.68 Not in service
area
2 1373.34 771 4124 3.00 699 3275 2.38 -2.28
3 392.39 458 2198 5.60 519 2221 5.66 0.10
4 294.29 606 2998 10.19 796 3498 11.89 1.55
5 686.67 465 2380 3.47 527 2543 3.70 0.66 Not in service
area
6 588.58 835 4296 7.30 924 4077 6.93 -0.52
7 588.58 381 1941 3.30 431 2208 3.75 1.30
8 588.58 519 2528 4.30 539 2405 4.09 -0.50
9 1177.15 608 3111 2.64 650 2657 2.26 -1.57
10 294.29 383 2084 7.08 431 1839 6.25 -1.24
11 1569.53 653 2939 1.87 626 2389 1.52 -2.05
12 686.67 845 4689 6.83 1147 5299 7.72 1.23
13 980.96 454 2016 2.06 461 1761 1.80 -1.34 Not in service
area
Total 10300.00 7460 37969 3.69 8544 37997 3.69 0.01
The present population in the proposed service area is 29,603 in 5,998 HHs. Out of the total
29,603 permanent population, there are 14,748 male and 14,855 female living in 5,998 HHs.
The permanent population of the project area at the end of design period of 23 years (1 year
survey year + 2 year construction + 20 years project life) is projected as 45,768 with an average
annual growth rate 2%. The rental population is very less ie 960 in comparision with permanent
population. The water demand for this insignificant rental population is kept in non domestic
demand category.
The population growth rate percentage of the project area is determined based upon population
census 1991 AD and 2001 AD, 2011AD of the Kavre district, Panchkhal Municipality and
possibility of population migration from surroundings in the proposed service area. This has
been consulted with WUSC.
1.6 SETTLEMENT PATTERN
The settlement pattern of project area is mixed type. The core bazaar area which is located in
ward no 3 is dense and populated. Similarly, settlement patern of the other wards are scatered
type due to semi urban and rural in character. The settlement pattern is gradually changing and
rural cluster are developing as small market. The rate of migration in to the service area from the
surroundings villages and from other districts is increasing during last few years.
Page 5
1.7 MAJOR COMPONENTS
The Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been formulated to supply required
quantiy of water to Panchkhal Bazaar and neighbouring villages of ward no 2,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11
and 12 of the Panchkhal Municipality. These villages and settlements around the bazaar are
growing up to be urbanised as a satellite town of Panchkhal Municipality. The project shall
comprise of two major components. The first and the most important component is construction
of new water supply systems using seepage water of Sunkoshi River to meet present and future
water demand in the proposed service area. The second component is related with the
improvement of sanitation system by means of introducing institutional latrines and collection
and efficient managemenet of soild waste of the town.
1.8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT
For the preparation, implementation, operation and maintenance of the project following
institutional arrangement are already setup.
1.8.1 Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office
A Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office is situated in the District headed by a Senior
Divisional Engineer (SDE) will take care to coordinate and facilitate in the project design and
supervision activities. The the WUSC and DSMC will coordinate in all implementation and
management activities of the town project.
The project Management Office will depute an engineer for the monitoring the construction
activities at the town. He will work in coordination with WUSC and DSMC.
1.8.2 Water User's and Sanitation Committee
The project has been conceptualized on community based and participatory approach. About
30% of the project cost has to be mobilized and shared by the community. The community will
be responsible for operation and management of the system after handover the project. So their
active involvement in the decision making regarding project preparation/ design, implementation,
operation and maintenance has to be ensured. In this regard, they will be represented in project
related activities. The WUSC will take necessary decision on behalf of the consumer community,
will mobilize necessary fund for project implementation as up-front cash and assist PMO/
WSSDO/ ICG Engineer in the project implementation. The WUSC will also make necessary
arrangement after completion of operation and maintenance period of the project.
The Sunkoshi Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Committee consist of eleven members
representing from various clusters within the service area. The executive committee consists of 8
male and 3 in female members and one female member has been working as position of
treasurer in key executive post of WUSC. According to the caste/ethnicity status of WUSC body,
Brahman/Chhetri and Janajati groups occupy 4 and 7 respectively. The separate WUSCs are
operating existing system, but some of them are in new WUSC.
Name list and position of the WUSCs are given in Table 1.3.
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Table 1.3: Name List and Position of WUSC in Sunkoshi Panchkhal

S.N. Name Position
1 Mr. Kumar Prasad Lamichane Chairman
2 Mr. Rabindra Sipkhan Vice Chairman
3 Mr. Chet Prasad Gautam Secretary
4 Ms. Jhal Kumari Dulal Treasurer
5 Ms. Laxmi Danuwar Member
6 Mr. Rabindra Sithaula Member
7 Mr. Bharat Shrestha Member
8 Mr. Shiv Bahadur Sapkota Member
9 Ms. Sarita Sahi Tamag Member
10 Ms. Maili Danuwar Member
11 Mr. Shyam B.K. Member
The WUSC is registered as per water resource act 2049 and drinking water laws 2055. The
number of members of WUSC is as per STWSSSP/PMO guideline.
1.9 ENGINEERING DESIGN
The Urban Towns Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project are designed to be responsive
to the demands of consumers for improved WSS services. Consumer demand is most evidence
by the willingness to pay for these services. People receive project assistance to be helped
themselves to build the kind of facilities they desire and become ready to pay for the project
implementation and O&M of such facility. The willingness to operate and maintain the facility is
the strong base of long-term sustainability of the project components. Therefore, adequate
interaction with community has been made to confirm the service area delineation and to make
critical decisions for the use of pipe materials, location of sump well, treatment plant, service
reservoirs site, necessity, location of drainage section, location of public/ institutional toilets and
other sanitation activities etc.
1.9.1 Organisation of the Study Team
The several field visits were carried out by the Consultant team to prepare the report. The
DSMC mobilized a professional team for carriying out the detailed engineering design of the
town.
The team member of DSMC for the detailed engineering design of the project comprised as
follows:
1. A.M.L. Das, Team Leader
2. S. Aryal, Water Supply Design Engineer
3. S.B. Thakur, Water Supply Design Engineer
4. H.J. Adhikari, Environmental Specialist
5. S. Adhikari, Social Safe Guard Specialist
6. R. Subedi, GESI Specialist
7. I.M. Shrestha, Financial Experts and Economist
8. J. Chaudhary, Structural Engineer
9. P.S. Tater, Geo-hydrologist/ Hydrologist
10. S. Dangol, Electrical Engineer
Page 7
In addition, other senior as well as support personnel were also involved during the field and
office work as follows:
1. B.C. Devkota, Senior WSS Engineer
2. N. Kayastha, Senior Engineer cum Environmentalist
3. P. Rana, Senior Engineer cum Quantity Engineer
4. A. Sah, Civil Engineer
5. S. Devkota, Civil Engineer
6. Bhairab KC, Senior Computer Operator
7. S.B. Amatya, Sr. AutoCAD/ Draft Person
8. M. Shakya, AutoCAD/ Draft Person
9. S. Shrestha, AutoCAD/Draft person
10. S. Devkota, Civil Engineer/ Surveyor
11. B. Kafle, Civil Engineer
The consultants have engaged additional water supply engineer and socio-economist to start
the works in field as well as in office simultaneously in all four town projects. The Water Supply
and Sanitation Engineer (WSSE) along with surveyor was involved for the verification of survey
works. Similarly, senior socio-economist had monitored the social work being done in the field.
The socio-economist had coordinated the enumerators to do the social works in each town.
1.10 METHODOLOGY FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN
The consulting services mainly consist of feasibility study and detailed engineering design of
Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation facilities. However, in the project implementation, the
community bears the large portion of the project cost of available facilities and has large say in
the final decision of design and construction activities. This requires a strong support to the
community with a provision of information on the socio-economic and environmental aspects as
well as on the cost effectiveness. For this purpose, the consulting services include to update the
analytical information of social, economical, financial and environmental aspects of the proposed
town project and require close coordination and interaction with the users.
On the basis of the scope of work, gathering additional information during the desk study phase,
review of former available report and documents, feasibility study report, field visit and
reconnaissance survey of the town sites and the task to be carried out in the consulting services
are identified and listed below in brief.
The following activities will be reviewed and carried-out necessary update during detailed
engineering design phase:
 Collect and review reports of feasibility study report and collect relevant information of the project;
 Desk study of former FSR and other information.
 Field visit, field verification, field investigation, field survey works, detailed design works, prepare,
submit Final report incorporating the suggestion of the queries on draft report.
 Field Investigations, Field Verification and Survey Works include Mobilization of personnel to
carry out the detail engineering works; Collect and Review reports of detailed engineering design
and collect relevant information of the project; Cross verification of Socio economic/ demographic
Survey. Confirmation of Service Area Delineation; Source Study; Water quality test and
confirmation of type of treatment plant requiring the water quality standard as recommended in
Nepal Drinking Water Quality Standards (NDWQS) or WHO guideline for drinking water. Field
Page 8
verification/ confirmation of Engineering survey; address Land Acquisition and Resettlement if

required for the construction of water supply and sanitation facilities, Environmental Study.
 Population growth rate, Design Year and Population Projection
 Water demand calculation and Nodal Water Demand
 Intake/ sumpwell design
 Treatment plant design
 Reservoir sizing and peak factor
 Pipeline design, tools and pipe materials and household connection
 Design of sanitation facilities
 Preparation of working/ construction drawings, rate analysis and cost estimate
 Economical and financial analysis
 ToR, IEE study and preparation of EMP and EMAP
 Social inclusion action plan, gender equality/ action plan and implementation of Output Based Aid
(OBA) for the poor
 Preparation of bill of quantities, implementation schedule, technical specifications and bid/
contract document
 Final design report submission
 Agreement with WUSC, invitation of bid, bid evaluation and contract award.
1.11 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT
The detailed engineering design report comprises the following volumes with major contents:
Volume One: This is the main report which includes salient features of the town project,
summary of technical design, water quality, social dimension, summary of economical and
financial analysis, tariff structure and environmental issues, land acquisition and resettlement
plan. Additionally, report on sanitation component chosen by the WUSC.
Volume Two: This volume includes appendices to water quality test report, detailed design of
water supply systems (water demand calculation, hydraulic and structural design of treatment
plant and service reservoir, nodal demand, detail pipe line design chart, pump size, design of
sumpwell well, electrical and electromechanical works etc.), financial and economical analysis,
detail design calculation sanitation components, photographs, minutes of meeting, lab test
report etc.
Volume Three: This volume includes the analysis of rates, quotation ( if applicable), detail
quantity survey, detail and summary of cost estimates, community contribution and table of
district rates with prime cost materials.
Volume Four: This volume contains Construction Drawings.
Separate Volume: This volume contains Environmental Report. The IEE Tor has been
submitted and in approval process. The IEE report preparation is in progress.
Separate Volume: Volume One- Tender documents including BoQ; Volume Two- OCB
separate bid documents; Volume Three - Technical Specification including particular
specification based on the project.
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The main report is divided into the following chapters:

 Chapter I: Introduction
 Chapter II: Review of the Feasibility Study
 Chapter III: Field Investigation
 Chapter IV: Detailed Engineering Design
 Chapter V: Project Cost Estimate of Water Supply and Sanitation System
 Chapter VI: Financial and Economic Analysis
 Chapter VII: Socio-economic Analysis
 Chapter VIII: Environmental Aspects
 Chapter IX: Conclusion and Recommendation
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CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF FEASIBILITY STUDY
2.1 GENERAL
The DSMC conducted a feasibility study of the town project. The study has established that the
project is feasible on the basis of technical, social, financial and environmental aspects.
On 28,29 Dec, 2017 a mass meeting was held at water supply and sanitation committee
(WUSC) office at Panchkhal. The participants of the meeting included official of Municipality,
WUSC and beneficiaries. The team members interacted with the officials and the general
members of WUSC and beneficiaries during initial field visit. The DSMC field team highlighted
the concept of Urban/ Third Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation (Sector) Project. They
also highlighted the technical, financial, socioeconomic and environmental aspects of the
project. Discussions of various issues were held during floor discussion session and quarries of
the participants were clarified. The team visited existing water supply system including service
area, intake, reservoir, etc. The details of the meeting are provided in Volume II (Annex–7).
2.2 EXISTING SITUATION
2.2.1 Water Supply System
There are several water supply systems in the proposed service area. Among them, the major
system are described in brief as follows:
Amarkot Water Supply System
There is an existing water supply water system from deep boring. Altogether 40 taps are
provided to feed water supply that serves about 700 households. The water from the ground is
fed through 40m3 RCC tank (1 no.) and ferro-cement tanks (2 nos.) having capacity 20m3. Six
new tanks are also proposed. This supplies water in ward no. 3 of Panchkhal Municipality. The
existing water supply has proper tariff collecting system. The minimum tariff for per tap is NRs.
1000. The average supply hour is two hours in a day. The water table at the tube well is
depleted every year. The system cannot supply enough water in the service area. There is no
proper design of distribution system.
Panchkhal Jal Water Supply System
This system supplies water from deep boring system. Altogether 650 taps are povided to feed
water supply into the system. The water from the ground is fed through RCC tanks-150m3,
Brickmasonary tank- 100m3 and ferro- cement tank- 20m3. This system supplies water in ward
no. 3 of Panchkhal Municipality. The existing water supply has proper tariff collecting system.
The minimum tariff is NRs. 150 per 6000 liters and it increases at the rate of NRs. 25 per
thousand liter consumption. Initial charge for taps connection is NRs. 6660. The tariff collection
is well maintained. The average supply hour is about two and half hours in a day. The water
table at the tube well is depleted every year. The system cannot supply enough water in the
service area. There is no proper design of distribution system.
Page 11
Bhagawati Temple Water Supply System
This system supplies water from lifting system. Altogether 350 taps are provided to feed water
supply and 50 taps are not in operation. The water from the ground is fed through, Stone
masonry tank having capacity 50m3 (1 no.) and ferro- cement tank having capacity 20m3 (4 nos.)
and 10m3 (2 nos.) respectively. This supplies water in ward no. 9 of Panchkhal Municipality. The
existing water supply system has proper tariff collecting system. The minimum tariff for 10,000
liters is NRs. 350 and it increases with increase in consumption. The average supply is two
times in day for about one hour at a time. There is no proper design of distribution system.
Dhungana Besi Water Supply System
This system supplies water from deep boring system. The water from the ground is fed through
100m3 RCC tank. The reservoir was constructed by GON but it cannot supply water into whole
area. The water table at the tube well is depleted every year. The system cannot supply enough
water in the service area. There is no proper design of distribution system.
Nayagau Water Supply System
There exists system constructed by UNICEF and rehabilitated by RWSSFDB in 2044 and 2065
respectively. Altogether 15 taps are provided to feed water supply to serve water about 400
households. The water from the ground is fed through ferro-cement tank having capacity 20m3
(2 nos) and 10m3 (1 no) respectively. The existing water supply has proper tariff collecting
system. The minimum tariff per tap is NRs. 3000 annually.
Bakhrel Di Water Supply System
Altogether 160 taps are connected to feed water into the system. The water from the ground is
fed through a ferro-cement tank having capacity 20m3 and another 20m3 is under construction.
The existing water supply has proper tariff collecting system. The minimum tariff for 6000 liters is
NRs. 250 annually.
Satya Sai Water Supply System
This system supplies water from deep boring system. Altogether 118 taps are connected to feed
water into system. The water from the ground is fed through fero- cement tank (2 nos) having
capacity of 20m3. This system supplies water in ward no 12 of Panchkhal Municipality. The
existing water supply has proper tariff collecting system. The minimum tariff for 8,000 liters is
NRs. 300. The tariff collection is well maintained.
The survey revealed that numbers of household about 28.86% (1731) and 28.58% (1714) are
fetching water from public tap and private tap by various water supply system. Where as about
42.56% (2,553) householda are depends on well/ spring/ stream/ Dhungedhara etc. All
households reported that they use same source of water for all purposes as drinking, cooking,
bathing, washing clothes, watering in kitchen garden etc.
Page 12
There is no treatment plant in existing systems. The water is directly distributed in the town
through small service reservoirs.
Beside above system, it is iinformed that there are number of small water supply systems in the
service area. All sysyems are very small, operated by village/ small settlement level and are of
rural water supply nature. The structures and pipeline are also lies as per locality where the
settlement exists. This will not serve the purpose for new system. These system is operated by
respective consumers. The existing tube well are not functioning well and water source is
depleting gradually. Hence, with this information and recommendation of Municipality, WUSC
and community the whole service area is formed one and need one single water supply system.
Based upon this the whole existing system has been discarded in new water supply system.
2.2.2 Consumption Level
People are using water from stream, kuwa and piped water. The quality of water is not good.
The several small system supplies water into small settlement and not well managed. The
survey team has collected information related to water consumption level during dry and wet
season in the service area. Due to use of water from private/public tap and well, spring,
dhungedhara, the consumption pattern and quantity do not vary between two seasons.
The survey revealed that water consumption level of each household is found to be 260.6 liters
per day and spent total time of about 49.6 minutes (per trip about 6.4 minutes) to fetching water.
Similarly, total trips for collections of water are about 7.7 trips daily. The per capita per day
consumption is about 52.43 liters per day.
2.2.3 Water Tariff
There are several existing piped water supply systems, which are not designed properly. In
addition, the communities are dependent in stream and kuwa water. The communities are ready
to pay handsome amount for the proposed water supply and sanitation project. They are also
aware of the quality of supplied water and economic in comparison to the water rate of vender.
Hence, the communities are ready to pay the water tariff reasonably fixed by the committee.
Now, they are fetching water through stream and kuwa, where the tapped aquifer is easily
susceptible to pollution and contamination. As there is hardship of water during dry season,
quality of water is not good and found polluted, they are ready to pay whatever may be the tariff
only they need water in sufficient quantity. The quality of each system is not similar.
The different water tariff are implemented in the existing system. The minimum tariff is NRs. 150
for per 6,000 liters and it increases at the rate of NRs. 25 per thousand liter consumption. The
minimum tariff for 10,000 liters is NRs. 350. The minimum tariff for 6,000 liters is NRs. 250
annually. The minimum tariff for 8,000 liters is NRs. 300.
Page 13
2.2.4 Sanitation
The sanitation practice is directly related with the quantity as well as quality of water supplied in
the town. This is also dependent on climatic condition, living standard, culture and awareness of
the people in the health and sanitation activities.
The sanitary condition of the Panchkhal Municipality/community is satisfactory. There is no

sewerage system in the proposed service area. Almost all households in the urban areas have
their own latrine with septic tank. Similarly, private toilet with septic tank has been constructed in
some households in rural area also. Such toilet with septic tank has been constructed in more
than 61% HHs of service area. Hence, it is concluded that the people of the service area are
much more aware in sanitation.
The service area has road side drains at Arniko highway but these drains are not maintained
properly. In most of the area, there is no drainage facility. Most of the houses have their own
toilets. Due to the topography of the service area, water logging problem is not foreseen at
present. It is reported by the community, water logging problem and flood problem is observed
during rainy season and flash flood during rain due to seasonal river Jhiku Khola passing
through lower elevation of the service area. The Jhikhu khola lies in between the service area.
But the khola is almost dry during summer.
The major problem occurs during monsoon due to the insufficient capacity of surface drainage
to drain out the run off water come from the upstream hill forest to the town. The Panchkhal
bazaar becomes flooding if rain continuous for more than 4-5 hours. This is due to the bed level
of Jhiku khola and level of bazaar settlement. The roadside drains are situated on pitch road.
WUSC is much more enthusiastic for the construction of combined sewer and committed for
necessary contribution. In the mean time, DSMC has explained the concept and modality of the
project for the construction of sanitary sewer, communal septic tank etc.
The community are not in position to contribute in both water supply and sanitation component
simultaneously. WUSC have discussed to contribute only in new WS system. WUSC will make a
rule for sanitation program and implement them.
The health and hygiene status of the community people is satisfactory. The very common water
borne diseases like typhoid, diarrhoea, jaundice, dysentery are noticed in the community people
periodically.
2.3 IDENTIFICATION OF PROPOSED SERVICE AREA AND SOURCES
During pre feasibility study, the service area was proposed ward nos. 1 to 17 of Panchkhal
Municipality. This has been revised during feasibility as well as in detailed design phase. The
major tole and villages included in the service area of Panchkhal Municipality are as follows:

Page 14

 Ward no. 8: Khattar, Padalla, Simradi,Kharani (Madi Gau)
 Ward no. 12: Deubhumi, Ojheltar, Sherabeshi, Karketar, Kashkot, Tinghare, Nagbeli, Aapghari.
The consultant team discussed about the source alternatives for the specified service areas.
WUSC members provided their views and choice regarding the source alternatives. The two
alternatives were studied during feasibility study. Both options were similar but the design of
transmission pipe line is changed using single or double pipe due to sustainability point of view.
The option I studied during feasibility study, which has been recommended for detailed design.
In the consequence, the detailed engineering design is prepared using seepage water/ infilterd
water of Sunkoshi river source. Existing system is not considered for the design.
2.4 WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE FOR WATER SUPPLY SERVICE
The WUSC and beneficiaries have expressed their willingness to contribute cash in stipulated
amount and time for project implementation. WUSC has shown strong commitment for cash
collection in time for facilitation of the scheme implementation.
The commitment of the users to the project is the evident from the fact that they are paying
water tariff regularly in existing system. Instead of this, the difficult task for WUSC is to collect
water tariff and upfront cash required for the proposed new scheme. However, WUSC and
communities have shown their strong commitment to collect required amount in time due to the
felt need of water in the service area. DSMC explored the project cost, up-front contribution per
household and payback loan received from TDF and monthly water tariff. Panchkhal
Municipality is also taking care for the implementation of the scheme.
2.5 WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE IN SANITATION WORKS
The WUSC and beneficiaries expressed their willingness to arrange cash as per UWSSP/
TSTWSSP rules in stipulated time for the project implementation of the sanitation works. WUSC
has shown strong commitment for the arrangement of fund from local authority in time for
scheme implementation. WUSC said that they will get financial support from DDC/ Municipality
for sanitation activities. Based upon these, some works on sanitation activities are included in
the system.
2.6 EXISTING SUPPLY DEFICIT AND DEMAND
There are several water supply systems in the town, which supplies water to respective service
area. The existing system will be not be used in new system. But the system remains as it is for
back up/ other use, if WUSC will operate. The distribution system has to be re-designed as a
whole considering proposed service area and commanding reservoirs. The total water demand
for the whole service area is about 84lps including filter backwash. The water will be pumped 20
hours in a day during design year. The existing system will work as backup only, this will not be
used for new system.
Page 15
CHAPTER III: FIELD INVESTIGATION
3.1 SOURCES
Field investigation has been carried out for the selection of source, transmission pipeline,
distribution line and location of different structures required for the scheme. The investigation
shows that the proposed intake/ sump well site is stable. There is no dispute in the sump well
site, pipeline alignment and structure locations. More information on them is as below:
3.1.1 Existing Water Source
The several existing systems supplies water to different settlement of the service area. The each
system has acute discharge and are not used in the new system. But, WUSC may use the
existing source as an backup for respective area. No works will be carried out from the new
system for the rehabilitation of the exsitng system.
Amarkot Water supply system, Panchkhal Jal Water supply system supplies water to ward no.3
of Panchkhal Municipality.Bhagawati Temple Water supply system supplies water to ward no.9
of Panchkhal Municipality. Satya Sai Water supply system supplies water to ward no 12 of
Panchkhal Municipality. Dungana Besi Water supply system, Nayagau Water supply system and
Bakhrel Di Water supply system supplies water to other area. In addition, there are several local
systems in the service area, will have minimum flow and will not be advantageous to include in
the new project.
3.1.2 New Water Source
The DSMC's professionals have discussed with Municipality, WUSC and beneficiaries to identify
the various alternative sources that can be proposed for the scheme. During discussion with
WUSC members and the community, the only one source seepage/ infilteered water Sunkoshi
river was discussed for the project.
The possible source with two design alternatives were considered for Panchkhal Water Supply
& Sanitation Project for the improved water supply system. Among them option-I was
recommended for detailed design.
Recommended option I: Use of required flow from Sunkoshi River by Pumping with Double
Pipes (ie along transmission main) and Supply Water to Distribution System through eleven
RVTs.
Besides the indentification of water source, the investigation was concentrated for appropriate
alignment of the transmission main, branch transmission main, the distribution pipeline and
locations of different structures required for the scheme. The investigation shows that the
proposed site for intake/sumpwell is stable and is government land. Bhumlu Rural Municipality
will give consent to WUSC to use the land for water supply activities. There is no dispute in the
pipeline alignment and locations of structures. The WUSC will provide all documents for the
construction of structures for the water supply system.
Page 16
3.1.3 Sources Yield
The Sunkoshi river has plenty of discharge in comparision with the water required for the
project. The proposed project will draw seepage/ infiltered water of Sunkoshi river. The system
requires about 70 lps from the source/ sumpwell. But the pumping will be done only 20 hours in
a day will require 84 lps discharge including filter backwash.
The water will be pumped from one valley to ridge and supply water to another valley would be
the typical town for the project. The existing system will run as it is if operate by WUSC but the
new system is designed for total designed discharge. Hence, flow from the existing system is
not considered for the new system.
3.1.4 Potential Source
The Sunkoshi river is a snowfed mountain river in Nepal. The Sunkoshi, is a trans-boundary
river that originates in the Tibet and it is tributary of the Koshi or Saptkoshi River system in
Nepal. The Indrawati river meets the Sunkoshi river at Dolaghat, up to where it is followed by the
Arniko Rajmarg. From there, the Sunkoshi flows eastwards through the valley formed between
the Mahabharat Range and the Himalayas. Tamakosi, Likhu, Dudhkosi, Arun and Tamor are its
left tributaries and Indrawati is the right tributary. The average annual flow is 22 x 109 m ³. The
average sediment load is 54 x 106 m³. There are few more smaller tributaries of the Sunkoshi
such as Rosi Khola, Junga Khola and Sapsu Khola. The Sunkoshi has a 90% reliable flow of
126 cubic metres per second (4,400 cu ft/s).
The proposed location of the intake/sumpwell site is Bimire Dobhan, which is about 2.5 km down
stream from Dolalghat Bazaar and about 2km downstream from the confluence of Indrawati and
Sunkoshi river. After confluence, the river is named as Sunkoshi river.
The proposed new source is potential for the scheme in terms of discharge and technically
feasible. Considering source reliability, negligible human intrusion, easy & less O&M
complication. The source has plenty discharge to meet the design demand. It is envisaged that
the seepage underground water of Sunkoshi river will reach at Sumpwell through infiltration and
the discharge will be enough for the system.
3.2 TECHNICAL VIABILITY OF THE SOURCES
The most reliable source for the proposed project is seepage water at righbank of Sunkoshi
River. This water source is technically feasible regarding discharge and financially viable.
In recommended option, submersible pumps of 4 nos. 85 HP (all pump run at a time) at each
stage 1, 2, 3 and 4) capacity are installed in two sump well at sumpwell /intake to various stages
and pump water upto the water treatment plant at 5th stage site at beside transformer about
200m downstream of Bhimsenthan Mandir area, Palanchowk. Two parallel pipes are installed
for water lifting purpose from sumpwell to WTP site.
Page 17
Similarly, submersible pump 2 no. – 20 HP (only one pump run at a time) is used to pump the
water for RVT-10 at Palanchowk Bhagwati from WTP/ storage reservoir. Like wise, another 2
no. - 5HP (only one pump run at a time) is used to pump water for RVT-12 at Bhimsenthan for
the filterbackwash and supply water to RVT-11 ( Kharelthowk). Storage reservoir will also supply
water to other 9 RVTs by gravity.
The schematic diagram of recommended option is provided in Figure 3.1. This has been
updated based on final design report. The pump operation schedule for each stage is given in
Volume II (Annex 3).
Gravity flow will deliver the water in entire service area from eleven RVTs. The existing sources
are not used in new system. They will run as it is as backup if individual WUSC will run the
system.
3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION OF THE SOURCE
The proposed water source is considered environmentally safe. The Sunkoshi River is the one
of the snow fed perennial river of Nepal.
The possibility of contamination due to human and animal intrusion can be totally ruled out.
However, some environmental works needs to be attempt and is considered in project.
3.4 WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF THE SOURCES
In general, the water from proposed new source need treatment. The water quality of proposed
source and existing source have been examined/ tested and found within NDWQS limit. The
water quality of proposed source has been tested during rainy season also. The test result
varies at season to season.
It is obvious that the stream/ river water becomes turbid during rainy season and total
suspended solid will be increased more during that period rather than in dry period. In general,
turbidity, total suspended solid and faecal coli form will exist in surface water source. With this
understanding, the treatment process rapid mixture followed by floculator followed by
sedimentation followed by rapid sand filtration and disinfection has been proposed for water
treatment. The first and preliminary stage filtration will be carried out at sumpwell site to
decrease the turbidity and suspended soild of the water in some extent. The water quality of
Sunkoshi river during rainy season is tested and provided in the report.
The water quality of existing sources and proposed source has been examined/ tested and it's
test results are presented in Table 3.1 to Table 3.3 and also presented in the Volume II (Annex
6).
Page 18
Figure 3.1: Schematic Diagram
Page 19
Table 3.1: Water Quality Test Result
Nepal Environmental & Scientific Services (P) Ltd.

QS Test Report/Certificate
Ns AccrediationNo. Pra.01/053/54
Entry No. : NCL-739(W) (1)-06-2019 Date received : 30-06-2019
Sample : River Water (Sunkoshi) Date Completed : 11-07-2019
Client : TAEC-ICON JV Sampling date: 28-06-2019
Sampled by: Client Location: Sunkoshi River
Panchkhal WSP
Generic
Effluent
Standards
Observed Discharged
SN Parameters Test Methods
Values into Inland
Surface
Water, GoN
2001
1. pH @ 25C Electgromeric, 4500 – H* B,: APHA 7.5 5.5 - 9
2. Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometric, 2130 B, APHA 125 -
3. Color, (Chromacity Unit) Spectrophotometric, 2120 C, APHA 0.13 -
4. Total Hardness as CaCO3, EDTA Titrimetric, 2340 C, APHA 2.8 -
(mg/L)
5. Calcium, (mg/L) EDTA Titrimetric, 3500 – Ca B & 18.44 -
3500 – Mg B APHA
6. Total Dissolved Solids, (mg/L) Oven Drying Method, 180°C, 2540 C, 78 -
APHA
7. Sulphate, (mg/L) Gravimetric Method with Ignition of 0.82 -
2-
Residue, 4500 – SO4 C, APHA
8. *Residual Chlorine, (mg/L) Iodometric Titration, 4500 – CI B: Nil -
APHA
9. Chloride, (mg/L) Argentometric Titration, 4500 – Cr B, 2.97 -
APHA
10. Ammonia, (mg/L) Direct Nesslerization, 4500 – NH3 C 0.04 -
APHA
11. Nitrate, (mg/L) UV Spectrophotometric Screening, 0.96 -
-
4500 – NO3 B, APHA
12. Aluminum, (mg/L) Erichrome Cyanine R, 3500 – Al A: 0.04 -
APHA
13. Fluoride, (mg/L) SPANDS, 4500 – F D, APHA <0.05 2, max
14. Iron, (mg/L) 3.42 -
15. Manganese, (mg/L 0.23 -
16. Cadmium, (mg/L) Direct Air – Acetylene AAS, 3111 B, 0.004 2, max
17. Lead, (mg/L) APHA 0.05 0.1, max
18. Copper, (mg/L) 0.12 3, max
19. Zinc, (mg/L) 0.11 5, max
20. Arsenic, (mg/L) SDDC, 3114 B: APHA N.D. (<0.01) 0.2, max
21. Mercury, (mg/L) Cold Vapor AAS, 3112 B: APHA N.D. 0.01, max
(<0.0005)
*: Non-accredited Parameter
Note: The gravimetric analysis was carried out in controlled temperature condition (20°C).
APHA: American Public Health Association; AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer;
EDTA: Ethyelenediaminetetraacetic acid; NTU: Nephelometric turbidity unit;
UV: Ultraviolet
Remarks: All observed values complied the prescribed effluent standards discharged into inland surface water.
Page 20
Center for Complete Scientific Solution

Water Test Report/Certificate
Report No. : 731/2074
Entry No. : AASTHA – 550 – 2074 Date received : 03-10-2074
Sample : Water Date Completed : 11-10-2074
Client : TAEC-ICON JV Sampled by : Client
Source : Sunkoshi River ( New proposed)
National
S. Observed Drinking
Parameters Method
N. Value Water Quality
Standard
1 pH at 16oC 4500-H+ APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 8.10 6.5-8.5
Electrical Conductivity, nd
2 2510 B, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22 Edition 106 1500, max
(µmhos/cm)
3 Turbidity, (NTU) 2130 B, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 20.8 5 (10), max
Not
4 Taste and Odor - N.O.
Objectionable
nd
5 Color, (TCU) 2120 C, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22 Edition 0.26 5(15), max
Total Hardness as CaCO3,
6 2340 C, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 64 500, max
(mg/l)
nd
7 Total Dissolved Solid, (mg/l) 2540 C, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22 Edition 77 1000, max
8 Total Residual Chlorine, (mg/l) 4500 – CI B, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition <0.10 0.1-0.2
9 Chloride, (mg/l) 4500-CI B, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 1.85 250, max
10 Ammonia, (mg/l) 4500-NH3 D, APHA-AWWA-WPCF, 17th Edition 0.16 1.5, max
11 Nitrate, (mg/l) 4500-NO3-B, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 0.49 50.0, max
12 Aluminum, (mg/l) 3500-AI B, APHA-AWWA-WEF, 22nd Edition 0.01 0.20, max
13 Fluoride, (mg/l) 4500-F-D, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 0.08 0.5-1.5
14 Sulfate, (mg/l) 4500-SO42 C, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 11.24 250, max
15 Mercury*, (mg/l) 3500-Hg-C, APHA-AWWA-WEF WPCF, 17th Edition <0.001 0.001, max
16 Calcium, (mg/l) 3500-Ca B, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition 17.6 200, max
17 Iron*, (mg/l) 0.79 0.30(3), max
18 Manganese*, (mg/l) <0.05 0.20, max
19 Lead*, (mg/l) <0.01 0.01, max
20 Cadmium*, (mg/l) 3111 B, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition <0.003 0.003, max
21 Chromium*, (mg/l) <0.05 0.05, max
22 Copper*, (mg/l) <0.05 1.0, max
23 Zinc*, (mg/l) <0.01 3.0, max
24 Arsenic, (mg/l) 3500-As B, APHA-AWWA-WEF 2012, 22nd Edition <0.01 0.05, max
Remarks: Water quality meets NDWQS specified limit
Page 21

Center for Complete Scientific Solution
Water Test Report/Certificate
Entry No. : NCL – 71 (W) (1) – 08 - 2018 Date received : 09-08-2018
Sample : Sunkoshi River Water Date Completed : 21-08-2018
Client : TAEC-ICON JV Sampled Date : Client
Sampled by : Client Location : Sunkoshi River
Project : Sunkoshi Panchkhal Town Project( New Proposed)
National Drinking
Observed
S. N. Parameters Method Water Quality
Value
Standard
1 pH at 16oC Electromeric 4500 – H+ B, APHA 7.5 5.5 – 9
2 Turbidity, (NTU) Nephelometric, 2130 B, APHA 110 -
3 Color, (Chromacity Unit) Spectrophotometric, 2120 C, APHA 0.67 -
4 Total Hardness as CaCO3, EDTA Titrimetric, 2340 C, APHA
40 -
(mg/l)
5 Calcium, (mg/l) EDTA Titrimetric, 3500 – Ca B & 3500 – Mg B APHA 12.02 -
6 Total Dissolved Solid, (mg/l) Oven Drying Method, 180°C, 2540 C, APHA 88 -
7 Gravimetric Method with Ignition of Residue, 4500 –
Sulphate, (mg/l) 4.95 -
SO4² C, APHA
8 Chloride, (mg/l) Argentometric Titration, 4500 – CI B, APHA 1.49 -
9 Ammonia, (mg/l) Direct Nesslerization, 4500 – NH3 C APHA 0.14 -
10 UV Spectrophotometric Screening, 4500 – NO3 B,
Nitrate, (mg/l) 2.66 -
APHA
11 Aluminum, (mg/l) Erichrome Cyanine R, 3500 – AI A: APHA 0.02 -
12 Fluoride, (mg/l) SPANDS, 4500 - F D, APHA <0.05 2, max
13 Iron*, (mg/l) 2.38 -
14 Manganese, (mg/l) 0.06 -
15 N.D.
Cadmium*, (mg/l) 2, max
(<0.003)
Direct Air – Acetylene AAS, 3111 B, APHA
16 N.D.
Lead, (mg/l) 0.1, max
(<0.01)
17 Copper, (mg/l) <0.01 3, max
18 Zinc*, (mg/l) 0.04 5, max
21 SDDC, 3114 B: APHA N.D.
Arsenic, (mg/l) 0.2, max
(<0.01)
20 Cold Vapor AAS, 3112 B: APHA N.D.
Mercury, (mg/L 0.01, max
(<0.0005)
N.D. : Not Detected
Remarks: All observed values complied the prescribed effluent standards discharged into inland surface water
3.5 RESETTLEMENT ISSUES
The team has critically studied/ assessed the possibility of resettlement issues, if some people
are affected due to the project implementation. Most of the pipeline route passes through the
road and public land. All required structures such as washout, collection chamber, etc. are
located in public land. The proposed sites for sumpwell/ intake, reservoirs, treatment plants, lab-
building, office building, guard house etc. are located in public land/ GoN land. The Panchkhal
Municipality or concerned Rural Municipality / concerned ward will give consent letter to WUSC
to use the land for the development of water supply facilities. There are no houses to be
displaced. Thus, land acquisition and resettlement problem will not be the issue for Panchkhal
Project.
Page 22
The following Table 3.4 shows the details of properties, public or private, which are likely to be
intercepted during the construction of pipe lines and other components of the project.
Table 3.4: Resettlement plan

Municipality/ Likely
Property
SN Rural Ward Stretch/ Location Length (m) nature of Compensation
intercept
Municipality damage
1 Bhumlu Rural 10 Sump well/ Intake 9.5 ropani Public land Permanent Not required,
Municipality beside right WUSC will manage.
bank of river
2 Bhumlu Rural 10 Structures at 1.4 Ropani
Municipality Pumping Stage 2 & at each Public land Permanent Not required,
3: Sump Reservoir stage of Panchkhal
150cum, Generator pumping Municipality/ Bhumlu
House, Guard House Rural Muncipality
& Boundary Wall. will provide the land
Panchkhal 9 Structures at for the construction
Municipality Pumping Stage 4: of infrastructures.
Sump Reservoir
150cum, Generator
House, Guard House
& Boundary Wall.
3 Panchkhal 9 Structures: All major
Municipality i. WTP (Mixing Basin, structures Public land Permanent Not required,
Flocculator, are arranged Panchkhal
Sedimentation Tank, in WTP site Municipality will
Rapid Sand Filter, beside provide the land for
Disinfection Unit) transformer the construction of
ii. 1-no 400 cum down stream infrastructures.
ground reservoir, of Bhimsen
iii Generator house Mandir
iv.Guard house (G2 require
type) about 9
v. Other system ropani land.
boundary wall
components
4 Panchkhal 9 Structures: Backwash 0.75 Ropani. Public land Permanent Not required,
Municipality RVT-12 (150cum), Panchkhal
guardhouse, Municipality will
boundary wall provide the land for
the construction of
infrastructures.
5 Panchkhal Structures: Service 0.75 Ropani Public land Permanent Not required,
Municipality Reservoir of 150cum at each Panchkhal
and Guard House reservoir Municipality will
each at various 6 site. The provide the land for
location (RVT 1 to 4, existing land the construction of
7 & 8), boundary wall will be used infrastructures.
3 RVT-1 where
2 RVT-2 possible.
5 RVT-3
6 RVT-4
10 RVT-7
7 RVT-8
6 Panchkhal Structures: Service 0.75 Ropani Public land Permanent Not required,
Municipality reservoir of 100cum at each Panchkhal
and guard house reservoir Municipality will
each at various 3 site. The provide the land for
location, boundary existing land the construction of
wall will be used infrastructures.
12 RVT 5 & 6 where
9 RVT-10 possible.
7 Panchkhal 9 Structures: Service 0.6 Ropani Public land Permanent Not required,
Municipality reservoir of 50cum at each Panchkhal
(RVT-9) and Guard reservoir site Municipality will
House at 2 location, along provide the land for
Page 23
Municipality/ Likely
Property
SN Rural Ward Stretch/ Location Length (m) nature of Compensation
intercept
Municipality damage
boundary wall transmission the construction of
main. infrastructures.
8 Panchkhal 9 Structures: BPT 1 at 0.35 Ropani Public land Permanent Not required,
Municipality Branch Transmission at each BPT Panchkhal
Mains of 50cum location Municipality will
capacity, boundary provide the land for
wall the construction of
Panchkhal 9 Structures: BPT 2 at 0.09 Ropani Public land Permanent infrastructures.
Municipality RVT-9 distribution
system of 10cum
capacity, boundary
wall
Panchkhal 9 Structures: BPT 3 & 4 0.09 Ropani Public land Permanent
Municipality at RVT-10 distribution at each BPT
system of 10cum location
capacity at Chisapani
& Gairigaun,
boundary wall
9 Panchkhal 11 Structures: BPT 5 & 6 0.09 Ropani Public land Permanent
Municipality at RVT-11 distribution at each BPT
system of 10cum location
capacity at 2
locations
10 Panchkhal 3 Office building 1.5 ropani Public land Permanent Not required,
Municipality Panchkhal
Municipality will
provide the land for
the construction of
building
11 Panchkhal Transmission main 9,135 m The road and Temporary Not required
Municipality & from sumpwell to barren land
Bhumlu Rural WTP Downstream of will be used.
Municipality Bhimsenthan Mandir.
Bhumlu Rural 10 a) From Sump Well
Municipality to Stage 3
Bhumlu Rural 10 b) From Stage 3 to
Municipality Stage 4
Panchkhal 9
Municipality
Panchkhal 9 c) From Stage 4 to
Municipality WTP Downstream of
Bhimsenthan Mandir.
12 Panchkhal 3 to Branch Transmission 37,237.00m The road Temporary Not required
12 Line barren land
and foot trail
will be used.
13 Panchkhal 3 to Distribution System 189,309.00 The road and Temporary Not required
12 from RVT to m barren land
household end and foot trail
will be used.
14 Panchkhal 3 Public latrine Existing land Permanent Not required.
will be used Panchkhal
Municipality will
the construction of
public latrine
15 Panchkhal 3 Institutional latrine Existing land Permanent Not required.
will be used Panchkhal
Municipality will
the construction of
institutional latrine
Page 24
3.6 PROPOSED SANITATION IMPROVEMENT
3.6.1 Surface Drainage
As already mentioned earlier, the DSMC team had discussed with the WUSC about the sections
where the drainage facilities are most needed. There is storm water drain in main market area at
both side of black top road. The service area is located in hilly to mild slope terrain, there is
water logging problem during rainy season in flat area. The WUSC is not decided to construct
storm drainage.
3.6.2 Sanitation Components
The sanitation practice is directly related with their hygiene consciousness. There is no separate
sewerage system in the proposed service area. But almost all households in the urban areas as
well as in rural area have their own latrine with septic tanks. About 53.7% (3222) household
have water sealed latrine where as 34.4% (2065) household have pit altirne. About 5% (287)
have ventilated pit latrine where as 1% (53) of household are using cistern flush type of pit
latrine. There is no public toilet in the community and is proposed in the system. Also one
institutional latrine is proposed for the town project.
3.6.3 Solid Waste Management
The survey team has collected data about the practices on disposal of domestic waste water in
service area. According to the findings, 61.7% of households has reported that they are
disposing waste water in the soak pit nearby their house whereas 23% households are
disposing in kitchen garden. The survey revealed that 83% of households are disposing
domestic solid waste in the pit near to the house whereas 5.3% of household disposing their
wastes by private collector. The quantity of solid waste generated from the individual household
is not high and managed by community themselves. As the waste generated is mainly of organic
nature, the waste has been used in kitchen garden for fertilizer. During field visit, it is observed
that, there is wastage of solid waste at market area. A tractor is kept in cost estimate to collect
and dispose the waste of the town. This has been discussed with WUSC and community. The
waste of each household shall be collected nearby house and then tractor will collect these
waste at regular interval and dump in safe place. The dumping site shall be managed by
Municipality/ WUSC by either buying the land or taking the land in lease at safe location.
Page 25
CHAPTER IV: DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN
4.1 DESIGN STANDARDS
The following design standards have been followed in detailed engineering design of the town
project. The standards are provided by the STWSSSP/ PMO through its design guidelines and
finalized after discussion with DRTAC and DSMCs.
4.1.1 Design Period
The design period for water supply system in Nepal vary from 15-20 years for rural and semi-
urban areas. However, an increased design period will have economic and cost implications on
the project. It is envisaged that the construction of the project will be started in 2019 and will be
completed in 2021. The design period, is proposed in the Project, is taken as 20 years. Thus,
survey and design year is 2017-2018. Initiation of construction will be done in 2019, base year
after the completion of the project will be 2021 and the design year will be 2040. The overall
duration of the development of the water supply and sanitation system is 2.5 years.
4.1.2 Population Growth Rate
During detailed engineering design, the average annual growth rate 2% has been adopted for
the town project which is slightly higher than the highest growth rate of the service area ward no
4 of the town but slightly less than the neighbouring town Dhilikhel Municipality. The details are
presented in Table 1.1 and 1.2 above.
The adopted growth rate is based upon the present and future settlement pattern of the town. It
is envisaged that there will be many houses constructed along both side of the road within
design year.
The present permanent population in the service area is 29,603 in 5,998 households (HHs) in
the proposed service area.
4.1.3 Population Projection
The geometrical projection method has been adopted to estimate the design population
according to standard guidelines of the STWSSSP/ PMO. The permanent population in the year
2018 in the proposed service area is 29,603 in 5,998 HHs. The permanent population at the end
of design year 2040 of 23 years (1 year survey and design +2 year construction +20 years
project life) has been calculated and found to be as 45,768 with average annual growth rate
2.0%. The population of the year 2017-2018 is based upon the social survey.
The following formula is used for determining the design population.

N
 R 
PN  P1  
 100 
Where,
P = Present Population
R = Annual population growth rate in percentage
N = Number of years
Page 26
th
PN = Projected population at the end of the N year.
4.1.4 Service Level
The service level should be in accordance with the consumer needs, desires and willingness to
pay. The tenth plan approach paper highlights the need for the improvement of service level in
emerging towns. Service level improvement means essentially providing reliable and efficient
supply predominantly through house connections (fully plumbed), yard connections for low
income household and poor households. The type of connection is based on social survey i.e.
monthly income of each HH and choice of the type of tap. The system is designed for optimum
water demand in the distribution system. Hence, the water demand at distribution system is
based on the fully plumb conncections. The per capita demand of 100lpcd and 65lpcd are
proposed for fully plumbed, yard connections HHs respectively for financial analysis, project
viability and tariff setting. The households will obtain water through private house connections
but their daily consumption is different depending upon the location of water tapping point and
settlement nature. The main features associated with the improvement on service level are
continuous 24 hours supply of treated water, which meet National Drinking Water Quality
Standard (NDWQS), with a minimum of 8-10 meter of residual head at service node as far as
possible. In most of the places the residual head is maintained more than 10m.
4.1.5 Water Demand
Water demand is one of the key factors in the formulation of any water supply project, which
implicates in project cost. Factors affecting the water demand are personal habits,
industrialization and climatic condition, reliability of supply, cost of water and availability of
supplementary sources. The water demand is calculated based on the present population,
population growth rate of the town, non domestic demand of water for other purposes to cover
the water demand such as rental population, hotels, restaurant, schools, governments and non-
government offices, fire fighting etc. Hence, the total water demand includes domestic,
institutional and industrial/ commercial demand, fire demand. In addition, water for the filter
backwash is added in the total water demand. The domestic demand is determined based upon
optimum use of water ie 100lpcd to design the system due to uncertainity of the growth of the
town and location of the settlement. Per capita water demand figures used in the water demand
calculation for various categories are presented in below Table 4.1.
Table 4.1: Water demand

SN Type of Demand Recommended Demand
1. Fully plumbed connections 100 lpcd
2. Yard connections 65 lpcd
3. Non domestic demand consists of rental/ floating population, institutional 10% of domestic demand
demand, commercial demand, fire fighting etc.
The non-domestic demand has been kept in higher side, to cover other demand and number of
institutions supposed to be increased in the near future.
The above recommended figures for various demands are based on the design standard
established by the Project Management Office (PMO) after discussion with PMC and DSMCs.
Other demands to be considered are leakage and wastage from the system. These have been
assumed about 15% of the total of domestic and non-domestic demand.
Page 27
It is envisaged that the construction of the project will be started in 2019 and will be completed in
2021. The design period is taken as 20 years. Thus key years for designing the project are
2017-2018 survey year, 2021 base year and 2040 design year. The project area has both urban
and rural settlement. The average annual population growth rate is taken as 2.0%, which is
based on the population census of Dhulikhel and Panchkhal Municipality from 2001 to 2011AD
and service area wards.
The geometrical growth rate has been adopted to estimate the design population according to
standardization/ guidelines for the STWSSSP. The present permanent population at the project
has 29,603 in 5,998 households. The project has been designed to serve water during design
year population of 45,768.
The total water demand for the project is calculated as 5,789,652 litres per day requiring 67.01
lps without filter backwash. The flow 84lps is designed in the transmission main due to 20 hours
pumping in a day during design year considering 4% of the total demand for filter backwash.
The detail of water demand for various uses is presented in Volume II (Annex 1).
The water demand for different uses has been taken as per STWSSSP/ PMO guide line. The
optimum domestic demand for fully plumbed and yard connection has been estimated at
4,576,800 lit per day.
For non domestic demand (which include rental population demand, institutional, industrial/
Commercial, fire demand etc.) at the rate of 10% of domestic demand is estimated to be
457,680 litres/day. The technical leakage and wastage in the system have been assumed 15%
of the total of domestic and non-domestic water demand and found to be 755,172.00 litres/day.
4.1.6 Peak Factor
The project lies in hilly area. The peak demand in each pipe has been determined with peak
factor 3.0. This has been determined from reservoir consumption pattern.
4.1.7 Domestic Demand (fully plumbed, yard connection)
The daily demand primarily consists of daily house - hold needs i.e. drinking, washing, cooking
and hygienic needs. Service connection has been categorized into fully plumbed connections
and yard connections.
Each type of tap connection has different tariff rate of water consumption. The percentage of the
population served by each category has been estimated through socio-economic survey. Rate
of consumption per person is based on the design guidelines of STWSSSP/ PMO.
Water demand has been based also on the living standard of the people. The change in the
types of connection from connection of taps for poor households and low income household
goes to yard connection and high income house enjoy to fully plumbed connection will reflect the
increase in their living standard of the beneficiaries. The percentage of different types of tap
connection is based on the present situation of the community.
Page 28
The type of tap connection is based upon the social survey data, which is based upon the
monthly income and willingness to connect the type of tap. Connection of taps for poor
households will supply water for each HH through OBA. Every year the percentage of taps
connection for poor households shall be gradually decreased due to increasing in their living
standard and they goes from yard to fully plumbed connection. Hence, it is estimated that most
of the HHs shall collect water either from fully plumb and remain HHs use water from yard
connection during design year.
The percentage of type of tap connection for domestic demand during development period
(2019-2020) is assumed to be same as survey year 2018 and increase gradually from base year
2021 because the system supplies the water from 2021 only. The total water demands,
comprises of both domestic and non domestic demand. The details of the daily domestic water
demands have been presented in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2: Domestic water demand

Water Demand in Survey Year Water Demand in Base Year Water Demand in Design Year
Description
2018 (lpd) 2021 (lpd) 2040 (lpd)
Domestic
2,960,300 3,141,500 4,576,800
demand
Based upon the individual household income, the domestic demand for each type of connection
is further divided for the financial analysis using the different water demand for each type of tap
connection. The detail water demand calculation for optimum design of the system and water
demand for financial analysis is presented in Volume II (Annex-1).
4.1.8 Non-Domestic Demand (Institutional, Commercial and other Demand)
Non-Domestic Demand includes water required for institutional, commercial and fire fighting. As
per STWSSSP/PMO deign guidelines for non domestic demand should be in between 8 to 10%
of total domestic demand. The figure 10% of domestic demand is considered for Panchkhal
town. Because of the town lies mostly in flat and hilly settlement of the municipality and has
none temperature need more water consumption. Also the town lies to be a satellite city of
district headquarter of Kavre.
Institutional Demand
The water demand for various types of institution, such as educational, governments, non-
government offices and health facilities have been included in the project.
Commercial Demand
Commercial water demand includes the demand for commercial activities such as hotels,
restaurants, factories and cinema halls. The commercial demand has been estimated according
to STWSSSP guideline. The commercial demand is distributed in distribution line
proportionately. The water demand is determined based upon domestic demand.
Fire Demands
Page 29
Water demand for fire fighting must be considered in the design of water distribution system.
Although the annual volumes of water required for fire fighting are small, the demand may be
high during the short period of need. The fire demand may be estimated using the followings
equation.

Q  3.80 p 1  0.01 p 
3
Where, Q = fire flow rate m /min
P = Population in thousands
(This equation was recommended by the National Board of Fire under writes- NBFU,
USA)
The requirement of water for fire fighting may be small as compared to the total water supply.
But the rate of consumption during fire is very high for short duration. The fire fighting demand is
included in non domestic demand. This has been proportionately distributed in each distribution
line based upon the domestic demand in respective line.
The non domestic water demand for three types of institution, such as educational, government/
non-government offices and the health facilities, commercial demand and fire fighting demand
have been included this category, which is shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3: Non-domestic water demand

Water Demand in Survey Water Demand in Base Water Demand in Design
Description
Year 2018 (lpd) Year 2021 (lpd) Year 2040 (lpd)
Non-Domestic 296,030 314,150 457,680
demand
4.1.9 Wastage and Leakage
In a W/S system there is a certain amount of water that is lost or unaccounted because of meter
& pump slippage, leakages through the system components & unauthorized connections.
Provision in the design for the unaccounted system losses is generally made in the range of 10-
15 percent of the total water demand. For the design purpose, 15% of total of domestic and non-
domestic water demand have been considered for wastage, leakage or uncounted water use as
specified in STWSSSP/ PMO guidelines. The Table 4.4 shows the quantity of water estimated
for leakage and wastage in the system.
Table 4.4: Leakage and wastage demand

Water Demand in Survey Water Demand in Base Water Demand in Design
Description
Year 2018 (lpd) Year 2021 (lpd) Year 2040 (lpd)
Leakage and 488,449.50 518,347.50 755,172.00
Wastage
4.1.10 Total Water Demand
The total water demand for the project is calculated as 5,789,652 litres per day requiring 67.01
lps to supply in the distribution system. The design flow 84 lps is adopted for design considering
20 hours pumping in a day during design year including filter backwash 4% of the total water
demand. The calculation of water demand for various uses is presented in Volume II (Annex 1).
The Table 4.5 shows the total water demand in different uses.
Page 30
Table 4.5: Total water demand in different uses

Water demand (lit/ day)
SN Description Water Demand in Water Demand in Water Demand in
Survey Year 2018 (lpd) Base Year 2021 (lpd) Design Year 2040 (lpd)
1 Domestic 2,960,300 3,141,500 4,576,800
2 Non Domestic 296,030 314,150 457,680
3 Leakage and wastage 488,449.50 518,347.50 755,172.00
4 Total demand (lit/day) 3,744,780 3,973,998 5,789,652
5 In lps (24hr supply) 43.34 46.0 67.01
6 In lps, 20 hr pumping incl. 83.62 (say, 84.00lps)
4% filter backwash
The domestic demand during design year has been estimated 4,576,800 litres/day and for rental
population, institutions, industrial and other demands, daily water requirement is 457,680 litres.
The ratio of domestic demand to total demand is 79.05%.
4.1.11 Consumption Pattern
The capacity of distribution system to meet the designed water demand at the desired time is
determined by the service area consumption pattern. This consumption pattern is used to
determine the balancing storage tank capacity. Therefore, it is essential to establish the type of
consumption pattern. The consumption pattern of a typical hill system recommended by the
design guide lines have been used to determine the size of the reservoir. The recommended
consumption pattern for typical hill system is presented in Table 4.6.
Table 4.6: Consumption pattern

Hours Percentage of daily demand
05:00 – 07:00 25
07:00 – 12:00 30
12:00 – 17:00 15
17:00 – 19:00 15
19:00 – 05:00 15
Based upon the above consumption pattern, the peak factor has been calculated and found as 3
and is applied for the design of distribution system.
4.2 PIPE MATERIALS
DI pipe is used in transmission pipe line design. Likewise, DI and PE-100 pipes are used in
branch transmission design also. Where as DI, GI and PE100 pipes are used in distribution
system design. The DI pipe of 200mm and PE 100 PN16 pipe of 250mm are used in
transmission pipeline. DI 100-250mm and PE 100, 63mm -110mm dia are used in branch
transmission design, which deliver the water at distribution RVTs and filter backwash RVT.
All distribution pipe line are designed using PE-100, PN 6 to PN16 (50mm-250mm) 150-200mm
and GI(H) 40-100mm pipes. PE pipe shall be joint with electrofusion technology. The leakage
from the electrofusion joint is almost nil, if pipes are joint properly.
PE-100 PN6 pipe of dia 50mm and 63mm are not used due to it's lesser thickness and will not
allow to join the pipe with electrofusion technology. Small dia Gi pipe used in distribution system
for pressure more than 16kg/cm2.
Page 31
The design considerations and choose of pipe materials are based upon velocity, pressure, type
of road section, minimum maintenance requirement, reliable water supply etc.
4.2.1 Pressure and Velocity
There must be enough residual head or pressure at all the service nodes of a water system to
account for the unforeseen settlement/ situation during operation. As per STWSSSP/PMO
guidelines, a minimum residual head of 8-10 meters has to be maintained at all service nodes
as far as possible. Hence, the residual head at each pipe node has been maintained more than
8m.
Similarly, there should be minimum cleansing velocity in the pipe sections. An attempt been
made to have at least 0.2 m/sec velocity in all pipe sections. However, the pipe size governs
the velocity at dead end pipe line for few stretch of pipe length. To maintain the minimum
velocity in all pipes the nodal demand is increased at end node to maintain minimum velocity
and pipe size, where there is no water demand at present. This will help to meet the future
demand in particular area where the houses will be built in the near future.
4.3 DESIGN APPROACH
4.3.1 General
The design should be responsive to meet the demands of consumers for improved water supply
and sanitation services. Consumer demand has been indicated by willingness to pay for these
services. People receive support and project assistance to build the kind of facilities of their
desire and the people become ready to pay for the services received from such facility. This will
help for strong bearing on long-term sustainability of the project. Therefore, adequate
interactions have been made with WUSC and communities. It was required to involve the
community in confirming the service area delineation and making important and critical
decisions such as use of pipe materials, location of sumpwell/ intake site, treatment plant site,
reservoir site and type of tap connection and their numbers, institutionl toilets and public toilets
etc. In this way, the communities were involved in decision making procedure to get their views
and decision in some critical area of economy and technology.
At each and every stage of project since feasibility study to detailed design, the design has been
carried out in consultation with the WUSC and community. There is nominal trend of migration
from rural areas connected to the service area.
In order to achieve the above standard and objectives, supply of water from the seepage/
infiltration water from Sunkoshi river source has been chosen by the WUSC and the detailed
engineering design is carried out by using this source. The exsitng sources will remains as it is.
These are not considered for the new system due to operation difficulties.
4.3.2 Service Area
Service area delineation has been made through a long discussion between WUSC, community
and stakeholders. The distribution system layout plan has been verified together with WUSC in
Page 32
the field also referred as the project area. The major tole and villages of the proposed service
area of Panchkhal Municipality are as follows:

 Ward no. 8: Khattar, Padalla, Simradi, Kharani (Madi Gau)
As per the household survey record, there are 5,998 households in the service area with 29,603
permanent population.
4.3.3 Proposed Sources and Intakes
Regarding the water sources, the team has discussed with the WUSC members, local bodies,
concerned beneficiaries and key personnel’s of the project area. As per the information given
by the community people during mass meeting, there is only one reliable source available for
the area. The exiting source will be used as it is as backup but they are not considered for the
new system. Seepage/ infiltered water of Sunkoshi river surface water source is used in the new
system. They are demanding to use Sunkoshi river surface water source rather then using small
stream water source available in the vicinity of the service area. Also the small stream will not
cater the demand of the service area. The DSMC team had closely monitored and verified the
use of proposed source in the project area during the survey period for preparation of the
inception report. This has been continued during FSR report and DEDR phase. The yields of the
proposed source supposed to be much more than required. So the population of the project
area will be benefited to use water for longer time. The study using new source discussed below
briefly.
Use of required flow from seepage water of Sunkoshi River by pumping with double
pipes and supply water to distribution system by eleven RVTs.
The source Sunkoshi river has planty of water. The seepage water of the river is tapped through
construction of infiltration gallery. The proposed intake site is located at the right bank of
Sunkoshi river at Bimire dobhan, which is about 2.5 km downstream of Dolalghat Bazaar (i.e. 2
km downstream of the confluence of Sunkoshi and Indrawati).
The exact location of sump well and collectors will be finalized during implementation after test
drilling at site. If the soil starta at proposed site has layer of rock, the location will be shifted or
altered nearby proposed location. Based on drilling, the collector and sumpwell site will be
finalized with minor modification in design, if necessary. There are two sumpwell designed in the
Page 33
system. Each sump well will have two collector wells. The collector well as well as sump well will
collect water at the sump well and the water will be pumped.The perforated pipes are designed
to flow the water from the filter media to collectors and sump well. The retaining wall at hill side
and river side have been designed to protect the structures. The river side RCC retaining wall
will be constructed to prevent the flood ino the intake site. It is envisaged that each sump well
will collect water more than 42 lps. Accordingly, the perforated pipes are arranged considering
the possibility of clogging of perforation in pipes.
The system will be pumping system. First of all, water will be pumped from sumpwell (at
elevation 585m) to be constructed at river bank to four stage pumping with pumping head about
210m to 220m at each stage to reach the water at treatment plant at an elevation 1,337.50m.
The water treatment plant is located at about 250m downstream of Bhimsenthan Mandir beside
existing NEA transformer. After treatment the clear water will be stored at 400cum ground
storage reservoir. Small individual pumps are used to pump required quantity of water towards
Palanchowk Bhagwati RVT-10 and filter backwash RVT-12. Another major pipe line goes to the
nine reservoirs by gravity system. Filter backwash reservoir will supply water to Kharelthok RVT-
11 and back wash of filter by gravity.
The team visited all locations and collected basic information of intake, WTP and reservoirs
location and service area. The team has informed WUSC to take the ownership of land for the
construction of each structures, intake. Also informed to the WUSC to register the source as per
government rule and regulation.
The perforated lateral pipes are connected at collector and sump well and extended to wards
the river. Each collector will have 7 m long 20 numbers and sump will have 16 numbers pipe of
perforated top half dia of 140mm dia PE100-PN10 pipe. The perforation 7mm has been
provided 25% opening on top half dia of pipe sloping 1% towards collector/ sump well.The pipes
covered with layers of filter material.
Likewise, arrangement has been made to supply water directly from Sunkoshi river to the
collector/ sumpwell, if infiltered water into sumpwell will not meet the required demand. Also two
sump well are connected each other to allow the water from each other.
Water pumping required from each sump well is 42 lps. Each sump well shall have two pumps
and both will be operated at a time. Each pump will be operated 20hours in a day during design
year.
River seepage water infiltrate from gravel/ filter media is collected in collector/ directly into sump
well. The water may brings small silt particle. This partly deposits in bed and partly goes to the
treatment plant. A washout pipe is arranged at the bottom of the collector/ sump well to the top.
The slush water will be pumped when significant silt deposition occurs in the bed. Necessary
valves arrangement are made.
The proposed water source is deemed to be technically viable regarding the stability, source
discharge, less transmission main etc. However, test drilling shall be carried out during
implementation to fix the exact location of collectors and sumpwells.
Page 34
4.3.4 Design of Electrical System
The proposed scheme has pumping station at each stage to reach water at WTP site. The
overhead transmission line will be along the pipe line route to supply power to each stage to run
the pump. All pumps of sump well (stage 1), stage 2, stage 3 and stage 4 will be operateed at a
time to supply water at WTP/ storage reservoir. These pump stations are connected in series
cascade mode. If one of the pumps fails to run due to any technical fault, the remaining pumps
can deliver water from sump well to WTP/ storage reservoir through various stages. Hence, in
the electrical system design, a control system is proposed to shut only one pump, if any one of
the pumps fail to run. The capacity and number of pumps at various stages are shown in Table
4.7.
Table 4.7: Capacity and Number of Pumps

Location Number & capacity of pump Remarks
Stage-1 (sump well) intake 4 nos × 85 HP All pumps runs at a time
Stage-2 4 nos × 85 HP All pumps runs at a time
Stage-5 (from WTP/ Storage RVT 2 nos × 20 HP Only one pump run at a time
site) to Palanchowk RVT-10
Stage-5 (From WTP/ Storage RVT 2 nos × 5 HP Only one pump run at a time
site) to filter backwash RVT-12
Spare pumps are arranged at store for replacement, if any one will not function properly can be
replaced immediately. The capacity of pump at each pipe is divided by two to obtain small size
of pump at each option, this will be easy for the future operation and maintenance, replacement
of pumps and obtain spare parts.
One transformer with 2-diesel generator back-up is arranged at each pumping stage to supply
the power for the pumps at four major stages. Likewise, for minor stage (5th stage i.e. WTP/
storage RVT), one small transformer and generator has been designed. The transformer and
diesel generator at each stage is designed as follwing in Table 4.8.
Table 4.8: Transformer and Diesel Generator

Description/ Pumping Stage Pumping Stage 1 Pumping Stage 2 Pumping Stage 3 Pumping Stage 4 Pumping Stage 5
Pump HP HP HP HP HP
Pump 1 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 20 15 KW
Pump 2 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 5 3.75 KW
Pump 3 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW
Pump 4 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW 85 63.75 KW
Other load 3 KW 3 KW 3 KW 3 KW 7 KW
Total load 258 258 258 258 25.75
Safety factor 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25
Net total load 322.5 322.5 322.5 322.5 32.19
Transformer size 403.13 KVA 403.13 KVA 403.13 KVA 403.13 KVA 40.23 KVA
All pump operate at a time
Adopt : Transformer Capacity 500 KVA 500 KVA 500 KVA 500 KVA 50 KVA
Generator size 503.91 503.91 503.91 503.91 50.29

Reqd: Generator size ( total) 600 KVA 600 KVA 600 KVA 600 KVA 50 KVA
Adopt:Generator -2nos of
each
to meet 50% demand 2no 160 KVA 2no 160 KVA 2no 160 KVA 2no 160 KVA 1no 50 KVA
Page 35
Distribution System: The power cables from control panels to each load is calculated to satisfy the
following criterions:
 Current carrying capacity of the cable is enough to carry the full load current continuously.
 Maximum voltage drop in the cable is less than 2% of the system voltage.
The control panels at pump house are provided with the Star-Delta starter to reduce the high
starting current drawn by the pump-motors.It is envisaged that the pump will be operated 97.5%
and generator will be operate 2.5% in total operation hour.
4.3.5 Transmission Main and Pumping
Transmission line is the pipe line from intake/ sumpwell to reservoirs. The transmission line
passes via road, barren land and public land. However, transmission main is divided into main
transmission which comes from sump well to WTP/ storage tank at the ridge, down stream of
Bhimsenthan Mandir, Palanchowk. Branch transmission main from WTP/ storage reservoir to
various eleven service reservoirs located at the highest point of the service area.
The total transmission pipe length from proposed Sunkoshi river intake/ Sump well to treatment
plant site/storage reservoir is about 9,135.0m including 5% more than the actual one, which
comprises of DI 200mm dia. Submersible pumps of total 4 nos. - 85HP (at each stage 1, 2, 3
and 4) capacity are installed in two sumpwell/ intake to various stages and pump water upto the
water treatment plant at 5th stage site at downstream of Bhimsenthan beside NEA transformer.
Two parallel pipes are installed for the water lifting purpose in transmission main to minimize the
intruption of supply if one pipes need repair.
Each pump will pump 21.0 lps water to WTP. In total, one pipe will carry 42.0 lps water by
pumping. Two pipe will withdraw 84lps water to WTP. Pump capacity is determined accordingly.
But the based on the pump catalogue each pump will pump 22.21lps and 4 pump will pump
88.84 lps, which is more than required. After treatment, the 5.71 lps water will be pumped to
Palanchowk Bhagwati (RVT-10), 4.98 lps will be pumped to filter backwash RVT-12 and
remaining 73.31lps water will be supplied to various service reservoirs RVT-1 to RVT-9 by
gravity. The backwash water will supply 1.75 lps water to Kharelthok (RVT-11). Remaining water
flow 3.23 lps will be used for filter backwash purpose. Disinfection will be done before it stored in
the ground storage reservoir at WTP site.
The total branch transmission length ie from WTP/storage reservoir to 11 RVTs is 37,237.0 m
including 10% more than the actual one having pipe size PE pipe 63-110 mm dia and 5% more
than the actual having pipe size DI 100mm to 2500mm dia are used. No house connection is
permitted from branch transmission before reaching water to RVTs except RVT-11. Branch
transmission for RVT -11 comes from filter backwash RVT. Due to topography sone houses will
get water from the branch transmission main before water reaching to RVT-11. The details are
kept in Volume II (Annex 2). Each RVT supplies water to one DMA/ distribution system. The
size of pump, pump operation schedule of each pump is presented in Volume II (Annex 3).
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4.3.6 Treatment Plant and Chlorination
Based upon the water quality, secondary data available, discussion with community in the
surrounding of the service area, following treatment plant has been proposed for the seepage/
infiltered water of Sunkoshi river water source.
The water quality of the streams/ river varies from time to time at every rain and carries
suspended solid, other organic and inorganic impurities. However, it is envisaged that the
seepage water will have better quality that the surface water. First level filteration will be carried
out at sumpwell site while preparing the infiltration gallery surrounding the collector and
sumpwell. River seepage water infiltrate from gravel/ filter media is collected in collector and
directly into sump well. The water may brings small silt particle. This partly deposits in bed and
partly goes to the treatment plant. A washout pipe is arranged at the bottom of the collector/
sump well to the top. The slush water will be pumped when significant silt deposition occurs in
the bed. Necessary valves arrangement are made. If the quantity of water collected at the sump
well is not enough, direct water feed from the river is also provisioned.
After pumping the rapid mixing chamber (coagulation) followed by floculator followed by
sedimentation followed by rapid sand filter followed by desinfection are designed in sequence.
After the treatment the water will be stored into storage reservoir.
Small rapid flash mixture one unit of size 2.0m x 2.0m x 2.0m, baffle wall floculator 5 units of
each 7.50 x2.50m x 1.20m; sedimentation tank 4 units 19.50m x 6.50m x 3.00m, rapid sand filter
2 units of each 8.25m x 6.25m x 3.5m and disinfection are designed. Accordingly, the inlet outlet
arrangement of each filter units together with necessary valve arrangements are provided in the
detailed drawings. The bypass arrangement from each filter inlet/ outlet are also provisioned for
the repair and maintenance of the structures or the quality of water available from the infiltration
would be good enough for some period during seasonal variation and may not need all filter to
operate. Also the backwash arrangement of rapid filter has been arranged. A backwash
reservoir (RVT-12) is provisioned and will supply water to Kharelthok RVT-11 by gravity and
supply water to backwash the filter. Only one filter will be backwashed at at time at every 20-24
hours interval for 15 minutes by water. About 129.2 lps water will be used to backwash the filter
with pressure head 10-12m. About 4% water is provisioned for filter backwash. Accordingly, the
filterback wash reservoir is designed. In addition, air compressor has been kept provisionally to
back wash the filter, this will be finalised during implementation. However, pipe and fittings
arrangement have been made. If the seepage/infiltration water will not be enough and direct
water from the river has to be pumped or after verification of waterquality obtained after
construction of sumpwell/ intake, the treatmenet plant may need reconfirm/ slight modification
during implementation.
An emergency feeder line consisting of a solution tank connected with feeding tank having a
constant level is proposed for the chlorination. FRP pump is used for this purpose. Bleaching
powder 6.62kg / day and 9.65 kg / day require during base year and design year respectively.
After disinfection some part of the lime will be settled at the bottom of the ground reservoir as
residue. This residue shall be removed through washout. The washout pipe will be connected
with the drain. The detail calculation and design of treatment plant and water quality test result
etc. are presented in Volume II (Annex 2 and 6).
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4.3.7 Service Reservoir
The whole system is designed by using multi reservoir concept due to topography of the town
which was also adopted in the small existing system at various elevation.The total storage
requirement at various location for the system at the end of the design period shall be about
2,300m3. This capacity is splited and will be constructed at various location. There will be 1No-
150cum at each 2nd,3rd and 4th stage pumping, 1no @400 cum storage at WTP site, 1no @
150cum for filter backwash. Various service reservoirs to distribute the water 150cum RVT at six
locations, 100cum RVT at 3 location and 50cum RVT at 2 location. The minimum size of RVT used
for the distribution sstem is 50cum and maximum is 150cum.
These service reservoirs are located at RVT 1 ( U/S Municipality, Thumka), RVT 2: At Anekot,
RVT 3: At outside Sasatra Police, RVT 4: At Bakhrel Dihi, RVT 5: At Radhakrishna, RVT 6: At
Nayagaun , RVT 7: At Jaretar, RVT 8: At Shikharpur, RVT 9: At Settlement along branch
transmission main Node 9N29 (RVT/BPT), RVT 10: At Palanchowk Bhagwati, RVT-11: At
Kharelthok, RVT-12: filter backwash provided upstream of filter, and Storage reservoir after
filteration will be at WTP area. The storage at each pumping stage is provided for only 0.5hr and
ground storage at WTP site is provided for 1.25hr.
All reservoirs will supply water in independent/ separate sub-service area.The calculation of
reservoir size for each alternative is presented in Volume II (Annex 2).
4.3.8 Interruption Chamber/ Break Pressure Tank
This tank is used where the pressure at the pipe is more than the rated pressure. One
interruption chamber of 50cum is used in the branch transmission main to decrease the
pressure head in the pipes. Where as 5 BPTs of each 10cum are designed in RVT-9 (1 no.),
RVT-10 (2 nos.) and RVT-11 (2 nos.) distribution system due to excessive pressure obtained in
the pipe. Introducing the IC/BPT, the pressure becomes zero at its outlet and pressure in the
downstream pipe is designed based on the pressure of IC/BPT. RVT-9 will supply water for
distribution system and serve the purpose of IC for branch transmission system.
4.3.9 Distribution Main and District Metering Area
Distribution system comprises a pipe net work, which is designed in loop network system by
using EPANET-2.4 software. EPANET software is used for the analysis of the water supply
network. The base demand, elevation of each node, reservoir head and distance from node to
node are the basic input data for the software. Socio economic survey data is used to determine
the nodal/ base demand considering the demand for rapid settlement growth. The engineering
survey data is used for the length of the pipe and elevation of the nodes. The software works for
unlimited nodes. The input data should be given directly in the software after constructing the
model. The software works for both loop and dead-end system.
There are three different methods for the determination of the head loss. But two methods can
be used for the determination of head loss in pipe. The Hazen-Williams formula is the most
commonly used head loss formula for water only. The Darcy-Weisbach formula is the most
theoretically correct formula for all flow regimes and for all liquids. Hence, Hazen-Williams
formula is used in pipeline design.
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The roughness coefficient used in Hazen-Williams formula for the use of GI, DI and PE pipes is
used 110, 120 and 130 respectively. The entire new distribution system has been designed by
using GI, DI and PE-100 pipe. The PE-100 pipes of outer dia 50mm to 225mm, DI 150 to
200mm inner dia have been used in the design. GI pipe of 40mm to100mm dia are also used in
the design where static pressure more than 160m. The minimum pipe size used in the design is
PE100- 50mm, which governs the velocity. PE100 pipe above 4 kg/cm² pressure are proposed
in the distribution net work design as per technical requirement. PE100 - PN6 pipe of 50mm and
63mm pipes are not used in the design due to technical difficulties to join the pipe with
electrofusion technology. PN6 to PN 16 pressure rating pipes are used in the design. All PE
pipes will be joint using electrofusion technology. The washout and air valve have been
arranged in the distribution system at control valve/ pipe valve chamber, where possible. In
some nodes the residual head is considered high to maintain the residual head in the
downstream node. The details input data and output of distribution system network design of
Panchkhal Project are presented in Volume II (Annex 2).
The flow in each line has been calculated based on the socioeconomic survey data and
possibility of rapid increment of settlement in the near future. Pipe valve box valve chamber has
been proposed at suitable junction to regulate the design flow in each pipe line and to stop the
flow in the particular area without affecting the other area during repair and maintenance. All
distribution line passes along the road net work and public land. The both side distribution line
has been proposed in core bazaar area, black top road and road will be black topped in the near
future and single line pipe has been design in remaining area. Due to undulate/ irregular
topography, two pipes are designed in the one road, in which one pipe will supply water at the
highest level without distributing water to the household and then only water will be distributed to
the househoulds upto bottom from next pipe laid together. This is reduced number of reservoirs.
The pipeline is designed by adding 10% extra length of actual one. The estimated distribution
pipe is taken as 10% more than the actual one for PE pipe upto 90mm dia and 5%more than the
actual one for remaining all pipes is 189,309.00m. The design of distribution line network and
water demand at each node for the proposed service area is calculated and presented in
Volume II (Annex 2). The distribution system is designed in consideration with District Metering
Area (DMA). Each DMA will have bulk meter to determine the flow into respective service area.
There are 11 DMAs in service area to supply water from each service reservoir. Each service
reservoir is treated as one DMA. RVT location/ DMA boundary is fixed depending upon the
elevation difference, location and easy for operation and maintenance and is presented in
Figure 4.1.
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Figure 4.1: Distribution Netwok with DMAs
4.3.10 House Connections
The household shall connect the tap to their household directly from main distribution pipe.
The average 15m length of 20mm dia. PE 100-PN16 pipe with compression joint,joined with GI
fittings and valves upto to meter for each HH connection. There will be 5,998 household
connection in the system during base year. The meter shall be kept near and adjoining the
compound of the houses. After meter, each HH should extend the pipe them selves as they
desire. The necessary fittings have been designed. Electrofusion saddle has been proposed to
join the HH connection at main pipe to connect ferrule in the saddle. Likewise, GI and DI saddle
clamp are proposed to join the HH connection at main pipe to connect the ferrule for GI or DI
pipes.
Two types of tap stands have been designed for the project. At the end of the design period, it
is anticipated that about 76.5% of the total household shall have fully plumbed, 23.5% of the
total household shall be served through yard connection. The poor house connect tap at free of
cost through OBA. There will be total 7,094 fully plumb, 2,179 yard taps will be connected during
design year. Intotal there will be 9,312 connection including institutional 39 connections during
design year. The details of the tap connections in different year are presented in Volume II
(Annex 1).
4.3.11 Bulk Water Meter and District Metering Area
The bulk water meter is designed at various locations at the outlet of each pumping stage in
transmission main, outlet of branch transmission main and outlet of each service reservoir in the
distribution system. The bulkmeter will help the leakage in the system. Each reservoir is served
as district metering area (DMA). Each bulk meter will provide the quantity of water supplied in
the particular area from the service reservoir and leakage in that area can be determined
Page 40
calculating the difference of bulk meter reading and sum of HH water consumption. Accordingly,
the repair and maintenance works can be carried out, if the leakages more than the permissible
range.
4.3.12 Types of Connections
Consumers have been classified in three categories depending on their income level. The
consumers having high level of income requiring more consumption of water are placed in fully
plumbed category, consumers having medium income at medium consumption level and
consumers of low income group who can’t afford tariff of fully plumb connections and use less
water through tap connection at their household will be benefitted through yard connection. The
social survey has been carried out. The poor household will get tap free of cost with OBA
programme. However, WUSC has to reconfirm the poor household during implementation of the
scheme.
The cost estimate of the taps for all household and institution have been included in project cost
estimate. During execution of the project, the poor household shall connect tap from OBA
facilities with the recommendataion of WUSC.
4.3.13 Washout Valve
The washout valves have been arranged at every water retaining structure to remove the slush/
debris. Washout valves have been provided at depressions points in the pipeline, where
necessary. The purpose of the valve is to clean the debris collected in the pipeline. Sometimes
the valve can also be used for the maintenance of the pipe line without closing the whole
distribution system.
4.3.14 Air Valve
The airvalves are provided in transmission and branch transmission main. Air valves have been
designed to release the air accumulated in the pipes. The water flowing through pipes always
contain some air. This air tries to accumulate at the highest points and may interfere in the flow
by narrowing pipe opening area. Air release valve is provided in the distribution pipe near the
outlet of service reservoir to provide the exit for such accumulated air. Also the automatic air
release valve is provided in distribution system at several locations.
4.3.15 Control Valve/ Gate valve
The valves are placed in required location of the structutres, transmission main and distribution
main. The purpose of the control valve is to regulate the required flow in each distribution main
from the junction/ node. Sometimes, it can be used for the maintenance of distribution system in
particular area without closing whole distribution system. A control valve is provided in the
system where there are more than two branches from one junction or where it is necessary.
Control valves have been designed in suitable distribution junctions having more than two mains
and in required places to regulate the design flow in the main. The design flow in each pipe line
is based on design population, non domestic demand and system wastage and leakage. The
future demand in the main may fluctuate and the control valve/ regulating valve shall be useful
to deliver the required flow in pipe line. In total, there are 179 nos. pipe valve box and 36
washout/ air release/ control valve chambers are designed in the distribution system.
Page 41
4.3.16 Generator House
Generator house is designed at each pumping stage and WTP site. The Generator supplies
power mainly for pumps installed at various stages of pumps, when there is no regular power
from NEA. The generator of capacities are 2 nos. of each 160 kVA at each stage 1, 2, 3 and 4
and 50 kVA at WTP site for stage 5. Only two pumps among four will run at a time at stage 1, 2 ,
3 and 4 and one pump for filter backwash RVT-12, one pump for RVT-10 will run at a time for
stage 5 (WTP) site. Two generators at stage each will pump 50% of the demand. If one
generator get out of order, only one generator will be operated and supply 25% of water.
4.3.17 Office Building, Guard House and Dosing House
A two storied laboratory building cum WUSC office building has been designed and proposed to
be built in Panchkhal bazaar. WUSC will provide the land for the construction of office. The
Guard house type -2 will be at WTP site, type 1 at each pumping stage 2, 3 and 4, filter
backwash RVT-12 site and each each service reservoirs site are designed. In such case, guard
house type-1 will be 16 numbers, type-2 will be 1 number. The dosing house will be constructed
at WTP site. The preliminary water quality test kits are arranged for regular water quality
monitoring. It is included in the project components of the system.
4.3.18 Boundary Wall and Retaining Wall
The retaining wall has been proposed at sumpwell site, stage 2,3,4 and WTP site and each
reservoir site as necessary. In some case, boundary wall will be above retaining wall and some
cases boundary will be from foundation. Metal post with chainlink fencing above brick masonry
wall has been proposed to protect the structures such as sumpwell/ intake, office building,
pumping stages, reservoir sites, generator house, WTP, backwash RVT and IC/BPTs etc as
necessary.
4.3.19 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA)
SCADA is an acronym that stands for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition. SCADA refers
to system that collects data from various sensors at a factory, plant or in other remote locations
and then sends this data to a central computer which then manages and controls the data.
A collection of equipment that will provide an operator at remote location with enough
information to determine the status of a particular piece of a equipment or entire substation and
cause actions to take place regarding the equipment or network.
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) achieves this requirement collecting reliable
field data through remote terminal units (RTUs), Intelligent Electric Devices (IEDs) and
presenting them to user requirement. The user interface or the man machine interface (MMI)
provides various options of data presentation according to specific application and user needs.
There are many parts of a working SCADA system. A SCADA system usually includes signal
hardware (input and output), controllers, networks, user interface (HMI), communications
equipment and software. All together, the term SCADA refers to the entire central system. The
central system usually monitors data from various sensors that are either in close proximity or
on-site.
Page 42
Basic SCADA is proposed/ designed for Panchkhal town. The outlet management system
(OMS) from each pumping stage outlet and reservoirs outlets, Reservoir management system
(RMS) at each inlet of reservoirs. The Outlet Management System(OMS) is to Uniform
Distribution of Water to the Reservoirs irrespective of its location and distance from the source
of supply, system is able to avoid the overflow of Reservoirs, Also should be enabled to
measure, monitor and control the flow Delivered to the RVT/OHT without any external Electric
Energy and no high recovery cost for Energy/Communication Cost such as GSM/GPRS/RADIO
etc.
These are not provided in pumping stage reservoirs inlets. The automation to link all the
components through hSCADA (Hydraulically Supervised Control and Data Acquisition) and all
the mentioned components which shall be capable to enable to control and monitor the
parameters from hSCADA room/ master control center for submersible pumps of all for main
and one small stages, Water level sensors for all RVTs , Online Chlorine Monitors, AMS, RMS,
WMD, and zonal PFCMDS etc are provided. The Reservoir Management System(RMS) to
enable to avoid the overflow of Reservoirs, pressure controlling system Also system should be
enabled to measure, monitor and control the flow Delivered to the RVT/OHT without any
external Electric Energy and no high recovery cost for Energy/Communication Cost such as
GSM/GPRS/RADIO etc.
Likewise, water supply system operation and maintenance, one year operation and
maintenance for SCADA is also provisioned.
The proposed system shall work under Wi-Fi coverage area, on the GPRS network or on a
given radio frequency. The radio frequency is a free of cost communication media, but the
limitations it has are, eye visibility of two connecting devices and the distance between them.
Similarly, it would be difficult to reach all equipment within Wi-Fi coverage also. The other way
out is the GPRS which shall work with the 3g and above cell phone network area. The services
of the network providers having a full network in the given area can be used.
4.3.19 Summary of Major Project Component
The Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been designed as a major four stage
pumping and minor one stage pumping system which will supply water from seepage water of
Sunkoshi river source. The water shall be pumped from sumpwell/ intake (at elevation 585m) to
be constructed at river bank to four stage pumping with pumping head 210m to 220m at each
stage to reach water at treatment plant at an elevation 1,337.50m. After water reaching at WTP
side the required flow of water will be pumped towards Palanchowk Bhagwati RVT-10 and
backwash RVT-12 with separate small pumps. Major flow will flow through another pipe line
goes to the nine reservoirs by gravity system. The storage reservoir, reservoir/ sump at each
pumping stage, IC/BPT, valve chamber, service reservoirs, main transmission, branch
transmission and distribution pipe line, household connectios, pipe fittings and valves, office
building, generator house, guard houses, boundary wall etc. Similarly, the electrical and
electromechanical works are also the major components of the project.
Basic SCADA has been included in the pumping outlet and reservoir inlet and outlet to monitor
the flow.
Page 43
CHAPTER V: PROJECT COST ESTIMATE OF WATER SUPPLY AND

SANITATION SYSTEM
The rate analysis of the Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project has been calculated
using district rate of fiscal year 2076-2077 BS (2019-2020 AD). Some items having no GoN
norms, practical experience has been used. 15% contractors' overhead and profit has been
included in rate analysis for all items of works used in the project design. The rate of
construction materails,pipes and fittings etc are taken from Kavre District, as far as possible.
The rates of materials and pipe not provided in the district rate are taken from the prevalent
market price. The rate of DI pipes and fittings are used from previous report or from a market
price, as appropriate.
The quantity estimate of the structures and pipes has been calculated. Based upon the
calculated rate come up from rate analysis and estimated quantities, the item wise cost of each
component has been calculated in detail. The cost of each component has been added to obtain
the total cost of water supply and sanitation system. The project cost includes 10% physical
contingencies, 5% price contingencies and 13% VAT.
The detailed cost estimate of Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project is presented in
Volume III. This chapter deals the project cost estimate of water supply components and the
cost of sanitation components decided by the WUSC are tractor, public latrine, institutional
latrine and solid waste collector/ management are included in the project cost estimate
separately.
5.1 CAPITAL COST OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
The project cost for the development of new water supply system at Panchkhal Water Supply
and Sanitation Project is NRs. 1,966,259,486.67. The rate analysis of the Panchkhal has been
calculated separately using Kavre district rate of fiscal year 2076-77 BS (2019-2020 AD). The
rates of non local materials not provided in the Kavre district rate are taken from market price or
from previous reports. The quantity estimate of the structures and pipes has been calculated.
Based upon the rate and quantity, the cost of each component has been calculated.
The cost includes contractors' overhead and profit, 10% physical contingencies, 5% price
contingencies and VAT. The contractor has to operate and maintain the system during base
year. This cost is also estimated and kept in project cost estimate for both water supply and
associated with basic SCADA. The water supply cost estimate including the sanitation agreed
by the WUSC has been estimated separately is presented in Table 5.1.
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Table 5.1: Summary of Cost
Summary of Cost (Water Supply Component)

SN Description of items Qty Unit Rate (NRs) Total Cost (NRs)
A. General Items 1 Job 41,380,000.00 41,380,000.00
B. Civil Works
1 Sump Well and Collector Well with Gravel filter 1 Job 84,654,593.64 84,654,593.64
in between and River protection wall
2 Structures for Transmission 1 Job 9,545,677.78 9,545,677.78
3 River Crossings -
i Truss Type (Upto 60m) (6 Nos) 1 Job 6,966,954.66 6,966,954.66
ii High tension cable type (Upto 10m) (6 Nos) 1 Job 85,122.65 85,122.65
4 Mixing Chamber at WTP 1 No. 221,433.36 221,433.36
5 Rapid Flash Mixture at WTP 1 No. 633,112.43 633,112.43
6 Baffle Channel Flocculator (7.5mx2.5mx1.2m) -
including Outlet Collection Chamber
i 3 Units 1 No. 2,491,711.88 2,491,711.88
ii 2 Units 1 No. 1,730,965.92 1,730,965.92
7 Sedimentation Tank -(19.50mX6.50mX3.10m) -
i 4 Units (2 units joined together) 1 Job 30,591,771.23 30,591,771.23
8 Rapid Sand Filter - (8.25mX6.25mX3.80m) -
i 2 Units 1 No. 17,011,835.99 17,011,835.99
9 Sand Washing Platform- (8.25m X 6.25m) 1 No. 715,838.09 715,838.09
10 Circular RVT (400 cum) at WTP 1 No. 12,021,126.66 12,021,126.66
11 Pumping Chamber -
i 3 units (Stage-2, 3 & 4) (3 Nos) 1 Job 4,344,505.14 4,344,505.14
ii 2 units (Stage-5) 1 No. 1,048,991.19 1,048,991.19
12 RVT/BPT -
3
i 150m (10 Nos) (U/S Municipality; Anekot; 1 Job
Sasastra; Bakhrel dihi; Jaretar; Shikhar; Filter 30,670,909.39 30,670,909.39
backwash & intermittent reservoir at each
pumping stage)
3
ii 100m (3 Nos) (Radha KrishnaSchool RVT; 1 Job
Nayagaun RVT & Palanchowk Bhagwati RVT- 8,595,618.26 8,595,618.26
10)
3
iii 50m (3 Nos) (Radha KrishnaSchool RVT; 1 Job
Nayagaun RVT & Palanchowk Bhagwati RVT- 4,294,856.49 4,294,856.49
10)
3
iv 10m (5 Nos) (Kharelthowk RVT-11/ 2 BPTs, 1 Job
RVT-9/BPT & Palanchowk area BPT 3,421,657.44 3,421,657.44
(Chisapani & Gairigaun))
13 Office Building 1 No. 10,024,281.74 10,024,281.74
14 Dosing Pump House & Chemical Store 1 No. 34,155.69 734,155.69
House(Chlorination Unit)
15 Generator house -
i 50 KVA 1 No. 1,880,960.54 1,880,960.54
ii 160 KVA (4 Nos) 1 Job 17,684,608.65 17,684,608.65
16 Medium Guard House at WTP 1 No. 2,116,887.12 2,116,887.12
17 Small Guard House at each RVT (16Nos) 1 Job 23,499,508.78 23,499,508.78
18 Valve Chambers -
i Brick masonry (18 Nos) 1 Job 1,604,398.34 1,604,398.34
ii RCC (18 Nos) 1 Job 6,501,147.52 6,501,147.52
19 Pipe Valve Box/ Surface Valve Box (179 Nos) 1 Job 2,670,551.53 2,670,551.53
20 Anchor Blocks (150 Nos) 1 Job 20,820,491.58 20,820,491.58
21 Thrust Blocks -
i Main Transmission (178 Nos) 1 Job 43,624,323.79 43,624,323.79
ii Branch Transmission (317 Nos) 1 Job 50,194,180.09 50,194,180.09
iii Distribution Network (RVT 1-U/S & Shasastra) 1 Job 1,419,894.19 1,419,894.19
(8 Nos)
22 Pipe trench works (Excavation and backfilling -
for single and double pipeline)
i Main Transmission 1 Job 2,993,777.01 2,993,777.01
ii Branch Transmission 1 Job 12,714,643.61 12,714,643.61
Page 45

iii Distribution Pipes -
RVT-1 (U/S) 1 Job 5,421,134.25 5,421,134.25
RVT-2 (Anekot) 1 Job 6,390,962.88 6,390,962.88
RVT-3 (Shasastra) 1 Job 7,063,096.13 7,063,096.13
RVT-4 (Bakhrel Dihi) 1 Job 6,701,996.70 6,701,996.70
RVT-5 (Radhakrishna) 1 Job 3,485,912.22 3,485,912.22
RVT-6 (Nayagaun) 1 Job 3,050,282.44 3,050,282.44
RVT-7 (9N36-Jaretar) 1 Job 6,115,913.37 6,115,913.37
RVT-8 (Shikharpur) 1 Job 4,913,071.56 4,913,071.56
RVT-9 (9N29, along branch transmission) 1 Job 906,708.60 906,708.60
RVT-10 (Palanchowk Bhagwati) 1 Job 2,686,806.99 2,686,806.99
RVT-11 (Kharelthowk) 1 Job 4,442,260.39 4,442,260.39
23 Boundary wall, boundary gate and fencing -
Stage-1, Sump Well 1 No. 1,755,532.83 1,755,532.83
Stage wise pumping (Stage-2, 3 & 4) (3 Nos) 1 Job 6,781,351.82 6,781,351.82
Water Treatment Plant 1 No. 6,387,109.56 6,387,109.56
Office Building including Office Toilet 1 No. 1,777,154.87 1,777,154.87
RVTs & Backwash Filter (12 Nos) 1 Job 25,096,002.92 25,096,002.92
BPTs (6 Nos) 1 Job 9,084,369.23 9,084,369.23
24 Retaining Wall -
Stage wise pumping (Stage-2, 3 & 4) (3 Nos) 1 Job 1,310,047.05 1,310,047.05
Water Treatment Plant 1 No. 9,179,185.26 9,179,185.26
Backwash filter 1 No. 436,682.36 436,682.36
RVT (150 cum) (6 Nos) 1 Job 2,620,094.09 2,620,094.09
RVT (100 cum) (3 Nos) 1 Job 1,047,904.76 1,047,904.76
RVT (50 cum) (2 Nos) 1 Job 524,194.90 524,194.90
25 Household connections (6037 Nos) 1 Job 84,992,569.78 84,992,569.78
2
26 Reinstatement works (2075m Blacktop & 1 Job 30,983,361.24 30,983,361.24
2
18,373m Gravel)
Sub-Total (B) 650,684,198.58
C. Pipes & Fittings Works
C1 Pipes
i Main Transmission (9,135m) 1 Job 80,684,522.10 80,684,522.10
ii Branch Transmission (37,237m) 1 Job 164,080,548.78 164,080,548.78
RVT-1 (U/S-19,171m) 1 Job 25,198,323.42 25,198,323.42
RVT-2 (Anekot-24,081m) 1 Job 33,526,380.04 33,526,380.04
RVT-3 (Shasastra-24,980m) 1 Job 43,520,412.07 43,520,412.07
RVT-4 (Bakhrel Dihi-24,259m) 1 Job 16,568,022.93 16,568,022.93
RVT-5 (Radhakrishna-11,933m) 1 Job 15,768,595.42 15,768,595.42
RVT-6 (Nayagaun-11,619m) 1 Job 9,482,153.93 9,482,153.93
RVT-7 (9N36-Jaretar-20,913m) 1 Job 30,071,893.05 30,071,893.05
RVT-8 (Shikharpur-18,230m) 1 Job 19,921,978.68 19,921,978.68
RVT-9 (9N29, along branch transmission- 1 Job 1,019,474.67 1,019,474.67
3,112m)
RVT-10 (Palanchowk Bhagwati-10,091m) 1 Job 4,826,786.35 4,826,786.35
RVT-11 (Kharelthowk-20,920m) 1 Job 7,927,957.90 7,927,957.90
iv Sump Well and Stage wise pumping (Upto 1 Job 8,983,319.79 8,983,319.79
Stage 5)
v Water Treatment Plant & By pass arrangement 1 Job 8,604,630.63 8,604,630.63
vi RVTs & Backwash (12Nos) 1 Job 8,030,867.80 8,030,867.80
vii BPTs (6 Nos) 1 Job 365,422.66 365,422.66
viii Valves (Gate Valve, Air Valve, Washout & Fire -
Hydrant)
Branch Transmission 1 Job 83,925.45 83,925.45
Distribution Pipes 1 Job 129,994.05 129,994.05
C2 Fittings -
i Main Transmission 1 Job 7,668,890.27 7,668,890.27
ii Branch Transmission 1 Job 7,835,680.56 7,835,680.56
RVT-1 (U/S) 1 Job 4,761,185.65 4,761,185.65
RVT-2 (Anekot) 1 Job 7,269,536.66 7,269,536.66
Page 46

RVT-3 (Shasastra) 1 Job 9,702,036.45 9,702,036.45
RVT-4 (Bakhrel Dihi) 1 Job 4,347,531.63 4,347,531.63
RVT-5 (Radhakrishna) 1 Job 3,362,986.63 3,362,986.63
RVT-6 (Nayagaun) 1 Job 3,142,325.73 3,142,325.73
RVT-7 (9N36-Jaretar) 1 Job 6,341,677.39 6,341,677.39
RVT-8 (Shikharpur) 1 Job 6,659,475.54 6,659,475.54
RVT-9 (9N29, along branch transmission) 1 Job 205,844.55 205,844.55
RVT-10 (Palanchowk Bhagwati) 1 Job 1,419,015.25 1,419,015.25
RVT-11 (Kharelthowk) 1 Job 1,524,620.03 1,524,620.03
iv Sump Well and Stage wise pumping (Upto 1 Job 10,088,894.03 10,088,894.03
Stage 5)
v Water Treatment Plant & By pass arrangement 1 Job 8,763,709.33 8,763,709.33
vi RVTs & Backwash (12Nos) 1 Job 8,751,935.13 8,751,935.13
vii BPTs (6 Nos) 1 Job 1,302,324.04 1,302,324.04
viii Valves (Gate Valve, Air Valve, Washout & Fire -
Hydrant)
Branch Transmission 1 Job 2,156,963.36 2,156,963.36
Distribution Pipes 1 Job 6,519,579.46 6,519,579.46
Sub-Total (C) 580,619,421.41
D. Electrical and Electro-Mechanical Works
i Stringing of 11 kV line and Earthing 1 Job 13,759,589.20 13,759,589.20
ii Main Panel and Motor Startor 1 Job 7,405,187.20 7,405,187.20
iii Cables Mains and Panel 1 Job 15,290,779.58 15,290,779.58
iv Installation of Lighting Fixtures 1 Job 2,679,345.10 2,679,345.10
v DG set, Lighting protection system and Earthing 1 Job 21,273,925.00 21,273,925.00
vi Supply of Tools & Tackles 1 Job 286,250.00 286,250.00
vii Supply & Installation of Pump Set 1 Job 31,424,603.28 31,424,603.28
Sub-Total (D) 92,119,679.36
E. SCADA Installation Works
i Supply, Erection & Commissioning of Outlet
Management System
Treatment Plant/ Storage RVT/ Filter Backwash 1 Job 4,147,722.14 4,147,722.14
(250mm)
Jaretar/ Shikharpur (225mm) 1 Job 4,092,854.33 4,092,854.33
Anekot/ Shasastra RVT/ Pumping Outlet- 4 1 Job 19,419,568.51 19,419,568.51
Stage (200mm)
U/S Municipality/ Bajhrel Dihi/ RK School/ 1 Job 12,563,599.78 12,563,599.78
Nayagaon/ Palanchowk (180mm)
RVT-9/ Kharelthowk tank at filter backwash/ 1 Job 6,602,523.75 6,602,523.75
Kharelthowk tank (110mm)
ii Supply, Erection & Commissioning of Reservoir -
Management System
U/S Municipality (Thumka) (200mm) 1 Job 2,423,711.25 2,423,711.25
Anekot/ Shasastra/ Bakhrel Dihi/ Jaretar/ 1 Job 9,517,245.47 9,517,245.47
Shikharpur (150mm)
RadhaKrishna/ Nayagaun/ Palanchowk/ 1 Job 8,096,449.22 8,096,449.22
Kharelthowk Filter Backwash (100mm)
iii Provide automation to link all the components 1 Job 15,775,017.19 15,775,017.19
through hSCADA
Sub-Total (E) 82,638,691.64
F. Others
1 Apparatus and equiments for laboratory 1 Job 580,000.00 580,000.00
2 Tools and equipments 1 Job 1,414,756.00 1,414,756.00
3 Day works 1 Job 539,666.12 539,666.12
4 One year operation and maintenance cost (For 1 Job 63,112,841.73 63,112,841.73
both water supply O&M and SCADA O&M)
Sub-Total (F) 65,647,263.85
Total (A to F) 1,513,089,254.84
F. Contingencies 15% 226,963,388.23
Total 1,740,052,643.07
G VAT 13% 226,206,843.60
Total 1,966,259,486.67
Page 47
Summary of Cost (Sanitation Component)

S.N. Description of items Qty. Unit Rate (NRs) Amount(NRs.)
a) Institutional Toilet 1 Job 1,876,877.56 1,876,877.56
b) Public Toilet 1 Job 2,685,868.40 2,685,868.40
c) Tractor 1 Job 2,000,000.00 2,000,000.00
Total of Sanitation Component 6,562,745.96
B. Contingencies 15% 984,411.90
Total 7,547,157.86
C. VAT 13% 981,130.53
Total 8,528,288.39
5.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
The sustainability of the project depends on the adequate and effective operation and
maintenance mechanism of the project. After the handover the project, WUSC is the main
stakeholder and will be responsible for the operation and maintenance of the system. The
WUSC has to raise fund for the operation and maintenance cost and repayment of loan taken
from TDF through the collection of tariff against the use of the water from consumers. The major
components of the operation and maintenance cost for the proposed system are as follows:
Personnel Cost: Some technical and administrative staffs are needed for smooth operation and
maintenance of the project. The numbers of staff are required for the operation of the system and
their expected monthly salaries for base year 2019 based on the prevalent market rate in the
area are given in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2: Personnel Cost

Rate/Month
SN Description of Items Nos. Months Total (NRs.)
(NRs.)
1 Manager/ Administrative Officer 1 40,000.00 13 520,000.00
2 Civil Overseer 3 25,000.00 13 975,000.00
3 Accountant 2 20,000.00 13 520,000.00
4 Pump Operator/ system operator 4 18,000.00 13 936,000.00
5 Meter Reader 5 18,000.00 13 1,170,000.00
6 MaintenanceWorker/ Plumber 4 18,000.00 13 936,000.00
7 Watchman 20 15,000.00 13 3,900,000.00
8 Peon 2 15,000.00 13 390,000.00
Total of 1 (NRs.) 41 9,347,000.00
It is assumed that the monthly salary has to be increased at every year by 3%.
Operation Cost: The other cost required for operation of system includes the cost of bleaching
powder, monthly rate of transformer, electricity cost, cost of diesel for generator. These cost are
based upon the use of pumps. The operation cost for base year 2021 is NRs. 42,546,219.76
and for design year 2040 is NRs. 105,284,261.25 . The details are kept in Volume II (Annex
2). The Table 5.3 shows the other cost for operation during base year.
Page 48
Table 5.3: Other Cost for Operation

SN Description of Items Unit Quantity Rate Cost, NRs.
Chemical cost
1 Bleaching powder kg 4,835.52 62.63 302,844.33
2 Electrical
Stage 1,2,3,4 Transformer charge kVA 2050.00 2,640.00 5,412,000.00
(4*500KVA) +50KVA (stage 5)
3 Pump operation by electricity

(total pump 85 x 4x4+20+5 HP as per
details)
Energy cost using electricity (97.5 %) unit 5340460.42 6.23 33,271,068.48
Energy cost using generator (2.5 %) unit 136934.88 26.00 3,560,306.95
Total of 2 42,546,219.76
The rates of chemical, electricity are assumed to be increased by 3% every year.
Maintenance Cost: The maintenance cost for the project consists of spare parts, and regular
maintenance (i.e. labour, plumber etc.) works. The maintenance cost for base year 2021 is NRs.
57,247,841.73 and for design year 2040 is NRs. 134,131,565.11. The maintenance cost has
been estimated is presented in Table 5.4 for base year 2021. The details are kept in Volume II
(Annex 2).
Table 5.4: Maintenance Cost

SN Description of Items Unit Cost (NRs.) Rate
1 Spare Parts 1,000,000.00 Assumed 10 % of
2 Regular maintenance of the system 4,354,621.98 each Table 2 and
Table 3 spare parts
Total of 3 5,354,621.98
The rates of spare parts are assumed to be increased by 3% every year.
The total cost of personnel, other cost for operation and regular maintenance of the system for
the base year shall be NRs. 57,247,841.73.
Operation Cost for SCADA: The Operation and Maintenance for 1 Years Including Software,
Install the hSCADA in server and display on the PC.laptop and or Smartphones with pasword
control at difference access levels, prepare and submit a complete operation and Maintenecnce
Manual, Provide training to the Nominee Technician, of the Water Committee of the Water User
Committee. Operate the Control centre for one years and Handover after one year on Good
Working Condition including erection of a control center equipments like desktop computer, 32
inch LED monitors etc. NRs 5,865,000.00. During the operation, the team will train WUSC
personnel to operate the SCADA in the system.
Initially, operation and maintenance of the system should be carried out according to operation
and maintenance manual. The contractor will operate and maintain the system one year after
completion of the construction. During this period, WUSC will select required person to get
Page 49
necessary training with contractor’s technical personnel. After O&M period, the WUSC will run
the project. Contractor will correct the defect in the system, if any.
After the completion of Defect Liability Period (DLP) of the project, WUSC shall be fully
responsible for the regular O&M of the system. An effective and efficient mechanism for O&M of
the system should be developed by WUSC in coordination with communities. Initially, operation
and maintenance of the system should be carried out according to operation manual prepared
by DWSS. The WUSC need to select required person deputed during DLP, so that they can run
the system smoothly. The operation cost of SCADA will be only for base year to provide training
to WUSC technical staffs. After that WUSC theme selves manage the system.
Page 50
CHAPTER VI: FINANCIAL AND ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project (PWSSP) is a participatory project in which
users participate actively during planning, construction, Repair & Maintenance (R&M) and
Operation and Maintenance (O&M) during the project period. 2019 to 2045). Additionally the
Water Users’ Committee (WUSC) is expected to expand its capacity as per the future population
growth.
The proposed PWSSP is designed to provide continuous, adequate and safe water supply to
the households of town through predominantly house connections. The system will also supply
drinking water to academic, government and private sector institutions for 24 hours without any
interruptions.
The population of this town in 2018 is 29,603 with annual growth rate of 2% which will lead to
50,531 in 2045 BS.
It is planned that there will be 8,971 connections by 2045 BS. Among the 8,971 connections,
7,192 (80.2%) households will bave fully plumbed connections as 1,740 (19.4%) households will
be connected with yard-taps and the remaining 39 (0.4%) connections will be owned by
institutional users that includes commercial, industrial and rental connections.
During 2018/2019, all required survey and design work has been completed. Year 2019 and
2020 will be the construction period and all the connections will be completed and the water
supply system will be fully functional from 2021. Details of water demand, number of
connections required and beneficiaries served are given in Volume II (Annex-5).
The project will be managed and run by WUSC with the participation of local consumers, local
government authorities and others. This will provide increased autonomy and enhancement of
local managerial capacities for the operation and maintenance of similar projects.
6.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE ANALYSIS
Both the financial and economic analysis is carried. The economic analysis is concerned with
the broad social impacts of the project i.e. the point of view of society as a whole and not just the
impact on the direct project participants. All costs and benefits are defined in terms of the
opportunity foregone because the resources required for the project cannot be used in the best
available alternative investment. Market imperfections and distortions, particularly taxes, duties
and subsidies are not considered in the economic analysis. The financial analysis of WUSC is
carried out to assess the financial implications of the project and find out whether the committee
would be able to raise enough funds required for annual operation and maintenance costs and
periodic capital replacement costs. The analysis is carried out based on market prices that
include government taxes, duties and royalties and subsidies on capital or for operating the
project.
Page 51
Though both the financial and economic analysis is carried, more focus was given to financial so
that the project is financially viable, water price is affordable and accessible by poor households.
6.3 ASSUMPTIONS FOR ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS
The proposed economic and financial analysis was based on the key assumptions as following:
I. All costs and benefits are expressed in 2019/2020 prices.
II. Construction of the project starts in 2019 and completes in 2021.
III. The distribution of water will start from the beginning of 2021.
IV. Wage rate for skilled labour does not increase significantly
V. Following advice from the Bank, a Shadow Wage rate (SWR) factor of f 0.70 has been
applied to the costs of unskilled labour to obtain economic costs.
VI. The project cost is estimated including physical and price contingencies respectively as
10% and 5% of basic cost and 13% VAT of the total cost of the three costs.
VII. Economic capital costs include physical contingencies but exclude price contingencies
and interest during construction.
VIII. The economic opportunity cost of capital is assumed to be 12% per annum, which
represents the social opportunity cost of capital (SOCC) for Nepal.
IX. The financial opportunity cost of capital (FOCC) is assumed to be 4% per annum
equivalent to calculated weighted average capital cost (WACC) of the project.
X. Each project component is assumed to have a useful life of 50 years after construction.
XI. Design period of the project is assumed to be 25 years.
XII. Community will share at least 5% of total capital cost in cash with the balance of funding
provided by GoN as a grant (70% of the cost) and through Town Development Fund
(TDF) loans (25% of the cost).
XIII. Loan is repaid over 20 years after project commissioning (with a five years grace period)
at an interest rate of 5% on the outstanding balance. Debt service costs are based on
table mortgage with equal annual payments over 15 years.
XIV. Tariffs are set out in progressive block structure with a lifeline block of 0 - 6 cum per
month, 7-10 cum per month second block, 11-20 cum per month third block, 21-30 cum
fourth block and more than 30 cum per month the fifth block.
XV. The average Household Size of the project area is 4.94 persons.
XVI. Average income households are assumed to consume water at an average rate of 115.8
litres per capita day (lpcd) or 17.39 cum per month. Lower income households are
assumed to consume water at an average rate of 80 lpcd or 12.01 cum per month. The
1
poor households will consume 659 litres per capita per day (lpcd) or 9.76 cum. The
institutional taps will supply 296,030 liter per day from 39 connections which is 9,004 cum
per month.
XVII. Average income of lower income households, average income households and higher
income households are estimated at NRs. 10,000, NRs. 20,000 and NRs. 40,000
respectively on the basis of the findings of socioeconomic survey.
XVIII. The project is analysed over a period of 25 years.
XIX. The water meters connected will be replaced in every 7 years.
XX. The residual value of any civil structures and pipes is assumed to be 50% of initial cost for
economic analysis.
1 The poor household is defined on the basis of poverty level USD 220 person per annum. That corresponds to near to NPR 10,000. The succeeding
low income and average income households estimated on the basis of per capita income of USD 1200.
Page 52
6.4 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
6.4.1 Project Costs
The estimated project cost of Panchkahl Water Supply and Sanitation project is NRs
1,966,259,486.67 including 15% contingencies and 13% VAT.
6.4.2 Capital Costs
The capital costs of the project are based on the least cost project that meets design capacity
requirements to year 20. The economic capital costs are calculated by applying a standard
conversion factor (SCF) of 0.9 on the costs of materials before VAT to get rid of any taxes and
duties. The costs are estimated based on market prices in 2019.
The total cost of the project is estimated to be NRs. 4471.85 million at 2019 cost that includes all
initial investment, operational & maintenance, equipment replacement. Out of the total cost,
initial Cost, Meter Replacement., E&M Repl. (10% of initial cost of E&M purchase), pump
replacement and O&M Cost are 1966.26 (44.0%), 17.31 (0.4%), 4.61 (0.1%), 6 (0.1%) and
2477.67 (55.4). The O&M cost dominates the cost structure. Table 6.1 shows Project cost by
cost component.
Table 6.1: Project Cost by Cost Component

Unit: NRs. million
Meter E&M Repl. Pump O&M Total
Initial Total
Replacement (10%) Replacement Cost Cost
Cost (Rs Million) 1966.26 17.31 4.61 6.00 1994.18 2477.67 4471.85
Cost as % of total Cost 44.0% 0.4% 0.1% 0.1% 44.6% 55.4% 100.0%
The total cost of the project over 27 years including 2 years construction period and 5 years loan
payment grace period, is 4471,85 million rupees. Of the total initial cost of project (NRs. 1966.26
million), GoN will provide 70% grant on construction cost worth 1376.38 million Nepalese
Rupees which is 30.78% of overall cost of 4471.85 million rupees.
Over the period of 25 years, the project is expected to supply 44,401,500 cubic meter water
when the project produces 46,461,725 cum water with estimated leakage water 6,060,225 cum.
The leakage percentage is estimated to be about 13.04% of total water produced and about
15% of water sold.
The pricing of water is proposed based on quantity of water use that optimizes the progressive
taxation while it ensures the access of poor/low income people to WSP supplied water.
The overall price of one cubic meter water produced is estimated to be NRs. 58.82.
Page 53
6.4.3 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Costs
The O&M cost is estimated based on personnel costs, cost of bleaching powder, costs of
electricity, costs of parts, cost for water tests and other O&M costs and SCADA operation cost.
Over the period of 25 years, the total O&M cost of the project is estimated to be 2469.75 million
rupees with an average of 98.97 million rupees per year. The O&M cost alone is about 55.4% of
the project life cost. Details are presented in Volume II (Annex-5).
6.4.4 Capital Replacement Costs
Water meters are planned to be replaced on every 7 years. The water meter replacement will
begin on 2028 (the 8th year of operation of project) and continue till the end of 2045. The
economic replacement cost of one meter is estimated at NRs. 2400. The total capital
replacement cost is estimated to be NRs. 27.92 or the 0.6% of the overall cost of project.
The estimated cost of meter replacement is NRs.17.31 million whose share in the total project
cost is 0.4%. Similarly E&M replacement cost assumed at 10 percent of initial investment is 4.61
million (0.1% of total project cost), pump replacement cost will cost NRs. 6 million (0.1% of
project cost).
6.4.5 Average Incremental Economic Cost (AIEC)
The AIEC is the present value of all the economic capital investments and economic operating
costs throughout the project life divided by the total water produced over the period. AIEC is
expressed as economic cost per cubic meter of water produced.
The AIEC of water and wastewater provides a measure of cost of producing, treating and
distributing water, and the collection and disposal of wastewater under the project. It is used to
determine economic tariffs and gives an estimate of the economic subsidy.
Survey in 2018 showed that households spend about 50 minutes each day to fetch 260.6 litre.
The calculated AIEC is NRs. 77.34 per cubic meter water. The details of calculations are given
in Volume II (Annex–5).
6.5 PROJECT BENEFITS
Quantifiable benefits are generally derived from non-incremental and incremental water sales
under the project.
6.5.1 Non-incremental Water Sales Benefits
Non-incremental water sales benefits are the resource cost savings in terms of time savings of
the water consumers who were spending more time to obtain additional water from other
sources besides the tap water in the without project situation. The time saving is the major
economic benefit to the project. Time taken in collecting households’ daily water requirements
was assessed during the socio economic survey.
Page 54
Non-incremental Water Sales Benefits in with project situation is hence estimated based on the
recorded current water fetching time, trips per day, and existing water consumption levels during
wet and dry seasons and daily wage rate of an unskilled labour in the project area during socio-
economic surveys.
In the project area, households are spending annually 37 work days equivalent time in fetching
95.12 cum water which is valued to NRs. 15,214 at NRs. 580 per day wage rate and SWR ratio
0.7. On the project situation, households have to pay NRs. 1,055 as water tax per month which
will yield NRs. 12,660 for one year. Thus households will save NRs. 2,554 per year when using
project supplied water.
The per capita per day water use before project is estimated 52.8. The project will increase the
per capita daily water use to 100 litre with a net increase 47.2 litre per day per capita.
Details of calculation of Non-incremental Water Sales Benefits are shown in Volume II (Annex–
5).
6.5.2 Incremental Water Sales Benefits
Incremental water demand is the net demand of proposed demand and existing demand. The
incremental water sales benefit is calculated using willingness to pay of the households of
project area, existing water demand, proposed water demand and estimated leakage based on
socio-economic and engineering surveys in the project area.
The time value of one CUM water fetching before project situation is estimated to be NRs. 160.
The price of project supplied water is NRs. 83.25 per cum. The time value of water fetching
compared to project proposed water tax will be reduced to two fifth 52.04%). The Detailed
calculations are shown in Volume II (Annex–5).
6.5.3 Benefit from the Value of Unaccounted-for-Water
The project assumes 15% water leakage. At least 15% of leakage water will be used by nearby
communities for other than WAS purposes like in vegetable farming, animal feeding, etc.
6.6 ECONOMIC EVALUATION
The calculation of Economic Internal Rate of Return (EIRR) of the project is based on the
economic benefits expressed in terms of resource costs savings.
The calculated EIRR of the project is 18.3% which shows the project is economically beneficial.
Details of Benefit Cost Analysis are given in Volume II (Annex–5).
The result of Poverty Impact Assessment (PIA) shows the value of PIR is 11% and the
percentage of poor people in the area is also 11. This shows that the project does not harm poor
people even though it is not distinctly poor friendly. Volume II (Annex–5) shows the breakdown
of costs and results of PIA.
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6.7 FINANCIAL ANALYSIS OF WUSC
As a part of the evaluation of the project, financial analysis has been carried out for a period of
25 years to examine whether the WUSC could meet annual capital costs, annual O&M costs
and routine capital replacement costs at the set tariffs.
The result of financial analysis sowed that the project is financially viable. In the normal
proposed situation the FIRR is 14.75% followed by 11.7%, 2.4%, 12.3% and 4.8% for the risks
like i) Cost Remained Same and Revenue Decreased by 10%, ii) Cost Remained Same and
Revenue Decreased by 20%, iii) Cost Increased by 10% and Revenue Remained Same, and iv)
Cost Increased by 10% and Revenue Decreased by 10% respectively. At the worst situation,
when Cost Remained Same and Revenue Decreased by 20%, the project will be gaining by
2.4%.
6.8 PROJECT COSTS
6.8.1 Capital Costs
Total financial capital cost of the project is calculated by applying 10% physical contingency cost
and 5% price contingency cost of basic cost and 13% VAT on the total of the three costs of the
materials and tap connections. The calculated financial cost is NRs. 4,471.85 million. The details
of calculation of financial cost are given in Volume II (Annex–5).
It is assumed that the users would contribute 5% (NRs. 98.31 million) of the project capital costs
in cash. GoN will provide a grant of 70% (NRs.1376.38 million). The remaining 25% cost (NRs.
491.57 million) will be borrowed from TDF at 5% annual interest and 25 years maturity including
a 5 year grace period.
The project will need to replace several tools and devices such as water meter, E&M equipment,
water pump sets. The project will recover water meter replacement cost (NRs. 16.66 million).
E&M replacement cost (4.61 million), pump replacement cost (6 million) and O&M cost (2477.67
million) from water charge during the project period of 25 years.
6.8.2 Annual Capital Costs
The major capital investment will be made within the 2 years construction period. The total
investment estimated is NRs. 1,870.22 million which includes NRs. 63.11 million of O&M cost to
be used in the base year. Financial cost of one connection is estimated in average at NRs.
14,079.
6.8.3 Operation and Maintenance (O&M) Costs
The O&M costs of project options are estimated based on personnel costs, cost of chemicals,
costs of electricity and other operation and maintenance costs.
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The total O&M cost over the project period of 25 years is estimated to be NRs. 2,477.7 million
which is NRs. 99.1 million per year. The details of financial O&M costs and the process or
deriving those costs are given in Volume II (Annex–5).
6.8.4 Interest on Term Loan
The interest on term loan is 5% per annum from the disbursement of the loan. It is proposed that
the loan amount be repaid as table mortgage (fixed sum per annum) over a period of 25 years
with a five years grace period. Over the grace period interest will be capitalized and added to the
loan amount to be repaid. From the sixth year users' committee will pay fixed sum per annum over
a period of 15 years. 50% of the capitalized interest amount during the grace period will be repaid
in the sixth year. Details of calculation of table mortgage are given in Volume II (Annex–5).
6.8.5 Routine Capital Replacement Costs
The financial cost of meter replacement is estimated to be NRs. 2,400 per connection.
6.8.6 Average Incremental Financial Costs (AIFC)
The Average Incremental Financial Cost (AIFC) is used to determine financial tariffs required to
achieve full cost recovery and the level necessary to achieve recovery of O&M costs and debt
payments.
AIFC gives a measure of the extent to which the project financial costs (capital and O&M costs)
are recovered in the proposed tariff. This then gives an estimate of the financial subsidy.
The calculated AIFC of the project is NRs. 72.35 per cum of water. Details are given in Volume
II (Annex–5).
6.9 FINANCIAL BENEFIT
6.9.1 Tariff Structure
The source of benefit to the WUSC will be the tariff collections from the customers. Tariff
structure is developed based on household incomes and consumers’ affordability.
Tariffs are set out in progressive block structure such as NRs. 60.00 per cum of water for a
lifeline block of 0-6 cum per month, NRs. 70.00 for a second block of 7-10 cum per month, NRs.
80 for the third block of 11-15 cum per month, NRs. 90.00 for the third block of 16-25 and NRs
120.00 for institutional users. The institutional users tariffed high as they are not supposed to
make the 5% cash contribution in the project cost.
The calculated monthly water charge for low-income households (having average income of
NRs.7,500 per month) that represents 11.0% of the project population is NRs. 360 which is
4.8% of their income. Similarly, the monthly water charge for low and average income
households (NRs. 20,000 and NRs. 40,000) is set to NRs. 995 (4.9% of income) and 1,910
(4.8% of income) respectively. The low and average income households represent 61% and
27% of the total project population respectively. The Table 6.2 shows the monthly tariff for HH
connection.
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Table 6.2: Monthly Tariff for HH Connection

CUM/ % of HH Average
Rs./HH/ Month
Month Income Rs./cum
i. Poor Income HH (Rs 7,500/ Month) 6.0 360 4.8% 60.00
ii. Low Income HH (Rs 20,000/ Month) 12.3 985 4.9% 80.00
iii. Average Income HH (Rs 40,000/ Month) 21.3 1,919 4.8% 90.00
Weighted Average Water Cost (Rs/HH/Month) 1,175 83.25
iv. Community 0 0 0.00
v. Institutional 370 44,376 120.00
The tariff for all non-domestic water consumers such as institutions, industries, rental etc is set
at NRs. 120 per cum on use basis.
The weighted average of tariffs for all the consumers is NRs. 83.25 per cum of water. The
minimum charge for Private Connections is set out to be NRs. 360.00 per month per household
which is 4.8% of monthly income of poor income households.
The tariff structure and rates are set to obtain revenue so that the cash flow is at least positive
and such that WUSC at least would be able to maintain the system. The tariff structure and
rates are as given in Volume II (Annex–5).
6.10 FINANCIAL POSITION OF WATER USERS' COMMITTEE (WUSC)
As a part of the evaluation of the project and determination of affordable tariffs, financial
projections for the project implementation are prepared for 25-year period to demonstrate
whether the WUSC could meet O&M costs, debt service and routine capital expenditures at the
set tariffs.
The financial internal rate of return (FIRR) of the project is 14.8%.
The financial projection and cash flow analysis of the project shows encouraging results. The
WUSC will be able to collect enough revenue from the very first year of the project operation
after all expenditures. The details of profit and loss are respectively given in Volume II (Annex–
5). Throughout the project period annual cash flow is positive.
The financial analysis is carried for three different threats as below:

1. Cost Increased by 10% and Revenue Remained Same
2. Cost Remained Same and Revenue Decreased by 20%
3. Cost Remained Same and Revenue Decreased by 10%
4. Cost Increased by 10% and Revenue Decreased by 10%
When cost is increased by 10% or 20% and the revenue remained the same, the AIFC becomes
NRs. 77.7 and 69.1 per cum of water and FIRR stood at 11.7% and 2.4% respectively. Similarly,
when benefit is decreased by 10% and cost remained the same, FIRR becomes 12.3%. When
cost is increased by 10% and benefit decrease by 10%, FIRR stood at the point 4.8%. Thus the
project is feasible and will be earning even in both the situations when cost is increased by 10%
or 20% and benefit is decreased by 10% at the same time. The project will be earning minimum
2.4%. Details of the above sensitivity analyses are given in Volume II (Annex–5).
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6.11 CONCLUSION
Financial and economical was carried out for the TDF loan 25%. Water tariff band was analyzed
with respect to income categories. Both FIRR (14.8%) and EIRR (18.3%) are much higher than
the interest rate (5% per annum). The water tariff for all three categories of the project
beneficiary fall within the ceiling of 5% of income. The following Table 6.3 shows the financial
figures for 25% TDF loan recovery and Table 6.4 shows the Sensitivity Analysis.
Table 6.3 : Output of Financial and Economical Analysis

Heading Output
AIEC (Rs./CUM) 77.34
AIFC (Rs./CUM) 72.35
EIRR (%) 18.34%
FIRR (%) 14.75%
Four sensitivity testes i) Cost Remained Same and Revenue Decreased by 10%, ii) Cost
Remained Same and Revenue Decreased by 20%, iii) Cost Increased by 10% and Revenue
Remained Same, and iv) Cost Increased by 10% and Revenue Decreased by 10% have the
positive FIRR results ranging from 12.3% to 2.4%. Thus the project is financially viable.
Table 6.4 Sensitivity Analysis: FIRR (%)

Heading Output
Cost Remained Same and Revenue Decreased by 10% 11.7%
Cost Remained Same and Revenue Decreased by 20% 2.4%
Cost Increased by 10% and Revenue Remained Same 12.3%
Cost Increased by 10% and Revenue Decreased by 10% 4.8%
Water supply schemes may face many other difficulties. Among them the identified is
unwillingness to pay high water tariff. In this situation, consumers may pay the lowest water tariff
i.e NRs 60.00 per CUM. This will yield a total of NRs 94.4 million. The unused NRs 63.11 million
Base year O&M cost will yield 5.9 million. Thus, the total revenue will be NRs 100.2 million and
the average annual O&M cost is NRS 99.1 million. There will be a balance of NRs 1.1 million in
the given circumstance. The balance is about 1.1% of the total revenue. The Table 6.5 shows
the minimum tariff based O&M cost analysis.
Table 6.5 Minimum Tariff based O&M Cost Analysis

Quantity/
Description Amount
1. Average Annual O&M Cost in NRs (Average of 25 years),million 99.1
2. Average Annual Water sale in CUM (Average of 25 years) 1,572,820
3. Minimum Water Tariff per CUM 60.00
4. Annual Average Water Revenue from Minimum Tariff,million 94.4
5. Average Annual Revenue from Interest of NRs 63.11 million O&M Base
Year Unused Fund @ 5% Interest (Average of 25 years), million 5.9
6. Total Revenue (Water+ Interest) NRs (Item 4+5), million 100.2
7. Balance (Revenue item 6 -O&M cost item 1) in NRs, million 1.1
8. Balance as % of Total Revenue 1.11%
Now we can conclude that project will be operated even with the lowest tariff band.
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CHAPTER VII: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
7.1 INTRODUCTION
Panchkhal town lies in Kavre district, one of the business center of the district. It has been
selected under Urban Town Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project for the development of
water supply and sanitation facilities. The objective of the project is to provide safe drinking
water to the people of the proposed project area. The project intends to improve the health and
quality of life of the people living in small town by the construction of new water supply system,
rehabilitation of existing system if possible and surface drainage/ sanitation as agreed by
WUSC. The proposed water supply project intends to provide water supply to government and
non government institution and the private Households sector of the project area for 24 hours
without any interruption. All the survey formats were designed by the project and PMC and
finalized after discussion with DSMC. Two types of formats were developed. The first type of
questionnaire has been used in all household to collect basic information data required for the
scheme design. Similarly, the second questionnaire used to conduct household detail economic
survey at selected HHs by selecting random and stratified sampling method. The total 5,998
households and 39 institution constitute offices, school, campus, health post, armed police
force,police post identified as project beneficiaries. The project planning, design and
implementation depend upon concerned socio economic condition of the project area.
7.2 OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF THE BASELINE STUDY
The major objective of the study is collection of basic information through primary and secondary
data sources for Socio-economic profile preparation. Hence, collections of following information
are main objective of the study:
a. Demographic information (household head, age, gender, education, household size etc.).
b. Location of poverty groups, indicators and responses.
c. Identification of community organizations.
d. Identification of vulnerable households (indigenous peoples, ethnic minorities, female-headed
households, elderly headed households, households with differently abled family member, below
poverty line households).
e. Causes of vulnerability and responses.
f. Occupation and economic status (occupation, income, expenditure pattern, cost of existing water
supply, sanitation, rental and household ownership, disaggregated for general population, slum
dwellers, indigenous peoples, women headed households and other vulnerable groups).
g. Women status and Gender roles in the community
h. Health and hygiene situation and practices.
i. Water & sanitation situation, attitudes, preferences. Sources and levels of water supply accessed.
j. Drainage system, Septage Management, practice, and willingness for community management.
k. Information of sanitation, health and hygiene knowledge and behavior and practices, frequency of
incidence of water born disease, and trends of using treatment practices by community.
l. Access to sanitation facilities and maintenance practices.
m. Attitude towards existing water and sanitation services.
n. Demand by service type (water, sanitation and septage management).
o. Perceptions of water and service quality, affordability, opportunity costs and willingness to pay for
improvements in water supply sanitation services and waste management.
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The Major Components of STWSSP/PMO are follows:

 Public awareness campaign and health and hygiene education
 Water supply and sanitation Program
 Technical support to WUSC and
 Project implementation assistance
7.3 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
7.3.1 General
Preparation of socio-economic profile of each assigned town projects are one of major task of
ERDSMC . The consultant has adopted a clear approach and methodology for collection of data
through household survey in each assigned town project. During the course of survey work
different tools and method/process has been adopted in order to obtain actual data information
from the town project on various subject matter.
The Consultants has adopted different tools and methods to accomplish the survey works
effectively and achieve goal of the study. Prior to technical and social survey works, interaction
meetings was held with Municipality Body (Mayor/Deputy Mayor etc.), WUSC and advisor
committee and disseminated project approach, modality and required activities which need to be
carried out by stakeholders including WUSC while implementing the project. The methodologies
have been adopted in this study highlights by the following headings.
7.3.2 Census Survey
Census survey was carried out in all delineated project area for collection of brief information
from all household. Basic information was collected through the brief checklists/questionnaire
(two pages) from each household. The data obtained from the survey are required for design
and social activities as well as OBA implementation, training, GESI perspectives in the course of
project implementation.
7.3.3 Stratified Sampling Method
Project has decided to collect socio-economic data about 5 percent screened households based
upon stratified sampling method. Socioeconomic census for different development project's
stratified sampling method is very use full and easy to collect the information. Stratification is the
process of grouping members of the population into relatively homogeneous subgroups before
sampling. The sampling methods are based upon income group and ethnicity covering it's
percentage by volume of households situated in the service area.
7.3.4 Orientation Program
Before starting baseline survey, an orientation program was organized at site office for the
survey team to introduce about small town water supply and sanitation sector project with
project objective, concept and design. The quality of the survey depends on the reliability of the
enumerators keeping it in mind that the special attention was given for the selection of reliable
local enumerators. Twenty reliable local students qualified up to Bachelor level has been
selected from the local level in coordination with local politician and WUSC as enumerator and
Page 61
four were selected to supervise the work of enumerator name as field coordinator. The team
oriented theoretical as well as practical survey skills, rapport building techniques, know how and
behaviours to apply at field site of the project area. Such training programme was held at
Sharada College at Municipality on 29 and 30 December, 2017. The training programme mainly
covered the following points:
 Introduction of the project
 Objectives of the study
 Importance's of the survey results
 Techniques and tools of the quantitative survey
 Techniques and tools of the qualitative survey
 Rapport building techniques
 Filling questionnaires and taking notes
 Observation methodology
 Data Triangulation, errors and verification
 Benefit monitoring and evaluation of the project
 Project success and sustainability.
7.3.5 Data Tabulation and Analysis
The information and data received during social survey has been tabulated and analyzed. The
survey findings is based on full response of 5,998 households and sampled households of the
project area as well as institutional survey and review of available secondary data.
7.3.6 Selection of Enumerators
The consultant had selected the following 20 local enumerators and 4 field coordinator in
consultation with WUSC and local politician to conduct household survey for preparing
socioeconomic profile of the town project.
Prior to selection of field staffs (enumerator and field supervisor), the Consultant has developed
criteria such as education qualification, experience of work. For field supervisor and enumerator
minimum qualification was set as Bachelor SLC and level respectively. Similarly, priority has
been given to local resident, minority group, backward and female for survey works. Hence,
enumerator and field supervisor have been selected based on the adopted criteria so far. Name
list of selected Enumerator are given in Table 7.1.
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Table 7.1: Name List of Enumerator and Field Supervisor

S.N. Name List of Field Staff Position Address Remark
1 Ms. Anju Baniya Enumerator Pnchakhal-3
2 Ms. Sabitri Danuwar Enumerator Pnchakhal-4
3 Ms. Srijana Pariyar Enumerator Pnchakhal-3
4 Ms. Goma Lama Enumerator Pnchakhal-11
5 Ms. Kamala Danuwar Field Coordinator Pnchakhal-4
6 Mr. Dilumaya Danuwar Enumerator Pnchakhal-4
7 Ms. Gyanumaya Danuwar Enumerator Pnchakhal-4
8 Ms. Nira Mizar Enumerator Pnchakhal-7
9 Ms. Janaki Magar Enumerator Pnchakhal-7
10 Mr. Dipesh Danuwar Enumerator Pnchakhal-12
11 Ms. Rina Mijar Enumerator Pnchakhal-12
12 Ms. Chandika Ramtel Enumerator Pnchakhal-2
13 Mr. Kumar Shrestha Enumerator Pnchakhal-2
14 Mr. Shantaman Tamanag Field Coordinator Pnchakhal-2
15 Mr. Saroj Shivabhakti Enumerator Pnchakhal-6
16 Mr. Sabin Sapkota Enumerator Pnchakhal-6
17 Ms. Anjana Dhakal Gautam Enumerator Pnchakhal-10
18 Ms. Kabita Acharya Enumerator Pnchakhal-10
19 Mr. Janjin Mainali Enumerator Pnchakhal-9
20 Mr. Sujit Bajracharya Enumerator Pnchakhal-9
21 Ms. Sujata Dulal Field Supervisor Pnchakhal-6
22 Mr. Anil Thapa Magar Enumerator Pnchakhal-5
23 Mr. Motilal Rai Enumerator Pnchakhal-4
24 Mr. Umesh Thapa Field Supervisor Pnchakhal-7
7.3.7 Public Consultation/ Group Discussion and Interaction
Focus group discussion (FGD) is a major tool of PRA technique and useful approach for
dissemination and collection of information regarding the various issues and matters. Focus
group discussions/ interviews were administered to identify specific issues/matters of community
which were needed to be verified. This method was used to gather specific information such as
women and gender perspectives, issues, water supply and sanitation situation, personal
hygiene, use of latrine, etc. In each cluster, focus group discussions were held with community
people; women and back ward people. It was noted that participants were interactive and raised
various issues and feedback regarding the proposed program.
7.3.8 Institutional Survey
Different institutions located in service area were visited and collected relevant information of
concerned institutions, such as education, health, office, NGO, major shops and hotels lodge.
7.4 BASELINE SURVEY FINDINGS
7.4.1 Demographic Characteristics
This chapter has described about the demographic characteristic of the project area. The
delinated area covers almost wards of 3, 4, 6 and 12 where as wards 2, 7, 8, 10, 11 are
covering partially of Panchakhal Municipality. The details of settlement given in previous chapter.
The key content under this chapter are household and population structure, ethnic characteristic,
settlement history, major assets belonging to household, income and expenditure status of
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household, existing water supply and sanitation status, land holding pattern, means of
livelihoods etc.
The service areas have urban, semi urban and rural characters in nature. The areas of ward no.
3 & 4 are core urban area of Panchakhal Bazar and remaining wards have both semi urban and
rural characters in settlement pattern. Main bazar and offices are located in ward 3 & 4 of
Panchakhal Municipality. Municipality office is located in ward 3. As per the household survey of
the town project area, total of 5,998 households are recorded in the delineated service area with
total population of 30,563 including temporary inhabitants.
The survey shows that the household and population of ward number 12 (1,406 HHs and 6,733
population) and 9 (869 HHs 4334 population ) are higher than other wards where as ward
number 8 (84 HHs and 401 population) has least number of HHs and population. Entire of the
governmental office, schools, hotels, banks and hospitals are located in ward number 3 & 4.
Ward no 3 & 4 ares core bazar area of Panchakahal bazar. Details of demographic information
are presented in Table 7.2.
Table 7.2: Distribution of Household With Permanent & Rental Population

Total
Ward Total Rental Total Population
S.N. Male Female Permanent
# Household Population Including Rental
Population
1 2 511 1,117 1,142 2,259 8 2,267
2 3 596 1,402 1,453 2,855 96 2,951
3 4 790 1,933 1,995 3,928 612 4,540
4 6 784 1,969 1,954 3,923 44 3,967
5 7 528 1,488 1,501 2,989 125 3,114
6 8 84 199 198 397 4 401
7 9 869 2,211 2,091 4,302 32 4,334
8 10 226 610 638 1,248 1 1,249
9 11 204 528 473 1,001 6 1,007
10 12 1,406 3,291 3,410 6,701 32 6,733
Grand Total 5,998 14,748 14,855 29,603 960 30,563
Source: Socio-economic Survey 2018
7.4.2 Population by Sex and Family Size
The survey revealed that total permanent households and population in the service area are
5,998 and 29,603 respectively. Out of total population 51% are female and 49% are male.
According to the survey, family size (4.97) of the service area is more than national size of 4.8
(CBS Nepal-2011). Detail information of population by sex and family size are given in Table 7.3
and Table 7.4.
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Table 7.3: Distribution of Population by Sex and Family Size

SN Ward # Total Household Male Female Total Average Family Size
12 511 1,117 1,142 2,259 4.42
23 596 1,402 1,453 2,855 4.79
34 790 1,933 1,995 3,928 5.0
46 784 1,969 1,954 3,923 5.0
57 528 1,488 1,501 2,989 5.7
68 84 199 198 397 4.7
79 869 2,211 2,091 4,302 5.0
8 10 226 610 638 1,248 5.5
9 11 204 528 473 1,001 4.9
10 12 1,406 3,291 3,410 6,701 4.8
Grand Total 5,998 14,748 14,855 29,603 4.97
Table 7.4: Male/Female Ratio by Sex

SN Sex Total Population Percent
1 Male 14,748 49.82
2 Female 14,855 50.18
Total 29,603 100
The survey revealed that most of the household head are male and very negligible household
head are women within the project area. According to the survey about 95.7% (5738) household
head are male. Similarly about 4.3% (260) female are recorded as household head. Details of
the information on household head are given in Table 7.5.
Table 7.5: Distribution of Household Head Status by Sex

SN Household Head by Sex Total %
1 Male 5,738 95.7
2 Female 260 4.3
Grand Total 5,998 100
Source: Socio-economic Survey, 2018
7.4.3 Educational Status
The survey revealed that about 5.6 % (337) of household head are illiterate within the project
area. Similarly, just literate ratio is 16.9% (1,016) and more than SLC to above MA are 77.44%
(4645) Details of education status are given in Table 7.6 and Table 7.7.
Table 7.6: Education Status of Household Head

Ward #
SN Education 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total %
1 Illiterate 11 4 112 41 14 9 35 3 96 337 5.6
2 Literate 70 83 81 183 86 12 253 30 12 206 1,016 16.9
3 Up to Grade 5 283 234 258 142 206 15 276 83 71 435 2,003 33.4
4 Grade 5-10 33 41 66 115 79 23 106 17 31 372 883 14.7
5 SLC 34 57 97 80 39 8 76 8 17 126 542 9.0
6 IA 38 87 107 122 67 7 106 33 29 107 703 11.7
7 BA 20 54 50 59 21 10 15 13 25 34 301 5.0
8 MA 14 18 16 29 11 16 6 15 28 153 2.6
9 Above MA 8 18 3 13 5 9 1 1 2 60 1.0
Grand Total 511 596 790 784 528 84 869 226 204 1406 5,998 100
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Table 7.7: Information of Institutions (Educational Institutions in Service Area)

Existing
Other Latrine/
SN Name of Address Students Teacher
Staffs
Total Pop. Water
Type
School/Campus/ Hostel (Ward/Tole) Source
M F T M F T M F T M F T Source
1 Narayan Primary School. Panchkhal-12, Shera 15 11 26 0 2 2 2 0 2 17 13 30 Aakase Water Seal-2
Pani
2 Bhuwaneshor Primary School Panchkhal-12, Aapbari 137 119 256 5 7 12 1 0 1 143 126 269 Deep BoringWater Seal-2
3 Jana Bhawana Primary School Panchkhal-12, Tin 35 37 72 4 2 6 1 0 1 40 39 79 Deep BoringWater Seal-4
Ghare
4 Bright Future English Sec. Panchkhal-12, Jaretar 43 49 92 6 2 8 2 0 2 51 51 102 Deep BoringWater Seal-3
School
5 Panchkhal-12, Baluwa 525 325 850 8 19 27 0 2 2 533 346 879 Deep BoringWater Seal-8
6 Dip Chikha S.S. Panchkhal-12, Baluwa 150 120 270 6 9 15 1 2 3 157 131 288 Private Inar Water Seal-2
+
Deep
Boring
7 Narayansthan Basic School Panchkhal-7, 57 55 112 2 6 8 1 0 1 60 61 121 Aakase Water Seal-3
Shikharpur Pani +
Deep
Boring
8 Radha Krishna P. School, 10 Naya Gaun 43 25 68 7 0 7 0 0 0 50 25 75 OK Water Seal-5
Dev Bhumi, Baluwa
9 Shree Jorpati S. School 6 Tin Piple 102 85 187 9 10 19 1 1 2 112 96 208 Own Water Seal-2
Panchkhal resource
10 Shree Jhingana Devi P. 6 Jhingana 12 9 21 1 1 2 1 0 1 14 10 24 OK Water Seal-2
School
11 Prativa Secondary 6 Dhungana 718 155 873 10 8 18 2 1 3 730 164 894 Inar Simple
School
12 Bhabisya Ubjaya S. 6 Yek Tawasti 20 15 35 4 1 5 0 0 0 24 16 40 Boring Simple
School
13 Shree Sarbamangal Pachkhal Municipality- 367 269 636 3 18 21 0 2 2 370 289 659 Inar Pakki
Secondary School 3
Aaglekot
14 Sarbamangal Bahumukhi Pachkhal Municipality- 189 66 255 2 23 25 1 1 2 192 90 282 Boring Pakki
Campus 3 & Inar
Aaglekot
15 Jinvan Darshan Bahumukhi Pachkhal Municipality- 50 15 65 0 10 10 1 0 1 51 25 76 Inar & Tap Pakki
Campus 3. Samajkalyan
17 Nawa Janajit E.B. School Pachkhal -2 70 56 126 8 4 12 1 0 1 79 60 139 Inar Water Seal
18 Dudheshwor S. School Pachkhal-4 Choukii 105 92 197 3 11 14 0 1 1 108 104 212 Deep Water Seal
Boring
19 Makram Devi S. School Pachkhal-2 155 118 273 4 12 16 0 1 1 159 131 290 Tap Water Seal
20 Sarashoti P. Ltd. Panchkhal-9 25 10 35 2 4 6 1 0 1 28 14 42 Tap Water Seal
21 Palamchoka Bhagawti H. S. Panchkhal-9 65 35 100 3 15 18 0 1 1 68 51 119 Tap Water Seal
School
22 Shree Krishna S. School Panchkhal-9 20 15 35 1 5 6 1 0 1 22 20 42 Tap Water Seal
23 Nameste English Bording Panchkhal-9 300 103 403 5 12 17 1 0 1 306 115 421 Tap Water Seal
School
24 Janajagaran S. School Panchkhal-9 29 22 51 2 5 7 1 0 1 32 27 59 Tap Water Seal
25 Golden Phuchar HH School Panchkhal-4, 570 380 950 30 42 72 4 5 9 604 427 1031 Tap 16 Water Seal
Nayabasti
26 Shree Samaj Kalyan S. School Panchkhal-4, Samaj 28 33 61 4 1 5 2 0 2 34 34 68 Boring 2 Water Seal
Kalyan Tap
27 Indreni ………. Panchkhal-4, Tipro Kilo 149 172 321 14 13 27 2 2 4 165 187 352 Tap 12 Water Seal
28 Saraswati Education House Panchkhal-4, 377 340 717 22 25 47 3 2 5 402 367 769 Tap 12 Water Seal
Tamaghat
29 Panchkhal Valley S. School Panchkhal-4, 300 300 600 14 14 28 1 1 2 315 315 630 Tap 12 Water Seal
Tamaghat
30 Dugdeshowr S. School 105 92 197 3 11 14 0 1 1 108 104 212 Inar 1 Water Seal
31 Golma Deve P. School Panchkhal-4 36 16 52 4 0 4 1 0 1 41 16 57 Boring Water Seal
4797 3139 7936 186 292 478 32 23 55 50153454 8469
Source: Institutional Survey 2018
7.4.4 Level of Income
The survey revealed that main sources of household income of the service area are agriculture,
service, remittance and wage labour, respectively. Among the total household, 24.6 percent
have monthly income of more than NRs. 20,001 - 50,000 and about 38.8% of household have
Page 66
monthly income of NRs. 10,876 - 20,000. Likewise, 3% of hous eholds are earning ore than
NRs. 50,000. The study shows that only 11% (659) of households falls under poor category as
thery are only earning less than NRs. 7,500 per month. The monthly income of HHs in the
service area is given in Table 7.8.
Table 7.8: Income Level of Households by Ward

Ward #
SN Income Level Range Total %
2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 <NRs. 7500 25 39 32 127 41 13 191 26 17 148 659 11.0
2 NRs. 7,501 - 10,875 40 53 146 240 86 33 189 78 50 437 1352 22.5
3 NRs. 10,876 - 20,000 237 258 217 263 224 27 340 60 67 633 2,326 38.8
4 NRs. 20,000 - 50,000 193 227 346 132 151 9 134 52 70 163 1,477 24.6
5 >NRs. 50,000 16 19 49 22 26 2 15 10 0 25 184 3.1
Grand Total 511 596 790 784 528 84 869 226 204 1,406 5,998 100
7.4.5 Existing Water Supply System
During the social survey, details information of existing water supply and sanitation facilities of
the project area has been collected. Similarly, survey team has collected information about water
consumption level, existing source of water, water consumption scenario during dry and wet
season, required trip and time for fetching water during dry and rainy season, gender
involvement in collection of water etc.
The survey revealed that largest numbers of household about 28.86% (1731) and 28.58%
(1714) are fetching water from public tap and private tap by various water supply system
respectively where as about 42.56% (2,553) householda are depends on
well/spring/stream/Dhungedhara etc. All households reported that they use same source of
water for all purposes as drinking, cooking, bathing, washing clothes, watering in kitchen garden
etc are presented in Table 7.9.
Table 7.9: Existing Water Sources in Panchkhal

Existing Drinking Ward #
SN Total %
water source 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Public Tap 165 107 120 181 130 11 44 172 64 737 1,731 28.86
2 Private Tap (Community 69 229 614 30 62 6 45 6 94 559 1,714 28.58
Supply)
3 Tube well/Well/ 277 260 56 573 336 67 780 48 46 110 2,553 42.56
Spring/Stream etc
Total 511 596 790 784 528 84 869 226 204 1,406 5,998 100.00
Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2018
7.4.6 Willingness Assessment
The survey revealed that community has shown positive response toward the willingness to pay
monthly water tariff. As per the findings, more than 36% household prefer to pay monthly water
tariff from NRs. 151 to 200 whereas about 20.3% of households prefer to pay tariff from NRs.
301 - 350. Similarly, about 17% of household are willing to pay between NRs. 201 - 250 per
month. Likewise, about 11% of household are willing to pay more than NRs. 500. Details
information about willingness to pay monthly water Tariff is presented in Table 7.10.
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Table 7.10: Willingness to Pay for Monthly Water Tariff by Ward

Ward
SN Tariff Range Total %
2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 >NRs. 500 1 0 10 0 2 0 12 1 0 7 33 11.0
2 NRs. 451 - 500 1 1 10 0 4 0 1 0 0 1 18 6.0
3 NRs. 401 - 450 0 2 2 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 9 3.0
4 NRs. 351 - 400 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 6 2.0
5 NRs. 301 - 350 0 6 1 1 0 49 0 0 4 61 20.3
6 NRs. 251 - 300 0 0 2 1 3 0 6 0 0 2 14 4.7
7 NRs. 201 - 250 0 0 2 0 3 2 3 2 1 38 51 17.0
8 NRs. 151 - 200 14 34 5 1 2 2 5 2 18 25 108 36.0
Grand Total 16 43 33 3 21 4 76 5 21 78 300 100.0
Source: Sampled Household Survey 2018
As per the survey, more than 99% (5935) of household have shown willingness to pay 5% up-
front cash contribution for proposed town water supply and Sanitation project whereas only 1%
(63) of households showed their unwillingness for contribution of upfront cash. It shows that
most of the HHs are ready to contribute required upfront cash so far. Similarly, most of the poor
has shown interest toward the program and willing to cash contribution even there is provision of
free tap connection to poor household.
Detail of data information on willingness for upfront cash contribution by community of project
area is presented in Table 7.11 and diagram below.
Table 7.11: Willingness for Up front Cash Collection

5% Up Front Ward #
SN Total %
Cash Contribution 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Yes 508 593 782 781 519 84 848 224 204 1,392 5,935 98.95
2 No 3 3 8 3 9 0 21 20 14 63 1.05
Grand Total 511 596 790 784 528 84 869 226 204 1,406 5,998 100
7.4.7 Average Water Consumption and Time Taken
The survey team has collected information related to water consumption level during dry and wet
season in the service area. Due to use of water from private/public tap and well, spring,
dhungedhara, consumption pattern and quantity do not vary between two seasons.
The survey revealed that water consumption level of each household is found to be 260.6 liters
per day and spent total time of about 49.6 minutes (per trip about 6.4 minutes) to fetching water.
Similarly, total trips for collections of water are about 7.7 trips daily. The per capita per day
consumption is about 52.43 liters per day.
Details of water consumption scenario both in Rainy and Dry season as well as time for water
fetching are given in Table 7.12.
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Table 7.12: Existing Water Consumption Scenario by Wet and Dry Season
Water Source
Ward # Data Total
Well/Stream/Spring etc Public Tap Private Tap
Households Households 442 69
Population Populations 1947 312
Liter/ Day Liter/ Day 239.0 239.4
2
Number of Trips Number of Trips 5.2 5.9
Average Minute / Trip Average Minute / Trip 2.8 6.4
Average Total Time Average Total Time 36.2 38.0
Households Households 17 350.0 229.0
Population Populations 69 1707.0 1079.0
Liter/ Day Liter/ Day 160 258.6 255.2
3
Number of Trips Number of Trips 5 5.7 5.1
Average Minute / Trip Average Minute / Trip 0 8.6 1.8
Average Total Time Average Total Time 15.88235 58.3 34.5
Households Households 176.0 614.0
Population Population 767.0 3161.0
4
Households Households 5 749.0 30.0
Population Populations 21 3731.0 171.0
Liter/ Day Liter/ Day 201 198.5 275.0
6
Number of Trips Number of Trips 15.4 9.4 9.7
Average Minute / Trip Average Minute / Trip 99 14.0 6.8
7
8
Households Households 552.0 272.0 45.0
Population Populations 2799.0 1316.0 187.0
Liter/ Day Liter/ Day 227.1 242.2 246.4
9
Average Minute / Trip Average Minute / Trip 0.7 5.9 0.1
10
Average total Time Average Total Time 51.6 23.3
Population Population 156.0 348.0 497.0
11
Average Minute / Trip Average Minute / Trip 4.2 6.4 8.7
12
Pop Population 5.0 3933.0 2763.0
Page 69
Water Source
Ward # Data Total
Well/Stream/Spring etc Public Tap Private Tap
Average Minute / Trip Average Minute / Trip
Average Total Time Average Total Time
Households 606.0 3678.0 1714.0 5998.0
Population 3050.0 17974.0 8579.0 29603.0
Liter/ Day 235.8 239.3 312.1 260.6
Number of Trips 5.2 8.3 7.3 7.7
Average Minute / Trip 1.7 9.3 2.2 6.4
Average Total Time 10.7 62.9 38.4 49.6
Source: Socio-Economic Survey 2018
7.4.8 Latrine Facilities
The survey has observed that almost of the household have household latrine facilities within the
project area. About 93.81 (5,627) percent of household have latrine facilities and only 6.19
percent (371) does not have latrines in their house. Details are presented below in Table 7.13.
Table 7.13: Household Latrine Status by Ward

Having Ward # %
S.N.
Toilet 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total
1 No 34 35 35 43 60 5 91 6 3 59 371 6.19
2 Yes 477 561 755 741 468 79 778 220 201 1,347 5,627 93.81
Grand Total 511 596 790 784 528 84 869 226 204 1,406 5,998 100.00
The survey shows that about 53.7% (3222) household have water sealed latrine where as 34.4%
(2065) household have pit altirne. About 5% (287) have ventilated pit latrien where as 1% (53) of
household are using cistern flush type of pit latrine. Table 7.14 shows the data information about
latrine facility in the project area.
Table 7.14: Number and Type of Household Latrine

Ward #
Type of Toilet Total %
2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
No Toilet 34 35 35 43 60 5 91 6 3 59 371 6.2
Pit Lateine 1 493 120 7 6 2 114 4 1 1317 2065 34.4
Ventilated Pit Latrine 5 14 1 38 2 10 158 38 2 19 287 4.8
Water Sealed 470 54 630 689 428 67 499 176 198 11 3222 53.7
Cistern Flush 1 0 4 7 32 0 7 2 0 0 53 0.9
Grand Total 511 596 790 784 528 84 869 226 204 1406 5998 100.0
The Panchkhal Municipality has not been declared ODF. The study revealed that almost
household have latrine except 2% of the community. However, some of the pit latrine need to
be replaced or improved.
7.4.9 Expenditure for Treatment
The survey has revealed the information about treatment measure for diarrhea and waterborne
ralated diseases in the service area. All the respondent has reported in multiple answer
regarding the treatment measure. According to the survey about 27% of household used to go to
medical store were as 24% of household used to go to hospital/ health post. Likewise, about
Page 70
15.52% of household used to goto health post/institution for treatment. Detail informations are
presented in Table 7.15.
Table 7.15: Treatment Measure for Diarrhea and Waterborne Related Diseases
S.N. Treatment Measure Total %
1 Feed Jeeban Jal 144 18.32
2 Follow Other Home-treatment Measures 103 13.10
3 Go to Dhami/Jhankri/Priest 122 15.52
4 Go to Medical Store 213 27.09
5 Go to the Health Post/institution for Treatment 188 23.91
770 100
Source: Sampled Survey, 2018
8.4.10 Treatment Expenses for Diarrhea and Water related Disease
According to survey, expenditure amount of treatment for waterborne related diseases was
assessed. About 44% are spending up to NRs. 2,000 per year whereas 18.53% are spending
NRs. 2,001 to 5,000. Likewise, 29.30% spent about NRs. 5,001-20,000 per year. Simialrly, about
8% are spending more than NRs 20,001- 50,000. Deatails are given in Table 7.16.
Table 7.16: Expenses on Diarrhea and Water Borne Diseases

S.N. Expenses Status Total %
1 Up to NRs. 2,000 233 44.05
2 NRs. 2,000-5,000 98 18.53
3 NRs. 5,001-20,000 155 29.30
4 NRs. 20,001-50,000 43 8.13
Grand Total 529 100
Source: Sampled Survey, 2018
7.4.11 Practice on Appropriate Site for Solid Waste Disposal
The survey revealed that 83% of households are disposing domestic solid waste in the pit near
to the house whereas 5.3% of household disposing their wastes by private collector. It was
observed that the respondent have sufficient knowledge about the improperly managed solid
waste that may affect the public health and surrounding environment. Details information are
given in Table 7.17.
Table 7.17: Practice on Appropriate Site for Solid Waste Disposal

ward
SN Waste Management Practice Total %
2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Pit Near to House 15 36 10 1 14 4 68 5 18 78 249 83.0
2 Private Collector 1 1 7 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 16 5.3
3 Pit/Container managed
by VDC/Municipality 0 4 14 1 5 0 1 0 1 0 26 8.7
4 Others 0 2 2 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 9 3.0
Grand Total 16 43 33 3 21 4 76 5 21 78 300 100.0
Source : Sampled Household Survey 2018
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7.5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.5.1 Conclusion
Based on the finding of the study, major covered areas such as : household and population,
income level, expenditure level, situation, existing water supply situation, latrine status and
health and hygiene situation, willingness to upfront cash contribution and monthly tariff payment,
investment capacity, affordability etc. have been assessed. The major conclusion of the study
are summarized in the executive summary of this volume.
Largest numbers of household about 28.86% (1731) and 28.58%(1714) are fetching water from
public tap and private tap by various water supply system respectively. where as about
42.56%(2,553) households are depends on well/spring/stream/Dhungedhara etc. The survey
revealed that water consumption level of each household is found to be 260.6 liters per day and
spent total time of about 49.6 minutes (per trip about 6.4 minutes) to fetching water. Similarly,
total trips for collections of water are about 7.7 trips daily. The per capita per day consumption is
about 52.43 liters per day.
According to the study, 99 % of households are interested to having private tap connection in
service area. Hence, it can be concluded that entire households have positive response toward
the project and ready to have tap connection.
As per the survey, more than 99 % (5935) of household have shown willingness to pay 5% up-
front cash contribution for proposed town water supply and Sanitation project whereas only 1%
(63) of households showed their unwillingness for contribution of upfront cash. It shows that
most of the HHs are ready to contribute required upfront cash so far.
About 93.81 (5627) percent of household have latrine facilities and only 6.19 percent (371) does
not have latrines in their house. The survey shows that about 53.7% (3222) household have
water sealed latrine where as 34.4% (2065) household have pit altirne. About 5% (287) have
ventilated pit latrien where as 1% (53) of household are using cistern flush type of pit latrine.
The survey has collected information related to waterborne disease and health status in the
service area. Water is one of the key factors of in numerable communicable diseases which is
also reported in the project area.
According to the obtained information, about 3.60% (622) were suffered from diarrhea where as
2.31% (684) were suffered from dysentry. Simialrly, about 2.1%(77) were suffered from other
diseasess such as skin, stomach pain, fever etc. In total, about 8 %(2372) of populations are
suffered from water related diseases.
Almost of the respondent has shown willingness toward improvement of septage within the
community. The survey shows that about 85.7% household have shown willingness for
improvement of septage management where as only 14.3% have shown unwillingness toward it.
Page 72
7.5.2 Recommendation
Based on the data analyses of socio economic survey and general observation of the service
area, the following recommendation are furnished.
 The community has shown willingness and enthusiasm toward the proposed project and ready to
contribute required 5% of upfront cash and ready to pay regular monthly tariff.
 The WUSC bodies of Panchakhal & Mayor/Deputy Mayor of Panchakhal Municipality and
concerned stakeholders are found active as well as positive and have shown enthusiasm toward
the program.
 The existing system is providing services in the partial service area of proposed Panchakhal town
project and serve in irregular as well as intermittent basis.
 The communities are ready to fulfill required requirements according to the project modality.
 Hence, it is recommended that the proposed project is socially and economically feasible.
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CHAPTER VIII: ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS
8.1 GENERAL
The proposed project, which is studied under the ADB funded Urban Water Supply and
Sanitation Sector Project are being assessed at detailed engineering design final stage. As per
the project document, the project is to be selected, designed and implemented on the active
participation and joint investment of the beneficiaries through WUSC and GoN. Hence, the
beneficiaries should have well informed about the project. At detail design stage, the schemes
has been studied and assessed in terms of detailed design, technical, social, economical and
financial requirements and an environmental ground. The objective of such study and
assessment is to inform the beneficiaries of the various aspects of the different water supply
system. So that WUSC has made right decision selecting the best scheme among the identified
alternatives during feasibility phase.
The Environmental Protection Act (1996) and The Environmental Protection Rules (1997 as
amended, 1998), recommend and mandate EIA, IEE studies depending upon the nature of the
water supply schemes (EPR, 1997, Rule 3 and Annex 1 and 2). The revised environmental rules
published on 20sept, 2007 is also used to determine the criteria for the IEE or EIA of the project.
The proposed Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project supplies water to 45,768
populations. This figure is more than 5,000 but less than 50,000 populations by augmentation of
water from seepage water of new Sunkoshi River source four stage major pumping from source/
sumwell/ intake to water Treatment Plant located at 200m down stream Bhumisthan and
pumping water to RVT-10, RVT-12 and supply water to 9 RVTs by gravity RVT-12 supplies to
RVT-11 also. Then gravity system to distribution system from each RVT. There is some sort of
existing water supply facilities in the town which cannot cope the current as well as design year
water demand. Hence, new source is required to the town. It requires an IEE studies to be
carried out as per the GoN / EPR provisions (revised on 20 Sept. 2007).
As per the provision of the EPR, IEE is required for the scheme implementation, as the project is
source augmentation in existing service area. The existing service area has several small
systems. The IEE should be carried out for Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project.
This report is prepared basically on the ground of environmental aspects of water supply
schemes of the Panchkhal Project.
8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES ADDRESSED
The nature of water supply schemes is critical due to the set of geographical conditions of
Nepal's Mid Hills, physique - chemical, biological and social issues.
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8.2.1 Physico-Chemical Issues
Among the physico-chemical issues, the water source characteristics, particularly sufficiency of
the water source for diversion is of utmost significance to meet the current and future demand of
the people without disturbing the ecological environment of the down stream.
Water quality issue is an important in the context that the water is meant for the domestic
drinking water supply. It is important because it is related with the sanitation and health of the
beneficiaries. In the Nepal's context, geology related to water chemistry and source
characteristics such as spring, stream / river and surface water are key features of the water
quality. The surface water quality is dependent upon settlements surrounding the proposed
intake site and its activities at the catchments of the surface water body. The other feature of
significance related with the water quality is land erosion and sedimentation processes of the
surface water catchments. During monsoon the surface water, remains invariably turbid
throughout the monsoon degrading the water quality of the supply systems. This needs
treatment of water before supplying into the community.
In stability grounds the intake structures, trunk transmission line and reservoir are important
because these features influence the sustainable operation of the schemes in long term. Risk of
instabilities of these structures is not only an issue of repeated requirement of operation and
maintenance but also frequent interruption in the supply of water with unprecedented impacts on
sanitation and health of the beneficiaries.
8.2.2 Biological Issues
Maintenance of biological diversity has a long run benefit to the human kinds. Water supply
schemes during construction and operation have potential to influence adversely the prevailing
biological species and ecological systems.
Diversion of water from a source will not influence adversely the existing fish population and
their migration by de-watering the downstream stretches. The intake will be constructed at bank
of the river and will not create barrier at the watercourse for the movement of water animals.
Similar adverse impacts will not be experienced for the water dependent phytoplankton and
zooplankton. It can be concluded that the source has plenty of water and will not have any
impact to water living animals.
Some effects may experience while clearing sites for pipe laying in transmission line, branch
transmission line and construction of service reservoir sites. This may experience minimum
influence in ecology diversity of species. Such impacts however are for short periods and only
during the construction of trunk transmission line and could be rejuvenated within the short span
of time in future.
8.2.3 Social and Socio-economic Issues
Major social and socio-economic impact of the water supply schemes is the improvement of the
quality of life of the people, through improvement in sanitary living conditions and health. This is
a positive contribution.
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8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING
Check on the formal requirements stipulated in the EPR 2054 (revised on 2064) results the
following:
a. The Supply drinking water from new source for design An IEE is required.
population 45,768 (i.e. between 5,000 to 50,000), criteria
satisfy but the system is not new one.
b. Augmentation of new water source in existing system An IEE is required.
population 45,768 (i.e. between 10,000 to 100,000)
c. Treatment/ processing system and its capacity is 84 lps Considering the use of existing
augmentation discharge. There will be 11 water supply source and its componenet and
subsystems from each reservoir depending upon the source augmentation. An IEE is
service area location. In recommended option, two pipes required.
will be laid from sumpwell to WTP site down stream of
Bhimsensthan.
Several existing systems do not need any treatmenet
process based on the water quality report, nature of source
and community consultation for the identification of past
history. Respective community will use existing water
source as an backup. This will be additional advantage to
the community.
d. Project Cost. The project is source
The scheme cost is estimated as NRs. 1,966,259,486.67 augmentation in the existing
service area. An IEE is required.
e. The project location in relation to environmental sensitive No environmental assessment
area. The scheme will not be located in any defined (IEE or EIA) is required
protected area or environmental sensitive area.
f. Displacement of people. The scheme is unlikely to displace No environmental assessment
the people. (IEE or EIA) is required
g. Construction of water conveyance tunnel Not applicable- no environmental
assessment (IEE or EIA) is
required
h. Recharging groundwater aquifer for the purpose of Not applicable- no environmental
developing groundwater resources assessment (IEE or EIA) is
required
8.3.1 Conclusion
Panchkhal Water Supply and Sanitation Project satisfies all above criteria considering use of
existing water supply system with significant water to be augmented from new proposed source.
The service area of several system is combined for new system. The IEE would be enough for
implementation of the water supply project to the Sunkoshi Panchkhal community. Based upon
this consideration, an IEE is required for the project. Accordingly, the ToR has been submitted
and IEE report is in progress.
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CHAPTER IX: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
9.1 RECOMMENDATION
The following are recommended for the successful implementation, operation and maintenance
of the system.
Use of existing system: The existing system is not used in the new water supply system. But
the community people can use the water for backup as well as for other use.
Use of Existing New Structures: The government / other agencies may have constructed
several structures such as RVT/ guardhouse etc at some location. If this structures can be used
in the new system, they can be incorporated with extension of some pipes.
Motorable Road For Material Transportation: The Panchkhal Municipality will construct
access road to transport of materials. The road will be used for operation and maintenance of
the system. This has been discussed with Muncipality and WUSC.
Permission for Road Cutting: The Arniko highway cross from the middle of the sevice area.
Other blacktop roads are in service area. These roads are in either Deaprtamant of Road or in
Muncipality jurisdiction. Hence, it is suggested to take road cutting permission to lay the pipe at
black top road area will be taken by client / Panchkhal Municipality.
Intake/ Sumpwell and Treatment Plant: This is loacated 2.5km downstream of Dolalghat
Bazaar. The infiltration gallery has been designed. If the water obtained from the sumpwell is not
enough, the water from Sunkoshi river has to be drawn directly. In such case silt may deposit at
the bottom of the sump and collector needs to be washed out. The treatment plant was
designed considering seepage/ infiltration has enough water quantity available from Sunkoshi
river. If the the quanitity of water form the infiltration is not enough and direct water from the river
should extract or the quality of water obtained from the sumpwell is not good enough, then
treatment plant may need to modified accordingly. In such situation, the work would be under
contract variation.
Role of Municipality: The new system has major 4 stage pumping and minor one stage
pumping. The transmission main is the lifeline for the project. The regular monitoring is required
for the smooth operation of the system. The use of electricity is very high and ultimately cost will
be more. Huge amount will be involved to operate the system due to 4 stage pumping,multi
reservoirs to be operated and meter reading etc. The system is vary large and scattered
settlement. Municipality has to play active role to monitor the WUSC and their activity.
Municipality may need to create separate wing for the support of water supply and sanitation
system in coordination with WUSC.
Implementation Time Frame: The 30 month period is envisaged for the project implementation.
Hence, Intake/ Sumpwell to water treatment plant (main transmission) and water treatment plant
to each service reservoir inlet (branch transmission) etc have to be started six month before the
construction of Service reservoirs, distribution main, household connection etc. The guard
Page 77
house, office building, electrical and electromechanical works and other associated constructin
activites have to be carried out parrel with above works.
9.2 CONCLUSION
The design and supervision consultant came into conclusion that Panchkhal Water Supply and
Sanitation Project, Kavre is socially, technically, financially and environmentally feasible. WUSC
can operate the system successfully after completion of scheme implementation in coordination
with Panchkhal Municipality. The community is supportive to for upfront cash colletion,
implementation and operation and regular maintenence of the scheme. Hence, it is
recommended for the implementation.
Page 78
Annex-1: Photographs
Annex-2: Comments/ Suggestions and Its

Clarifications
Annex:2: List of quarries and suggestions on DED draft report of Panchkhal Water Supply and
Sanitation Sub-Project, Panchkhal, Kavrepalanchowk.
Comments/ Suggestions Clarifications

Volume I: Main Report of Water Supply Component:
As there are several existing water supply and Yes, there are several existing systems. The system
sanitation components which are in existence. supply water through tube well. Every year water
Justify the need of new system with adequate level at tube well is decreased as well as discharge
reasons and the fate of existing systems. from the tube well is decreasing. Also the very small
structures are constructed at different elevation. But
the settlement is developed above and beside the
existing system. This was not envisaged before.
Beside existing system people are relying on kuwa,
khola water etc. Every day they are getting water
one or two hour in limited quantity . The source
cannot be augmented from near by area. Hence,
WUSC and Municipality suggested to use Sunkoshi
and discarded the existing one for long term point of
view.
Volume II: Annexes (Designs)
Recheck the water demand calculation for the Water demand has been determined for ultimate
estimated private house connections and yard design of pipes required during design year.
connections. However, this has been splited to fully plumb to yard
connection for financial analysis only.
Review the velocity adopted for the design of This has been revised . Two parallel pipes are
riser pipes at all stages. designed in transmission main. The riser pipe has
been connected with two pumps. PE-100 pipe
(PN16-250mm dia) is designed upto 100m static
head from inlet ( stage 2 RVT inlet point) point and
DI 200mm dia pipe designed in more than 100m
nd
static head ( ie from 2 stage RVT inlet point). The
velocity in PE pipe is 1.47m/sec and DI pipe is
1.34m/sec while both pumps are run.
If only one pump run, the velocity will be half.
Review the pump capacity and staging The pump capacity and pumping stage have been
requirements of pumping based on previous revised.
discussions and as per site conditions.
Attach the water quality reports for rainy season The water quality report has been included and
i.e. June – August to justify the treatment bypass arrangement has been made.
requirements. Also suggest the bypass
arrangements of clear water during dry / winter
months in order to minimize the operational cost
of treatment of such water.
Justify the operation of treatment units limited to The pumping hour will be increased 13.75hr (base
pumping hours. year) to 20 hr ( design year).
If the filter use continuously, it will work better than
use of filter intermittent. Hence, there are two pipes,
two pumps can be operated at a time in rotation to
use filter continue. Based upon the demand two or
four pumps can be operated .
Re-access and justify the transportation cost for The transportation cost for the materials available in
construction materials taken based on the the district rate have been removed
approved district rates of the current fiscal year
– It has been spelled in the approved district rate
that the rates are applicable for Kavre head
quarter and surrounding municipalities.
Volume III: Annexes (Cost Estimation)

Justify the unit rates for the items such as DI Quotation has been used for the rate of PE-100
pipes & fittings, PE 100 pipes & fittings etc with pipes.
market quotations which are not included in the The rate of DI pipes , fittings and specials
approved district rates. established as appropriately based upon the
previous report, rate established by PID (DSC-05)
and recently available quotation.
Volume IV: Drawings
Include the suggested works in the Scope of the This has been kept in drawing volume
construction works.

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DEDR: Panchkhal Water Supply & Sanitation Project

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1

4.1.8 Non-Domestic Demand (Institutional, Commercial and other Demand) ............................... 29

6.9.1 Tariff Structure ....................................................................................................................... 57

List of Acronyms & Abbreviations

EMP Environmental Management Plan

Stage 3: 4 nos. 85 HP, Transformer 500 kVA, Generator 2 nos.

Stage 4: 4 nos. 85 HP, Transformer 500 kVA, Generator 2 nos.

Ground Reservoir (No and Service reservoir

The service area of the proposed project covers Panchkhal Municipality:

Existing Water Supply Situation

Proposed Water Supply System

Design Concept and Project Components

Likewise, total cost of sanitotion component work to be NRs. 8,528,288.39 including

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

1.2 PANCHKHAL WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION PROJECT

Figure 1.1: Location Map of Project Town

1.5 SERVICE AREA, POPULATION AND GROWTH RATE

 Ward no. 2: Tinkune, Bagaladihi, Dwaredihi, Majhdihi, Takedihi, Ratopahiro

 Ward no. 9: It includes all area.

Figure 1.2: Location Map of Service Area

Population and Growth Rate

Table 1.1: Population and Growth Rate

Table 1.2 Details of Newely Formed Panchkhal Municipality

1.6 SETTLEMENT PATTERN

1.7 MAJOR COMPONENTS

1.8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT

1.8.1 Water Supply and Sanitation Division Office

1.8.2 Water User's and Sanitation Committee

Table 1.3: Name List and Position of WUSC in Sunkoshi Panchkhal

1.9 ENGINEERING DESIGN

1.9.1 Organisation of the Study Team

1.10 METHODOLOGY FOR DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN

verification/ confirmation of Engineering survey; address Land Acquisition and Resettlement if

1.11 STRUCTURE OF THE REPORT

Volume Four: This volume contains Construction Drawings.

The main report is divided into the following chapters:

CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF FEASIBILITY STUDY

2.2 EXISTING SITUATION

2.2.1 Water Supply System

Amarkot Water Supply System

Panchkhal Jal Water Supply System

Bhagawati Temple Water Supply System

Dhungana Besi Water Supply System

Nayagau Water Supply System

Bakhrel Di Water Supply System

Satya Sai Water Supply System

2.2.2 Consumption Level

2.2.3 Water Tariff

The sanitary condition of the Panchkhal Municipality/community is satisfactory. There is no

2.3 IDENTIFICATION OF PROPOSED SERVICE AREA AND SOURCES

 Ward no. 2: Tinkune, Bagaladihi, Dwaredihi, Majhdihi, Takedihi, Ratopahiro

 Ward no. 7: Sigrampati, Shikharpur, Jorpipal

2.4 WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE FOR WATER SUPPLY SERVICE

2.5 WILLINGNESS TO CONTRIBUTE IN SANITATION WORKS

2.6 EXISTING SUPPLY DEFICIT AND DEMAND

CHAPTER III: FIELD INVESTIGATION

3.1.1 Existing Water Source

3.1.2 New Water Source

3.1.3 Sources Yield

3.1.4 Potential Source

3.2 TECHNICAL VIABILITY OF THE SOURCES

3.3 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION OF THE SOURCE