SKAA 4223

Structural Analysis
Dr. Redzuan Abdullah
Faculty of Civil Engineering
019-7720622
Matrix Flexibility
Method

2
Matrix method
• Matrix is a mathematical tool
• In this course, matrix is used for the solution of both
force and displacement methods of analysis
• When using matrix,
• The Force method is also known as Flexibility method
• The Displacement method is also known as Stiffness
method

• The stiffness matrix solution procedure is suitable for

computer programming. This is also known as
modern method of analysis

3
Analysis by Flexibility Method
Actual beam
P
A B
1 degree redundant

=
Remove redundant A P B
force, By - Primary DB Principle of
structure +
Apply redundant A B D’ superposition
force By B
By
A
Apply 1 unit load fBB
B
1
(+ ) D B − DBB = 0
DBB = By f BB Compatibility
equation
D B − By f BB = 0 Eqn. 1 4
Analysis by Flexibility Method
• fBB is the flexibility coefficient, i.e. the
displacement at point B due to 1 unit
load at point B
• DB and fBB can be determined using
classical methods such as double
integration, moment area, virtual work
(unit load), deflection table, etc.

5
Example
• Determine the reaction at the roller
support B of the beam. EI is constant.
• By inspection, the beam is statically
indeterminate to the first degree.

6
Solution
• Identify redundant
force as By

=
• Assume By acts
upward on the beam.
• Remove redundant Primary structure

force By +
• Apply back By
• Solve the compatibility
equation by
calculating the
deflection at B

0 = −D B + By fBB
7
• The deflections are calculated using
virtual work (unit load method)
mM
L
1.D B = 0 dx
EI
6 (1)( x + 6 )( −50 )( x )
= 0
EI
9000 -ve value indicates the movement is
=− downward, i.e. opposite of unit load direction
EI

mMv
L Solve for the redundant force using
1.fBB = 0 dx compatibility equation:
EI
( x)
2
12 0 = −D B + By fBB
= 0 dx
EI 9000
D
576 By = B = EI = 15.625kN 
= fBB 576
EI EI
8
Use integration function in your
calculator for faster calculation

9
 50kN
112.5kNm

15.625kN

10
Use value from deflection table

11
12
13
Analysis by Flexibility Method
• 2 degree redundant beam
P1 P2 P1 P2
A B C D A B C D

DB DC
Actual structure Primary structure
By Cy
A B C D A B C
+ D

D'BB = ByfBB D'CB = ByfCB D'BC = CyfBC D'CC = CyfCC

Redundant force By is applied Redundant force Cy is applied

1 1
A B C D A B C D

fBB fCB fBC fCC 14

Analysis by Flexibility Method
• The compatibility equations for the beam
are:
( + ) 0 = DB + By f BB + C y f BC
Eqn. 2
0 = DC + By f CB + C y f CC

• Simplified into matrix form

0   DB   f BB f BC   By 
  =  +   
0   DC   f CB f CC  C y 
or
0 = D +  f F 
F  = −  f  D
−1

15
Example 2
• Analyze the beam to obtain the reaction
forces
50kN
30kN-m

6m 6m

16
 Consider Rc and
Mc as redundant

Compatibility Eqn:

17
Use values from deflection table

18
19
Matrix Flexibility Method
• fij in the previous example only depends
on the type of material and cross section
geometry of the structural member.
• fij does not affected by the type of
loading
• This enables the derivation of matrix
formulation for all types of structures

20
 Discretization
R2 R3
• The external forces
Node 3 (loads applied at the
R1 r1 r3
R 
Node 2 r2 1
 
nodes), {R} is arranged R 2

in the matrix form: R

R =  3


 . 
 . 
Node 4  
 . 
Node 1
• The displacements at
the nodes that  r1 
r 
correspond to the  2
external forces (i.e. at  r3 
the same location and
 r =  
. 
direction as the external . 
force) is:  
.
 
21
 Equilibrium and Force Transformation
Matrix

• The internal forces for

each member is shown
in the figure. Q ia 
 a
Q j 
Q ka  Note: a denotes
• It is arranged as, Q =   member a
 . 
 . 
 
• The displacement at  .  q 1 
 
the location and q 2 
direction of the internal q 3 
q =  
force, Q is, . 
. 
 
 . 
22
 Q = b R Rand
• TheQinternal  + b Xexternal
X force of an indeterminate
 = b R R + b X X
atau can be related as Q = b R + b X
structure
atau R X
R
• Or QQ==b Rb bRX bRX  Eqn. 3 atau
 X  X  R 
Q Q a  a
R 1  R 1
Q 
 X 
= b
R

X X
b  
 b     
1
 1 X
• Where  Q  b R 2    X 2   
 c Q 
R
 2  X  X 2  Q a 
  R 3  R
di mana Q = Q  
,Q cR =  , RX3 =  3 , X 3   b  

di mana Q. =  , 
.R =  ,. X =  , Q  R
 .  .  .  .  .   c  
. 
. . 
 
.  .  di  
mana
.   .Q 
 =
Q 
 , R = R
      .  .
R. 2  . R
2
. 
  .
R1 R1 .  
.  
.
= + X 1
 
X1
X2 23
• The term bR bX  in Eqn. 3 is the matrix
which connects the internal force {Q}
with the external force {R} and {X}

• The bR bX  is called force

transformation matrix

24
Example 3
Determine the matrix [br : bx] for the truss

i = (b+r) - 2j = 9-8 = 1
10 redundant

25
Example 3

26
Example 4

27
Example 4

28
 Example 5

20 redundant
frame
a, b, c, d = member number
The structure can be separated 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 = node number
by the principle of superposition Q = internal forces for each member

Assume x1 and x2 as
redundant forces
The redundant forces x1
and x2 are removed. The Apply back the
structure becomes redundant forces, x1
“primary structure”, and x2
determinate and stable
 The structures are then subjected
to 1 unit load at the location and
in the same direction as the
applied load

For the primary structure:

30
 The structures are then subjected to 1 unit forces at
and in the direction of the redundant force

All the internal forces due to 1 unit load that were

calculated earlier can be arranged in the matrix form
as:

31
 In order to obtain the final internal forces in
each member, the unit load matrix should
be multiplied with the load and redundant
forces, as shown:

The above matrix can be represented by the

matrix equation as:

External force vector

Internal Force transformation
force matrix
vector 33
Compatibility and Displacement
Transformation Matrix
• Compatibility is the condition where the
continuity of the displacement is imposed
• Compatibility equation is used to analyzed the
indeterminate structure
R2 R2
R1 R1

= + X1

X2
Original Primary structure The redundant
structure (where the force is applied
redundant
force is removed) 34
Work by external and internal force
• Let {r} = displacement at the node
where the load {R} is applied
• {rx} = displacement at the node where
the redundant force {X} is applied
• The work done by the external load is
T
1 R  r 
WE =     Eqn. 4
2 X  rx 

• The work done by the internal force is

1
Wi = Q q
T Eqn. 5
2 35
• External work = internal work
WE = Wi

T
1 R  r  1
    = Q q
T
2 X  rx  2

T
R  r 
    = Q q
T

X  rx 

36
• From Eqn. 3
R
Q = bR bX   
X 
Subst. this
 R  bR 
T T
into the eqn
Q =   T Note: Characteristics
T

 X  bX  from
of transposed matrix
previous
T page:
R  r 
    = QT
q (A+B)T = AT + BT
r
X   x 
T T
(kA)T = kAT
R  r  R  b R 
T
    =    T q (AB)T = BTAT
X  rx  X  b x 

r  b RT 
  =  T q Eqn. 6
rx  b x  37
  bTR   b T

• and   are the matrices which
X

transform the member displacements,

{q} into the system nodal displacements
r
 
 rx 
• This matrix is called Displacement
Transformation Matrix

38
Compatibility
• At the rigid supports and at the
redundant members which do not
displace, (ex: no support settlement, no
lag of fit due to fabrication error or, no
effect from temperature change, etc.),
{rx} = 0
• If the redundant supports or redundant
members had displaced, {rx} = displaced
value
• This is called compatibility condition

39
Force-Displacement Relationship
• fij is called flexibility coefficient. It is the
displacement that occurs at node i due
to a unit load applied at node j
• the flexibility coefficient can be used to
relate each displacement with the forces
at the end of a member.

40
 qaj
Qaj
Qak Qak
Qai qai qak

fjiQai fkiQai

Qa fiiQai
i
fjj Qa Qaj f Qa
j kj j

fijQaj

fjkQak fkkQak
Qak
fikQak
41
• For example, let’s consider member a:

q ia = fiia Q ia + fija Q aj + fika Q ka

q aj = f jia Q ia + f jja Q aj + f jka Q ka
q ka = fkia Q ia + fkja Q aj + fkk
a
Q ka

q  =  f Q 
a a a

fiia fija fika 

f 
a  a
= f ji f jja a 
f jk  Eqn. 7
f a fkja a 
fkk
 ki 
42
• For member b: q  =  f  Q 
b b b

• For member c: q  =  f  Q  ,
c c c
Etc.
q a  Q a 
 b  b
q  Q 
• If q = .  and Q = .  then q = f Q
.  . 
   
.  .  Eqn. 8
   

 
 fa 
• Where

 f  =  f 
b 

Eqn. 9
. 
 
 .  43
• Eqn. 9 is called Unassembled Global
Flexibility Matrix
• Each [fij] relates the member
displacement with the member force at
the nodes.
• The value of [fij] depends on material
stiffness and member cross section
properties and length (E, A, I, L)

44
Flexibility Coefficient
• When a frame Qia = 1
member is taken out a
of the system and is
supported in a L/3EI -L/6EI
determinate -L/6EI L/3EI
manner, we can
Qja = 1
draw the free body a
diagram with end
L/AE
forces Qka = 1
a
• Qi , Q j and Qk can be
a a a
Qka = 1
calculated using
slope deflection
method
45
 Calculate flexibility coefficient by
slope deflection method
Qia = 1
EI  D a
M N = 2  2 N +  F − 3  + FEM N
L  L
L/3EI -L/6EI
EI
1 = 2 ( 2 N +  F ) (1) -L/6EI L/3EI
L
Qja = 1
EI a
0 = 2 ( 2 F +  N ) (2)
L L/AE
2(1) − (2) a
Qk a= 1
EI EI Qka = 1
2 = 8 N − 2 N
L L
L L
 N = f iia = Subst. int o (2)  F = f jia = −
3EI 6 EI
46
 • We can put the flexibility coefficient into
the flexibility matrix (Eqn. 7)
 L L 
 3EI − 0 
 fiia fija fika  
6EI

  L L Eqn. 10
 f a  =  f jia f a  =  − 0 
a
f f jka   6EI 
jj
3EI
 f kia f a
f kka   
 kj
 0 0
L 
 AE 

• For a beam member without axial force

 L L 
 3EI −
6EI 
f  = 
a
 Eqn.11
− L L 
 6EI 3EI  47
• For a truss member, where only axial
force exists
 L 
f a
=
    Eqn. 12
 AE 

48
Solution formula
• The followings are the derivation for the
solution formula  bRT   f bR  bRT   f bX   R 
      
=
 bXT   f bR  bXT   f bX   
r  bR 
T
     X 
  =  T  q Eqn. 6
rx  bx  R 
 FRR   FRX   
bR  =   
 XR   XX   X 
T

=  T   f Q Eqn. 8 F F
bx   

bR 
T R  where  FRR  =  bRT   f  bR 
 
=  T   f bR bX     FRX  =  bRT   f  bX  Eqn. 13
bX  X 
   FXR  =  bXT   f  bR 
Eqn. 3
 FXX  =  bXT   f  bX  49
• If the above Eqn. is expanded
 r =  FRR  R +  FRX { X } Eqn. 14a
and
 rX  =  FXR  R +  FXX { X } Eqn. 14b

• Rearrange Eqn. 14b

 FXX   X =  rX  −  FXR  R
 FXX   FXX   X =  FXX   rX  −  FXX   FXR  R
−1 −1 −1

 X = FXX   rX  − FXX   FXR  R

−1 −1
Eqn. 15

• Eqn. 15 can be used to calculate the redundant

force
50
• If there is no displacement occurs in the
redundant member or support,
then {rx} = 0, where

 X = − F   F R
XX
−1
XR
Eqn. 16

51
• The displacement at the node can be
found using
r =  FRR  R +  FRX { X } Eqn. 14a
or
 r =  FRR  R +  FRX    FXX   rX  −  FXX   FXR  R
−1 −1

 r =  FRR  R +  FRX  FXX   rX  −  FRX  FXX   FXR  R

−1 −1

 r =  FRR  R −  FRX  FXX   FXR  R +  FRX  FXX   rX 

−1 −1

 r =  FRR  −  FRX  FXX   FXR   R +  FRX  FXX   rX 

−1 −1

 r =  F  R +  FRX  FXX   rX 
−1

that is
 F  =  FRR  −  FRX  FXX   FXR 
−1
Eqn.17
52
• The displacement at the node can be
found using
r =  FRR  R +  FRX { X } Eqn. 14a
or
 r =  FRR  R +  FRX    FXX   rX  −  FXX   FXR  R
−1 −1

 r =  FRR  R +  FRX  FXX   rX  −  FRX  FXX   FXR  R

−1 −1

 r =  FRR  R −  FRX  FXX   FXR  R +  FRX  FXX   rX 

−1 −1

 r =  FRR  −  FRX  FXX   FXR   R +  FRX  FXX   rX 

−1 −1

 r =  F  R +  FRX  FXX   rX 
−1

that is
 F  =  FRR  −  FRX  FXX   FXR 
−1
Eqn.17
53
• From Eqn. 17, if there is no displacement
at the redundant force, {rx} = 0. Then
r = FR Eqn. 18

• Matrix [F] relates the external load {R}

with the nodal displacement {r} in the
direction of the load
• [F] is called flexibility matrix for
indeterminate structure

54
• Notice that if the structure is determinate, the
redundant force {X} = 0. Therefore
{r} = [FRR]{R} (Eqn. 14a)
• [FRR] is called flexibility matrix for primary /
determinate structure
Q = bcan
• The internal force R R  + b X X
be calculated by
substituting the {X} (Eqn. 16) values into Eqn. 3
atau

Q = b R  b X  R 
X
• The member deflection isQcalculated
a
R 1using
 Eq.8
X1 
 b
 
q = f QQ   
R 2 
 
X 2 
 c R  X55 
 
Treatment of Distributed Load
• The distributed load or load in between
the node, the equivalent nodal load is
equal to the reverse of fixed end force

=
Fixed end force
+
Reverse of fixed end force

56
Table of Fixed End Forces

57
Table of Fixed End Forces

58
Table of Fixed End Forces

59
Steps of Analysis

Eqn. 3

Eqn. 13

60
Steps of Analysis

Eqn. 16

Combination of
Eqn 3 and Eqn 16

61
Example 6

62
Example 6 (Continued)

63
Example 6 (continued)

64
 Example 7

Calculate member
forces and vertical
displacement at the
loaded joint
Assume member a
is redundant

65
Example 7 (Continued)

66
 Example 7 (Continued)
Calculate displacement

Redundant force

Force in other members

67
Example 8 – Effect of fabrication
error
Determine the reaction force and internal
force for the truss. The length of member
BD is shorter by 0.5 in.

A in in2
E in Ksi
68
69
70
  50 
0.002227 0.000579 −0.00499 100
1 1
(0.5)
0.006127 0.006127
 75 

71
Alternative solution – assume D as
redundant force

72
Loading

Tension

73
74
 Example 9
Determine the internal force and the reaction force in
the below truss if member AC and CB experience
temperature increment by 300C Assume at = 0.000012/0C

The cross section areas are given in brackets (mm2)

E = 200kN/mm2
DAC, DCB = aLT = 0.000012 x 8.49x103 x 30 = 3.06mm
P = DAE/L = 3.06 x 2000 x 200 / 8490 = 144.17 kN
144.17 Cos 45 = 101.94 kN
75
Example 9 (Continued)

Consider CD as redundant member

76
Example 9 (Continued)

77
 0.0212 0 0 0 0
0
0 0.015 0 0 0
0
0 0 0.0212 0 0
0
f= 0 0 0 0.0168 0
0
0 0 0 0 0.0168
0
0 0 0 0 0
0.06

fxr = bxTfbr = -0.0061 0.03

fxx = bxTfbx = 0.0933
F = -19.235

Qa 157.74 -144.17 13.57 From static

Qb -19.24 -19.24
Qc
equilibrium equation,
157.74 -144.17 13.57
Qd = = the reaction force
-21.54 -21.54
Qe -21.54 -21.54
are zero
Qf
-194.26 -194.26
Example 10

79
Example 10 (continued)

80
Example 10 (continued)

81
Example 10 (continued)

82
 Example 10 (continued)

Solve by taking support D

as redundant

83
Example 11

84
Example 11 (Continued)

85
Example 11 (Continued)

86
Example 11 (Continued)

87
 −1
X = − FXX FXR R
6 EI  1   18 12 L  L  −9 L 3L  10 
=−  
L  36 L2  12 L 10 L2  6 EI  12 −6  10 
  
1.000 
= 
3.333

 3.333 
 6.666 
 
Draw SFD and BMD
 −6.666 
 
 6.666 
 −6.666 
 
 −3.333
Example 12

89
Example 12 (Continued)

90
Example 12 (Continued)

91
Example 12 (Continued)

92
Example 12 (Continued)

93
Example 12 (Continued)

94
Example 13
Support settlement
Determine the end moment for the following beam.
Support B settles by 2 cm. EI = 10000 kNm2

95
Example 13 (Continued)

96
Example 13 (Continued)

97
Example 13 (Continued)

98
Example 13 (Continued)

99
 Example 13 (Continued)
The solution can also be done by taking fixed end moment due
to support settlement

100
Example 13 (Continued)

101
Example 14
Calculate the deflection at the pin joint and the
end moments for the beam. Given I = 160 in4, E =
29000 Ksi

The beam is i = r – (3n) = 7 – (3x2) = 10 redundant

Assume support 2 as redundant

102
Example 14 (continued)

103
Example 14 (continued)

104
 Example 14 (continued)
The deflection at the joint can be found
using equation;

In the direction of unit load

105
 Example 15

Example

Calculate the moments at the ends of

each member
i = r – 3n =11 - 3x2 =5
Assume there is no axial deformation, hence no
horizontal reaction, then the redundant force
becomes 4 106
Example 15 (continued)

Fixed end moments

107
Example 15 (continued)

108
Example 15 (continued)

109
Example 15 (continued)

110
Example 16

The structure has 2 redundant

forces, assume;

111
Example 16 (continued)

112
Example 16 (continued)

113
Example 16 (continued)

All units in kN-m

114
Example 16 (continued)

115
Example 16 (continued)

116
 1999 2013 2021

End of Matrix
Flexibility Method

117