Introduction

Malaysia's natural rubber business originated in Kuala Kangsar, Perak, in 1877. Hevea brasiliensis
seedlings are being raised. Melaka created the first rubber estate in 1902/1903. After thereafter, the
rubber-growing area continued to expand until it peaked at 2.06 million hectares in 1979. The
country's greatest output total was 1.66 million metric tonnes in 1988.
In a nutshell, the rubber tree originates in Brazil. In 1473, a Spanish navigator named Christopher
Columbus discovered rubber in Brazil and brought it back to Europe to analyze its potential.
The first rubber boots were produced in 1768. The rubber substance was then given the name rubber
by Joseph Priestley, a scientist, in 1770 because it could be used to erase pencil writing. Soloman
McIntosh created a rubber-based waterproof cloth in 1823. On the other hand, Charles Goodyear
pioneered the vulcanization method, and Thomas Hancock succeeded in creating natural rubber tyres
in 1846. John Dunlop succeeded in inventing more comfortable pneumatic tyres than solid tyres in
1888.
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokok_getah
Sektor pertanian khususnya getah asli merupakan satu komoditi yang turut menyumbang kepada
ekonomi negara. Pada 2021,sector getah menyumbang 0.2 peratus kepada Keluaran Dalam Negara
Kasar (KDNK)negara, sedikit menurun berbanding pada 2015 (0.3peratus).
Natural rubber, in particular, is an agricultural product that contributes to the national economy.
Rubber provide the 0.2 percent of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2021, down
drastically from 2015. (0.3 per cent).
Penggunaan
Malaysia menduduki tangga kelapan sebagai pengguna getah asli dunia pada 2020. Namun,
penggunaan getah asli Malaysia pada 2021 berjumlah 502.0ribu tan metric menurun 3.2 peratus
berbanding tahun sebelumnya (2020:518.7ribu tan metrik). Negeri Selangor merupakan negeri utama
pengguna getah asli Negara dengan sumbangan 58.1 peratus kepada jumlah penggunaan 2021.
In 2020, Malaysia will be the eighth largest consumer of natural rubber in the world. Malaysia's
natural rubber consumption in 2021, on the other hand, was 502.0 thousand tonnes, down 3.2 percent
from the previous year (2020: 518.7 thousand tonnes). The state of Selangor is the country's largest
natural rubber user, accounting for 58.1 percent of total consumption in 2021.
Penghasilan
Malaysia merupakan Negara ketujuh sebagai pengeluar getah asli dunia pada 2020. Pada 2021,
Malaysia mencatatkan pengeluaran 469.7ribu tan metrik menurun 8.7 peratus berbanding tahun
sebelumnya (2020:514.7 ribu tan metrik). Pengeluaran getah tahun (2015-2021) juga merekodkan
penyusutan kadar pertumbuhan purata tahunan 6.9peratus (2015-2021) dalam pengeluaran getah asli.
In 2020, Malaysia will be the world's seventh largest producer of natural rubber. Malaysia produced
469.7 thousand tonnes in 2021, a reduction of 8.7% from the previous year (2020: 514.7 thousand
tonnes). Natural rubber output also saw a fall in the year (2015-2021), including an average annual
growth rate of 6.9%.

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Soil properties
Soil fertility is determined by the kind of availability of nutrients, the texture of the soil, and the
amount of nutrients absorbed by plant roots. Soil fertility varies depending on the soil's initial source
of parent material.
Fertile soil arises from soil characteristics conservation methods on land utilised for agriculture or
other human activities. Basically, a soil's capacity to provide nutrients to plants.
Fertile soil includes qualities such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, that are essential nutrients
for plant nourishment. Boron, chlorine, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, molybdenum,
sulphur, and zinc are among the minerals (trace elements) that it includes for plant nourishment. It
also includes soil organic matter, which helps to improve soil structure and moisture retention. We
also know that most plants thrive in a pH range of 6.0 to 6.8, even if some are more sensitive to acid
or alkaline circumstances. As a result, proper soil structure and irrigation are important, but while
some moist soil (such as rice production) or dry soil (such as plants that are highly affected by fungus
or rot), such as aromatic trees, are also meaningful (Agave spp.).
https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesuburan_tanah
In the past, soil series have mostly been developed based on parent material and geomorphology
(Paramananthan and Zauyah, 1986). Previous scholars developed and described in detail soil
suitability classes for rubber based on the soil series by examining the limiting criteria on land to
grow rubber (Chan and Pushparajah, 1972, Sys, 1975); Pushparajah and Amin, 1977, Ye, 1982). Ye
and Chan (1992) went over four different soil suitability categorization systems for Hevea brasiliensis
cultivation in great detail. These authors recommended the 1982 Soil Suitability Evaluation System
for Rubber Using Land Qualities (System 4) because it assesses soil suitability with the maximum
accuracy, according to them.

Light
After a significant amount of direct sunlight is obscured by clouds in the afternoons and nights,
Malaysia receives around six hours of direct sunlight every day. The average monthly quantity of
sunshine is used as the light index input in this investigation.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212096319302141
https://greeneryunlimited.co/blogs/plant-care/rubber-plant-care#:~:text=Bright%2C%20indirect
%20light%20is%20ideal,brighter%20light%20to%20filter%20through.
Climate change directly alters climate conditions and indirectly impacts land suitability for cultivating
rubber. The Malaysian tropical rainforest climate with regular rainfall of about 2000–2500 mm per
year and the average temperature of 26–28 °C provide a suitable condition for planting rubber
commercially. There is doubt about how well rubber plants will perform in the future because of
climate change. The main question of whether rubber is still appropriate for planting in Peninsular
Malaysia must be answered conclusively as rubber requires an approximately 30 year investment in
one cycle. This question is particularly relevant in Malaysia as its rubber production is dependent
on smallholders. Smallholders contribute approximately 93% of natural rubber production and
furthermore, 93% of the rubber land area in Malaysia is owned by smallholders. An agroclimatic map
produced in this study will help smallholders in deciding whether to proceed with rubber or change to
other valuable crops based on their specific location. In this study, we evaluate 21st century land
suitability for cultivating rubber and assess its growth based on climatic data for the Historical (1970–
2000), Early (2010–2040), Middle (2040–2070) and End (2070–2100) projections periods. We use
the Hevea 1.0 static model for rubber tree modelling to calculate the agroclimatic indices and estimate
30 years’ of actual rubber growth (girth) for all study periods. We find that climate change is
predicted to have a positive impact on rubber-suitability in tropical rainforest in Malaysia climates at
least until 2100. The End period, where the precipitation and temperature are projected to experience
significant increases, becomes more favourable to rubber. The Perak region shows the highest
increase in estimated rubber growth in the Early, Middle, and End periods by 16.3%, 31.9% and
39.4%, respectively. Among all regions, Kelang is predicted to be the most suitable area to plant
rubber during the Early period as it has a potential estimated girth of up to 94.5 cm. Meanwhile, Johor
is predicted to be the best place to cultivate rubber during the Middle and End periods with growth
estimations of 97 cm and 99.5 cm, respectively. We indicate that about 32% of existing planted
rubber area in Peninsular Malaysia is in Class 6 of land suitability to cultivate rubber.

Global climate change definitively affects land suitability for planting crops and the crops’ growth
performance. Climate change is currently altering environment conditions all over the world, and its
impacts are well-known and undeniable (Letcher, 2009, Zommers and Alverson, 2018). Proof of
increasing temperature phenomenon since 1850 and are predicted to be more serious in future has
been shown by countless scholars from various established governments and independent
organizations around the world by using real figures of historical data that have been formulated
into climate modelling to predict future climate change impacts (Stocker et al., 2013, Stocker, 2014,
Desler, 2016, Li and Fang, 2016, Barnett and Facey, 2016, United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change [UNFCCC], 2017, Epeland and Kettenring, 2018, Rötter et al., 2018).

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212096319302141

Climatic change has a direct influence on climate conditions and has an indirect impact on land
suitability for rubber cultivation. The Malaysian tropical rainforest environment, with an
average annual rainfall of 2000–2500 mm and an average temperature of 26–28 °C, is ideal
for commercial rubber growing. Because of climate change, there is some uncertainty
 regarding how well rubber plants will function in the future. Rubber demands a 30-year
investment in one cycle, thus the basic question of whether it is still fit for planting in
Peninsular Malaysia must be addressed definitively. This is an especially pertinent concern in
Malaysia, where smallholders are the primary source of rubber. Smallholders account for
around 93 percent of natural rubber output, as well as 93 percent of the rubber land state of
Malaysia. Based on their geographical location, an agroclimatic map created in this study will
assist smallholders in selecting whether to continue with rubber or switch to other valued
crops. We use meteorological information to estimate land suitability for rubber cultivation
in the twenty-first century, as well as its growth, for the Historical (1970–2000), Early (2010–
2040), Middle (2040–2070), and End (2070–2100) projection periods. To calculate the
agroclimatic indicators and predict 30 year's of rubber growth (girth) for all investigation
periods, we employ the Hevea 1.0 static model for rubber tree modelling. We discovered
that, at least until 2100, climate change is expected to have a beneficial influence on rubber
suitability in tropical rainforest climates in Malaya. The end period, when precipitation and
temperature are expected to increase significantly, is more favourable for rubber. Perak had
the greatest anticipated rubber growth increases of 16.3 percent, 31.9 percent, and 39.4
percent in the Early, Middle, and End periods, respectively. Kelang, out of all the locations, is
expected to be the best place to plant rubber during the Early period, with a potential girth
of up to 94.5 cm. Meanwhile, during the Middle and End periods, Johor is predicted to be
the ideal site to grow rubber, with growth estimates of 97 cm and 99.5 cm, respectively. We
estimate that around 32% of Peninsular Malaysia's existing planted rubber land is in Class 6
of land suitability for rubber cultivation.

Land suitability for growing crops and agricultural growth performance are both affected by global
climate change. Climate change is affecting environmental conditions across the world, and its
consequences are well-known and evident (Letcher, 2009, Zommers and Alverson, 2018). Countless
scholars from various established governments and independent companies around the globe have
demonstrated proof of an increasing temperature phenomenon since 1850, which is expected to
become much more serious in the future, by using real figures of historical data that have been
formulated into climate modelling to predict future climate change impacts. (Stocker et al., 2013,
Stocker, 2014, Desler, 2016, Li and Fang, 2016, Barnett and Facey, 2016, United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change [UNFCCC], 2017, Epeland and Kettenring, 2018, Rötter et al., 2018).

Soil https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.cas.cn%2Fnewsroom
%2Farchive%2Fresearch_archive
%2Frp2018%2F201808%2Ft20180823_196535.shtml&psig=AOvVaw2sE8Xh3YFJL0vkb2qkEu
uQ&ust=1650510658361000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAwQjRxqFwoTCIDEtL7VofcCF
QAAAAAdAAAAABAD

https://images.app.goo.gl/oKXpVeUf7VqPM25b9

climate https://images.app.goo.gl/X534a62TWQ2244hZ7
susu getah https://images.app.goo.gl/152zaNRRQEnbCj2V9

sunlight
https://images.ctfassets.net/i3tkg7dt3kro/47UZi9nig4mYmsdGZTxn2X/721108add652aabdd
ffac089caf3206b/Rubber-plant-quick-guide.jpg

written https://sciencing.com/why-do-plants-need-sun-4572051.html#:~:text=The%20sun%20is
%20the%20main,all%20animals%20need%20to%20survive.

Uses of rubber https://www.vedantu.com/chemistry/uses-of-rubber

pruning is an important thing in rubber cultivation.

pruning is to control the enlargement of the tree. y -
shaped branches should be pruned so that it becomes
a straight branch only.