Chapter 1

DETERMINACY OF STRUCTURES

When the number of reaction components exceeds the number of equilibrium equations, the structure is
said to be statically indeterminate.

Comparison between statically determinate and indeterminate beams:

Statically Determinate Beams Statically Indeterminate Beams

`
(Use equilibrium conditions to (Equilibrium conditions are insufficient in
solve the unknown reactions.) solving the unknown reaction components. Additional
conditions are needed in solving the
unknowns.)
Fx = 0
Fy = 0
M = 0

1. Simply Supported Propped Beam

Any Loading Any Loading

2. Overhanging Beam Restrained Beam

Any Loading Any Loading

3. Cantilever Beam Continuous Beam

Any Loading
Any Loading

Determinacy of Beams and Trusses

BEAMS

1. If r  c + 3 the beam is unstable

2. If r = c + 3 the beam is statically determinate provided that no

geometric (internal or external) is involved.

3. If r  c + 3 the beam is statically indeterminate.

Where:

r = the number of reaction elements

c = the number of equations of condition at internal connection

1
 c = 1.0 for hinged

c = 2.0 for roller

c = 0 for a beam without internal connection

Degree of Indeterminacy (Di) – the excess number of unknown elements when the
number of reaction elements is greater than the total number of independent equations
of statics available.

Di = r – (c + 3)

Ex: A beam is fixed at both ends and has an internal hinge along the span.
Determine its degree of indeterminacy.

Hinge

r=6

c = 1 for hinge
di = r – (c + 3)
di = 6 – 4
di = 2 (the beam is statically indeterminate to the second degree)

TRUSSES

1. If b + r  2j the system is unstable.

2. If b + r = 2j the system is statically determinate provided that it is also
stable.

3. If b + r  2j the system is statically indeterminate.

Where:

b = the number of members

r = the number of reaction components
b + r = the total number of unknown elements of the entire system
j = number of joints.

Ex : Check whether the given truss is statically indeterminate.

b = 13
r=3
2
 j=8
b + r = 16
2j = 16
b + r = 2j (statically determinate)

Frames

b = no. of members
r = no. of reactions
j = no. of joints

1. If 3b + r  3j + c, the frame is unstable.

2. If 3b + r = 3j + c, the frame is statically determinate provided that it is stable.
3. If 3b + r  3j + c, the frame is statically indeterminate.

Exercises

For the given structures, determine the degree of indeterminacy.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.
Hinge

6.
3
7.

8.

4
 Chapter 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

Any Loading

Elastic Curve

y d


x

y
x

dS

dx
dy
tan  = -----
dx

for a very very small angle: tan  = 

dy
 = -----
dx

taking the first derivative of y wrt x:

d d2y
----- = -----
dx dx2

ds = d
1 d
---- = ---
 ds

But: dS = dx

5
 1 d
---- = ------
 dx

But:

1 M
---- = -----
 EI

Equating:

d M
---- = -----
dx EI

d2y M
----- = -------
dx2 EI

d2y
EI ----- = M (Equation of the Elastic Curve of Any Beam or
dx2 moment Equation)

Integrating the moment equation:

dy
EI ----- = M  dx + C1 (equation of the slope of the line tangent
dx to the curve)

Integrating the slope equation:

EI y = M   dx dx + C1 + C2 (equation of the deflection at x

from the left support)
Note:

1. In double–integration method the sign of the deflection is positive if measured above the
beam
and negative if measured below the beam.
2. x is always measured from the left end of the beam.
3. To formulate the moment equation, pass a section near the rightmost end of the beam. The
moment of any uniform load must be continuous with respect to the section being considered.

Beam’s Deflection Using Double-Integration Method

6
Calculate the value of deflection at the specified point. Use E = 200 GPa and I =

160 x 106 mm4.

1. x = 2m

40 kN

15 kN/m

A 1m 1m 3m 2m B

2. free- end or x = 8m

40 kN

20 kN/m

6m 2m

10 kN

20 kN/m
3.

3m 1m

7
 Applications of the Double- Integration Method in Analyzing Statically Indeterminate
Beams

1. Propped Beam

A B
L

when : x = 0 when: x = L
Deflection = 0 Deflection = 0

Slope = 0 Moment = 0

2. Restrained Beam

A B

when : x = 0 & x = L

Deflection = 0

Slope = 0

Example : Draw the shear and moment diagrams and calculate the slope at the
simple support for the propped beams only and deflection at x = 3m for all
problems. Use E and I values the same as in page 15.

40 kN
1.

20 kN/m

1m 1m 4m

2. Redo problem number 1 if the supports are interchanged.

40kN/m
3. 30 kN/m

2m 3m

Exercises

EXERCISES

1. Calculate the value of the deflection under the concentrated loads and slope

8
 at the supports. Use E = 200 GPa, I = 150 x 106mm4.

25kN 30kN
20 kN/m

1m 2m 2m 5m

2. Calculate the value of y at the free-end, slope at the supports. Use E and I as in
prob. No. 1.

30 kN/m

1m 3m 1m

3. Draw the shear and moment diagrams of the beams loaded as shown in the figure
9
 below and calculate the value of the deflection at 3m from the left support using E =
150
GPa and I = 80 x 106 mm4:

40 kN

a.

30kN/m 30 kN/m

3m 3m

b.
35 kN 20 kN

2m 2m 3m 4m

15 kN.m

30 kN

c.
20 kN/m

1m 2m 1.5m

d.
30 kN
30 kN/m

20 kN/m

1m 2m 6m

10
e. Calculate the value of the deflection at the free-end in terms of EI, w or P, and
L.

a. b.
P

w kN/m

L L

AREA-MOMENT METHOD
11
 Any Loading

A B

tB / A
tA / B AB

. cg Moment diagram by parts of

the loads between A & B.

xA xB

Theorems on area-moment method:

1
1. t A / B = ------ (AREA)AB . XA where:
EI tA / B = deviation at a point A with
1 reference tangent drawn
t B / A = ------ (AREA)BA . XB from B
EI (AREA)AB = Area of the moment
1 diagram which covers from A
2. AB = ----- (AREA)AB to B
EI EI = Flexural Rigidity
AB = Change of Slope

Rule of Sign for Deviation:

A B

t B/A Positive Deviation

Negative Deviation
A B

12
 A B
Positive Change of Slope
AB

AB
Negative Change of Slope
A B

Moment Diagram and Areas of Cantilever Loadings

Type of Loading Moment Diagram Area Degree of x

P Curve (n) (1/n+2)b
b=L
½PL2 1 1/3L
h= - PL
L x

b=L
w h =- wL2/2 1/6wL3 2 ¼L
L x

w b=L

L h= - wL2/6 1/24wL3 3 1/5L

x
C b=L
h=-C CL 0 L/2
L

Examples

Calculate the value of the deflection and slope at specified points. Use E = 200
13
GPa and I = 150 x 106.

1.

25kN 30kN
20 kN/m

1m 2m 2m 5m

2.
30 kN 12 kN
30kN/m

2m 1m 3m 2m

Analysis of Propped and Restrained Beams

Propped Beams:

14
 A B

A L B

Restrained Beams:

A B
L

Exercises

15
Calculate the reactions at the support using area - moment method, the slope at the
simple support/s, and the deflection under the concentrated load. Use E = 200 Gpa and I =
150 x 106mm4. Draw the shear and moment diagrams.

1.

40 kN

35 kN/m
30 kN/m
A 3m 2m 3m B

2.

12 kN/m 20 kN/m

2m 3m

3.
30 kN
35 kN/m
10 kN.m
2m 1m 3m

4.
30 kN

15 kN/m
10 kN/m

4m 3m

30kN
5.

2m

15kN/m
10kN/m

3m 4m

6.
16
 15 kN

25 kN/m 20 kN/m

3m 5m

20kN 60kN
6.

17
 2m 4m 1m

7. The distance between supports of a beam is 6m and it is subjected to a

18
 concentrated load of 120 kN at its midspan. The beam has a 2m overhang

and carries a uniform load of 50 kN/m. Calculate the value of the slope at

the support adjacent to the overhang if E = 200 000 MPa and I = 90 x 10 6

mm4.

CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

This is a method of analyzing beam in which the given real beam is being replaced by a
fictitious beam.
19
Properties of conjugate beam:

1. The actual beam and the conjugate beam have always the same length.
2. The load on the conjugate beam is the moment (M/EI) diagram of the loads on the actual
beam.
3. Statically determinate real beams will always have corresponding conjugate beams which
are also statically determinate.
4. Even if the real beam is statically indeterminate the corresponding conjugate beam is
statically determinate.
5. The slope at a given point of the real beam is equal to the shear in the corresponding point
of the conjugate beam.
6. The deflection at a given point of the real beam equals the bending moment in the
corresponding point of the conjugate beam.
7. The point of zero shear in the conjugate beam corresponds the point of zero slope in the
real beam.
8. The maximum moment in the conjugate beam corresponds to the maximum deflection of
the real beam which occurs at the point of zero \ shear in the conjugate beam.

Conjugate Supports:

1. Simple end support (hinge or roller). A simple end for the real beam remains a simple
support for the conjugate beam.
2. Fixed end support and free end. A fixed end for the real beam becomes a free end for the
conjugate beam and conversely.
3. Simple interior support. An interior knife-edge support of a continuous beam becomes an
unsupported hinge in the conjugate beam and conversely.

REAL BEAM CONJUGATE BEAM

Loads:
P
L

L - PL

w L

L -wL 2/6

P RL

L/2 L/2
- PL/2

w L

L - wL 2/2
Supports:

20
 Exercises

1. Calculate the values of the reactions, slope at C, and deflection at B.

21
 Use E = 200 Gpa and I = 140 x 106mm4.

40 kN

A 6m B 3m C

2. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end.

20 kN/m

6m

3. Calculate the slope at C, location and value of the maximum deflection,

and deflection at B.

50 kN

A B C
4m 3m

4. Calculate the value and location of the maximum deflection.

40 kN

15 kN/m

3m 1m 1m

THREE MOMENT EQUATION

22
 Any Loading

1 2 3
L1 L2

6A1a1 6A2b2 h1 h3
M1L1 + 2M2 (L1 + L2) + M3L2 + --------- + -------- = 6EI [ ---- + ----]
L1 L2 L1 L3

If points 1, 2, and 3 are at the same level, h1 = 0 and h3= 0

6A1a1 6A2b2
M1L1 + 2M2 (L1 + L2) + M3L2 + -------- + -------- = 0
L1 L2

Derivation:
Factors for Three-Moment Equation

Loading 6Aa 6Ab

----- ------
L L
P

a b Pa(L2 – a2) Pb(L2 – b2)

L ------------- -------------
L L

w wL3 wL3
L ----- -----
4 4

w 8wL3 7wL3
-------- -------
L 60 60

w 7wL3 8wL3
------- -------
L 60 60

w 5wL3 5wL3
----- -----
L/2 L/2 32 32
M
a b M(3a2 – L2) M(3b2 – L2)
L ---------------- ----------------
L L

Example:

1.Calculate the moment at the supports then draw the shear and moment diagram:
23
 15 kN/m 20 kN/m
A C
4m B 6m

Exercises

24
Draw the shear and moment diagram by solving moment at the supports using the
three-moment equation:

1.
30 kN
12kN/m 12 kN/m

1m 4m 3m 1m 1.5m

2.

50 kN

2m
25kN/m
20 kN/m 22kN/m

3m 6m

3. 30 kN 20 kN
30 kN/m
25
 25 kN/m

1m 2m 1m 2.5m 1.5m 6m

4.

15 kN/m
10 kN/m

6m 3m

5. Solve problem no. 4 if the beam is fixed at both ends with the same
loads and span.

MOMENT DISTRIBUTION METHOD

26
 By Hardy Cross (1930)

Carry Over Moment (c.o.m.)– the moment induced at the fixed end of a beam by the
action of a moment applied at the other end. The moment applied at the hinged
support, carries over to the fixed end a moment that is half the amount and opposite in
sign.

Beam Stiffness (k) – the moment required at the simply supported end of a beam to
produce unit rotation of that end, while the other end is rigidly fixed.
4EI
k = ------- (absolute)
L
I
k = -------- (relative)
L

Distribution Factor (DF) – ratio of distribution of unbalanced moment to any beam.

k
DF = ----
k

Steps in applying the moment distribution method:

1. Lock all the supports and compute the fixed end moments.

2. Unlock each support and distribute the unbalance moment at each one to each
adjacent span by applying the distribution factor.

3. After distributing the unbalanced moment to each adjacent span, carry over half
of this amount with the same sign to the other end of each span. This completes
one cycle. The process maybe repeated to be more accurate to at least four
cycles.

Rule of Sign:

+ MA - MB
A B

The sign of the end moments above is only applicable for moment distribution method.

In the true beam, moment that tends to bend the beam concave downward is negative,
and moment that tends to bend the beam concave upward is positive.

Fixed End Moments:

P

Pab2 Pa2b
A a b B MA = ------- MB = ------
L L2 L2
P
PL PL
A B M A = ------ MB = ------
27
 L/2 L/2 8 8

w wL2 wL2
A B MA = -------MB = -------
L 12 12

w 5wL2 11wL2
A B M A = ------ MB = -------
L/2 L/2 192 192

w
wL2 wL2
A B M A = ------ MB = ------
L 30 20

w 5wL2 5wL2
A B M A = ------ MB = -------
L/2 L/2 96 96

L 6EI 6EI
A B MA = - ------- MB = -------
 L2 L2

CE 42A
QUIZ

NAME:________________________________DATE:________RATING:_______

28
Calculate the moment at the supports USING MOMNET DISTRIBUTION METHOD and
draw the shear and moment diagrams:
40kN

5m 3m 15 kN/m 30 kN
12 kN/m

8m 6m 2m 4m

29
 Exercises

1. Calculate the moment at the supports and draw the shear and moment
diagrams:

30 kN

4m 15 kN
20 kN/m 25kN/m

6m 3m 1m 1m

2. Use the modified stiffness method in analyzing the beam loaded in prob. no. 1.

3.
50 kN

25 kN/m 30 kN/m

6m 6m 2m

4. Use the modified stiffness method in analyzing the beam loaded in prob. no. 3.

5.
20 kN 20 kN/m

2m 4m 7 6m

6.

30
 STATICALLY INDETERMINATE RIGID FRAMES

Moment Distribution Method

1. Frames without sideways

2. Frames with sideways

P

 

P1

31
 Exercises

Analyze the given frames and draw the moment diagram of the entire

frame:

1. 12 kN/m

3I

2I 6m

12 kN/m
8m

32
2.

12 kN/m

6m (2I)

8m I I 8m

33
3.
12 kN/m
10 kN
6m (3I)
I 5m

8m 2I

34
4.
20 kN/m

10m

5m

10 kN

5m

5.
3 kN/m
8m 6m

2 kN/m 10m

35
 Chapter 8

ANALYSIS OF BUILDING FRAMES

The figure illustrated above is a structure composed of six building frames, which is
analyzed independently as a planar building frame.

The following methods are used in the analysis:

A. Portal Method

Assumption:

1. There is a point of inflection at the midpoint of all the members.

2. Horizontal shear at a given storey is distributed among the columns such that each
interior column carries twice as much shear as its exterior column.
3. The frame is divided into independent portals.

B. Cantilever Method

Assumption:

1. There is a point of inflection at the midpoint of all the members.

2. The axial force in each column is directly proportional to its distance from the center
of gravity of all columns on that level.

Example:

100 kN 4m 4m
G H I
3m
60 kN
D E F
3m

A B C

36
Second Level:

100 kN

1.5m

V 2V V

Let: V = shear at the exterior column

2V = shear at the interior column

FV = 0:

2V + V + V = 100

4V = 100

V = 25 kN

2V = 50 kN

First Level:

100 kN

3m
60kN
1.5m

V 2V V

4V = 160

V = 40 kN

2V = 80 kN

The horizontal reactions at A, B, and C are 40 kN, 80 kN, and 40 kN,

respectively, all directed to the left. Calculate column moments, girder shears
and moments and girder and column axial forces by dividing the frame into
independent portals. Then draw the shear and moment diagrams of all girders
and columns.

37
 Exercises

Draw the moment diagram of the whole frame:

1.

100 kN 4m 6m

3m
60 kN

3m
30 kN

4m

2.
120 kN 4m 4m

3m
90 kN 6m

3m

60 kN 4m

4m

38
 CONJUGATE BEAM METHOD

This is a method of analyzing beam in which the given real beam is being

replaced by a fictitious beam.

Properties of conjugate beam:

9. The actual beam and the conjugate beam have always the same length.

10. The load on the conjugate beam is the moment (M/EI) diagram of the

loads on the actual beam.

11. Statically determinate real beams will always have corresponding

conjugate beams which are also statically determinate.

12. Even if the real beam is statically indeterminate the corresponding

conjugate beam is statically determinate.

13. The slope at a given point of the real beam is equal to the shear in the

corresponding point of the conjugate beam.

14. The deflection at a given point of the real beam equals the bending

moment in the corresponding point of the conjugate beam.

15. The point of zero shear in the conjugate beam corresponds the point of

zero slope in the real beam.

16. The maximum moment in the conjugate beam corresponds to the

maximum deflection of the real beam which occurs at the point of zero \

shear in the conjugate beam.

39
Conjugate Supports:

4. Simple end support (hinge or roller). A simple end for the real beam

remains a simple support for the conjugate beam.

5. Fixed end support and free end . A fixed end for the real beam becomes

a free end for the conjugate beam and conversely.

6. Simple interior support. An interior knife-edge support of a continuous

beam becomes an unsupported hinge in the conjugate beam and

conversely.

REAL BEAM CONJUGATE BEAM

Loads:

P
L

L - PL

w L

L -wL 2/6

P RL

L/2 L/2
- PL/2

w L

L - wL 2/2

40
Supports:

41
 Exercises

6. Calculate the values of the reactions, slope at C, and deflection at B.

Use E = 200 Gpa and I = 140 x 106mm4.

40 kN

A 6m B 3m C

42
7. Calculate the slope and deflection at the free end.

20 kN/m

6m

43
8. Calculate the slope at C, location and value of the maximum deflection,

and deflection at B.

50 kN

A B C
4m 3m

44
9. Calculate the value and location of the maximum deflection.

40 kN

15 kN/m

3m 1m 1m

45
 THREE MOMENT EQUATION

Any Loading

1 2 3
L1 L2

6A1a1 6A2b2 h1 h3
M1L1 + 2M2 (L1 + L2) + M3L2 + --------- + -------- = 6EI [ ---- + ----]
L1 L2 L1 L3

If points 1, 2, and 3 are at the same level, h1 = 0 and h3= 0

6A1a1 6A2b2
M1L1 + 2M2 (L1 + L2) + M3L2 + -------- + -------- = 0
L1 L2

Derivation:

46
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Determinacy of Structures 1 – 12

Double-Integration Method 13 – 25

Area-Moment Method 26 – 35

Conjugate Beam Method 36 – 42

Three-Moment Equation 43 – 50

Moment Distribution Method 51– 60

Statically Indeterminate Rigid Frames 61 – 66

Analysis of Building Frames 67– 71

47
 Preface

This compilation is primarily made in order to

introduce the fundamental principles of structural analysis

of indeterminate structures.

Sufficient information is included so that students

may develop a thorough understanding of statically

determinate structures.

It is expected that students must work on a

considerable number of exercise problems in order to

acquire proficiency and facility.

GRB

48
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS II
(THEORY OF STRUCTURES 2)

GREG R. BELONGILOT

49