The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Learning Objectives
1. illustrate the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
2. compute the definite integral of a function using the
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
3. illustrate the Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals
4. compute the definite integral of a function using the
Substitution Rule
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part I)
If f is continuous on [a,b], and F is defined on [a,b] by
𝑥
𝐹 𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑎
then F'(x) = f(x) for any x ∈ [a,b].
 Evaluate
𝑑 6 1
න 4 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑡 + 1

𝑑 6 1 𝑑 2𝑥 1
න 4 𝑑𝑡 = − න 4 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑡 + 1 𝑑𝑥 6 𝑡 + 1
Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑 𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
=− න 4 𝑑𝑡 ∙
𝑑𝑢 6 𝑡 + 1 𝑑𝑥
𝟐
=−
𝟏𝟔𝒙𝟒 + 𝟏
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (Part II)
If f is continuous on [a,b],
and F is any antiderivative of f on [a,b], then,
𝑏
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑏 − 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑎

Evaluate
1
න 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0

𝑥3
𝐹 𝑥 =
1 3
2
𝟏
න 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 1 − 𝐹 0 =
0 𝟑
 Evaluate
𝜋
4
න tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 𝜋
4 4
න tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න (sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
0 0 𝜋ൗ
4
= tan 𝑥 − 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 0
= tan − − (tan 0 − 0)
4 4 𝝅
=𝟏−
𝟒
 Substitution Rule for Definite Integrals
If g is differentiable on an open interval containing [a,b] and F is
any antiderivative of f on the range of g, then
𝑏 𝑔(𝑏)
න 𝑓 𝑔(𝑥) ∙ 𝑔′(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑔(𝑏) − 𝐹 𝑔 𝑎 =න 𝑓(𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑎 𝑔(𝑎)

Evaluate
2
2 −4
න 𝑥 ∙ 𝑒𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Let 𝑢 = 𝑥2
− 4, then 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥𝑑𝑥
1 0 𝑢 1 𝑢
= න 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 0
2 −3 2
1 0 1 −3 𝒆𝟑 − 𝟏 -3
𝑒 − 𝑒 =
2 2 𝟐𝒆𝟑
 Evaluate
1
6 cos 𝜋𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥
0 2 + sin 𝜋𝑥

Let 𝑢 = 2 + sin 𝜋𝑥. Then 𝑑𝑢 = (cos 𝜋𝑥) ∙ 𝜋𝑑𝑥

1 5
6 cos 𝜋𝑥 1 21 1 5ൗ
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑑𝑢 = ln 𝑢 2
0 2 + sin 𝜋𝑥 𝜋 2 𝑢 𝜋 2
1 5 𝟏 𝟓
= ln − ln 2 = 𝐥𝐧
𝜋 2 𝝅 𝟒