Section 11. False representations or statements; duty to correct.

— A lawyer shall not make

false representations or statements. A lawyer shall be liable for any material damage caused
by such false representations or statements.

A lawyer shall not, in demand letters or other similar correspondence, make false
representations or statements, or impute civil, criminal, or administrative liability, without
factual or legal basis.

A lawyer shall correct false or inaccurate statements and information made in relation to an
application for admission to the bar, any pleading, or any other document required by or
submitted to the court, tribunal or agency, as soon as its falsity or inaccuracy is discovered
or made known to him or her.
Explanations:
This section outlines ethical standards for lawyers, emphasizing that they must not make
false statements. Specifically, it highlights that lawyers should not make baseless accusations
in demand letters or similar correspondence. Moreover, if a lawyer discovers or becomes
aware of false or inaccurate information in documents submitted to the court or other
entities, they are obligated to promptly correct it. Failure to adhere to these guidelines can
lead to legal consequences and potential liability for any resulting damages.
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Imagine a lawyer sends a demand letter to an opposing party in a legal dispute, falsely
claiming that their client has clear evidence of wrongdoing and threatening severe legal
consequences. If these statements are untrue and made without a factual or legal basis, it
would be a violation of the ethical standards outlined in this section. In such a case, the
lawyer could be held liable for any material damages caused by these false representations.
The lawyer's duty would be to correct the false information as soon as its inaccuracy is
discovered or made known.
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A lawyer sends a demand letter falsely accusing the opposing party of criminal activity
without any evidence. According to this section, such baseless representations could lead to
the lawyer being held responsible for any resulting damages. The lawyer must promptly
correct the false statements upon discovery.
Why is important?
It is crucial because maintaining truthfulness and accuracy in legal communication upholds
the integrity of the legal system. False representations can harm the reputation of individuals
and damage the fairness of legal proceedings. This rule ensures that lawyers adhere to
ethical standards, promoting honesty and transparency in their interactions and submissions.
It helps maintain trust in the legal profession and the justice system as a whole.
Section 12. Duty to report dishonest, deceitful or misleading conduct. — A lawyer shall
immediately inform a court, tribunal, or other government agency of any dishonest, deceitful
or misleading conduct related to a matter being handled by said lawyer before such court,
tribunal, or other government agency.

A lawyer shall also report to the appropriate authority any transaction or unlawful activity
that is required to be reported under relevant laws, including the submission of covered and
suspicious transactions under regulatory laws, such as those concerning anti-money
laundering. When disclosing or reporting the foregoing information to the appropriate court,
tribunal, or other government agency, the lawyer shall not be deemed to have violated the
lawyer’s duty of confidentiality.

Any such information shall be treated with strict confidentiality.

A baseless report shall be subject to civil, criminal, or administrative action.

Explanation:
This section underscores a lawyer's duty to promptly report any dishonest, deceitful, or
misleading conduct related to a case they are handling before a court, tribunal, or
government agency. Additionally, lawyers are obliged to report transactions or unlawful
activities mandated by relevant laws, such as anti-money laundering regulations. Importantly,
when making these reports, the lawyer is not considered to violate confidentiality duties. The
information disclosed must be treated with strict confidentiality, and making a baseless
report can lead to civil, criminal, or administrative consequences.
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This section mandates lawyers to promptly report any dishonest or misleading conduct in
cases they handle to the relevant authorities. It also requires reporting transactions or
unlawful activities as required by relevant laws, such as anti-money laundering regulations.
Importantly, the duty to report does not violate the lawyer's confidentiality obligation. The
disclosed information must be treated confidentially, and making baseless reports can result
in legal consequences.
Example:
Consider a lawyer who discovers that their client is providing false evidence in a court case.
In accordance with Section 12, the lawyer has a duty to immediately inform the court of this
dishonest conduct. Similarly, if the lawyer becomes aware of a financial transaction by the
client that violates anti-money laundering laws, they must report it to the appropriate
authorities, ensuring compliance with legal obligations and ethical standards
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An example of a suspicious transaction might involve a client consistently making large cash
deposits into various bank accounts without an apparent legitimate reason. If a lawyer
becomes aware of such transactions while handling the client's legal matters, they are
obligated under Section 12 to report this suspicious activity to the relevant authorities, as it
could potentially involve financial wrongdoing or violate anti-money laundering laws.
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Section 12 is important because it establishes a lawyer's ethical obligation to maintain the
integrity of legal proceedings. By requiring lawyers to promptly report dishonest or
misleading conduct in cases they handle, as well as transactions that may breach relevant
laws like anti-money laundering regulations, this section contributes to upholding the rule of
law and ensuring transparency in legal matters. The provision emphasizes the importance of
lawyers as officers of the court in preventing and addressing unethical or illegal activities,
promoting trust in the legal system. Additionally, the section's consequences for baseless
reports reinforce the seriousness of this duty.
Section 13. Imputation of a misconduct, impropriety, or crime without basis. — A lawyer shall
not, directly or indirectly, impute to or accuse another lawyer of a misconduct, impropriety,
or a crime in the absence of factual or legal basis.

Neither shall a lawyer, directly or indirectly, file or cause to be filed, or assist in the filing of
frivolous or baseless administrative, civil, or criminal complaints against another lawyer.
Explanation:
Section 13 prohibits lawyers from making false accusations or imputations against another
lawyer without a factual or legal basis. For instance, a lawyer should not spread unfounded
rumors about a colleague engaging in professional misconduct. Furthermore, the section
prevents lawyers from filing or assisting in filing baseless complaints, ensuring legal
processes are not misused for personal or strategic motives. This rule aims to uphold
professional integrity and prevent harm to a lawyer's reputation through unwarranted
allegations. Violating this guideline can result in ethical and potentially legal repercussions.
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Imputation of misconduct refers to the act of suggesting or attributing wrongful behavior or
unethical actions to someone. In the context of Section 13, it specifically addresses lawyers
and emphasizes that one lawyer should not falsely accuse or suggest, directly or indirectly,
that another lawyer has engaged in professional misconduct or wrongdoing without a valid
factual or legal basis. This rule aims to maintain the professional reputation and integrity of
lawyers by discouraging baseless accusations that can harm their standing in the legal
community.
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Impropriety refers to behavior or actions that deviate from accepted standards of what is
right, proper, or socially acceptable. In the context of Section 13, impropriety encompasses
actions or conduct by lawyers that are inconsistent with ethical and professional norms. The
section prohibits lawyers from falsely imputing impropriety to another lawyer without a valid
factual or legal basis, emphasizing the importance of maintaining the integrity and
reputation of legal professionals.
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Section 13 says lawyers can't falsely accuse other lawyers of doing something wrong or file
baseless complaints against them. For example, if a lawyer spreads rumors that another
lawyer is breaking the rules without any proof, that would go against this rule. It's about
keeping accusations fair and based on facts.
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Imagine Lawyer A, upset with Lawyer B, starts spreading rumors that Lawyer B engages in
unethical practices without any evidence. According to Section 13, this would be wrong
because Lawyer A is falsely imputing misconduct or impropriety to Lawyer B without a valid
basis. Additionally, if Lawyer A were to file a groundless complaint against Lawyer B just to
cause trouble, that would also violate this rule. Section 13 aims to prevent such baseless
accusations and maintain fairness among lawyers.
Directly: Lawyer A tells a client that Lawyer B is involved in illegal activities without providing
any evidence.

Indirectly: Lawyer A, in a conversation with other legal professionals, implies that Lawyer B
engages in unethical behavior without stating it explicitly.
Section 14. Remedy for grievances; insinuation of improper motive. — A lawyer shall submit
grievances against any officer of a court, tribunal, or other government agency only through
the appropriate remedy and before the proper authorities.

Statements insinuating improper motive on the part of any such officer, which are not
supported by substantial evidence, shall be ground for disciplinary action.
Explanation:
Section 14 says lawyers should only raise complaints about court or government officers
through proper channels. If a lawyer hints that an officer has improper motives without solid
proof, they could face disciplinary action. For instance, if a lawyer accuses a judge of bias
without any real evidence, that could violate this rule, emphasizing the importance of
addressing concerns through appropriate procedures.
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A remedy for grievances refers to the appropriate and formal way to address complaints or
disputes. For example, if a lawyer believes a judge has been unfair in a case, the remedy for
the grievance would be to file a complaint through the judicial conduct board or a similar
authorized body, rather than making unsupported accusations in public or insinuating
improper motives without substantial evidence. This ensures that concerns are addressed
through established, fair procedures.
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Insinuation of improper motive involves suggesting or hinting that someone has a wrongful
or dishonest intention without providing substantial evidence. For example, if a lawyer
publicly states that a judge ruled against them because of personal bias, without presenting
any credible proof of bias, it would be an insinuation of improper motive. This kind of
unsupported accusation can harm the reputation of the judge and is discouraged under
Section 14, as it may lead to disciplinary action against the lawyer.
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Section 14 is important because it establishes guidelines for how lawyers should address
grievances against officers of the court or government agencies. By emphasizing the use of
proper channels and authorities to submit complaints, it promotes a fair and structured
approach to dispute resolution. The prohibition on making statements that insinuate
improper motives without substantial evidence is crucial to maintaining the integrity of legal
proceedings and preventing baseless accusations that could harm the reputation of court or
government officers. This section underscores the need for professionalism and adherence
to established procedures in handling grievances within the legal system.
What is insinuating?
A statement insinuating improper motive on the part of any officer suggests or implies that
the officer has wrongful intentions or is acting with dishonesty or bias. It involves making
indirect or subtle accusations about the officer's motivations without providing substantial
evidence to support such claims. In legal contexts, this kind of insinuation can damage the
reputation of the officer and undermine the trust in the legal system. Section 14 warns
against making such statements without proper basis and indicates that doing so can result
in disciplinary action.
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Section 15. Improper claim of influence or familiarity. — A lawyer shall observe propriety in
all dealings with officers and personnel of any court, tribunal, or other government agency,
whether personal or professional. Familiarity with such officers and personnel that will give
rise to an appearance of impropriety, influence, or favor shall be avoided.

A lawyer shall not make claims of power, influence, or relationship with any officer of a court,
tribunal, or other government agency.
Explanation:
Section 15 means lawyers must be proper when dealing with court or government officers,
avoiding relationships that might look like they have special influence. For example, a lawyer
should not claim to have special connections with a judge to gain an advantage in a case.
This rule is to keep legal proceedings fair and free from any appearance of favoritism or
improper influence.
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This rule means a lawyer cannot say they have special authority, can control decisions, or
have personal connections with court or government officers. For example, a lawyer should
not boast to a client that they have a close friendship with a judge and can ensure a
favorable outcome in their case. This is to ensure fairness and avoid any appearance of
preferential treatment in legal matters.
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An improper claim of influence or familiarity refers to a lawyer asserting, without proper
basis, that they have the power to control decisions or a special relationship with court,
tribunal, or government agency officers. It involves making untruthful or exaggerated
statements about one's ability to sway outcomes or suggesting an inappropriate level of
personal connection with these officials. This kind of claim can create an unfair advantage,
compromise the perception of impartiality, and undermine the integrity of legal proceedings.
Section 15 prohibits lawyers from making such improper claims to maintain fairness and trust
in the legal system.
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Propriety refers to the quality of behaving in a manner that is socially acceptable, morally
upright, and in accordance with established standards of conduct. In the context of Section
15, it emphasizes that lawyers should maintain appropriate and respectful behavior in all
their dealings with officers of the court, tribunal, or government agency, whether in personal
or professional interactions.

Section 16. Duty to report life-threatening situations. — A lawyer who has reasonable
grounds to believe that a life-threatening situation is likely to develop in relation to any
proceeding in any court, tribunal, or other government agency shall immediately report the
same to the proper authorities.
Explanation:
Section 16 states that if a lawyer has good reason to believe that a life-threatening situation
might happen during a legal proceeding, they must promptly report it to the proper
authorities. For instance, if a lawyer learns that a witness or party involved in a court case is
at risk of serious harm, perhaps due to threats or violence, the lawyer is obligated to report
this information to ensure swift intervention and protection by the relevant authorities. This
rule underscores the priority of safeguarding lives in the legal process.
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Suppose a lawyer, while preparing a case, discovers credible information that a key witness
is facing imminent danger of harm or even a potential threat to their life due to their
involvement in the legal proceedings. In adherence to Section 16, the lawyer must promptly
report this life-threatening situation to the proper authorities, such as law enforcement or
court security, to ensure the immediate safety and protection of the individual involved. This
reporting obligation underscores the legal community's commitment to prioritizing human
safety in legal processes.
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Section 16 is important because it prioritizes the safety and well-being of individuals
involved in legal proceedings. By requiring lawyers to report life-threatening situations
promptly, it ensures that authorities can intervene swiftly to prevent harm. This rule
underscores the legal profession's commitment to not only upholding the law but also to
protecting the lives of those connected to legal processes. It aligns with the broader societal
value of prioritizing human safety and reinforces the responsibility lawyers have in
contributing to the overall welfare of individuals involved in legal matters.
Section 17. Non-solicitation and impermissible advertisement. — A lawyer shall not, directly
or indirectly, solicit, or appear to solicit, legal business.

A lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, advertise legal services on any platform or media
except with the use of dignified, verifiable, and factual information, including biographical
data, contact details, fields of practice, services offered, and the like, so as to allow a
potential client to make an informed choice. In no case shall the permissible advertisement
be self-laudatory.

A lawyer, law firm, or any of their representatives shall not pay or give any benefit or
consideration to any media practitioner, award-giving body, professional organization, or
personality, in anticipation of, or in return for, publicity or recognition, to attract legal
representation, service, or retainership.
Explanation:
Section 17 establishes guidelines for ethical conduct regarding solicitation and advertising in
the legal profession.

Non-Solicitation: Lawyers are prohibited from directly or indirectly soliciting legal business.
This means they cannot actively seek or appear to seek clients in a way that is aggressive or
intrusive.

Impermissible Advertisement: Lawyers are allowed to advertise their legal services, but such
advertisements must adhere to certain principles. They should contain dignified, verifiable,
and factual information, including details like biographical data, contact information, fields of
practice, and services offered. However, self-laudatory or boastful language is not permitted.

No Payment for Publicity: Lawyers and law firms are barred from providing any payment,
benefit, or consideration to media practitioners, award-giving bodies, professional
organizations, or personalities with the expectation of receiving publicity or recognition in
return. This provision aims to maintain the integrity of legal representation and prevents the
exchange of favors for publicity.
Overall, Section 17 aims to uphold professionalism and prevent unethical practices in the
solicitation and advertising of legal services.
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Par 1.
This rule means lawyers can advertise their legal services, but the information must be
truthful, dignified, and verifiable. For example, a lawyer can create a website that includes
accurate details about their experience, contact information, areas of expertise, and the legal
services they offer. However, the advertisement should avoid using self-praising language or
making exaggerated claims to maintain professionalism and help potential clients make
informed choices.
Par 2
This rule states that lawyers or their representatives cannot offer payment or benefits to
media practitioners, award-giving bodies, professional organizations, or personalities in
exchange for publicity or recognition that aims to attract legal clients or retainership.

For instance, a law firm should not pay a journalist to write a favorable article about them in
a popular magazine, expecting that the positive coverage will attract more clients. This
prohibition aims to maintain the integrity of legal representation by preventing the use of
financial incentives for publicity.
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Section 17 is important because it keeps lawyers acting professionally. It makes sure their
ads are honest and not boastful, protecting people from misleading information. By
preventing payments for publicity, it stops lawyers from using money to get special
recognition, which could harm the fairness and honesty of legal services. This rule promotes
fair competition among lawyers and helps maintain trust in the legal system.
Section 18. Prohibition against self-promotion. — A lawyer shall not make public
appearances and statements in relation to a terminated case or legal matter for the purpose
of self-promotion, self- aggrandizement, or to seek public sympathy.
Explanation:
Section 18 says that a lawyer cannot publicly talk about a finished case or legal matter to
promote themselves, boost their image, or gain public sympathy.
For example, if a lawyer just won a high-profile case, they shouldn't go on TV to talk
extensively about it just to make themselves look good. This rule ensures that lawyers don't
exploit concluded cases for personal gain or attention.
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This rule is there to make sure lawyers don't talk about finished cases just to make
themselves look good. It's to keep the legal profession respectful and to stop lawyers from
using cases for personal promotion. The focus should be on professionalism and not on
seeking attention or sympathy.
Section 19. Sub-judice rule. — A lawyer shall not use any forum or medium to comment or
publicize opinion pertaining to a pending proceeding before any court, tribunal, or other
government agency that may:chanroblesvirtualawlibrary

(a) cause a pre-judgment, or

(b) sway public perception so as to impede, obstruct, or influence the decision of such court,
tribunal, or other government agency, or which tends to tarnish the court’s or tribunal’s
integrity, or
(c) impute improper motives against any of its members, or
(d) create a widespread perception of guilt or innocence before a final decision.
Explanation:
This rule (Section 19) says that a lawyer should not talk about a case that's still ongoing in
any public place or medium if it could:

(a) make people decide on the case too soon,

(b) change how the public sees the case and maybe affect the decision of the court or
government agency,
(c) suggest that the people involved in the court or agency are acting in the wrong way, or
(d) make many people think someone is guilty or innocent before the final decision.

For example, a lawyer should avoid giving interviews on TV where they express strong
opinions about whether someone is guilty or not while the case is still being decided. This
rule is to make sure legal cases are fair and not influenced by public discussions before
they're done.
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It's important because this rule makes sure ongoing legal cases are fair. If lawyers talk about
the case in public before it's finished:

Fairness: It might affect how people see the case too early, and that's not fair.

Influence: Public talk can change what people think and maybe influence the court's decision.

Trust: If comments suggest something's wrong with the court, people might not trust it.

Keeping Things Fair: Talking in a way that makes people believe someone is guilty or
innocent before the final decision isn't fair.

So, this rule is important to make sure legal cases are decided fairly and without outside
influence.
Section 20. Disclosure of relationship or connection. — A lawyer shall, at the first available
opportunity, formally disclose on record the lawyer’s relationship or connection with the
presiding officer of any court, tribunal, or other government agency, or any of its personnel,
or the lawyer’s partners, associates, or clients, that may serve as a ground for mandatory
inhibition in any pending proceeding before such court, tribunal, or other government
agency.
Explanation:
Section 20 requires a lawyer to promptly disclose any relationship or connection they have
with the presiding officer of a court, tribunal, or government agency, or with its personnel,
partners, associates, or clients. This disclosure should be formally made on record, especially
if it could provide a basis for the mandatory withdrawal or inhibition of the lawyer from any
ongoing legal proceeding before that court, tribunal, or government agency.

For instance, if a lawyer is representing a client in a case and discovers that their sibling is
the presiding officer of the court handling the matter, the lawyer must formally disclose this
relationship at the earliest opportunity. This ensures transparency and allows the court to
decide whether the lawyer should continue representing their client in that particular case,
avoiding any potential conflicts of interest or bias.
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Potential conflicts arise when a lawyer's personal, professional, or financial interests may
interfere with their ability to provide objective and unbiased legal representation. In the
context of Section 20, conflicts may arise when a lawyer has a relationship or connection
with the presiding officer of a court, tribunal, or government agency, or with its personnel,
partners, associates, or clients.

For example, a conflict could arise if a lawyer is representing a client in a case, and it
becomes known that the lawyer's close family member is a key personnel in the court
handling the matter. This connection could potentially influence the lawyer's ability to act
impartially, and it is in such situations that Section 20 emphasizes the importance of
promptly disclosing these relationships to avoid any conflicts and maintain the integrity of
the legal process.
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It's important to disclose relationships or connections mentioned in Section 20 to:
Be Open: Telling about these connections helps keep things clear and open in legal matters.
Be Fair: It ensures that legal processes stay fair because the court can check if a relationship
might affect the lawyer's fairness.
Avoid Problems: It helps avoid issues where a lawyer's personal or professional connections
could cause problems or make things unfair.
Keep Things Honest: By disclosing these relationships, the rule makes sure legal
representation is done honestly and without any hidden influences.
So, disclosing these connections is like a safety measure to make sure legal proceedings are
trustworthy and fair.

Section 21. Prohibition against gift-giving and donations. — A lawyer shall not directly or
indirectly give gifts, donations, contributions of any value or sort, on any occasion, to any
court, tribunal or government agency, or any of its officers and personnel.
Explanation:
Section 21 prohibits lawyers from giving gifts, donations, or contributions, whether directly
or indirectly, of any value or kind, to any court, tribunal, government agency, or its officers
and personnel.
For example, if a lawyer, aiming to gain favor, sends an expensive gift to a judge who is
handling one of their cases, this would violate Section 21. The rule is in place to prevent any
appearance of impropriety, ensuring that legal proceedings are not influenced by gifts or
favors, and that the legal system remains impartial and free from undue influence.
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The rule in Section 21 is there to stop lawyers from giving gifts or donations to courts,
tribunals, or government officials. Why? Because if lawyers give gifts, it might look like
they're trying to influence the legal process. For instance, if a lawyer sends an expensive
present to a judge, it could make people question if the legal decision is fair or if it's affected
by the gift. So, this rule is about keeping the legal system fair and free from any influence
that gifts might bring.
Section 22. No undue advantage of ignorance of the law. — A lawyer shall not take
advantage of a non-lawyer’s lack of education or knowledge of the law.
Explanation:
Section 22 states that a lawyer should not exploit the lack of education or knowledge of the
law in someone who is not a lawyer.
For example, if a person not familiar with legal matters is involved in a dispute, a lawyer
should not manipulate or take advantage of their lack of understanding to gain an unfair
advantage. This rule ensures that legal professionals act ethically and do not exploit the
vulnerabilities of individuals who may not be well-versed in legal matters. It underscores the
importance of fairness and integrity in legal interactions.
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This rule (Section 22) means a lawyer shouldn't use the fact that someone doesn't know
much about the law to their advantage. For instance, if a person without legal knowledge is
in a dispute, the lawyer shouldn't trick or take advantage of them because they don't
understand the law well. It's about ensuring fairness and not exploiting someone's lack of
legal knowledge
It's important because everyone should be treated fairly, even if they don't know a lot about
the law. This rule stops lawyers from using someone's lack of legal knowledge to get an
unfair advantage. For example, if someone is in a legal issue and doesn't understand the law
well, a lawyer shouldn't trick or take advantage of them. This way, the legal system remains
fair for everyone, no matter their level of legal understanding.
 Section 23. Instituting multiple cases; forum shopping. — A lawyer shall not knowingly
engage or through gross negligence in forum shopping, which offends against the
administration of justice, and is a falsehood foisted upon the court, tribunal, or other
government agency.
A lawyer shall not institute or advise the client to institute multiple cases to gain leverage in
a case, to harass a party, to delay the proceedings, or to increase the cost of litigation.
Explanation:
This rule (Section 23) says a lawyer shouldn't file the same case in different courts to get an
advantage. Also, a lawyer shouldn't advise a client to file many cases just to gain leverage,
bother the other party, delay the process, or make the legal proceedings more expensive.
For instance, if a lawyer files the same case in two courts at the same time to increase the
chances of winning or to make things difficult for the other side, that would be against this
rule. It's in place to make sure legal actions are handled properly and to prevent tactics that
could make the legal process unfair or inefficient.
What is leverage?
"Leverage" refers to gaining a strategic advantage or power to influence a situation. In the
context of Section 23, it means using legal actions to gain an upper hand or influence the
outcome of a case.
For example, if a lawyer advises a client to file multiple cases against the same party on
different issues, hoping that the cumulative legal pressure will force the other party to agree
to more favorable terms in a settlement, that would be seeking leverage. The goal is to use
the legal actions strategically to increase negotiating power.
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A brief example of leveraging legal actions could be a lawyer advising a client involved in a
contract dispute to file a lawsuit for breach of contract and simultaneously initiating a
separate case for defamation against the same party. By doing this, the lawyer aims to put
additional legal pressure on the opposing party, creating a situation where the combined
weight of the legal actions encourages the other party to settle on more favorable terms.
This tactic seeks to leverage the legal system strategically to gain advantages in
negotiations.

Forum shopping refers to the practice of filing a legal case in a particular court or jurisdiction
with the expectation of obtaining a more favorable outcome. It involves choosing a specific
forum or venue for litigation based on the likelihood that the court or tribunal will rule in
favor of the party initiating the case.
For example, if a person has the option to file a case in either State A or State B and believes
that State A's legal system is more favorable to their position, choosing to file the case in
State A to gain a perceived advantage would be considered forum shopping. This practice
can undermine the fair administration of justice by attempting to manipulate the legal
process for strategic reasons. Section 23 discourages and prohibits lawyers from knowingly
engaging in or negligently allowing forum shopping.
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Certainly, here's another example illustrating how forum shopping can manipulate the legal
system:
Example: Divorce Jurisdiction Selection
Suppose a wealthy individual and their spouse are going through a divorce. The spouse,
aware of a jurisdiction known for awarding more substantial spousal support and favorable
property division, convinces their lawyer to file for divorce in that jurisdiction. However,
neither party has a significant connection to that jurisdiction.
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Section 23 seeks to prevent this type of manipulation, promoting fairness in the legal system
by discouraging lawyers from knowingly engaging in or negligently allowing forum shopping.

Section 24. Encroaching or interfering in another lawyer’s engagement; exception. — A

lawyer shall not, directly or indirectly, encroach upon or interfere in the professional
engagement of another lawyer.
This includes a lawyer’s attempt to communicate, negotiate, or deal with the person
represented by another lawyer on any matter, whether pending or not in any court, tribunal,
body, or agency, unless when initiated by the client or with the knowledge of the latter’s
lawyer.
A lawyer, however, may give proper advice and assistance to anyone seeking relief against
perceived unfaithful or neglectful counsel based on the Code.
Explanation:
Section 24 prohibits lawyers from directly or indirectly encroaching upon or interfering in the
professional engagements of other lawyers. This means they should not attempt to
communicate, negotiate, or deal with someone represented by another lawyer unless
initiated by the client or with the knowledge of the client's lawyer.
Concrete Example:
Suppose Lawyer A is representing a client in a contractual dispute. Lawyer B, who is aware
of this representation, approaches the client independently and offers to take over the case
or negotiate a settlement without the knowledge or consent of Lawyer A.
In this scenario:
Encroachment: Lawyer B is encroaching upon the professional engagement of Lawyer A by
attempting to get involved in a matter already represented by another lawyer.
Interference: By independently dealing with the client, Lawyer B interferes with the existing
professional relationship between Lawyer A and the client.
This rule is designed to maintain professional courtesy among lawyers, ensuring that they
respect each other's client relationships and avoid actions that could undermine the trust
and integrity of attorney-client relationships
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This rule (Section 24) says that a lawyer shouldn't get involved in the work of another lawyer
unless the client initiates it or the client's lawyer knows about it. Here's a simple example:
Let's say Lawyer A is helping a person with a legal problem. Lawyer B shouldn't approach
the same person independently and offer to take over the case or negotiate a settlement
without telling Lawyer A. This rule is about respecting each other's clients and not causing
problems in ongoing legal matters.
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It's important because this rule (Section 24) is about respecting the work of other lawyers. If
everyone started trying to get involved in cases that other lawyers are handling, it could
create confusion, undermine trust, and cause problems. So, the rule is there to make sure
lawyers play fair and don't interfere with each other's work unless the client allows it or their
lawyer knows about it. This helps keep the legal system running smoothly and ensures trust
between lawyers and their clients.

Section 25. Responsibility of a solo practitioner. — A lawyer in solo practice shall ensure that
all matters requiring such lawyer’s professional skill and judgment are promptly and
competently addressed.
Explanation:
Section 25 emphasizes that a solo practitioner, a lawyer working alone without partners,
must ensure that all legal matters requiring their professional skill and judgment are
promptly and competently handled.
Concrete Example:
Imagine a solo practitioner, Lawyer X, is handling a client's real estate transaction. The client
relies on Lawyer X's expertise to ensure a smooth and legally sound process. In this scenario:
Prompt Handling: Lawyer X promptly reviews all documents related to the real estate
transaction, such as contracts and title deeds, without unnecessary delays.
Competent Addressing: Lawyer X uses their legal knowledge to competently address any
potential issues in the transaction, ensuring that all legal aspects are properly handled to
protect the client's interests.
This rule is in place to underscore the solo practitioner's responsibility to manage their
workload effectively, providing competent legal services in a timely manner to maintain the
trust and confidence of their clients
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This rule (Section 25) says that if a lawyer works alone (solo practitioner), they have to make
sure they handle all legal matters that need their expertise promptly and competently.
Example:
Let's say Lawyer X works alone and is helping a client with a real estate deal. The rule means
Lawyer X needs to quickly and skillfully take care of all the legal work involved in the
transaction. This way, the client can trust that their lawyer is doing a good job on their behalf.
What is promptly?
Promptly" means doing something quickly, without unnecessary delays. In the context of
Section 25, it emphasizes that a solo practitioner should handle legal matters in a timely
manner, addressing them without unnecessary procrastination.

Section 26. Definition of a law firm; choice of firm name. — A law firm is any private office,
partnership, or association, exclusively comprised of a lawyer or lawyers engaged to practice
law, and who hold themselves out as such to the public.
In the choice of a firm name, no false, misleading, or assumed name shall be used. The
continued use of the name of a deceased, incapacitated, or retired partner is permissible
provided that the firm indicates in all its communications that said partner is deceased,
incapacitated, or retired.
Explanation:
This rule (Section 26) defines a law firm as a private office, partnership, or association
exclusively made up of lawyers practicing law and presenting themselves as such to the
public.
Concrete Example:
Let's say Lawyer A and Lawyer B form a partnership to practice law together. Their
partnership is considered a law firm. According to this rule:
Firm Name: They must choose a name for their law firm that is not false, misleading, or
assumed. For example, they can't call it "Expert Legal Advisors" if it might give the wrong
impression about their qualifications or the nature of their practice.
Use of Partner's Name: If Lawyer A retires but the firm continues to use the name "A & B Law
Firm," it's acceptable. However, in all communications, the firm must make it clear that
Lawyer A has retired.
This rule ensures transparency and honesty in the representation of law firms, preventing
the use of misleading names and providing clarity when a partner is no longer actively
practicing.
Section 27. Partner who assumes public office. — When a partner assumes public office, such
partner shall withdraw from the firm and such partner’s name shall be removed from the firm
name, unless allowed by law to practice concurrently.
Explanation:
Section 27 addresses the scenario where a partner in a firm assumes public office. In such a
situation, the partner is required to withdraw from the firm, and their name must be removed
from the firm's name, unless there is a legal provision allowing them to practice concurrently.
For example, if John is a partner in a law firm and decides to run for public office, Section 27
would require him to leave the law firm and have his name removed from the firm's name
unless the law permits him to continue practicing law while holding public office. This
provision aims to avoid potential conflicts of interest and maintain the integrity of both
public service and private practice.
Section 28. Dignified government service. — Lawyers in government service shall observe
the standard of conduct under the CPRA, the Code of Conduct and Ethical Standards for
Public Officials and Employees, and other related laws and issuances in the performance of
their duties.

Any violation of the CPRA by lawyers in government service shall be subject to disciplinary
action, separate and distinct from liability under pertinent laws or rules.
Explanation:
Section 28 emphasizes that lawyers in government service must adhere to a high standard of
conduct outlined in the CPRA (Code of Professional Responsibility for Attorneys), the Code
of Conduct and Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees, and other relevant laws.
Any violation of the CPRA by lawyers in government roles can lead to disciplinary action,
distinct from liability under other laws.

For instance, consider Sarah, an attorney working in a government legal department. If she
engages in unethical practices, such as accepting bribes or using her position for personal
gain, her actions would not only be subject to legal consequences but also disciplinary action
under the CPRA. This provision aims to ensure the ethical behavior of lawyers in government
service, promoting transparency and integrity in their professional conduct
Section 28 states that government lawyers must follow ethical standards outlined in the
CPRA and related laws. If they violate the CPRA, they face disciplinary action, separate from
other legal consequences. For example, if a government lawyer like Sarah acts unethically by
taking bribes, she could be disciplined under the CPRA, in addition to any legal penalties.
This rule aims to uphold ethical conduct among government lawyers.
Legal penalties for government lawyers who violate ethical standards can vary based on the
nature of the offense. Some potential legal consequences may include fines, suspension or
disbarment from practicing law, and in severe cases, criminal charges. It depends on the
specific laws violated and the severity of the misconduct. The legal system aims to address
such breaches to maintain the integrity of public service and the legal profession.

Section 29. Lawyers formerly in government service. — A lawyer who has left government
service shall not engage in private practice pertaining to any matter before the office where
he or she used to be connected within a period of one (1) year from his or her separation
from such office. Justices, judges, clerks of court, city, provincial, and regional prosecutors
shall not appear before any court within the territorial jurisdiction where they previously
served within the same period.

After leaving government service, a lawyer shall not accept an engagement which could
improperly influence the outcome of the proceedings which the lawyer handled or
intervened in, or over which the lawyer previously exercised authority, while in said service.
Explanation:
Section 29 states that a lawyer who leaves government service cannot practice privately on
matters related to their former office for one year. Justices, judges, court clerks, city,
provincial, and regional prosecutors are also restricted from appearing in courts within their
previous jurisdiction during this period.

For instance, if Mark, a prosecutor, resigns from his position, he cannot practice law privately
in cases related to his former office for one year. Similarly, he cannot appear before the court
in the area where he worked as a prosecutor during that one-year period. This rule aims to
prevent conflicts of interest and ensure that former government lawyers do not use their
insider knowledge for personal gain immediately after leaving public service.
Section 30. No financial interest in transactions; no gifts. — A lawyer in government shall not,
directly or indirectly, promote or advance his or her private or financial interest or that of
another, in any transaction requiring the approval of his or her office. Neither shall such
lawyer solicit gifts or receive anything of value in relation to such interest.

Such lawyer in government shall not give anything of value to, or otherwise unduly favor,
any person transacting with his or her office, with the expectation of any benefit in return.
Explanation:
Section 30 prohibits government lawyers from promoting their own or others' financial
interests in transactions requiring their office's approval. They cannot solicit or receive gifts
related to such transactions. Additionally, they must not provide anything of value to
individuals transacting with their office expecting benefits in return.

For example, if Emily, a government lawyer, is involved in approving contracts, she cannot
use her position to benefit herself or others financially. She also cannot accept gifts from
individuals seeking approvals for contracts. This rule is in place to prevent corruption and
ensure that government lawyers act in the public's best interest without personal gain.