Ts. Dr.

AK Thevaneyan
 Objectives

Weeks 6 and 7
This topic is designed to assess student ability’s on:
 Able to calculate degree of indeterminacy of the indeterminate beams,
frames and arches.
 Able to apply principle of superposition to equate the original
indeterminate structure into a primary and redundant applied structures.
 Able to write the compatibility of displacement equation of the single and
multiple degrees of indeterminacy for the indeterminate structures.
 Able to determine unknown reaction forces for indeterminate structures
by using Flexibility Method/ Force Method (caused by member loads and
support settlement/displacement).
 Able to draw the bending moment diagram for indeterminate beams,
frames and arches.
Statically Indeterminate Structures

• Advantages & Disadvantages

• For a given loading, the max stress and deflection
of an indeterminate structure are generally smaller
than those of its statically determinate counterpart
• Statically indeterminate structure has a tendency to
redistribute its load to its redundant supports in
cases of faulty designs or overloading
Statically Indeterminate Structures

• Advantages & Disadvantages

• Although statically indeterminate structure can
support loading with thinner members & with
increased stability compared to their statically
determinate counterpart, the cost savings in
material must be compared with the added cost to
fabricate the structure since often it becomes more
costly to construct the supports & joints of an
indeterminate structure
• Careful of differential disp of the supports as well
 Statically Indeterminate Structures

• Method of Analysis
• To satisfy equilibrium, compatibility & force-
displacement requirements for the structure
• Force Method which is also known as Flexibility
Method
• Displacement Method is also known as Stiffness
Method
 FLEXIBILITY (FORCE) METHOD
INTRODUCTION
 This flexibility method is sometimes referred as force
method, compatibility method or the method of
consistent deformations.
 This method was introduced by James C. Maxwell in
1864.
 Flexibility method involves removing enough
restraints from the indeterminate structure to render it
statically determinate and this determinate structure
must be statically stable.
 FLEXIBILITY (FORCE) METHOD
INTRODUCTION
A structure of any type is classified as statically
indeterminate when the number of unknown reactions
or internal forces exceeds the number of equilibrium
equations available for its analysis.

Flexibility (Force) method is one of the several

technique available to analyze indeterminate
structures. The following is the procedure that
describes the concept of this method for analyzing
externally indeterminate structures with single or
double degrees of indeterminacy.
 FLEXIBILITY (FORCE) METHOD
INTRODUCTION
The force method consists of writing
equations that satisfy the compatibility and
force-displacement requirements for the
structure in order to determine the
redundant forces. Once these forces have
been determined, the remaining reactive
forces on the structure are determined by
satisfying the equilibrium requirements.
 FLEXIBILITY (FORCE) METHOD
METHOD OF ANALYSIS

It is necessary to satisfy
equilibrium, compatibility and
force-displacement requirements
for the structure.
Single degree of indeterminacy Multiple degrees of indeterminacy
Beam; d = 3m + r – 3j = 3(1) + 6 – 3(2) = 3°
Beam; d = 3m + r – 3j = 3(2) + 4 – 3(3) = 1°

Frame; d = 3m + r - 3j = 3(4) + 7 – 3(5) = 4°

Frame; d = 3m + r - 3j = 3(2) + 4 – 3(3) = 1° 10 kN 10 kN

A B C
25 kN

2m

2m
E

2m
1m 1m 2m
 General Procedures
 Determine degree of indeterminacy (DOI) of the system. No. of
DOI represents no. of redundant.
 Choose the redundant forces.
 Write the general equation. (eg. Actual beam = primary beam
+ redundant applied)
 Draw the figure of actual structure, primary structure and
redundant applied structure.
 Write the compatibility equation and force-displacement
equation. (Apply the superposition principle).
 Calculate the value of redundant forces.
 Once the redundant forces are known, the other reaction at
the rest of the support will be solved using equilibrium
equation or by applying superposition principle.
 Flexibility Method Concept

 Involves removing enough restrained

from the indeterminate structure to
render it statically determinate.
 This determinate structure, which
must be statically stable, is referred
as primary structure.
 The restraints removed from the
given indeterminate structure are
called redundant.
 The redundant are then applied as
unknown loads on the structure, and
their values are determined by
solving the compatibility equation.
Flexibility Method for Truss
Procedure of Truss Analysis by Flexibility
Method-
Step 1 Principle of Superposition
Determine the degree of indeterminacy, d
d = degree of static indeterminacy m = number of members
d = m + r - 2j r = number of reactions j = number
of joints
Construct Determinate Primary Structure
Remove n unknown redundant forces but remain all real loads.

Construct Determinate Virtual/Redundant Structure

Remove all real loads and apply redundant force 1kN either
externally or internally.

Analyze the both above determinate trusses.

Determine the support reactions and member forces
Example on Principle of Superposition (External redundant)

 Indeterminate truss to be analyzed.

 Apply principle of superposition 
determinate structure.
 d = m + r - 2j = 1
 Decision:
-to remove 1 external redundant, Cx.


Remain all real load, remove Remove all real load, apply
redundant Cx redundant Cx
Example on Principle of Superposition (Internal redundant)

 Indeterminate truss to be analyzed.

 Apply principle of superposition 
determinate structure.
 d = m + r - 2j = 1
 Decision:
-to remove 1 internal redundant, FBD.


Remain all real load, remove Remove all real load, apply
redundant FBD redundant FBD = 1kN
Procedure of Truss Analysis by Flexibility Method-
Step 2 Compatibility Equation
 For Singly redundant, d = 1;

1  10  11
1  10  11 R1 where
1 = Displacement at the corresponding redundant applied
in real structure
N 0 N1 L
10  
10 = Displacement at the corresponding redundant applied
in primary structure
AE
11 = Displacement caused by R1
N12 L
11   11 = Flexibility coeff; Displacement caused by R1
AE R1 = Redundant Force
No = Internal member forces in primary structure

N  N 0  N1 R1 N1 = Internal member forces caused by R1 = 1kN

N = Actual member forces of indeterminate truss
Procedure of Truss Analysis by Flexibility Method-
Step 2 Compatibility Equation cont’
 For Doubly redundant, d = 2;
1  10  11  12 N 0 N1 L
10  
1  10  11 R1  12 R 2 AE
N N L
 20   0 2
AE
 2   20   21   22 11  
N12 L
AE
 2   20   21 R1   22 R 2
NN L
12   21   1 2
AE
In Matrix Form, N 22 L
 22  
AE
 1   10   11 12   R1  N  N 0  N1 R1  N 2 R2
    
  2    20    21  22   R 2  N2 = Internal member forces caused by R2 = 1kN
Procedure of Truss Analysis by Flexibility Method-
Step 2 Compatibility Equation
(Example on singly redundant)

= +
N0 N1
N 0 N1 L
10   Member L (m) No N1 NoN1L N12L N=N0+N1R1
AE
AB
N12 L
11   BC
AE
BD
1  10  11 AD
1  10  11 R1 DC
Solve R1 ∑ ∑
Step 2 Compatibility Equation cont’
Truss subjected to support displacement, fabrication error &
temperature change

 For Singly redundant, d = 1;

1  10  11 R1  f1  t1

Support
Displacement

Rules:
1. If no support displacement, 1 =0
2. If support displaced in the same direction with R1, 1 =+ve
3. If support displaced in the opposite direction with R1,
1 =-ve
Step 2 Compatibility Equation cont’
Truss subjected to support displacement, fabrication error &
temperature change

 For Singly redundant, d = 1; Fabrication

Error

1  10  11 R1  f1  t1

f1   n1L
n1 = internal forces when R1=1kN
L = change in length
Rules:
1. If member fabricated too long, L =+ve
2. If member fabricated too short, L =-ve
Step 2 Compatibility Equation cont’
Truss subjected to support displacement, fabrication error &
temperature change

 For Singly redundant, d = 1; Temperature

Change

1  10  11 R1  f1  t1

t1   n1 (T ) L
n1 = internal forces when R1=1kN
T = change in temperature
 = coefficient of thermal expansion
L = Length of member
Rules:
1. If temperature increase/heated, T =+ve
2. If temperature decrease/cool, T =-ve
Step 2 Compatibility Equation cont’
Truss subjected to support displacement, fabrication error &
temperature change

 For Doubly redundant, d = 2;

1  10  11 R1  12 R 2  f1  t1

 2   20   21 R1   22 R 2  f 2  t2
Fabrication error;
f1   n1L
f 2   n2 L
Temperature change;

t1   n1 (T ) L

t2   n2 (T ) L
Procedure of Truss Analysis by Flexibility Method-
Step 3 Equilibrium Equations

•Since the redundant forces / moments have been

calculated, the remaining unknown reactions can be
determined from equilibrium equations.
•All the internal forces such as axial forces in trusses could
be obtained
•Deflection/ displacement/ rotation at any point on the
structure can be determined by using virtual work done.
Additional Note: Compatibility Equation
To determine the DISPLACEMENT at one node

In general, the principle was developed based on:

Work of External Loads = Work of Internal Loads

TRUSSES
To determine deflection dealing with External Load:
nNL N = actual member forces in the truss
1.   n = member forces caused by unit load 1kN on the node
AE
To determine deflection when truss is subjected to temperature change:
1.   nTL Note:T is +ve if temperature rise/increase; -ve if temperature decrease

To determine deflection when truss is subjected to fabrication errors:

1.   nL Note:L is +ve if fabrication too long; -ve too short
 Example on Truss subjected to
Fabrication error & Temperature Change
Determine the member forces if support C settle 10mm, member BD was
heated 10oC, member DE was cooled 30oC, member BC fabricated 8mm
too long. Given α = 1x10-5 /oC. Say L =1m for all members.
member No N1 N2 ∆L ∆f1 ∆f2 ∆T ∆t1=N1. ∆t2=N1.
=N1. ∆L N2. ∆L α.∆T.L α.∆T.L

AB 5 -2 -0.707 - - - -
BC 0 -1.414 0 +0.08 -11.31x10-3 0 -
CD 0 1 0 - - - -
DE 0 1 -0.707 - - - -30 -3x10-4 2.121x10-4
AD 0 0 1 - - - -
BE -0.707 1.414 1 - - - -
BD 0 0 -0.707 - - - +10 0 -7.07x10-5
 -11.31x10-3 0 -3x10Copyright
-4 ©1.414x10
by Oh Chai-4Lian
Note: External redundant or Internal redundant?? Choose one redundant to be
 Solve Joint D

UnKnown force, Nu = Known force, Nk x Nu Respec dim

Nk Respec dim
Solve Joint E
Solve Joint C
Solve Joint A
Solve Joint B
For the truss structure shown below, compute the reactions and
the internal forces of the members. Assume E = 200kN/mm2 and
A for all the members are 1200mm2.

15 kN C
B

2.5 m

A D
2.5 m E 2.5 m
15 kN C
B

2.5 m

A D
2.5 m E 2.5 m
 C
B
1

2.5 m

1 D
A
2.5 m E 2.5 m
Example
Exercise
Solution
Exercise

For the truss structure on the next page, compute the redundant
bar EC member force if the temperature in bar EF is increased
50o F and member BF is fabricated 0.3 in. too short. EA =
constant and α= 6x10e-6 / o F
Flexibility Method for Beam and Frame
Procedure of Beam & Frame Analysis by Flexibility
Method-Step 1 Principle of Superposition

Determine the degree of indeterminacy, d

d = degree of static indeterminacy
r = number of support reactions
d=r-n-c n = number of static equilibrium equations (n=3 for 2D structures)
c = number of internal hinge

Construct Determinate Primary Structure

Remove n unknown redundant forces but remain all real loads.

Construct Determinate Virtual/Redundant Structure

Remove all real loads and apply redundant force 1kN at the
removed redundant force

Analyze the both above determinate beams or frames.

Determine the support reactions and member forces
 Examples

Try these:
Determine the degree of indeterminacy, d
d=r-n-c
 Example

Try these:
Construct Primary Structure & Redundant structure

Real Structure
d = r-n-c = 4-3-0=1o
A B
 The structure has 1 redundant.

Determinate Primary Determinate Redundant

Structure, Mo Structure, M1
Remove 1 redundant force, VB Remove real load and apply 1kN
but remain real load. at the removed redundant force.

A B A B
1 kN
Procedure of Beam & frame Analysis by Flexibility
Method-Step 2 Compatibility Equation
 For Singly redundant, d = 1;

where
1  10  11
1 = Displacement at the corresponding redundant applied
1  10  11 R1 in real structure
10 = Displacement at the corresponding redundant applied
in primary structure
M 0 M1
10   dx 11 = Displacement caused by R1

L
EI 11 = Flexibility coeff; Displacement caused by R1
R1 = Redundant Force
M 12
11   dx Mo = Moment in primary structure
L
EI
M1 = Moment caused by R1 = 1kN
Example on Principle of Compatibility

1  10  11 1  10  11 R1  0

Procedure of Beam & frame Analysis by Flexibility
Method-Step 2 Compatibility Equation (cont)
 For Doubly redundant, d = 2;
1  10  11  12 M 0 M1
10   EI
dx
1  10  11 R1  12 R 2
L

M 0M 2
 20   dx
L
EI
 2   20   21   22 11  
M 12
dx
EI
 2   20   21 R1   22 R 2 L

M 1M 2
12   21   dx
L
EI
In Matrix Form, M 22
 22   dx
 1   10   11 12   R1  L
EI
    
  2    20    21  22   R 2  M2 = Moment caused by R2 = 1kN
Example on Principle of Compatibility
Procedure of Truss Analysis by Flexibility Method-
Step 3 Equilibrium Equations

•Since the redundant forces / moments have been

calculated, the remaining unknown reactions can be
determined from equilibrium equations.
•All the internal forces such as axial, shear forces and
moment in beam and frame could be obtained.
•Deflection/ displacement/ rotation at any point on the
structure can be determined by using virtual work done.
1
1

Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.4 : Truss Analysis Leave blank

BEAMS AND FRAMES
1
1

Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.4 : Truss Analysis Leave blank

Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank

Example 1
(a):
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank

Example
1 (b):
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank
EXERCISE 1

(a) Determine the reaction at the roller, support B of the beam.

Given EI constant.
(b) If in addition to the applied load, support B settles 50mm.
Given EI = 50000kNm2
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank

Flexibility Method of Analysis

Statically indeterminate to 2 degrees
Procedure of Beam & frame Analysis by Flexibility
Method-Step 2 Compatibility Equation (cont)
 For Doubly redundant, d = 2;
1  10  11  12 M 0 M1
10   EI
dx
1  10  11 R1  12 R 2
L

M 0M 2
 20   dx
L
EI
 2   20   21   22 11  
M 12
dx
EI
 2   20   21 R1   22 R 2 L

M 1M 2
12   21   dx
L
EI
In Matrix Form, M 22
 22   dx
 1   10   11 12   R1  L
EI
    
  2    20    21  22   R 2  M2 = Moment caused by R2 = 1kN
1
1

Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Example 2 :
Figure Q2 shows a continuous beam ABCD fixed at A and supported on rollers at B and C. The
beam is loaded with a point moment of 15KNm at B, a linearly varying load between C and D, and a
point load of 20KN at its free end D. The second moments of area:
IAC = 6x10-5m4
ICD = 4x10-5 m4
a)Sketch three possible primary structures for the beam and identify the redundants in each one.
(6 marks)
b)Selecting the vertical reaction at C and the moment reaction at A as the redundants, establish the
flexibility matrix of the beam. (8 marks)
c)Form the compatibility equations and solve for the two redundants. (5 marks)
d)Determine the remaining support reactions. (3 marks)
e)Determine the vertical deflection of the beam at the free end D. (3 marks)

Take E = 200GPa.
Solution :
20 kN
15 kNm 6 kN/m

A D
B C
2m 2m 3m

Figure Q2
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Solution: Question 2 (a); Redundant , d = 3m + r -3j = 3(3) + 5 – 3(4) = 2⁰

Three (3) possible choices of Primary Structures, M

15 kNm 6 kN/m 20 kN Let MA and VC as

redundants
D
A B C
2m 2m 3m

20 kN
15 kNm 6 kN/m Let MA and VB as
redundants
D
A B C
2m 2m 3m
15 kNm 6 kN/m 20 kN

Let VB and VC as A D
redundants B C
2m 2m 3m
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Question 2(b)
General equation
Actual frame = Primary structure + redundant VC applied + redundant MA
applied
 10   11  12   VC  0
Compatibility equation;       
 20   21  22  M A  0
x
x x
20 kN
15 kNm 6 kN/m

A B C D
71kN 100
Redundant applied structure,
2m kN 2m 3m
m
x1
x x
Primary Structures, M
A B C D
1kN 2 kN 1kN
2m 2m 3m
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Redundant applied structure, m2

x
x x

1kNm
A B C D
0.5kN 0.5kN
2m 2m 3m

Member Range M m1 m2
0≤X≤2 -71X 1 (X) -0.5(X) + 1
AB
= 1- 0.5X
-71(X) +15+100(X-2) 1(X)-2(X-2) -0.5(X)+0.5(X-
=-71X+15+100X-200 = X-2X+4 2)+1
BC 2≤X≤4 =29X-185 = 4-X = -0.5X+0.5X-
1+1
=0
-20(X)-(1/2)(2X)(X)(1/3 x X)
DC 0≤X≤3 =- 20X-X3/3 0 0
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Flexibility Matrix;

 11  12 
F 
 
 21 22 
1 2 1 4 2.667 2.667
 11  0 (1x ) 2
dx  2 ( 4  x ) 2
dx    4.444 x104
EI EI 12000 12000
1 2 0.667
 12  0 (1x)(1  0.5 x)dx   5.556 x10 5
EI 12000
 21  f12  5.556 x10 5
1 2 0.667
 22  0 (1  0.5 x) dx 
2
 5.556 x105
EI 12000

444.4 55.56
Flexibility matrix  10 6  
 55. 56 55. 56 
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Question 2 (c): Compatibility Equation;

 10   11  12   VC  0
      
 20   21  22  M A  0
1 2 1 4
 10  0 (71x)( x)dx  2 (29 x  185)(4  x)dx
EI EI
 189.333  215.333
 10    33722x106
12000 12000
1 2
 20  0 (71x)(1  0.5 x)dx
EI
 47.333
 20   3944 x10 6
12000
 33722 444.4 55.56  VC  0
      
  3944  55.56 55.56 M A  0
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Compatibility Equation;
 10   11  12   VC  0
      
 20   21  22  M A  0
 33722 444.4 55.56  VC  0
      
  3944  55.56 55.56 M A  0
 VC  1  76.6kN 
   
M
 A EI   5.6 kNm 
20 kN
5.6 kNm 6 kN/m
15 kNm

Question 2(d); A B C D
The remaining 8.4 kN 56 kN 76.6 kN
support reactions
2m 2m 3m
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Question 2(e); Vertical deflection of the beam at the free end D , ∆ VD

x 20 kN
x x
5.6 kNm 15 kNm 6 kN/m
MT
A B C D
8.4 kN 56 kN 76.6 kN
2m 2m 3m

1 kN
x
7 kNm x x

mT B
A C D
1 kN
2m 2m 3m
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.3 : Beam Analysis Leave blank

Vertical deflection of the beam at the free end D , ∆ VD

By using Virtual Work Equation;

M T mT
1.VD  
EI
1 2
1.VD  0 (8.4 x  5.6)( x  7)dx
EI
1 4 1 3 x3
 2 (8.4 x  5.6  56( x  2)  15)( x  7)dx  0 (20 x  )( x)dx
EI EI 3
 28 139.467 192.6
VD   
12000 12000 8000
VD  0.0334m
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank

Example 3:

10 kN/m
C
B EI

2m EI Frame ABC carries a uniformly distributed load

of 10 kN/m is shown in Figure Q3. Solve the
reactions of the supports if support C settles by
1000/EI, in addition to the 10 kN/m acting on BC.
A

2m

Figure Q3
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank

Solution: Let VC as the redundant

10 kN/m
10 kN 1 kN
B EI C B EI C

1 kN
2m EI Primary Structures, 2m EI
M
Redundant applied
structure, m1
A
1 kN A
10 kN 2m
2m

20 kN
1 kN
MEMBER ORIGIN RANGE M m1
AB A 0≤x≤2 -10x x
BC B 0≤x≤2 -20 + 20x- 2-x
(10x2/2)
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank

Compatibility Equation;

 1000
10  11VC  (1)
EI
1 2 1 2
10   (10 x)( x)dx   (20  20 x  5 x 2 )(2  x)dx
EI 0 EI 0
 26.667  20
10    1000
EI EI 10  11VC  (1)
 140 EI
10   140 16  1000
3EI  VC 
1 2 1 2 2.667 2.667 3EI 3EI EI
 11   ( x) 2 dx   (2  x) 2 dx  
EI 0 EI 0 EI EI 16  1000 140
16 V C  
 11  3EI EI 3EI
3EI
VC  178.75kN
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.2 : Introduction Leave blank

Remaining support reaction;

10 kN/m
C 188.75 kN
B EI

178.75 kN
2m EI

A
188.75 kN
2m

198.75 kN
1
1

Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.5 : Frame Analysis Leave blank

Example 4 :
A rigid jointed plane frame structure is shown in Figure Q4. The frame is fixed to foundation at D
and pinned at A. In addition to the inclined load at B and the uniformly-distributed load on CD as
shown, the support at D rotates 100/E clockwise. The relative flexural rigidities of the members are
constant as indicated.
a)Sketch three (3) possible primary structures for the frame and identify the redundants in each case.
(6 marks)
b)Determine the flexibility matrix of the frame, taking the moment and horizontal reaction at D as
the redundants. (8 marks)
c)Form the compatibility equations for the frame. (4 marks)
d)Solve for the unknown redundants. (4 marks)
e)Solve for the unknown reaction forces. (3 marks)
 
25 kN
3 Solution :
4 B C

(E
)

5m (E) (E) 20 kN/m

D
A

Figure Q4 5m
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.5 : Frame Analysis Leave blank

Solution: Question 4 (a); Redundant , d = 3m + r -3j = 3(3) + 5 – 3(4) = 2⁰

Three (3) possible choices of Primary Structures, M

Let MD and HD as Let HA and MD as Let HA and VA as

redundants redundants redundants
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.5 : Frame Analysis Leave blank

Question 4(b)
General equation
Actual frame = Primary structure + redundant MD applied + redundant HD
applied
 10   11  12  M D  100 / EI 
Compatibility equation;       D    0 
 20   21 22   X   

Primary Structures, M Redundant applied structure,

15 kN m1
AY = 45 kN AY = -0.2 kN
20 kN AX = 80 kN AX = 0 kN
DY = 0.2 kN
DY = -30 kN

20 kN/m

AX
AX 1
AY DY
AY DY
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.5 : Frame Analysis Leave blank

Redundant applied structure, m2

x AY = 0 kN

AX = 1 kN

DY = 0 kN

x x

AX 1

AY DY

MEMBE ORIGIN RANGE M m1 m2

R
AB A 0≤x≤5 -80x 0 -x
BC B 0≤x≤5 30x-400 -0.2x -5
CD D 0≤x≤5 -10x2 -1 -x
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.5 : Frame Analysis Leave blank

Question 4(b); Flexibility Matrix Question 4(c); Compatibility Equation

    10   11  12  M D  100 / EI 
F   11 12 
 21  22      D    0 
  
 20   21 22   X   
1 5 1 5 6.667 1 5 1 5
 11 
EI 0
(0.2 x) 2 dx 
EI 
0
(1) 2 dx 
EI
 10  0 (30 x  400)(0.2 x)dx  0 (10 x 2 )(1)dx
EI EI
1166.667
1 5 1 5 25  10 
 12 
EI  0
(0.2 x)(5)dx 
EI 
0
(1)( x)dx 
EI
EI
1 5 1 5
25  20  0 (80 x)( x)dx  0 (30 x  400)(5)dx
 21  f12  EI EI
EI 1 5
 0 (10 x 2 )( x)dx
1 5 1 5 1 5 EI
 22  0 ( x) dx  0 (5) dx  0 ( x) dx
2 2 2
13020.833
EI EI EI 
208.333 EI
 22 
EI
Compatibility Equation of the frame;
1 6.667 25  1  1166.667  6.667 25  M D  100 / EI 
F
EI  25 208.333 EI

13020 .833

 
25 208.333 D    0 
    X   
Chapter 2: Flexibility Method Topic 2.5 : Frame Analysis Leave blank

Question 4(d); Solve for the value of Question 4(e); Solve for the
redundants unknown
15 kN reaction forces

6.667 25  M D  1 100  1166.667

 25 208.333  H   EI  0  13020.833  20 kN
  D   

6.667 25  M D  1   1066.667  20 kN/m

 25 208.333  H   EI  13020.833
  D   
78.726 kN
AX
M D  1 135.216kNm 135.216kNm
   
H
 D EI   78. 726 kN  AY DY
AX = 1.274 kN
AY = 17.957 kN
DY = -2.957 kN
 Let’s try this

Draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam. EI is

constant. Neglect the effects of axial load.
 Solution

Principle of Superposition
Since axial load is neglected,
the beam is indeterminate to the
second degree. The 2 end
moments at A & B will be
considered as the redundant.
The beam’s capacity to resist
these moments is removed by
placing a pin at A and a rocker at B.
 Solution

Compatibility eqn
Reference to points A & B requires
0   A  M A AA  M B AB eqn (1)

0   B  M A BA  M B BB eqn (2)
The required slopes and angular flexibility coefficients can be
determined using standard tables.
151.9 118 .1
A  ; A 
EI EI
2 2 1
 AA  ;  BB  ;  AB   BA 
EI EI EI
 Solution

Compatibility eqn
Sub into eqn (1) and (2)gives :

151.9  2   1 
0  M A   M B  
EI  EI   EI 
118 .1  1   2 
0  M A   M B  
EI  EI   EI 
M A  61.9kNm; M B  28.1kNm,
 Exercise ~ Beams
For the beams shown below determine the reaction forces and draw the
shear and moment diagrams using the force method.. All elements have
the same EI unless otherwise indicated.
a. b.

c.
 Exercise ~ Frames
For the Frames shown below determine the reaction forces and draw the
shear and moment diagrams using the force method.. All elements have
the same EI unless otherwise indicated.

a. b.
Flexibility Method for Composite
Structure
 Composite Structures

• Composite structures are composed of some

members subjected only to axial force while other
members are subjected to bending
• If the structure is statically indeterminate, the
force method can conveniently be used for its
analysis
 Example 1

The beam is supported by a pin at A & two pin-connected bars at

B. Determine the force in member BD. Take E = 200GPa & I =
300(106)mm4 for the beam and A = 1800mm2 for each bar.
 Solution

Principle of superposition
The beam is indeterminate to the first degree. Force in member
BD is chosen as the redundant. This member is therefore
sectioned to eliminate its capacity to sustain a force.
 Solution

Compatibility eqn
With reference to the relative disp of the cut ends of member
BD, we require
0   BD  FBD f BDBD (1)
The method of virtual work will be used to compute BD and fBDBD
 Solution

Compatibility eqn
For BD we require application of the real loads and a virtual unit
load applied to the cut ends of the member BD. We will consider
only bending strain energy in the beam & axial strain energy in
the bar. L Mm nNL
 BD  
0 EI
dx  
AE
3 (30 x  3.333 x 3 )(0) dx (69.3)(0.816)(1.8 / cos 30 o )
 
0 EI

AE
(0)(1)(1.8 / cos 45 o )

AE
 0.326mm
 Solution

Compatibility eqn
For fBDBD we require application of a real unit load & a virtual unit
load at the cut ends of member BD.

L m2 n2 L
f BD  
0 EI
dx  
AE
3 (0 2 ) dx (0.816) 2 (1.8 / cos 30 o ) (1) 2 (1.8 / cos 45o )
 
0 EI

AE

AE
 1.092(10 5 )m / kN
 Solution

Compatibility eqn
Sub into eqn (1) yields

0   BD  FBD f BD BD

0  0.0003264  FBD (1.092)(10 5 )

FBD  29.9kN (C )
Example 2
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
Solution
 Exercise ~ Composite Structure
For the composite structures shown below determine the reaction and
internal forces and draw the shear and moment diagrams using the force
method.. All elements have the same EI unless otherwise indicated.

Frame ABC is fixed at

A and further
supported by cable CD
which is 2m long.
Given;
EIframe : 80000kN/m2
EAframe : 8000kN
EAcable : 4500kN
 Additional remarks on the force method of
analysis
• Flexibility coefficients depend on the material and
geometrical properties of the members and not on
the loading of the primary structure
• For a structure having n redundant reactions, we
can write n compatibility eqn
1  f11 R1  f12 R2  ......  f1n Rn  0

 2  f 21 R1  f 22 R2  ......  f 2 n Rn  0

 n  f n1 R1  f n 2 R2  ......  f nn Rn  0
 Additional remarks on the force method of
analysis
 BD are caused by both the real loads on the
primary structure and by support settlement &
dimensional changes due to temperature
differences or fabrication errors in the members
• The above eqn can be re-cast into a matrix form
or simply:
fR  

• Note that fij=fji

• Hence, the flexibility matrix will be symmetric
 Symmetric Structures

• A structural analysis of any highly indeterminate

structure or statically determinate structure can be
simplified provided the designer can recognise
those structures that are symmetric & support
either symmetric or antisymmetric loadings
• For horizontal stability, a pin is required to support
the beam & truss.
 Symmetric Structures

• Here the horizontal reaction at the pin is zero, so both

these structures will deflect & produce the same
internal loading as their reflected counterpart
• As a result, they can
be classified as being symmetric
• Not the case if the fixed support
at A was replaced by a pin since
the deflected shape & internal
loadings would not be the same
on its left & right side
 Symmetric Structures

• A symmetric structure supports an antisymmetric

loading as shown
• Provided the structure is
symmetric & its loading is
either symmetric or
antisymmetric then a
structural analysis will only
have to be performed on half the members of the
structure since the same or opposite results will be
produced on the other half
 Symmetric Structures

• A separate structural
analysis can be performed
using the symmetrical
& antisymmetrical loading
components & the results
superimposed to obtain
the actual behaviour of
the structure