Force Method Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES BY FORCE METHOD

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES BY
FORCE METHOD - AN OVERVIEW
• ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES BY FORCE

METHOD - AN OVERVIEW
• INTRODUCTION
• METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION
• INDETERMINATE BEAMS
• INDETRMINATE BEAMS WITH MULTIPLE DEGREES OF
INDETERMINACY
• TRUSS STRUCTURES
• TEMPERATURE CHANGES AND FABRICATION ERRORS
5.2 INTRODUCTION
Introduction
• While analyzing indeterminate structures, it is necessary to satisfy (force)
equilibrium, (displacement) compatibility and force-displacement relationships
• (a) Force equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure in
stable equilibrium, as the structure is subjected to external loads
• (b) Displacement compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the
structure fit together without intentional breaks, or overlaps
• (c) Force-displacement requirements depend on the manner the material of the
structure responds to the applied loads, which can be linear/nonlinear/viscous
and elastic/inelastic; for our study the behavior is assumed to be linear and elastic
INTRODUCTION (Cont’d)
• Two methods are available to analyze indeterminate structures, depending on

whether we satisfy force equilibrium or displacement compatibility conditions -
They are: Force method and Displacement Method
• Force Method satisfies displacement compatibility and force-displacement
relationships; it treats the forces as unknowns - Two methods which we will be
studying are Method of Consistent Deformation and Flaxibility Matrix
Method
• Displacement Method satisfies force equilibrium and force-displacement
relationships; it treats the displacements as unknowns - Two available methods
are Slope Deflection Method, Moment Distribution and Stiffness Matrix
method
METHOD OF CONSISTENT DEFORMATION
• Solution Procedure:
• (i) Make the structure determinate, by releasing the extra forces constraining
the structure in space
• (ii) Determine the displacements (or rotations) at the locations of released
(constraining) forces
• (iii) Apply the released (constraining) forces back on the structure (To
standardize the procedure, only a unit load of the constraining force is applied
in the +ve direction) to produce the same deformation(s) on the structure as
in (ii)
• (iv) Sum up the deformations and equate them to zero at the position(s) of
the released (constraining) forces, and calculate the unknown restraining
forces
Types of Problems to be dealt: (a) Indeterminate beams; (b) Indeterminate
trusses; and (c) Influence lines for indeterminate structures
INDETERMINATE BEAMS
Propped Cantilever - Redundant vertical reaction released
(i) Propped Cantilever: The structure is indeterminate to the first degree; hence
has one unknown in the problem.
(ii) In order to solve the problem, release the extra constraint and make the
beam a determinate structure. This can be achieved in two different ways,
viz., (a) By removing the vertical support at B, and making the beam a
cantilever beam (which is a determinate beam); or (b) By releasing the
moment constraint at A, and making the structure a simply supported beam
(which is once again, a determinate beam).
5.4 INDETERMINATE BEAMS (Cont’d)
(a) Release the vertical support at B:

y
P
P
x B B ∆′BB=RB*fBB
C B
= ∆B + Applied in +ve
∆C direction
L/2 L/2 RB
L
The governing compatibility equation obtained at B is,
∆B + ∆'BB = 0
∆ B + ( RB ) × ( f BB ) = 0
∴ RB = − ∆ B / f BB
From earlier analyses,
∆ B = − P( L / 2) 3 /(3EI ) + [− P( L / 2) 2 /(2 EI )] × ( L / 2)
= − PL3 /(24 EI ) − PL3 /(16 EI )
= −(5 / 48)( PL3 / EI )
f BB = L3 /(3EI )
RBB = −[−(5 / 48)( PL3 / EI )] /[ L3 /(3EI )] = (5 / 16) P
fBB = displacement per unit load (applied in +ve direction)

INDETERMINATE BEAM (Cont’d)
Propped cantilever - Redundant support moment released
L/2 P
A
L
B =
(b) Release the moment constraint at a:
P A B
A B +M θ′A=MAαAA
A
θA Redundant MA applied
Primary structure
Governing compatibility equation obtained at A is,
θ + ( M ) × (α ) = , α = rotation per unit moment
A A AA AA
θA
∴M A = −
α AA
PL2
From known earlier analysis, θ AA =−
(16 EI )
[under a central concentrated
load]
α AA = −(1)[ L /(3EI )]
This is due to the fact that +ve moment causes a –ve rotation
M A = −[− PL2 /(16 EI)] /[− L/(3 EI)]
= −(3 / 16) PL
OVERVIEW OF METHOD OF CONSISTENT
DEFORMATION
To recapitulate on what we have done earlier,
I. Structure with single degree of indeterminacy:
P
A B
RB
(a) Remove the redundant to make the structure determinate (primary
structure)
P
A B
∆Bo
(b) Apply unit force on the structure, in the direction of the redundant,
and find the displacement
fBB
(c) Apply compatibility at the location of the removed redundant

∆B0 + fBB×RB = 0
INDETERMINATE BEAM WITH MULTIPLE DEGREES OF
INDETERMINACY
w/u.l
A E
B C D
RB RC RD
∆B0 ∆C0 ∆D0
(a) Make the structure determinate (by releasing the supports at B, C and
D) and determine the deflections at B, C and D in the direction of removed
redundants, viz., ∆BO, ∆CO and ∆DO
(b) Apply unit loads at B, C and D, in a sequential manner and
determine deformations at B, C and D, respectively.
A
B C D E
fBB fCB fDB
1
A
B C D E
fBC fCC
1 fDC
A
B C D E
fBD fCD fDD
1
(c ) Establish compatibility conditions at B, C and D
∆BO + fBBRB + fBCRC + fBDRD = 0
∆CO + fCBRB + fCCRC + fCDRD = 0
∆DO + fDBRB + fDCRC + fDDRD = 0

When support settlements occur:
w / u. l.
A E
B C D
∆B ∆C ∆D Support settlements
Compatibility conditions at B, C and D give the following equations:
∆BO + fBBRB + fBCRC + fBDRD = ∆B
∆CO + fCBRB + fCCRC + fCDRD = ∆C
∆DO + fDBRB + fDCRC + fDDRD = ∆D

TRUSS STRUCTURES
80 kN
80 kN
60 kN
C 60 kN
C
D
D
A B
A 1 2 B
Primary structure
(a) (a) Remove the redundant member (say AB) and make the structure
a primary determinate structure
The condition for stability and indeterminacy is:
r+m>=<2j,
Since, m = 6, r = 3, j = 4, (r + m =) 3 + 6 > (2j =) 2*4 or 9 > 8 ∴ i = 1
Truss Structures (Cont’d)
(b)Find deformation ∆ABO along AB:

∆ABO =Σ (F0uABL)/AE
F0 = Force in member of the primary structure due to applied load
uAB= Forces in members due to unit force applied along AB
(c) Determine deformation along AB due to unit load applied along AB:
u2 L
f = ∑ AB
AB , AB AE
(d) Apply compatibility condition along AB:

∆ABO+fAB,ABFAB=0
(d) Hence determine FAB

(e) Determine the individual member forces in a particular member
CE by
FCE = FCE0 + uCE FAB
where FCE0 = force in CE due to applied loads on primary structure

(=F0), and uCE = force in CE due to unit force applied along AB (=
uAB)
TEMPERATURE CHANGES AND FABRICATION
ERROR
• Temperature changes affect the internal forces in a structure

• Similarly fabrication errors also affect the internal forces in a
structure
(i) Subject the primary structure to temperature changes and fabrication
errors. - Find the deformations in the redundant direction
(ii) Reintroduce the removed members back and make the deformation
compatible
Deflection of Statically Determinate Structures
Virtual Work - Unit Load Method
The method of virtual work, or sometimes referred to as the unit-load method, is one of the
several techniques available that can be used to solve for displacements and rotations at any
point on a structure.
The following relationships are used to calculate:
Deflection (translation) at a point:
(1)
Rotation at a point:
(2)
Where Q is a virtual load applied at the point of interest in the direction of interest (i.e., in
the direction of which a displacement needs to be calculated). This Q load is often taken to
be unity and must be consistent with the units being used in the analysis (i.e., the load Q is a
unit force or a unit moment in the case of calculating a translation and rotation,
respectively). The moments M and m are the moments induced in a structure due to the
applied "real" loads and the virtual load, Q, respectively. E and I are the Young's modulus
and the moment of inertia for the member over which the integration is being evaluated.
18
Contd.
• The integration to solve for the displacement can be carried out using either direct integration
or by utilizing a visual integration method. With direct integration, the equations of M and m
for each segment of the structure must be developed for use in the equation,
(3)
The visual integration technique is a simplified process that completes the integration of
equations (1) and (2) by utilizing the following relationship,
(4)
19
Continue
• IMPORTANT NOTES:
• In performing the integration in equation 4 using visual integration, the following rules must
be observed.
• 1) Construct the moment diagram due to the applied loads on the structure.
• 2) Divide the moment diagram, M, to segments that you can easily be able to calculate the
area and locate the center of each segment (see note 5 below). Calculate the area and locate
the center of each segment on the M-diagram. Project the location of the center of each area
on the m-diagram.
• 3) Draw the m-diagram due to a virtual load Q. The virtual load Q, has an arbitrary value,
most of the time a value of one is used. This load is applied at the point of interest and in the
direction of which a displacement is to be calculated. Measure the height, hi, on the moment
diagram of the virtual load. Note: Q is a unit force when calculating horizontal or vertical
displacement and is a unit moment when calculating rotation.
• 4) Both moment diagrams must be continuous over the length over which the integration
being performed.
• 5) If the moment diagram due the applied loads or the moment diagram due to the virtual
load is not continuous, one MUST divide the integration into segments, each of which is
continuous over the integration length. See the following example:
20
21
Continue
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Beam Deflection - Determine the deflection at a
point on a beam
• Deflections - Method of Virtual Work: Vertical Deflection of a Beam - Cantilever
Determine the vertical displacement at end C of the beam shown in the figure below. The
modulus of elasticity (E) and the moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire beam.
Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

Solution: Calculate the support reactions. Calculate the
support reactions (caused by the applied "real" loads)
using the following relationships.
Check these reactions by summing the forces in the vertical direction.

49
draw shear (V) and moment diagrams (M) for the structure under
applied "real" loads
• The resultant shear and moment diagrams can be determined using statics (see
figures below).
Figure 3 - Resultant shear and moment diagrams
50
Continue
• In this example we will use the
cantilever method find an equivalent
moment diagram in order to carry out
the required integration.
• To construct the moment diagrams
caused by the applied "real" loads
utilizing the cantilever method, a point
on the structure is selected and a fixed Figure 4 - Cantilever beam structure
support is assumed at this location. In
this example, point B is selected and a
fixed support is inserted (see figure
below).
• Notice that all reaction forces are
applied as loads on the structure with
the assumed fixed support at B.
Plot the moment diagram for each applied load separately, i.e., by parts. The final results
can then be obtained by utilizing the method of superposition i.e., by summing the
contribution of each individual load to the displacement being calculated. This method
is applicable since the structure is assumed to be elastic and the deflections are small.
Note: The centroid of each area is indicated by the numbered arrow and dot.
51
Continue
•i) Moment diagram due to the 56 ft- iii) Moment diagram due to the 21 k support
reaction at A,
k concentrated moment at A,
Figure 5 - Moment diagram due to 56 ft-k moment

Figure 7 - Moment diagram due to 21k support
ii) Moment diagram due to the 2 k/ft applied load, reaction
iv) Moment diagram due to the 6k
applied load at end C
Figure 6 - Moment diagram due

to 2 k/ft applied load Figure 8 - Moment diagram due to 6k applied load
Notice that the resultant moment diagram (figure 3 above) is the sum of these four diagrams.
52
Figure 9 - Resultant moment diagram
Apply virtual load, Q
Apply the virtual load at the point of interest in the desired direction. In this case, apply a unit
load at point C in the vertical direction. (see figure below)
The resulting system,
Figure 10 - Beam with virtual load applied

Figure 11 - Support reactions due to unit load
solve the support reactions due to the virtual load, Q
Following the same procedure as used previously, calculate the support reactions (caused by the
virtual load).
Sum the moments about A and B.
Check these reactions by summing the vertical forces.
53
Draw virtual moment diagram (m)
Determine the moment diagram due to the virtual load using the same procedure used to
draw the "real" moment diagram i.e., with a fixed support assumed at point B.
The resulting moment diagram due

to the virtual load.
Figure 12 - Virtual unit load on cantilever structure
Figure 13 - Moment diagram on cantilever

structure due to virtual unit load Calculate areas and centroids
Location of centroid
Area No. Area/EI (k-ft2/EI)
Once the "real" moment diagrams from support B (ft)
are determined, calculate the area
1. -56x20/EI=-1120/EI X1 = 1/2x20 = 10
enclosed by each moment diagram
and determine the location of the 2. 1/3x20x-400/EI=-2666.67/EI X2 = 1/4x20 = 5
centroid of each of these areas. 3. 1/2x20x420/EI=4200/EI X3 = 1/3x20 = 6.67
4. 1/2x6x-36/EI=-108/EI X4 = 1/3x6 = 2
54
Determine heights of virtual moment diagram at centroids
Determine the values - heights (hi) - on the virtual moment diagram (m) at the centroids of
the moments due to the real loads. This is needed to carry out the integration by using the
equation given in the introduction,
.
Proportions can be used to determine these heights (hi) on the moment diagram (m). For
example, using similar triangles from the shared angle (location of X1, X2, X3 & X4
were determined previously)
The heights (hi) are shown

in the figure above at the
locations of the centroids of
the corresponding areas
from the moment diagrams
(M).
Figure 14 - Heights on virtual load diagram
55
Integrate
Integrate the equation , by using the visual integration approach
Multiply the areas of the "real" moment diagram by the heights of the virtual moment diagram
and add them together.
Area (a) Height (h)
Area No. Ai*hi (k2-ft3/EI)
from M diagram (k-ft2/EI) from m diagram (k-ft)
1. -1120/EI -3 3360/EI
2. -2666.67/EI -4.5 12000/EI
3. 4200/EI -4 -16800/EI
4. -108/EI -4 432/EI
Total -1008/EI
Since EI is constant throughout the structure, the total deflection at C equals -1008 k2-ft3/EI.
The negative sign indicates that the displacement is opposite to the direction of the unit load
that was applied at C - therefore the deflection is upward.
If values of E and I are specified, the vertical deflection at C in inches can be
determined. For example, let E = 29,000 ksi, I = 144 in4, and Q = 1 k, then
56
Deflections - Method of Virtual Work
Vertical Deflection of a Beam - Superposition
The following example illustrates the steps to be followed to calculate deflections of statically
determinate structures using superposition and the method of virtual work.
Note: The colors of the loads and moments are used to help indicate the contribution of
each force to the deflection or rotation being calculated. The moment diagrams show the
moments induced by a load using the same color as the load.
Problem statement
Determine the vertical displacement at end C of the beam shown in the figure below. The
modulus of elasticity (E) and the moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire beam. (This
problem is identical to the Vertical Deflection of a Beam - Cantilever example, except that the
moment diagrams are developed using the method of superposition.)
Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze 57

Solution:
calculate the support reactions
Calculate the support reactions (caused by the applied "real" loads) using the following
relationships.
Check these reactions by summing the shear forces.
Figure 2 - Beam structure with support reactions

58
draw moment diagram (M) for the structure under applied "real" loads
Using the method of superposition, draw a moment diagram for each separate load applied
to the beam.
i) Moment diagram due to the 56 ft-k concentrated ii) Moment diagram due to the 2
moment at A, k/ft applied load,

Figure 4 - Moment diagram due to 2 k/ft applied load
iii) Moment diagram due to the 6k applied load at
end C,
Figure 5 - Moment diagram due to 6 k applied load
Notice that the resultant moment diagram is equal to the sum of these three diagrams.
59
Apply virtual load, Q
Figure 7 - Beam structure with virtual unit Figure 8 - Support reactions due to virtual
load applied unit load
Solve the support reactions due to the virtual load, Q

Following the same procedure used previously, calculate the support reactions (caused by
the virtual load).
Sum moments about A and B.
60
The resulting moment diagram due to the virtual load
Figure 9 - Moment diagram due to virtual unit load

Calculate areas and centroids
Determine heights of virtual
Area Location of centroid
moment diagram at centroids Area/EI (k-ft2)
No. from support (ft)
Determine the values - heights (hi) 1. 1/2x-56x20/EI=-560/EI X1 = 1/3x20 = 6.67
- on the virtual moment diagram
2. 2/3x20x100/EI=1333.33/EI X2 = 1/2x20 = 10
(m) at the centroids of the
moments due to the real loads. 3. 1/2x20x-36/EI=-360/EI X3 = 1/3x20 = 13.33
This is needed to carry out the 4. 1/2x6x-36/EI=-108/EI X4 = 1/3x6 = 2
integration by using the equation
given in the introduction,
Figure 10 - Heights of virtual moment diagram

The heights (hi) are shown in the figure above at the locations of the centroids of the
corresponding areas from the moment diagrams (M). 61
Integrate
Integrate the equation , by using the visual integration approach.
Multiply the areas of the "real" moment diagram by the heights of the virtual moment diagram
and add them together.
Area (a) Height (h)
Area No. Ai*hi (k2-ft3)
from M diagram (ft2-k) from m diagram (ft-k)
1. -560/EI -2 1120/EI
2. 1333.33/EI -3 -4000/EI
3. -360/EI -4 1440/EI
4. -108/EI -4 432/EI
Total -1008/EI
Since EI is constant throughout the structure, the total deflection at C equals -1008 k2-ft3/EI.
The negative sign indicates that the displacement is opposite to the direction of the unit load that
was applied at C - therefore the deflection is upward.
If values of E and I are specified, the vertical deflection at C in inches can be determined. For
example, let E = 29,000 ksi, I = 144 in4, and Q = 1 k, then
62
Beam Rotation - Determine the rotation at a point on a beam.
- Cantilever Method - Superposition Method
Rotation of a Beam - Cantilever
Problem statement
Using the same structure as used in the Beam Deflection examples,
determine the rotation at A of the beam shown in the figure below
using the Cantilever Method. The modulus of elasticity (E) and the
moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire beam.
Note: The colors of the loads and moments are used to help
indicate the contribution of each force to the deflection or
rotation being calculated. The moment diagrams show the
63
Calculate the support reactions
Calculate the support reactions (caused by the applied loads) using the following relationships:
64
Draw moment diagrams (M) for the structure under applied "real" loads
Using the cantilever method, fix the structure at joint B and draw the resulting moment diagram induced by
the applied "real" loads.
Plot the moment diagram for each applied load separately, i.e., by parts. The final results can then be obtained
by utilizing the method of superposition i.e., by summing the contribution of each individual load to the
displacement being calculated. This method is applicable since the structure is assumed to be elastic and the
deflections are small.
i) Moment diagram due to the 56 ft-k iii) Moment diagram due to the 21 k
concentrated moment at A, support reaction at A,

Figure 5 - Moment diagram due to 21 k
ii) Moment diagram due to the 2 k/ft applied load,
support reaction
Figure 4 - Moment diagram Figure 6 - Moment diagram due to 6 k

due to 2 k/ft applied load applied load
65
Notice that the resultant moment diagram (figure 3 above) is the sum of these four diagrams.
apply virtual load

Apply the virtual load at the point of interest in the desired direction. In this case, we want to
know the rotation at point A. Therefore, apply a unit moment at point A in the positive
(clockwise) direction.
Figure 9 - Support reactions due to virtual

Figure 8 - Beam with virtual unit load applied
unit load
Solve the support reactions due to the virtual load
Following the same procedure used previously, calculate the support reactions (caused by the
virtual load) using the following relationships:

66
Determine the moment diagram due to the virtual load using the same method as used to find
the moment diagrams for the applied loads.
Moment diagram due to the virtual load by using the cantilever method and fixing the
structure at joint B.
Figure 10 - Moment diagram due to virtual unit load

Calculate areas and centroids
Once the "real" moment diagrams are determined, calculate the area enclosed by each moment
diagram and determine the location of the centroid of each of these areas.
Location of centroid
Area No. Area/EI (ft2-k/EI)
from support (ft)
1. -56x20/EI=-1120/EI X1 = 1/2x20 = 10
2. 1/3x20x-400/EI=-2666.67/EI X2 = 3/4x20 = 15
3. 1/2x20x420/EI=4200/EI X3 = 2/3x20 = 13.33
4. 1/2x6x-36/EI=-108/EI X4 = 1/3x6 = 2
67
Determine the values - heights (hi) - on the virtual moment diagram (m) at the centroids of the
moments due to the real loads. This is needed to carry out the integration by using the equation
given in the introduction,
Heights (hi) and locations by the cantilever method

Figure 11 - Heights on virtual moment diagram
Integrate
Integrate the equation by using the visual integration approach.
Multiply the areas of the "real" moment diagram by the heights found in the virtual
moment diagram and add them together.
Area (a) Height (h)
Area No. Ai*hi (ft3-k2/EI)
from M diagram (ft2-k/EI) from m diagram (ft-k) Since EI is constant
1. -1120/EI 1 -1120/EI throughout the
1. -1120/EI -1/2 560/EI structure, the total
2. -2666.67/EI 1 -2666.67/EI rotation at A equals
2. -2666.67/EI -3/4 2000/EI +173.33 ft3-k2/EI.
3. 4200/EI 1 4200/EI
3. 4200/EI -2/3 -2800/EI
4. -108/EI 0 0/EI
68
Total 173.33/EI
The positive sign indicates that the rotation is in the same direction as the unit moment
applied at A - therefore the rotation is in the clockwise direction.
If values of E and I are specified, the vertical deflection at C in inches can be
determined. For example, let E = 29,000 ksi, I = 144 in4, and Q = 1 ft-k, then
69
Rotation of a Beam - Superposition
Problem statement
Using the same structure as used in the Beam Deflection examples, determine the rotation at A of
the beam shown in the figure below using the method of Superposition. The modulus of elasticity
(E) and the moment of inertia (I) are constant for the entire beam.
Note: The colors of the loads and moments are used to help indicate the contribution of
each force to the deflection or rotation being calculated. The moment diagrams show the

Calculate the support reactions
Calculate the support reactions (caused by the applied loads) using the following relationships:

70
III. Horizontal Deflection of a Frame - Cantilever
The following example utilizes the cantilever method to determine the deflection of a frame.
Note: The colors of the loads and moments are used to help indicate the contribution of each force to the deflection or rotation being
calculated. The moment diagrams show the moments induced by a load using the same color as the load.
Problem statement
Determine the horizontal displacement at D of the frame shown (indicated by XD in Figure 1).

Solution:
calculate the support reactions, Calculate the support reactions using statics.
Positive moment is in the clockwise direction
Solution:
calculate the support reactions, Calculate the support reactions
using statics. Positive moment is in the clockwise direction Figure 2 - Support reactions due to applied loads
Check these reactions by summing the moments at any point on the structure. 71
Determine moment diagrams (M) for the structure under applied loads
Construct the moment diagrams caused by the applied loads utilizing the cantilever method.
The final moment diagram under the applied loads is;
Figure 3 - Moment diagram due to applied loads
This diagram can be determined by using statics, or the cantilever method can be used.
In the cantilever method, a point on the structure is selected where a single fixed support can be used to replace all the degrees of freedom
in the structure. This method is only useful in statically determinate structures.
In this example, point B is selected and a fixed support is inserted at this location.
The loaded system with a fixed support at point B.
The resulting moment diagram can be calculated by solving for each

applied load separately and adding the results. This can be done by using
superposition of the loads on the members acting as cantilevers off of
support B.
Note: The centroid of each area is indicated by the numbered arrow and
dot.
72
Figure 4 - Frame structure fixed at B
i) Moment diagram due to the 1 k/ft distributed load, ii) Moment diagram due to the 15 k support reaction at A,
Area: 1/3x(Base)x(Height) = 1/3 x 15 ft x - Area: 1/2x(Base)x(Height) = 1/2 x 15 ft x 225 ft-k

112.5 ft-k = -562.5 ft2-k = 1687.5 ft2-k
Location of centroid: 1/4x(Base) = 1/4 x 15 ft Location of centroid: 1/3x(Base) = 1/3 x 15 ft = 5
= 3.75 ft from support B ft from support B
Figure 6 - Moment diagram due to 15 k support reaction
Figure 5 - Moment diagram due to 1 k/ft load
iv) Moment diagram due to the 13.75 k support reaction at D,

iii) Moment diagram due to the 20 k concentrated load at C,
Area: 1/2x(Base)x(Height) = 1/2 x 15 ft x -300 ft-k

= -2250 ft2-k
Location of centroid: 1/3x(Base) = 1/3 x 15 ft = 5 ft
from support B Figure 8 - Moment diagram due to 13.75 k support reaction
Figure 7 - Moment diagram due to 20 k applied load
Area: 1/2x(Base)x(Height) = 1/2 x 30 ft x 412.5 ft-k = 6187.5 ft2-k
The sum of these four diagrams equals the total resultant for the structure. Location of centroid: 1/3x(Base) = 1/3 x 30 ft = 10 ft from support B
Notice that the answer at both sides of joint B is equal, i.e.; 225-112.5 = 112.5 ft-k 73
412.5-300 = 112.5 ft-k
Apply virtual load and solve support reactions
Apply the virtual load at the point of interest in the desired direction. In this case, we want to know the horizontal deflection at point D.
Therefore, apply a unit load at point D in the horizontal direction. (see Figure 11 below)
Following the same procedure used for the loaded structure, calculate the
support reactions (caused by the virutal load). Positive moment is in the
clockwise direction
note: the value of XA is negative because the resulting force acts in the opposite
Figure 10 - Frame structure with unit load applied direction to how it is drawn in Figure 10, above.
Check these reactions by summing the moments at any point on the structure.
Figure 11 - Support reactions due to unit load

74
Determine the moment diagram due to the virtual load using the same procedure used to draw the "real" moment diagram.
The cantilever structure;
i) Moment diagram due to the reaction load at A,
Figure 12 - Cantilever structure with loads and reactions applied Figure 13 - Moment diagram due to reaction loads at A
ii) Moment diagram due to the reaction load at D,
Figure 14 - Moment diagram due to reaction loads at D

Again, notice that the moments on both sides of joint B are equal.
75
Determine the values - heights (hi) - on the virtual moment diagram (m) at the centroids of the moments due to the real loads. This is needed
to carry out the integration to determine the deflection.
Using the locations of the centroids, determined previously, determine the heights (hi) on the virtual moment diagram (m) at these locations.
Area No. Location from B Height (hi) (ft-k) Locations of heights (hi);
1. 3.75 ft -11.25
2. 5 ft -10
3. 5 ft -12.5
4. 10 ft -10 Figure 15 - Heights on virtual moment diagram
Integrate
Integrate the equation , by using the visual integration approach.
Multiply the areas of the "real" moment diagram by the heights of the virtual moment diagram and add them together.
Area (A) from M Height (hi) from m

Area No. Ai*hi (k2-ft3)/EI Since EI is constant throughout the structure, the total
diagram (k-ft2)/EI diagram (k-ft)
horizontal deflection at D equals -44296.875 k2-ft3/EI.
1. -562.5 -11.25 6328.125/EI The negative sign indicates that the displacement is
opposite to the direction of the unit load that was
2. 1687.5 -10 -16875/EI
applied at D - therefore the deflection is to the right.
3. -2250 -12.5 28125/EI
4. 6187.5 -10 -61875/EI
Total -44296.875/EI
If values of E and I are specified, the vertical deflection at C in inches can be determined. For example, let E = 29,000 ksi, I = 144 in4, and Q = 1
k, then;
76
Deflection of a Truss
The virtual work method can be used to determine the deflection of trusses. We know from the principle
of virtual work for trusses that the deflection can be calculated by the equation with n equal to the virtual force in the member and
δ equal to the change in length of the member. Therefore, the deflection of a truss due to any condition that causes a change in length of the
members can be calculated. This change in length can be caused by the applied loads acting on each member, temperature changes, and by
fabrication errors.
Axial Deformation:
From statics we know how to determine member forces in a truss by using either the method of joints or the method of sections. Once these
forces are known we can determine the axial deformation of each member by using the equation:
The equation for the deflection can be modified with this value for .
where m is equal to the number of members,. n is the force in the member due to the virtual load, N is the force in the member due to the applied
load, L is the length, A is the area, and E represents Young's Modulus of Elasticity.
Temperature Changes:
The axial deformation of a truss member of length L due to a change in temperature of is given by: where
is the coefficient of thermal expansion. The equation for the deflection is then modified with this value for
where j is the number of members experiencing temperature change and n is the force in the member due to the virtual load.
Fabrication Errors:
In the case of fabrication errors, the deformation of each member is known. Therefore, the original equation for deflection of a truss can be
modified.
where k is the number of members undergoing fabrication errors and n is the force in the member due
77
to the virtual load and is the change in length of the member due to fabrication errors.
The total deflection of a truss is made up of the sum of all of these cases.
This equation is now used to find the deflection of a truss. Please refer to an introductory text book on structural analysis for a complete
description of this approach.
Problem statement
Using the method of virtual work, determine the vertical deflection at joint G in the truss below, under the loading conditions show in figures
i), ii), and iii). The member properties are A=2 in2 and E=29x103 ksi. The truss is subjected to the following applied loads:
And the following fabrication errors are present:
Figure 1 - Truss structure to analyze

Figure 2 - Fabrication errors present
NOTE: TO PREVENT ERRORS, CALCULATE THE INFLUENCE OF EACH CASE INDEPENDENTLY AND THEN ADD THE
RESULTS AT THE END
Calculate the support reactions, due to the applied loads Calculate the support reactions (caused by the applied loads) by summing
the moments about A and E: (answers in Kips)
Check these reactions by summing vertical and horizontal forces:
78
Figure 3 - Frame structure with applied loads
Figure 4 - Support reactions due to applied loads
use the method of joints to determine the force in each member, due to the applied loads
For equilibrium at joint A,
Sum vertical and horizontal forces to determine the force in each member, (Kips)
Figure 5 - Joint equilibrium at A
Remember that in the method of joints, a joint reaction is in the opposite direction to how the force acts on the member. Therefore,
member AB is in compression. Continue this method for each joint in the structure. Truss diagram with internal forces due to applied
loads,
Apply the virtual load at the point of interest in the desired
direction. In this case, we want to know the deflection at point G.
Therefore, apply a unit load at point G.
Figure 6 - Truss member reactions 79

Figure 7 - Truss with virtual unit load applied 1
Solve the support reactions due to the virtual load
Following the same procedure used previously, calculate the support reactions (caused by the virtual load).
Figure 8 - Support reactions due to virtual unit load
Use method of joints to determine virtual force in each member

Use the method of joints as illustrated in Step 2 to determine the member results due to the unit virtual load. Add the results to your existing table:
Truss diagram with internal forces due to virtual load,
Figure 9 - Internal forces due to virtual unit load
80
Calculate the deflection
The deflection of the truss can now be determined by completing the equation:
For the case of Axial Deformation
For the case of Axial Deformation For the case of Fabrication Error
AE (in2- nNL/AE
Mem n(k) N(k) L(in) Change in
ksi) (in-k) Member n (k) n( ) (k-in)
ber length ( )(in)
AB -0.67 -33.33 48 58000 0.0184 AB -0.67 + 0.4 -0.268
n(
BC -0.67 -33.33 48 58000 0.0184 FG 1.33 + 0.6 0.798
CD -0.67 -46.66 48 58000 0.0257 HE 0.83 - 0.3 -0.249
DE -0.67 -46.66 48 58000 0.0257 Sum 0.281
AF 0.83 41.67 60 58000 0.0359
Since there were no temperature effects included in this
BF 0 -10 36 58000 0 example, the total deflection at point G is the sum of these
CF -0.83 -25 60 58000 0.0216 two results.
FG 1.33 53.33 48 58000 0.0589 (1 k)() = 0.281 in-k + 0.321 in-k = 0.602 in-k
CG 1 0 36 58000 0 = 0.602 in-k / 1 k = 0.602 in
CH -0.83 -8.33 60 58000 0.0072 The positive answer of 0.602 in indicates that the structure
GH 1.33 53.33 48 58000 0.0589 will deflect down in the direction of the virtual load.
DH 0 -30 36 58000 0
HE 0.83 58.33 60 58000 0.0503
Total 0.3209
81
Exercise Problem
Book: Elementary Structural Analysis by C H Norris, J B Wilbur and S Utku 4th Edition
(i) Page 256: Figure 8.10
(ii) Trusses: Example 8.1, Example 8.2, Example 8.4
(iii) Beam and Frame: Example 8.5, Example 8.6, Example 8.7
Book: Intermediate Structural Analysis by C .K. Wang

(i) Page 110
(ii) Example 4.3.1, Example 4.3.2, Example 4.4.1, Example 4.4.2, Example 4.5.1, Example 4.6.1,
Example 4.6.2, Example 4.6.3, Example 4.6.7, Example 4.7.1, Example 4.7.2
(iii) Trusses: Example 5.2.1, Example 5.2.2, Example 5.2.3, Example 5.3.1, Example 5.4.1, Example
5.5.1
82
Part 2 - Analysis of Statically Indeterminate Structures
Consistent Deformations - Force or Flexibility Method
Displacement Method - Stiffness Method
Consistent Deformations - Force Method
Introduction
The method of consistent deformations, or sometimes referred to as the force or flexibility method, is one of the several techniques available
to analyze indeterminate structures. The following is the procedure that describes the concept of this method for analyzing externally
indeterminate structures with single or double degrees of indeterminacy determine the degree of indeterminacy
Determine the degree of indeterminacy of a given structure. This can be accomplished by
calculating the number of unknown reactions, r, minus the number of static equilibrium
equations, e. For example, considering the frame shown below (Fig.1), the number of
unknown external reactions, r, equals 5, (XA, YA, MA, XB, and YB). The number of static
equilibrium equations, e, equals 3,
(Fx = 0, Fy = 0 and M = 0). Therefore, the number of degree of indeterminacy, n, is
calculated as:
n=r-e
=5-3
=2
Figure 1 - Indeterminate frame structure 83

In the frame shown in Fig. 2, there is another equation of statics that can be written at thehinge h. In other words, the fact that the moment at
h = zero for either part of the structure on the right or the left side of the hinge h can be used. This equation is referred to as equation of
condition, ec. In this case, the number of unknown reactions is r = 6, the number of equations of statics is e = 3, and the number of equations
of condition ec = 1. The degree of indeterminacy, n, is calculated as:
n = r - (e + ec )
= 6 - (3 + 1)
=2
Figure 2 - Indeterminate frame structure with hinge

Select redundants
Select a number of the support reactions equal to the degree of indeterminacy as redundants. The choice of the redundants will vary since any
of the unknown reactions can be utilized as a redundant. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the X and Y reactions at Support B can be selected as
redundants. Another alternative is to select the X reaction at B and the moment at A as redundants. The later choice was selected and utilized
through the remainder of this procedure.
Remove restraints at the redundants
Remove the support reactions (restraints) corresponding to the selected redundants from the indeterminate structure to obtain a primary
determinate structure, or sometimes referred to as a released structure. This determinate system must represent a stable and admissible
system.
84
Sketch deflected shape
Sketch the deflected shape of the primary determinate structure under the applied loads, and label the deformations at the removed restraints, (see
Fig. 3).
Figure 3(a) - Primary structure Figure 3(b) - Primary structure deflected shape
Calculate deformations at redundants
Calculate the deformations corresponding to the redundants, i.e., the rotation at Support A, ∆A0, and the translation, ∆B0, at Support B. This can
be accomplished as follows; using the virtual work method,
a) Draw the moment diagram, M0, for the primary structure under the applied loads, (see Fig. 4(a)(i)). The method of superposition can also be
utilized when drawing the M0 diagram, (see Fig. 4(a)(ii). This will simplify the integration needed to calculate the deformation A0 and B0.
85
Calculate deformations at redundants (Contd.)
a) Draw the moment diagram, M0, for the primary structure under the applied loads, (see Fig. 4(a)(i)). The method of superposition can also be
utilized when drawing the M0 diagram, (see Fig. 4(a)(ii). This will simplify the integration needed to calculate the deformation A0 and B0.
Figure 4(a)(i) - Moment diagram of primary structure Figure 4(a)(ii) - Moment diagram by superposition
86
b) Apply a unit load at the location of the first redundant. In this case, apply a unit moment, MA = 1 ft-k at Support A. Sketch the deflected shape,
label the deformation at the removed restraints and draw the moment diagram of the primary structure when subjected to this load, see Fig. 4(b).
Figure 4(b)(i) - Moment diagram with MA = 1 ft-k Figure 4(b)(ii) - Deflected shape with MA = 1 ft-k
c) Calculate the rotation, ∆A0 at Support A using the following equation:
87
d) Apply a unit load at the location of the next redundant. i.e., apply a unit force, XB = 1 k at Support B. Sketch the deflected shape, label the
deformation at the removed restraints and draw the moment diagram of the primary structure when subjected to this load, see Fig. 4(c).
Figure 4(c)(i) - Moment diagram with XB = 1 k Figure 4(c)(ii) - Deflected shape with XB = 1 k
Calculate the translation, ∆B0, at Support B using the following equation:
f) Calculate the deformations of the primary structure when subjected to the redundant MA, see Fig. 4(b), or the redundant XB, see Fig. 4(c).
This is accomplished by using the following relationships:
The above relationships yield the flexibility coefficients faa, fab, fba, and fbb. The flexibility
coefficient fij is defined as the deformation corresponding to the redundant i, due to a
unit value of the redundant j.
Solve deformation equations

Solve Equations (1) and (2) in the previous step to obtain the unknown redundants MA and
XB. Notice that if the answers of MA and XB are positive, this means that the assumed
directions of the applied force in Figures 4(b) and 4(c) are correct.
88
Write consistent deformation equations
Write consistent deformation equations that correspond to each redundant. In this case:
Rotation at Support A = 0 since Support A is a fixed support that prevents rotations.
(a) (1)
Translation at Support B = 0 since Support B does not allow horizontal translation.
(2)
(b)
solve deformation equations

Solve Equations (1) and (2) in the previous step to obtain the unknown redundants MA and XB. Notice that if the answers of MA and XB are
positive, this means that the assumed directions of the applied force in Figures 4(b) and 4(c) are correct.
89
SLOPE DEFLECTION METHOD
By SUDARSHAN H P
90
91
Introduction
Indeterminate Structures – Slope-Deflection Method
1. Introduction
• This method considers the deflection as the primary unknowns, while the
redundant forces were used in the force method.
• In the slope-deflection method, the relationship is established between

moments at the ends of the members and the corresponding rotations and
displacements.
• The basic assumption used in the slope-deflection method is that a typical

member can flex but the shear and axial deformation are negligible. It is no
different from that used with the force method.
• Kinematically indeterminate structures versus statically indeterminate

structures:
92
93
Basic Idea of Slope Deflection Method
The basic idea of the slope deflection method is to write the equilibrium
equations for each node in terms of the deflections and rotations. Solve for
the generalized displacements. Using moment-displacement relations,
moments are then known. The structure is thus reduced to a determinate
structure.
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
Determinate Structures
111
Indeterminate Structures
112
Degree of redundancy :
DOR=4–3=1
DOR=4–3=1
DOR=5–3=2
DOR=6–3=3
113
Degrees of freedom:
114
Support moment:
115
Fixed end moment:
116
Moment Area Theorems:
Theorem 1:
When a beam is subjected to

external loading, it under goes
deformation. Then the intersection
angle between tangents drawn at
any two points on the elastic curve
is given by the area of bending
moment diagram divided by its
flexural rigidity.
117
Moment Area Theorems:
Theorem 2:
The vertical distance between any
point on the elastic curve and
intersection of a vertical line
through that point and tangent
drawn at some other point on the
elastic curve is given by the
moment of area of bending
moment diagram between two
points taken about first point
divided by flexural rigidity.
118
Fixed end moment due to a point load at the mid span:
 1 WL   M +M 
 × × L  +  A B L
θAB =    2  =0
2 4
EI
WL
∴MA +MB = - - - - - > (1)
4
1 1  1 2   1 WL  L
 AM ×L × L +  B
M ×L × L +  × × L
AA1 = 
2 3  2 3  2 4 2
EI
3
MA +2MB = − WL − − − − > (2)
8
119
From (1) and (2) we get
WL
MB = −
8
WL WL  WL  WL
∴ MA = − − MB = − − −  = −
4 4  8  8
Both moments are negative and

hence they produce hogging
bending moment.
120
Stiffness coefficients
a) When far end is simply supported
Moment of area of BMD between A & B about B

BB ' =
EI
1 2
 ×M×L ×L
= 3
2
EI
2
ML
=
3EI
ML2
∴ BB = θAL =
I
3EI
3EI
∴M = θA
L
121
b) When far end is fixed
1 1 
 M AL - MBL 
area of BMD  2 2 
θA = =
EI EI
=
(M A - M B ) L - - - - - - - - > (1)
2 EI
Moment of the Areaof BMDbetween A & B about A

AA1 =
EI
1 L  1 2
 MAL  −  MB L 
= 3 2  3 == 0
2
EI
∴MA = + 2MB - - - - - - - -- > (2)
122
Substituting in (1)
(M A − MB ) L = θA
2EI
(+ 2MB - MB ) L = θ
A
2EI
2EI
∴ MB = θA
L
4EI
From ( 2) MA = 2 MB = θA
L
123
Fixed end moments due to yielding of support.
area of BMD between A and B
θAB = =0
EI
− (MA +MB )
= L
2
ie. − (MA + MB ) = 0
Hence MA = − MB
Moment of area of BMD b/n A and B about B

− δ = BB1 =
EI
1 L 1 2 
 M B × L × + M AL × L 
=−  2 3 2 3 
 EI 
 
 
 (M + 2M A ) 2 
=- B L
 6EI 
124
 (− M A + 2M A ) 2 
=- L  Since M A = − M B
 6 EI 
M A L2
=−
6EI
6EI
∴M A = δ Hence hogging BM
L2
6 EI
Now MB = − MA = − δ
L2
Hence sagging BM
125
Fixed end moment for various types of loading
126
127
Assumptions made in slope deflection method:
1) All joints of the frame are rigid
2) Distortions due to axial loads, shear stresses being small

are neglected.
3) When beams or frames are deflected the rigid joints are

considered to rotate as a whole.
128
Sign conventions:
Moments: All the clockwise moments at the ends of members

are taken as positive.
Rotations: Clockwise rotations of a tangent drawn on to an

elastic curve at any joint is taken as positive.
Sinking of support: When right support sinks with respect to

left support, the end moments will be anticlockwise and are
taken as negative.
129
Development of Slope Deflection Equation
Span AB after deformation
Effect of loading
Effect of rotation at A
130
Effect of rotation at B
Effect of yielding of support B
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI 2 EI  3δ 
Hence M AB = FAB + θA + θB − δ = FAB + 2θ
 A + θ B − 
L L L2 L L
4 EI 2 EI 6 EI δ 2 EI  3δ 
Similarly M BA = FBA + θB + θ A − 2 = FBA + 2θ + θ −
L  L 
A B
L L L
131
Slope Deflection Equations
2EI  3δ 
M AB = FAB + 2 θ + θ −
L  L 
A B
2EI  3δ 
MBA = FBA + 2 θ + θ −
L  L 
A B
132
133
Example: Analyze the propped cantilever shown by using slope
deflection method. Then draw Bending moment and shear force
diagram.
Solution:
wL2 wL2
FAB =− , FBA = +
12 12
134
Slope deflection equations
MAB = FAB +
2EI
(2θA + θB )
L
− wL2 2EI
= + θB → (1)
12 L
MBA = FBA +
2EI
(2θB + θA )
L
wL2 4EI
= + θB → ( 2)
12 L
135
Boundary condition at B
MBA=0
wL2 4EI wL3

MBA = + θB = 0 ∴ EIθB = −
12 L 48
Substituting in equations (1) and (2)

wL2 2  wL3  wL2
MAB =− + − =−
12 L  48  8
wL2 4  wL3 
MBA =+ + − =0
12 L  48 
136
Free body diagram
∑ MB = 0 wL2 L
RA × L = + wL ×
8 2
5
R A = wL
∑V = 0 8
5
RB = wL − R A = wL − wL
8
RB =
3
wL
8
137
9
wL2
128 3
SX = − wL + wX = 0
8
3
∴X = L
3
8
L
8
9
∴ Mmax = wL2
3
8
L 128
138
Example: Analyze two span continuous beam ABC by
slope deflection method. Then draw Bending moment &
Shear force diagram. Take EI constant
139
Solution:
− Wab 2 100 × 4 × 22
FAB = 2
=− 2
= −44.44KNM
L 6
Wa 2b 100 × 42 × 2
FBA =+ 2
=+ 2
= +88.89KNM
L 6
− wL2 20 × 52
FBC = =− = −41.67KNM
12 12
+ wL2 20 × 5 2
FCB = = = 41.67KNM
12 12
140
Slope deflection equations
MAB = FAB +
2EI
(2θA + θB ) MBC = FBC +
2EI
(2θB + θC )
L L
= −44.44 +
2EI
θB = −41.67 +
2EI
(2θB + θC )
6 5
1 4 2
= −44.44 + EI θB − − → (1) = −41.67 + EIθB + EIθC → (3)
3 5 5
MBA = FBA +
2EI
(2θB + θA ) MCB = FCB +
2EI
(2θC + θB )
L L
2EI × 2θB = +41.67 +
2EI
(2θC + θB )
= +88.89 +
6 5
2 4EI 2
= 88.89 + EIθB − − − − → (2) = 41.67 + θC + EIθB → ( 4)
3 5 5
141
Boundary conditions
i. -MBA-MBC=0
MBA+MBC=0
ii. MCB=0
2 4 2
Now MBA + MBC = 88.89 + EIθB −41.67 + EIθB + EIθC
3 5 5
22 2
= 47.22 + EIθB + EIθC = 0 − − − − > (5)
15 5
2 4
MCB = 41.67 + EIθB + EIθC = 0 − − − −− > (6)
5 5
Solving EIθB = −20.83 EIθC = −41.67
142
MAB = – 44.44 + (− 20.83 ) = −51.38 KNM
1
3
MBA = + 88.89 + (− 20.83 ) = +75.00 KNM
2
3
MBC = – 41.67 + (− 20.83 ) + (− 41.67 ) = −75.00 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCB = + 41.67 + (− 20.83 ) + (− 41.67 ) = 0

2 4
5 5
143
Free body diagram
Span AB: ΣM A = 0 RB ×6 = 100 × 4 + 75 - 51.38

∴ RB = 70.60 KN
ΣV = 0 R A +RB = 100KN
∴ R A = 100 - 70.60 = 29.40 KN
5
Span BC: ΣM C = 0 RB × 5 = 20 × 5 × + 75
2
∴ RB = 65 KN
ΣV = 0 RB + RC = 20 × 5 = 100KN
RC = 100 - 65 = 35 KN
144
BM and SF diagram
145
Example: Analyze continuous beam ABCD by slope
deflection method and then draw bending moment diagram.
Take EI constant.
Solution:
Wab 2 100 × 4 × 22
F AB = − 2
=− 2
= - 44.44 KN M
L 6
Wa 2b 100 × 4 2 × 2
FBA = + 2
=+ 2
= + 88.88 KNM
L 6
146
wL2 20 × 52
FBC = − =− = - 41.67 KNM
12 12
wL2 20 × 52
FCB = + =+ = + 41.67 KNM
12 12
FCD = −20 × 1.5 = - 30 KN M
147
Slope deflection equations:
MAB =FAB +
2EI
(2θA +θB ) = −44.44 + 1 EIθB - - - - - - - -- > (1)
L 3
MBA =FBA +
2EI
(2θB +θA ) = +88.89 + 2 EIθB - - - - - - - -- > (2)
L 3
MBC =FBC +
2EI
(2θB +θC ) = −41.67 + 4 EIθB + 2 EIθC - - - - - - - - > (3 )
L 5 5
MCB =FCB +
2EI
(2θC +θB ) = +41.67 + 4 EIθC + 2 EIθB - - - - - - - - > (4 )
L 5 5
MCD = −30 KNM
148
Boundary conditions MBA +MBC = 0
MCB +MCD = 0
2 4 2
Now, MBA +MBC = 88.89 + EIθB −41.67 + EIθB + EIθC
3 5 5
- - - - - - - - > (5 )
22 2
= 47.22 + EIθB + EIθC = 0
15 5
4 2
And, MCB +MCD = +41.67 + EIθC + EIθB −30
5 5
− − − − − − > (6 )
2 4
= 11.67 + EIθB + EIθC
5 5
Solving
EIθB = −32.67 EIθC = +1.75
149
Substituting
MAB = −44.44 +
1
(− 32.67) = −61.00 KNM
2
MBA = +88.89 +
2
(− 32.67 ) = +67.11 KNM
3
MBC = −41.67 +
4
(− 32.67) = + 2 (1.75 ) = −67.11 KNM
5 5
MCB = +41.67 + (1.75 ) + (− 32.67 ) = +30.00

4 2
KNM
5 5
MCD = −30 KNM
150
151
Example: Analyse the continuous beam ABCD shown in figure
by slope deflection method. The support B sinks by 15mm.
Take E = 200 × 105 KN / m2 and I = 120 × 10−6 m4
Solution: wL2
FBC =− = −41.67 KNM
Wab 2 8
FAB = − 2
= −44.44 KNM
L
wL2
FCB =+ = +41.67 KNM
2
Wa b 8
FBA = + 2
= +88.89 KNM
L
FCD = −20 × 1.5 = −30 KNM
152
FEM due to yielding of support B
For span AB:

6EI 6 × 200 −6 15
mab = mba = − 2
δ = − 2
× 10 5
× 120 × 10 × = −6 KNM
L 6 1000
For span BC:

6EI 6 × 200 15
mbc = mcb = + 2
δ = + 2
× 10 5
× 120 × 10 −6
× = +8.64KNM
L 5 1000
153
Slope deflection equation
MAB = F AB +
EI
(2θ A +θB ) − 6EI2 δ = - 44.44 + 1 EIθB −6
L L 3
- - - - - - - - - - > (1)
1
= −50.44 + EIθB
3
2EI 6EIδ 2
MBA = FBA + (2θB + θ A ) − 2 = + 88.89 + EIθB −6
L L 3
- - - - - - - - - - - - > (2)
2
= +82.89 + EIθB
3
6EIδ
(2θB +θC ) + 2 = - 41.67 + EI(2θB +θC ) + 8.64
2EI 2
MBC = FBC +
L L 5
- - - - - - - -- > (3 )
4 2
= −33.03 + EIθB + EIθC
5 5
154
6EIδ
(2θC + θB ) + 2 = + 41.67 + EI(2θC +θB ) + 8.64
2EI 2
MCB = FCB +
L L 5
- - - - - - - -- > (4 )
4 2
= +50.31 + EIθC + EIθB
5 5
MCD = −30 KNM - - - - - - - -- > (5 )
Boundary conditions M +M = 0
BA BC
MCB +MCD = 0
Now 22 2
MBA +MBC = 49.86 + EIθB + EIθC = 0
15 5
2 4
MCB +MCD = 20.31 + EIθB + EIθC = 0
5 5
Solving EIθB = −31.35 EIθC = −9.71
155
Final moments
MAB = −50.44 + (− 31.35 ) = −60.89 KNM
1
3
MBA = +82.89 +
2
(− 31.35) = +61.99 KNM
3
MBC = −33.03 + (− 31.35 ) + (− 9.71) = −61.99 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCB = +50.31 + (− 9.71) + (− 31.35 ) = +30.00 KNM
4 2
5 5
MCD = −30 KNM
156
157
Direct Displacement Method for Beam
Introduction
The direct displacement method is another technique that can be used to analyze indeterminate structures. This method can be generalized and is
commonly used in structural analysis software.
In this method, all degrees of freedom of a structure are restrained, i.e. "locked", and the member fixed end forces are calculated due to any
applied loads on the member. As in moment distribution, each degree of freedom is then independently released, i.e."un-locked", and the member
end forces are determined due to an application of a unit displacement that corresponds to each degree of freedom. This displacement can either
be a rotation or a translation. The actual member end forces are then calculated by satisfying equilibrium conditions at each of the degrees of
freedom.
The steps required to complete an analysis based on the direct displacement method are illustrated in the following simplified example (more
detailed examples are given bellow):
Given a structure:
i) Determine the kinematic degree of indeterminacy, i.e. the number of degrees of freedom.
The kinematic degree of freedom is the number of independent joint displacements (rotations and translations).
This sample problem has two degrees of kinematic indeterminacy since the structure can undergo rotations at both joints B and C.
However, the moment at Joint C is determinate. However, since the moment at C is zero, modified stiffness can be utilized for member BC.
Modified stiffness is used by not including the rotation at C as an unknown reaction. This reduces the kinematic indeterminacy of the structure to
only one.
158
The figures below show the kinematic degree of freedom associated with a variety of two-dimensional plane structures. For reference, the
number of degrees of static indeterminacy is also listed. Note: axial deformation is not considered.
Kinematic Degree of Degree of Static

Structure
Freedom Indeterminacy
2 0
1 1
2 4
4 2
a) 2 2
b) 1 2
2 2
3 1
159
** a) This problem can also be classified as twice kinematically indeterminate if the effect of the cantilever portion is considered as joint loads at
the roller support on the far right.
** b) This problem can also be classified as once kinematically indeterminate if modified stiffness is used for the beam between the two rollers in
conjunction with the correct fixed end moment at the intermediate roller. This accounts for the fact that the moment at the roller on the far right is
known.
For more details, see the two-span cantilever example below.
Direct Displacement Method

Two-Span with a Cantilever Indeterminate Beam
Problem statement
Using the direct displacement method, determine the final member end forces in the two-span beam shown. The modulus of elasticity (E) is
constant for the entire beam, and the moment of inertia (I) for each member varies as indicated in the figure.
160
Determine the kinematic degrees of freedom
The kinematic degrees of freedom are the number of independent joint displacements, in this structure there are four:
Figure 2 - Locations of kinematic degrees of freedom
However, the number of kinematic degrees of freedom can be reduced by considering:
Approach 1. - remove the cantilever

Transfer the load acting at End D with a couple and a vertical force acting at Joint C .
Figure 3 - Structure with cantilever replaced by equivalent moment and vertical force
By replacing the cantilever end with a force and a couple, the structure's degree of kinematic of freedom will be reduced to two;
Figure 4 - Kinematic degree of freedom for new structure

161
Determine the Fixed End Moments due to the applied loads on the new structure:
For a distributed load, the fixed end moments are equal to wL2/12=2x(24)2/12=96
For a point load, located at the center of a span, the fixed end moments are equal to PL/8 = 16x16/8 = 32
Figure 5 - Member fixed end moments due to the applied loads

Find the stiffness coefficients due to an applied unit displacement at each degree of freedom:
Figure 6 - Stiffness coefficients due to unit rotation at B
Figure 7 - Stiffness coefficients due to unit rotation at C The equilibrium equation for Joint C is set
At each degree of freedom, write the corresponding equilibrium equations: equal to the applied 12 ft-k moment at the
joint. This is to account for the moment due
At Joint B: 96- 32+ [(4E*1.5I)/24 + (4E*1.33I)/16]*X1+ (2E*1.33I/16)*X2 = 0 to the cantilever at end CD.
162
At Joint C: 32+ (2E*1.33I/16)*X1+ (4E*1.33I/16)*X2 = 12
Determine the unknown joint rotations by simultaneously solving the equilibrium equations:
X1 = -108/EI
X2 = -6/EI
Calculate the Member End Moments:

MAB = -96 + (2E(1.5I)/24)* X1 = -96 + (2E(1.5I)/24)*(-108/EI) = -109.5 ft-k
MBA = 96 + (4E(1.5I)/24)* X1 = 96 + (4E(1.5I)/24)*(-108/EI ) = 69 ft-k
MBC = -32 + (4E(1.33I)/16)* X1 + (2E(1.33I)/16)* X2 = -32 + (4E(1.33I)/16)*(-108/EI) +

(2E(1.33I)/16)*(-6/EI) = -69 ft-k
MCB = 32 + (2E(1.33I)/16)* X1 + (4E(1.33I)/16)* X2 = 32 + (2E(1.33I)/16)*(-108/EI) +
(4E(1.33I)/16)*(-6/EI) = 12 ft-k
note: see approach 2 to determine the member end forces.
163
Determine final member end forces
Similarly, the final member end forces can be calculated by utilizing the final fixed end moments and applied loads on each member.
The final end forces (positive moment is in the clockwise direction);
Figure 5 - Member loads and reactions

These reactions can now be used to draw the Shear;
complete shear and moment diagrams for the
structure.
Moment;
Figure 6 - Final shear diagram
Figure 7 - Final moment diagram
164
Approach 2. - apply modified stiffness
Figure 8- Locations of kinematic degrees of freedom

Consider the rotation at Joint B as the only unknown degree of freedom. Since the resulting moment at Joint C is known to equal 12 ft-k due to the
cantilever (positive moment in the clockwise direction), modified stiffness for member BC can be used (Modified Stiffness is also illustrated in
the Introduction to the Direct Displacement Method).
This approach is described in detail below.
Determine the Fixed End Moments due to the applied loads on the structure:
For reference, refer to the Table of Fixed End Moments
For the cantilever end, the fixed end moment is equal to the moment generated by the point load, PL = 3x4 = 12
Figure 9 - Member fixed end moments due to applied loads

Calculate the final Fixed End Moment at Joint B in member BC:
Since modified stiffness is being used at Joint C, the moments at Joint C must be balanced. The moments at Joint B remain unbalanced as the
reaction at Joint B will be determined by the Direct Displacement Method.
A B B C C
Distribution Factor 1 0
FEM -96 96 -32 32 -12
Distribute -20
Carry Over -10
165
Final FEM -96 96 -42 12 -12
Find the stiffness coefficients due to an applied unit displacement at Joint B:
Apply a unit displacement at the location and in the direction of the unknown degree of freedom.
Notice that the structure is shown with a roller at Joint C. The contribution of the cantilever to the final reaction at Joint B was previously
determined by balancing the moments at Joint C, refer to the Table of Fixed End Moments.
Figure 10- Stiffness coefficients due to unit rotation at B
At each degree of freedom, write the corresponding equilibrium equations:

The equilibrium equation is determined by summing the fixed end forces induced by the member loads plus the moments caused by the
unknown displacement.
At Joint B: 96 - 42 + [4E(1.5I)/24 + 3E(1.33I)/16]* X1 = 0
The equilibrium equation is set equal to zero because there are no applied moments at the joint.
Determine the unknown joint rotation by solving for the unknown:

X1 = -108/EI
Calculate the Member End Moments:
MAB = -96 + (2E(3I/2)/24)* X1 = -96 + (2E(3I/2)/24)*(-108/EI ) = -109.5 ft-k
MBA = 96 + (4E(3I/2)/24)* X1 = 96 + (4E(3I/2)/24)*(-108/EI ) = 69 ft-k
MBC = -42 + (3E(4I/3)/16)* X1 = -42 + (3E(4I/3)/16)*(-108/EI ) = -69 ft-k

MCB = 12 ft-k
166
MCD = -12 ft-k
Using the results of either approach, apply the end moments and the loads, and determine the member end forces using statics. For example;

These reactions are used to draw the complete shear and moment diagrams for the structure.
Shear and Moment diagrams:
167
Figure 12 - Final shear and moment diagram
ii) Determine the restraining, i.e. fixed end forces of each member.
In this example, the structure is separated into two sections;
The corresponding sections and their fixed end forces (refer to the Table of Fixed End Moments or a structural analysis text book for these values),
note: since modified stiffness is being used on member BC the moment at C is equal to 0 and the moment at B is wl2/8 rather than wl2/12.
168
169
Calculate stiffness coefficients due to applied unit displacements
Apply a unit displacement in the direction of, and in the same location as each unknown degree of freedom.
In this example, the restraint is released at Joint B and a unit displacement is applied in the positive clockwise direction.
For X1 (at Joint B),
Figure 4 - Stiffness coefficients due to unit rotation at Joint B
Determine equilibrium equations for each degree of freedom

At each degree of freedom, write the corresponding equilibrium equations:
At Joint B: 36 - 144 + (4EI/18+ 4E(1.5I)/24)* X1 = 0
Solving;
X1 = 228.706/EI
Calculate the member end moments

The final member end moments are found by adding a correction moment to the fixed end moments caused by the applied loads. This correction
moment is the resulting stiffness coefficient induced by the unit displacement, multiplied by the true displacements.
In this example, the final end moments are as follows;
MAB = -36 + (2EI/18)* X1 = -36 + (2EI/18)*228.706/EI = -10.588 ft-k
MBA = 36 + (4EI/18)* X1 = 36 + (4EI/18)*228.706/EI = 86.824 ft-k
MBC = -144 + (4E(1.5I)/24)* X1 = -144 + (4E(1.5I)/24)*228.706/EI = -86.824 ft-k

MCB = 144 + (2E(1.5I)/24)* X1 = 144 + (2E(1.5I)/24)*228.706/EI = 172.589 ft-k
170
Similarly, the final member end forces can be calculated by utilizing the final fixed end moments and applied loads on each member.
The final end forces (positive moment is in the clockwise direction

These reactions can now be used to draw the complete shear and moment diagrams for the structure.
Shear;
Figure 6 - Final shear diagram
Moment;
Figure 7 - Final moment diagram 171

Direct Displacement Method
Two-Span Indeterminate Beam
Problem statement
Using the direct displacement method, determine the final member end forces in the two-span indeterminate beam below. The modulus of
elasticity (E) is constant for the entire beam, the moment of inertia (I) for each member varies as indicated in the figure.

Determine the kinematic degrees of freedom
The kinematic degrees of freedom are the number of independent joint displacements, in this structure there is only one:
Figure 2 - Location of kinematic degree of freedom

Determine the fixed end moments due to the applied loads
Restrain all degrees of freedom of the structure. From this restrained structure, determine the fixed end moments due to the applied loads (positive
moments are in the clockwise direction).
172
Figure 3 - Member fixed end moments due to applied loads
Fixed End Moments
Introduction
Fixed End Moments are used in numerous approaches of strucutral analysis. The following moments are developed by using any of the various
methods available for solving indeterminate structures.
Examples
173
174
7. MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD
175
7.1 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD - AN
OVERVIEW
• 7.1 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD - AN OVERVIEW

• 7.2 INTRODUCTION
• 7.3 STATEMENT OF BASIC PRINCIPLES
• 7.4 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
• 7.5 SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS
• 7.6 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD FOR STRUCTURES
HAVING NONPRISMATIC MEMBERS
176
7.2 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD -
INTRODUCTION AND BASIC PRINCIPLES
7.1 Introduction
(Method developed by Prof. Hardy Cross in 1932)
The method solves for the joint moments in continuous beams and
rigid frames by successive approximation.
7.2 Statement of Basic Principles

Consider the continuous beam ABCD, subjected to the given loads,
as shown in Figure below. Assume that only rotation of joints occur
at B, C and D, and that no support displacements occur at B, C and
D. Due to the applied loads in spans AB, BC and CD, rotations
occur at B, C and D.
150 kN
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
3m
A B C D
I I I
8m 6m 8m 177
In order to solve the problem in a successively approximating manner,
it can be visualized to be made up of a continued two-stage problems
viz., that of locking and releasing the joints in a continuous sequence.
7.2.1 Step I
The joints B, C and D are locked in position before any load is
applied on the beam ABCD; then given loads are applied on the
beam. Since the joints of beam ABCD are locked in position, beams
AB, BC and CD acts as individual and separate fixed beams,
subjected to the applied loads; these loads develop fixed end
moments.
-80 kN.m 15 kN/m -80 kN.m -112.5kN.m 10 kN/m

112.5 kN.m -53.33 kN.m 53.33 kN.m
3m
150 kN
A B C
8m B C D
6m 8m
178
In beam AB
Fixed end moment at A = -wl2/12 = - (15)(8)(8)/12 = - 80 kN.m
Fixed end moment at B = +wl2/12 = +(15)(8)(8)/12 = + 80 kN.m
In beam BC
Fixed end moment at B = - (Pab2)/l2 = - (150)(3)(3)2/62
= -112.5 kN.m
Fixed end moment at C = + (Pa2b)/l2 = + (150)(3)(3)2/62
= + 112.5 kN.m
In beam AB
Fixed end moment at C = -wl2/12 = - (10)(8)(8)/12 = - 53.33 kN.m
Fixed end moment at D = +wl2/12 = +(10)(8)(8)/12 = + 53.33kN.m
179
7.2.2 Step II
Since the joints B, C and D were fixed artificially (to compute the the fixed-
end moments), now the joints B, C and D are released and allowed to rotate.
Due to the joint release, the joints rotate maintaining the continuous nature of
the beam. Due to the joint release, the fixed end moments on either side of
joints B, C and D act in the opposite direction now, and cause a net
unbalanced moment to occur at the joint.
150 kN
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
3m
A B C D
I I I
8m 6m 8m
Released moments -80.0 +112.5 -112.5 +53.33 -53.33

Net unbalanced moment -53.33
+32.5 -59.17
180
7.2.3 Step III
These unbalanced moments act at the joints and modify the joint moments at
B, C and D, according to their relative stiffnesses at the respective joints. The
joint moments are distributed to either side of the joint B, C or D, according to
their relative stiffnesses. These distributed moments also modify the moments
at the opposite side of the beam span, viz., at joint A in span AB, at joints B
and C in span BC and at joints C and D in span CD. This modification is
dependent on the carry-over factor (which is equal to 0.5 in this case); when
this carry over is made, the joints on opposite side are assumed to be
fixed.
7.2.4 Step IV
The carry-over moment becomes the unbalanced moment at the joints
to which they are carried over. Steps 3 and 4 are repeated till the carry-
over or distributed moment becomes small.
7.2.5 Step V
Sum up all the moments at each of the joint to obtain the joint
moments.
181
7.3 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS
In order to understand the five steps mentioned in section 7.3, some words
need to be defined and relevant derivations made.
7.3.1 Stiffness and Carry-over Factors
Stiffness = Resistance offered by member to a unit displacement or rotation at a

point, for given support constraint conditions
MA MB A clockwise moment MA is
A applied at A to produce a +ve
B
A θA bending in beam AB. Find θA
and MB.
RA RB
L
E, I – Member properties 182
Using method of consistent deformations
MA
∆A fAA
B B
A L L
A
1 L3
MAL2 f AA =
∆A = +
2EI 3EI
Applying the principle of

consistent deformation,
3M
∆ +R f = 0 →R = − A
↓
A A AA A 2L
MAL RAL2 MAL 4EI MA 4EI
θA = + = ∴MA = θA; hence kθ = =
EI 2EI 4EI L θA L
Stiffness factor = kθ = 4EI/L 183
Considering moment MB,
MB + MA + RAL = 0
∴MB = MA/2= (1/2)MA
Carry - over Factor = 1/2
7.3.2 Distribution Factor

Distribution factor is the ratio according to which an externally applied
unbalanced moment M at a joint is apportioned to the various members
mating at the joint
+ ve moment M M
A B MBC C
A C
MBA
B I2
I1 MBD
L2
L1 I3
L3 At joint B
M - MBA-MBC-MBD = 0
184
D D
i.e., M = MBA + MBC + MBD
  4 E1 I 1   4 E 2 I 2   4 E 3 I 3 
=    +   +   θ B
  L1   L 2   L 3 
= (K BA + K BC + K BD )θ B
M M
∴ θB = =
(K BA + K BC + K BD ) ∑K
 K 
M BA = K BAθ B =  BA  M = ( D . F ) BA M
∑K 
 
Similarly
 K 
M BC =  BC  M = ( D . F ) BC M
∑K 
 
 K 
M BD =  BD  M = ( D . F ) BD M
∑K 
 
185
7.3.3 Modified Stiffness Factor
The stiffness factor changes when the far end of the beam is simply-
supported.
MA θA
A B
L
RA RB
As per earlier equations for deformation, given in Mechanics of Solids

text-books.
M AL
θA =
3EI
M 3EI  3  4EI 
KAB = A = =   
θA L  4  L 
3
= (KAB ) fixed
4 186
7.4 SOLUTION OF PROBLEMS -
7.4.1 Solve the previously given problem by the moment

distribution method
7.4.1.1: Fixed end moments
wl 2 (15)(8) 2
M AB = − M BA = − =− = −80 kN .m
12 12
wl (150)(6)
M BC = − M CB = − =− = −112.5 kN .m
8 8
wl 2 (10)(8) 2
M CD = − M DC = − =− = −53.333 kN .m
12 12
7.4.1.2 Stiffness Factors (Unmodified Stiffness)

4 EI ( 4 )( EI )
K = K = = = 0 . 5 EI
AB BA L 8
4 EI ( 4 )( EI )
K =K = = = 0 . 667 EI
BC CB L 6
 4 EI  4
K =   = EI = 0 . 5 EI
CD
 8  8
4 EI
K = = 0 . 5 EI
DC 8 187
7.4.1.3 Distribution Factors
K BA 0.5EI
DF = = = 0.0
AB K +K 0.5 + ∞ (wall stiffness)
BA wall
K 0.5EI
DFBA = BA
= = 0.4284
K +K 0.5EI + 0.667EI
BA BC
K 0.667EI
DFBC = BC
= = 0.5716
K +K 0.5EI + 0.667EI
BA BC
K 0.667EI
DF = CB
= = 0.5716
CB K +K 0.667EI + 0.500EI
CB CD
K 0.500EI
DF = CD
= = 0.4284
CD K +K 0.667EI + 0.500EI
CB CD
K
DF = DC = 1.00
DC K
DC
188
7.4.1.4 Moment Distribution Table
Joint A B C D
Member AB BA BC CB CD DC
Distribution Factors 0 0.4284 0.5716 0.5716 0.4284 1
Computed end moments -80 80 -112.5 112.5 -53.33 53.33
Cycle 1
Distribution 13.923 18.577 -33.82 -25.35 -53.33
Carry-over moments 6.962 -16.91 9.289 -26.67 -12.35
Cycle 2
Distribution 7.244 9.662 9.935 7.446 12.35
Carry-over moments 3.622 4.968 4.831 6.175 3.723
Cycle 3
Distribution -2.128 -2.84 -6.129 -4.715 -3.723
Carry-over moments -1.064 -3.146 -1.42 -1.862 -2.358
Cycle 4
Distribution 1.348 1.798 1.876 1.406 2.358
Carry-over moments 0.674 0.938 0.9 1.179 0.703
Cycle 5
Distribution -0.402 -0.536 -1.187 -0.891 -0.703
Summed up -69.81 99.985 -99.99 96.613 -96.61 0

moments
189
7.4.1.5 Computation of Shear Forces
15 kN/m 10 kN/m
150 kN
B C
A D
I I I
8m 3m 3m 8m
Simply-supported 60 60 75 75 40 40
reaction
End reaction
due to left hand FEM 8.726 -8.726 16.665 -16.67 12.079 -12.08
End reaction
due to right hand FEM -12.5 12.498 -16.1 16.102 0 0
Summed-up 56.228 63.772 75.563 74.437 53.077 27.923

moments
190
7.4.1.5 Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams
52.077
75.563
2.792 m
56.23
27.923
3.74 m 74.437
63.77
S. F. D.
Mmax=+38.985 kN.m
Max=+ 35.59 kN.m
126.704 31.693
35.08
48.307
-69.806 3.74 m
84.92 98.297 2.792 m
-99.985 -96.613
191
B. M. D
Simply-supported bending moments at center of span
Mcenter in AB = (15)(8)2/8 = +120 kN.m
Mcenter in BC = (150)(6)/4 = +225 kN.m
Mcenter in AB = (10)(8)2/8 = +80 kN.m
192
Moment Distribution Method
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
7.5 MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD FOR
NONPRISMATIC MEMBER (CHAPTER 12)
The section will discuss moment distribution method to analyze

beams and frames composed of nonprismatic members. First
the procedure to obtain the necessary carry-over factors,
stiffness factors and fixed-end moments will be outlined. Then
the use of values given in design tables will be illustrated.
Finally the analysis of statically indeterminate structures using
the moment distribution method will be outlined
220
7.5.1 Stiffness and Carry-over Factors
Use moment-area method to find the stiffness and carry-

over factors of the non-prismatic beam.
PA MA
MB
A
B
∆
θA
PA = ( K A ) AB ∆ A M A = (Kθ )AB θ A
M B = C AB M A
CAB= Carry-over factor of moment MA from A to B
221
θA (= 1.0)
MA MB θB (= 1.0)
B A
B
MA(≡KA) M′A=CBAMB
MB=CABMA =CBAKB M′B(≡KB)
=CABKA
(a) (b)
Use of Betti-Maxwell’s reciprocal theorem requires that the work

done by loads in case (a) acting through displacements in case (b) is
equal to work done by loads in case (b) acting through displacements in
case (a)
(M A )(0) + (M B )(1) = (M ′A )(1.0) + (M B′ )(0.0)

C AB K A = C BA K B 222
7.5.2 Tabulated Design Tables
Graphs and tables have been made available to determine fixed-end

moments, stiffness factors and carry-over factors for common
structural shapes used in design. One such source is the Handbook of
Frame constants published by the Portland Cement Association,
Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A. A portion of these tables, is listed here as
Table 1 and 2
Nomenclature of the Tables

aA ab = ratio of length of haunch (at end A and B to the length
of span
b = ratio of the distance (from the concentrated load to end A)
to the length of span
hA, hB= depth of member at ends A and B, respectively
hC = depth of member at minimum section
223
Ic = moment of inertia of section at minimum section = (1/12)B(hc)3,
with B as width of beam
This image cannot currently be display ed.
kAB, kBC = stiffness factor for rotation at end A and B, respectively

L = Length of member
MAB, MBA = Fixed-end moments at end A and B, respectively; specified in
tables for uniform load w or concentrated force P
hA − hC hB − hC
rA = rB =
hC hC
k AB EI C k BA EI C
Also KA = , KB =
L L
224
225
226
The Moment Distribution Method -Summary
1. Restrain all possible displacements.

2. Calculate Distribution Factors:
where S is the rotational stiffness , and is given by
227
3. Determine carry-over factors
The carry-over factor to a fixed end is always 0.5, otherwise it is 0.0.
4. Calculate Fixed End Moments. (Table 3.1).

These could be due to in-span loads, temperature variation and/or relative
displacement between the ends of a member.
5. Do distribution cycles for all joints simultaneously

Each cycle consists of two steps:
i. Distribution of out of balance moments Mo, where

Then;
where
Me: is the external moment applied to the joint (if any)
Mo: is the total out of balance moment at the joint
FEMi: the fixed-end moment
Mi: moment distributed to any member
DFi: distribution factor of member i
at the member end connected to the228
joint
ii. Calculation of the carry over moment at the far end of each member.
The procedure is stopped when, at all joints, the out of balance moment is a
negligible value. In this case, the joints should be balanced and no carry-over
moments are calculated.
6. Calculate the final moment at either end of each member.
This is the sum of all moments (including FEM) computed during the distribution cycles.
229
Beam with Settlement
Draw the bending moment diagram for the beam shown due to
a) In-span loads only

b) Settlement only
c) Both cases:
a) In-span loads only
1. Lock joints
Joint B is locked. Joint C is a pin support, therefore no need to lock it.
2. Calculate Distribution Factors:
At A: = 0.0
At B: S BA : S
BC
4EI/4 : 3E(1.5I)/5
1 : 0.9 Sum = 1.9
DF BA = 1/1.9 , DF BC = 0.9/1.9
230
At C: =1.0
3. carry-over Factors:
Joint A Joint B Joint C
A to B B to A B to C C to B
0.5 (Far end Fixed) 0.5 (Far end Fixed) 0.0 (Far end pinned) 0.5 (Far end Fixed)
From Table 5.1 (assuming clockwise moments are positive):
4. Fixed End Moments
Span AB:
5. Distribution Cycles
Span BC:
B.M.D due to loads:
231
b) Settlement only
Steps 1 to 3 as above.
4. Fixed End moments From Table 5.1 (assuming clockwise moments are positive):
5. Distribution Cycles:
Span AB:
Span BC:
B.M.D due to settlement:
232
c) B.M.D due to both cases:
this is the sum (i.e superposition) of
233
Problems 1 to 3: Calculate the reactions and draw the BMD.
1)
(MAB= 17.14 , MBA= 34.29 )
2)
3) If the support at C sinks by 5mm what will be the new values of

the bending moment along the beam. Assume E=207kN/mm2, I =
81E+7mm4.
(Due to loading C:5.48, D:37.07)

(Due to sinking C:83.82, D:41.91)
234
4) Calculate the reactions and draw the B.M.D for the beam shown. Assume that EI
for the beam is 5E13 Nmm2, and the flexibility of each spring is 25E-5 mm/N.
(102.7 kN , 194.54 kN ,102.7 kN )
5) Calculate the vertical deflection, in terms of EI, of joint D on the frame shown.
(C:39.44, EC:51.05, EF:28.78, EB:22.27, F:17.3)
(B:23.82, C:126.18) 235

7)
(A: 22.49, B:62.31,F:15.2)
236
Example 21.1
Analyse the rigid frame shown in Fig 21.4a. Assume EI to be constant for all members.
Also sketch elastic curve.
Solution C
Solution
In the given problem, joint can also rotate and
also translate by an unknown
amount . This problem has to be solved in two
steps. In the first step, evaluate
the beam-end moment by preventing the
sidesway.
C
∆
In the second step calculate beam end
moments by moment-distribution method
for known translation (see Fig 21.4b). By
appropriately superposing the two
results, the beam end moment of the original
structure is obtained.
a) Calculate stiffness and distribution factors
237
b) Calculate fixed end moment due to applied loading.
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246

Force Method Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Force Method Analysis of Indeterminate Structures

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE

STRUCTURES BY FORCE METHOD

• ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES BY FORCE

• Two methods are available to analyze indeterminate structures, depending on

Propped Cantilever - Redundant vertical reaction released

(a) Release the vertical support at B:

The governing compatibility equation obtained at B is,

fBB = displacement per unit load (applied in +ve direction)

(c) Apply compatibility at the location of the removed redundant

∆B0 ∆C0 ∆D0

∆BO + fBBRB + fBCRC + fBDRD = 0

∆CO + fCBRB + fCCRC + fCDRD = 0

∆DO + fDBRB + fDCRC + fDDRD = 0

Compatibility conditions at B, C and D give the following equations:

∆BO + fBBRB + fBCRC + fBDRD = ∆B

∆CO + fCBRB + fCCRC + fCDRD = ∆C

∆DO + fDBRB + fDCRC + fDDRD = ∆D

(b)Find deformation ∆ABO along AB:

(d) Apply compatibility condition along AB:

(d) Hence determine FAB

FCE = FCE0 + uCE FAB

where FCE0 = force in CE due to applied loads on primary structure

• Temperature changes affect the internal forces in a structure

Deflection (translation) at a point:

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

Check these reactions by summing the forces in the vertical direction.

Figure 3 - Resultant shear and moment diagrams

Figure 5 - Moment diagram due to 56 ft-k moment

Figure 6 - Moment diagram due

The resulting system,

Figure 10 - Beam with virtual load applied

Check these reactions by summing the vertical forces.

The resulting moment diagram due

Figure 13 - Moment diagram on cantilever

The heights (hi) are shown

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze 57

Check these reactions by summing the shear forces.

The resulting system,

Figure 2 - Beam structure with support reactions

Figure 3 - Moment diagram due to 56 ft-k moment

Figure 5 - Moment diagram due to 6 k applied load

Solve the support reactions due to the virtual load, Q

Check these reactions by summing the vertical forces.

Figure 9 - Moment diagram due to virtual unit load

Figure 10 - Heights of virtual moment diagram

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

Check these reactions by summing the vertical forces.

The resulting system,

Figure 3 - Moment diagram due to 56 ft-k moment

Figure 4 - Moment diagram Figure 6 - Moment diagram due to 6 k

apply virtual load

Figure 9 - Support reactions due to virtual

Check these reactions by summing the vertical forces.

Figure 10 - Moment diagram due to virtual unit load

3. 1/2x20x420/EI=4200/EI X3 = 2/3x20 = 13.33

Heights (hi) and locations by the cantilever method

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

Check these reactions by summing the vertical forces.

The resulting system,

Figure 1 - Beam structure to analyze

Figure 3 - Moment diagram due to applied loads

The resulting moment diagram can be calculated by solving for each