Universidad de Santiago de Chile

Facultad de ingeniería
Departamento de Obras civiles

Project 1
Analytical Study and Solution via the Newton-Raphson Method

Profesor: Juan Carlos Pina

Ayudante: Lenko Alvares
Fecha de entrega: Tuesday 10th October, 2023
Santiago de Chile
Contents i

Contents
1. Abstract 1

2. Introduction 1

3. Methodology 2
3.1. Newton-Raphson Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.1.1. Standard Newton-Raphson Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.1.2. Modified Newton-Raphson Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2. Analytical study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3.2.1. Critical Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4. Results 7
4.1. Convergence Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.1. Standard Newton-Raphson Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.1.2. Modified Newton-Raphson Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2. Imperfection sensitivity analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.1. α1 = 0.01 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2.2. α1 = 0.001 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.3. α1 = 0.0001 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.2.4. α1 = 0.00001 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2.5. α1 = 0.000001 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3. Stiffness Sensitivity Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.1. β = 10 · β → PCR = 163.3861[M N ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.2. β = 0.1 · β → PCR = 27.3383[M N ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.3.3. βR1 = 10 · βR1 →PCR = 192.4639[M N ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.4. βR1 = 0.1 · βR1 →PCR = 89.4467[M N ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
4.3.5. βR2 = 10 · βR2 →PCR = 179.7311[M N ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4.3.6. βR2 = 0.1 · βR2 →PCR = 25.7038[M N ] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

5. Conclusions 15

6. References 16

1. Appendix 17

List of Figures
1. Assumed deformations for the analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Aproximation of sinusoidal functions for small angles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3. Standard Newton-Raphson Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. Modified Newton-Raphson Convergence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Effect of α1 = 0.01 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
6. Effect of α1 = 0.001 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7. Effect of α1 = 0.0001 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 ii

8. Effect of α1 = 0.00001 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

9. Effect of α1 = 0.000001 = −α2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
10. Effect of β = 10 · β. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
11. Effect of β = 0.1 · β . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
12. Effect of βR1 = 10 · βR1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
13. Effect of βR1 = 0.1 · βR1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
14. Effect of βR2 = 10 · βR2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
15. Effect of βR2 = 0.1 · βR2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Introduction 1

1. Abstract
In this report, the behavior of a structure with geometric nonlinearity was studied. By analyzing the
conservation of energy within the system, the maximum load or critical load for which the structure
experiences buckling was determined. The Newton-Raphson method was employed to obtain the
Load vs. Deformation curve using this critical load. The calculations were repeated for various initial
imperfections, showing that smaller imperfections resulted in smaller deformations. To complement
the analysis, different stiffness values for the springs were evaluated, revealing that an increase in
stiffness leads to an increase in critical load.

2. Introduction
Slender structural elements subjected to compressive loads generally fail due to structural instability
or buckling. This implies the sudden collapse of the structural element and/or structure, and in many
cases the complete loss of load bearing capacity. Thus, understanding and been able to predict the
critical buckling load and postbuckling response of slender structural elements is very relevant within
the context of structural engineering. The AIM of the project is to give the student the experience
of solving simple real life 2D non-linear structural problems, by means of numerical and analytical
approaches. The process requires that the student understands the problem, identifies the sources
of the non-linear response, derives the proper equilibrium equations, develops and implements the
Newton-Raphson algorithm required to solve the problem. Finally, the student is required to use
critical thinking to analyze the results, discuss and write the most relevant findings. The OUTCOME
of this experience is that the student will be able to:
• Recognize the differences between linear and non-linear structural response
• Establish the equilibrium equations of simple 2D structural problems considering the deformed
structural configuration
• Solve simple non-linear structural problems using Newton-Raphson’s method
• Analyze and understand the non-linear structural response of simple structural elements.

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Methodology 2

3. Methodology
3.1. Newton-Raphson Method
The Newton-Raphson method is a widely used numerical technique for finding roots of equations.
It starts with an initial estimate and, through iterations, refines this estimate using the slope of the
function at that point. This process continues until the estimate converges to a solution or reaches
the desired level of accuracy.

3.1.1. Standard Newton-Raphson Method

The Standard Newton-Raphson method for two variables begins by estimating solutions to the prob-
lem as Θ1 and Θ2 . These values are evaluated in the equation. At the point where it is obtained, a
tangent line is drawn, and the new Θ1 and Θ2 where it becomes zero are obtained. This process is
repeated until the desired level of precision or an acceptable error is achieved.
The idea is expressed as:
" # " # " #
Θ1 Θ1 r1 (θ1 , θ2 )
= − Jn−1 · (1)
Θ2 n+1
Θ2 n
r2 (θ1 , θ2 ) n

Where J represents the Jacobian matrix. This corresponds to a square and symmetric matrix formed
by the derivatives of r1 and r2 with respect to each of the variables.

" #
∂r1 ∂r1
J= ∂θ1 ∂θ2 (2)
∂r2 ∂r2
∂θ1 ∂θ2 n+1

3.1.2. Modified Newton-Raphson Method

This method follows the same pattern as the Standard method but does not update the tangential
stiffness matrix. This results in less precision in some cases but significant computational savings.

3.2. Analytical study

To begin addressing the problem of geometric nonlinearity of the structure, the deformations caused
by the initial imperfections and the applied load at node B are defined. Due to the imperfections,
angles α1 and α2 are formed as seen in Figure 1.a. As observed, these angles generate displacements
of nodes B, C, and D due to the configuration of the structure, and it is from these new positions
that the structure undergoes a new deformation due to the application of load P. Thus, angles θ1
and θ2 represented in Figure ?? can be defined

After defining the variables involved in the problem, the energy equilibrium equation is formulated.

Π=U −W (3)
Where:
• Π: Corresponds to the potential energy.

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Methodology 3

• U : Corresponds to the strain energy of the springs.

• W : Corresponds to the work of loads.

(a) Initial imperfections (b) Deformation due to P

Figure 1: Assumed deformations for the analysis

The strain energy is calculated depending on the type of the spring. If it is a rotational spring U
shall be calculated como se muestra en la ecuación 4 and for a traslational spring como se muestra
en :
1
U = · β · θ2 (4)
2
1
U = · k · ∆2 (5)
2
Work depends on the applied loads and the displacements in the same direction of the load. W
is simply calculated as:
W =P ·∆ (6)
The strain energy of the analyzed system considering all the springs is defined by:

Br1 · (α1 − θ1 )2 + Br2 · (α1 − α2 − θ1 + θ2 )2 L2 · β · (2 · cos(α1 ) − sin(α1 ) − sin(α2 ) − 2 · cos(θ1 ) + sin(θ1 ) + sin(θ2 ))2
U = +
2 8
(7)
The work produced by the load P in the direction of the displacements of points B, C, and D is
given by:

L · sin(θ2 ) L · sin(α2 )
 
W =P − + + L · cos(α1 ) − L · cos(θ1 ) (8)
2 2

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Methodology 4

Then, the potential energy Π is:

L2 · β · (2 · cos(α1 ) − sin(α1 ) − sin(α2 ) − 2 · cos(θ1 ) + sin(θ1 ) + sin(θ2 ))2

Π= ...
8
Br1 · (α1 − θ1 )2 + Br2 · (α1 − α2 − θ1 + θ2 )2 (9)
+ ...
2
L
− · P · (6 cos(α1 ) − 2 sin(α1 ) − sin(α2 ) − 6 cos(θ1 ) + 2 sin(θ1 ) + sin(θ2 ))
2
The residual or equilibrium functions of the system are obtained from the previous equation by
taking derivatives of Π with respect to the independent variables θ1 and θ2

(2L2 β cos(α1 ) cos(θ1 ) − 2L2 β cos(θ1 )2 − L2 β cos(θ1 ) sin(α1 ) − L2 β cos(θ1 ) sin(α2 ))

r1 =
4
(2L β sin(θ1 ) + L β cos(θ1 )) sin(θ2 ) + 2L2 β sin(θ1 )2 − (2L2 β sin(α2 ) + 2L2 β sin(α1 ) + 3L2 β cos(θ1 )) sin(θ1 )
2 2
+
4
+ (L2 β cos(α1 ) − LP ) sin(θ1 ) + ((Br1 + Br2 )θ1 + ((α2 − α1 )Br2 − α1 Br1 ) − Br2 θ2 )
(10)

((2L2 β cos(α1 ) + 2LP − 2L2 β cos(θ1 )) cos(θ2 ) − L2 β cos(θ2 ) sin(α1 ) − L2 β cos(θ2 ) sin(α2 ))
r2 =
4
L2 β cos(θ2 ) sin(θ2 ) + L2 β cos(θ2 ) sin(θ1 )
+ Br2θ2 + ((α1 − α2 )Br2 − Br2θ1 )+
4
(11)
"As shown in Equation 2, the second derivatives of Π are required to construct the Jacobian
matrix, which is equivalent to taking derivatives of both residuals with respect to each variable."

∂r1 (L2 β sin(θ1 ) − 2L2 β cos(θ1 )) sin(θ2 ) + (2L2 β cos(α1 ) − L2 β sin(α1 ) − L2 β sin(α2 )) sin(θ1 ) − 3L2 β sin(θ1 )2
=−
∂θ1 4
2L β cos(θ1 ) sin(α2 ) + 2L β cos(θ1 ) sin(α1 ) + 3L β cos(θ1 )2 + 2L2 β cos(θ1 ) sin(θ1 )
2 2 2
−
4
+ 2L2 β cos(θ1 ) sin(θ1 ) + (L2 β cos(α1 ) − LP ) cos(θ1 ) + Br1 + Br2
(12)

∂r1 L2 β cos(θ2 ) sin(θ1 ) L2 β cos(θ1 ) cos(θ2 )

= + − Br2 (13)
∂θ2 2 4

∂r2 L2 β cos(θ2 ) sin(θ1 ) L2 β cos(θ1 ) cos(θ2 )

= + − Br2 (14)
∂θ1 2 4

∂r2 2LP − 2L2 β cos(θ1 ) − L2 β sin(α1 ) − L2 β sin(α2 ))) sin(θ2 ) − L2 β cos(θ2 )2

=−
∂θ2 4
2
(15)
2 2 2
L β sin(θ2 ) + (L β sin(θ1 ) + (2L β cos(α1 )
− + Br2
4
With the calculated derivatives, the tangential stiffness matrix is assembled, as mentioned in 2,

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Methodology 5

which will be applied in the Newton-Raphson method.

" #
∂r1 ∂r1
Ktang = ∂θ1 ∂θ2 (16)
∂r2 ∂r2
∂θ1 ∂θ2

3.2.1. Critical Load

To obtain the critical load, we work under the assumption of small deformations, where we consider
that θ1 and θ2 are much less than 1, and α1 = α2 = 0. The Maclaurin expansion allows us to rewrite
the sine and cosine functions in simplified expressions that approximate their values with negligible
levels of error when the evaluated angles are close to 0.

Evaluation of sine, cosine and their Maclaurin expansions

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6
Function

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2
sin(x)
cos(x)
0.1
Maclaurin sin(x)
Maclaurin cos(x)
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

x in radians

Figure 2: Aproximation of sinusoidal functions for small angles.

θ2
When we have sin(θ) ≈ θ and cos(θ) ≈ 1 − 2 , the potential energy becomes:
θ2
LP ( 21 + θ2 + 2θ1 ) L2 β(θ2 + θ1 )2 Br2 (θ1 − θ2 )2 Br1 θ12
Π=− + + + (17)
2 8 2 2
Once again, we obtain the residual functions and their derivatives with respect to the angles.

(−(2Lθ1 ) − 4L)P + (L2 β − 4βr2 )θ2 + (4βr2 + 4βr1 + L2 β)θ1

r1 = (18)
4

−(2LP ) + (4βr2 + L2 β)θ2 + (L2 β − 4βr2 )θ1

r2 = (19)
4

∂r1 L2 β LP
= − + βr2 + βr1 (20)
∂θ1 4 2

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Methodology 6

∂r1 L2 β
= − βr2 (21)
∂θ2 4

∂r2 L2 β
= − βr2 (22)
∂θ1 4

∂r2 L2 β
= + βr2 (23)
∂θ2 4
When replacing the second derivatives into the tangential stiffness matrix, it becomes:
L2 β L2 β
" #
LP
4 − 2 + βr2 + βr1 4 − βr2
K= L2 β L2 β (24)
4 − βr2 4 + βr2
The critical load is obtained by solving for the value of P from the determinant of the tangential
stiffness matrix.

(8 · Br1 + 8(L2 ) · β) · Br2 + 2(L2 ) · β · Br1

det(K) = |K| = 0 ⇒ PCR = (25)
4 · Br2 · L + L3 · β
Substituting the values L = 4[m], β = 23.562[ MmN ], βR1 = 20.812[M N ·m], βR2 = 83.246[M N ·m],
we have PCR = 98.812[M N ]

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Results 7

4. Results
4.1. Convergence Study
The convergence of the problem is analyzed by applying an external load equal to the critical load,
PCR = 98.812[M N ], and an initial deformation of α1 = 0.001 = −α2 , using the two methods
presented in section 3.

4.1.1. Standard Newton-Raphson Convergence

Figure 3: Standard Newton-Raphson Convergence

It required 5 iterations and took 0.0158 seconds to solve the problem.

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Results 8

4.1.2. Modified Newton-Raphson Convergence

Figure 4: Modified Newton-Raphson Convergence

It required 6 iterations and took 0.0038 seconds to solve the problem.

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Results 9

4.2. Imperfection sensitivity analysis

In this section, equations 11 and 15 are modified by removing the factors of 2 · L · P and −2 · L · P ,
respectively, to observe how imperfections affect buckling.1

4.2.1. α1 = 0.01 = −α2

Desplazamiento V/S Carga

120

Structure deformation
100 4.5

4
Initial structure
3.5 Deformed structure
80
3
X 3.18696
Load [MN]

Eje Y [mm]
Y 2.41729
2.5
60
2 X 6.25361
Y 1.56396
1.5
X 4.39561
40 1 Y 0.823804

0.5

20 0
Lateral Displacement B
Analytical Study Displacement -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Critical Load Eje X [mm]
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Displacement [mm]

Figure 5: Effect of α1 = 0.01 = −α2

1
In this section, the graphs labeled "Structure Deformation" have their axes labeled as [mm], but it should be [m].

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Results 10

4.2.2. α1 = 0.001 = −α2

Desplazamiento V/S Carga

120

100

Structure deformation
4
80 Initial structure
Deformed structure
3
Carga [MN]

X 3.16365
Y 2.44772

Eje Y [mm]
60
2 X 6.25446
Y 1.58317

X 4.38751
Y 0.865899
40 1

Desplazamiento Lateral B
Estudio Analítico de Desplazamiento 0
Carga Crítica 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20
Eje X [mm]

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Desplazamiento [mm]

Figure 6: Effect of α1 = 0.001 = −α2

4.2.3. α1 = 0.0001 = −α2

Desplazamiento V/S Carga

120

100

Structure deformation
4
Initial structure
80 Deformed structure
3 X 3.16129
Carga [MN]

Y 2.45077
Eje Y [mm]

60 X 6.25451
2
Y 1.58508

X 4.38667
Y 0.870123
1
40

Desplazamiento Lateral B 0
Estudio Analítico de Desplazamiento 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Carga Crítica
20 Eje X [mm]

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Desplazamiento [mm]

Figure 7: Effect of α1 = 0.0001 = −α2

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Results 11

4.2.4. α1 = 0.00001 = −α2

Desplazamiento V/S Carga

120

100

Structure deformation
4
Initial structure
80 Deformed structure

3 X 3.16105
Carga [MN]

Y 2.45107

Eje Y [mm]
60
2 X 6.25452
Y 1.58527

X 4.38659
Y 0.870546
40 1

Desplazamiento Lateral B
Estudio Analítico de Desplazamiento 0
Carga Crítica 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
20
Eje X [mm]

0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500
Desplazamiento [mm]

Figure 8: Effect of α1 = 0.00001 = −α2 .

4.2.5. α1 = 0.000001 = −α2

Desplazamiento V/S Carga

120
Desplazamiento Lateral B
Estudio Analítico de Desplazamiento
Carga Crítica

100
Structure deformation
5
Initial structure
Deformed structure
80
4
Carga [MN]

Eje Y [mm]

3
60

40
1

20 0
-1 0 1 2 3 4
Eje X [mm]

0
-500 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Desplazamiento [mm]

Figure 9: Effect of α1 = 0.000001 = −α2

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Results 12

4.3. Stiffness Sensitivity Analysis

To study the sensitivity to stiffness of the structure, the values of β, βR1 , and βR2 are varied one at
a time.

4.3.1. β = 10 · β → PCR = 163.3861[M N ]

Displacement vs. Load Structure deformation

180 4
X 1.86092
Y 3.54076 X 5.26568
160 3.5 Y 3.76304

140
3
X 3.6313
Y 2.6103
120
2.5
Load [MN]

Eje Y [m]
100
2
80
Initial structure
1.5 Deformed structure
60

1
40

20 0.5
Lateral Displacement B
Analytical Study Displacement
Critical Load
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Displacement [mm] Eje X [m]

Figure 10: Effect of β = 10 · β.

4.3.2. β = 0.1 · β → PCR = 27.3383[M N ]

Displacement vs. Load Structure deformation

100 4
Initial structure
Deformed structure
90

3
80

70 X 3.56933
2 Y 1.80551

60
Load [MN]

Eje Y [m]

Lateral Displacement B
50 Analytical Study Displacement 1
Critical Load

40 X 4.47209
Y 0.0208497
0
30

20
-1
X 5.70478
10 Y -1.5541

0 -2
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Displacement [mm] Eje X [m]

Figure 11: Effect of β = 0.1 · β

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Results 13

4.3.3. βR1 = 10 · βR1 →PCR = 192.4639[M N ]

Displacement vs. Load Structure deformation

200 4
Initial structure
Deformed structure
180 3.5

160
3

140
2.5

120
Load [MN]

X 3.58098

Eje Y [m]
2
Y 1.7823
100
1.5
80
X 6.25901
1 Y 0.890165
60

0.5
40
X 4.47213
Y -0.00818892
20 Lateral Displacement B 0
Analytical Study Displacement
Critical Load
0 -0.5
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Displacement [mm] Eje X [m]

Figure 12: Effect of βR1 = 10 · βR1

4.3.4. βR1 = 0.1 · βR1 →PCR = 89.4467[M N ]

Displacement vs. Load Structure deformation

100 4

90
3.5 X 2.30299
Y 3.27051

80
3
70 X 5.89631
Y 2.52644
2.5
60 X 3.93824
Load [MN]

Eje Y [m]

Y 2.11902

50 2

40
1.5

30 Initial structure
Lateral Displacement B 1 Deformed structure
Analytical Study Displacement
20
Critical Load

0.5
10

0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Displacement [mm] Eje X [m]

Figure 13: Effect of βR1 = 0.1 · βR1

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

Results 14

4.3.5. βR2 = 10 · βR2 →PCR = 179.7311[M N ]

Displacement vs. Load Structure deformation

180 4
Initial structure
Deformed structure
160 3.5
X 2.59517
Y 3.04386
140
3

120
2.5
Load [MN]

Eje Y [m]
100
2 X 4.1171
Y 1.74628
80

1.5
60

1 X 5.82766
40 Y 0.709946

20 0.5
Lateral Displacement B
Analytical Study Displacement
Critical Load
0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Displacement [mm] Eje X [m]

Figure 14: Effect of βR2 = 10 · βR2

4.3.6. βR2 = 0.1 · βR2 →PCR = 25.7038[M N ]

Displacement vs. Load Structure deformation

100 4
X 5.27473
Y 3.63312
90 X 2.25901
3.5
Y 3.30104

80
3
70

2.5
60 X 3.90953
Load [MN]

Y 2.17153
Eje Y [m]

Lateral Displacement B
50 Analytical Study Displacement 2
Critical Load

40
1.5

30 Initial structure
1 Deformed structure

20

0.5
10

0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Displacement [mm] Eje X [m]

Figure 15: Effect of βR2 = 0.1 · βR2

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Conclusions 15

5. Conclusions
As seen in figures 3 and 4, both methods converge and require few iterations. The Standard method
iterated one less time than the Modified method, but the latter took less time to converge. This was
expected since the process of inverting a matrix requires greater computational capacity.
In the sensitivity analysis of imperfections, it is observed that as the value of imperfections
decreases, the displacements of the structure’s nodes also decrease. When α takes the value of
0.000001, the code does not plot deformations. Although this is a drastic change from the previous
iteration, it represents the expected behavior when there are no imperfections.
In the sensitivity analysis of stiffness, the value of translational stiffness β was initially increased
by 10 times its original value. This requires a greater load P to deform the structure. It can be
seen in the graph 10 how node D displaces less vertically and how the critical load of the structure
increases. When the value of β is decreased, the opposite occurs: the structure’s stiffness decreases,
reducing the critical load. The graph 11 shows how node D now descends too much, and although
this deformation does not make sense in practice, it reflects the effect of this change.
By increasing the value of rotational stiffness βR1 , it is observed in figure 12 that the critical load
value increases significantly. Although the structure’s deformation shows a considerable rotation at
A, contrary to expectations, this may be because the load evaluated at that moment is large enough
to achieve this state. When the value of βR1 is decreased, the critical load of the structure decreases
slightly. This may indicate that the majority of the overall stiffness is not provided by this spring.
Finally, by increasing the value of βR2 , it can be seen in figure 14 how the critical load value
increases, and a low curvature is maintained among B, C, and D compared to the reference. The
stiffness of the spring at C overlaps with translational stiffness, causing D to move vertically down-
ward. In the opposite case (figure 15), it is the translational spring that prevents node D from
descending, and the rotation at C is greater. Additionally, the critical load is greatly reduced,
indicating that a significant portion of the structure’s stiffness is due to the spring at C.

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

References 16

6. References
• Z.P. Bazant, L. Cedolin. Stability of Structures: Elastic, Inelastic, Fracture and Damage The-
ories World Scientific Publishing Co. (2010), Singapore.
• Daniels, R. W. (1978). An introduction to numerical methods and optimization techniques.

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 Appendix 17

1. Appendix
1 clc
2 clear
3 close all
4 %% CARACTERISTICAS DE LA ESTRUCTURA
5 Ec = 150; % Elasticidad del resorte traslacional, en [GN/m^2]
6 Em = 15; % Elasticidad de la estructura, en [GN/m^2]
7 L = 4; % Largo de barra, en [m]
8 L2 = L/2; % Largo de la barra, en [m]
9 h = 20*0.0254 ; %alto de seccion de viga, en [m]
10 b = h/4; %ancho de seccion de viga, en [m]
11 I = (b*(h)^3)/12; %Inercia de la sección de la estructura, en [m^4]
12 PHIc = 20/1000; % en m
13 Ac = (PHIc/2)^2*pi; % en m^2
14 beta = Ac*Ec/L2; % Rigidez de resorte longitudinal, en [GN/m]
15 Br1 = 4*Em*I/L; % Rigidez de resorte rotacional en D, en [GN*m]
16 Br2 = 16*Em*I/L; % Rigidez de resorte rotacional en C, en [GN*m]
17 Pcr = ((8*Br1+8*(L^2)*beta)*Br2+2*(L^2)*beta*Br1)/(4*Br2*L+L^3*beta); % Carga Critica de
,→ pandeo, en [GN]
18 %Pcr= 0.09881186891;
19 %% DATOS
20

21 Carga = Pcr; % Carga de analisis, en [GN]

22 alpha1 = 0.001; % Angulo de imperfeccion entre A y B, en [rad]
23 alpha2 = -alpha1; % Angulo de imperfeccion entre C y D, en [rad]
24 alfa0 = [alpha1;alpha2]; % Vector de deformaciones iniciales
25 solu = alfa0; % Valores para la primera iteracion en N-R
26 tol = 1e-9; % Tolerencia
27 Nincr = 100; % Numero de incrementos de la carga
28

29 %% FUNCIONES
30

31 % Residuales
32 r1 = @(th1,th2,P) ((2*L^2*beta*sin(th1)+L^2*beta*cos(th1))*sin(th2)+2*L^2*beta*sin(th1)^2-(2*L
,→ ^2*beta*sin(alpha2)+2*L^2*beta*sin(alpha1)+3*L^2*beta*cos(th1))*sin(th1)+(2*L^2*beta*
,→ cos(alpha1)*cos(th1)-2*L^2*beta*cos(th1)^2-L^2*beta*cos(th1)*sin(alpha1)-L^2*beta*cos(
,→ th1)*sin(alpha2)))/4+(L^2*beta*cos(alpha1)-L*P)*sin(th1)+((Br1+Br2)*th1+((alpha2-
,→ alpha1)*Br2-alpha1*Br1)-Br2*th2);
33 r2 = @(th1,th2,P) (L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(th2)+L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(th1)+((2*L^2*beta*cos(
,→ alpha1)+2*L*P-2*L^2*beta*cos(th1))*cos(th2)-L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(alpha1)-L^2*beta*cos(
,→ th2)*sin(alpha2)))/4+Br2*th2+((alpha1-alpha2)*Br2-Br2*th1);
34 %r2 = @(th1,th2,P) (L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(th2)+L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(th1)+((2*L^2*beta*cos(
,→ alpha1)-2*L^2*beta*cos(th1))*cos(th2)-L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(alpha1)-L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin
,→ (alpha2)))/4+Br2*th2+((alpha1-alpha2)*Br2-Br2*th1);
35

36 % Derivadas de residuales en funcion de theta 1 y theta 2

37 dr1_th1 = @(th1,th2,P) ((L^2*beta*sin(th1)-2*L^2*beta*cos(th1))*sin(th2)+(2*L^2*beta*cos(
,→ alpha1)-L^2*beta*sin(alpha1)-L^2*beta*sin(alpha2))*sin(th1)-3*L^2*beta*sin(th1)^2+2*L
,→ ^2*beta*cos(th1)*sin(alpha2)+2*L^2*beta*cos(th1)*sin(alpha1)+3*L^2*beta*cos(th1)^2)

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 Appendix 18

,→ /(-4)+2*L^2*beta*cos(th1)*sin(th1)+(L^2*beta*cos(alpha1)-L*P)*cos(th1)+Br1+Br2;
,→ % Derivada del r1 en funcion de th1
38 dr1_th2 = @(th1,th2) (L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(th1))/2+(L^2*beta*cos(th1)*cos(th2))/4-Br2;
,→ % Derivada del r1 en funcion de th2
39 dr2_th1 = @(th1,th2) (L^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(th1))/2+(L^2*beta*cos(th1)*cos(th2))/4-Br2;
,→ % Derivada del r2 en funcion de th1 (L1^2*beta*cos(th2)*sin(th1))/2+((L1^2*beta*
,→ cos(th1)*cos(th2))/4-Br2)
40 dr2_th2 = @(th1,th2,P) (L^2*beta*sin(th2)^2+(L^2*beta*sin(th1)+(2*L^2*beta*cos(alpha1)+2*L*
,→ P-2*L^2*beta*cos(th1)-L^2*beta*sin(alpha1)-L^2*beta*sin(alpha2)))*sin(th2)-L^2*beta*cos(
,→ th2)^2)/(-4)+Br2; % Derivada del r2 en funcion de th2
41 %dr2_th2 = @(th1,th2,P) (L^2*beta*sin(th2)^2+(L^2*beta*sin(th1)+(2*L^2*beta*cos(alpha1)-2*L
,→ ^2*beta*cos(th1)-L^2*beta*sin(alpha1)-L^2*beta*sin(alpha2)))*sin(th2)-L^2*beta*cos(th2)
,→ ^2)/(-4)+Br2; % Derivada del r2 en funcion de th2
42

43 %% METODO DE NEWTON-RAPHSON MODIFICADO

44 dP = Carga/Nincr; % Incremento de la carga inicial
45 P = zeros(Nincr,1); % Vector que sera utilizado para almacenar los incrementos de carga
46 dxB = zeros(Nincr,1); % Vector que sera utilizado para almacenar el desplazamiento horizontal
,→ del punto B
47 Pcrit = zeros(Nincr,1); % Vector que sera utilizado para almacenar la carga critica
48 Resi = zeros(Nincr,1); % Vector que sera utilizado para almacenar el residuo
49 C_iter = zeros(Nincr,1); %Vector donde se almacenara el numero de iteraciones del N_R
50 tiempo = zeros(Nincr,1); %Vector que almacena el tiempo de cada ciclo
51 tic
52 for step = 1:Nincr
53 P(step+1) = P(step)+ dP;
54 Ktang = [dr1_th1(solu(1),solu(2),P(step+1)) dr1_th2(solu(1),solu(2));
55 dr2_th1(solu(1),solu(2)) dr2_th2(solu(1),solu(2),P(step+1))]; % Matriz de Rigidez
,→ Tangencial
56 r = [r1(solu(1),solu(2),P(step+1));
57 r2(solu(1),solu(2),P(step+1))]; % Vector de funciones residuales
58 i = 1; % Contador para N-R
59 error = sqrt(transpose(Ktang\r)*(Ktang\r)); % Error
60 Resi(step+1,1) = log10(norm(r)/norm(P));
61 while error > tol && i < 100 % Bucle de N-R
62 dsolu = -inv(Ktang)*r;
63 solu = solu + dsolu;
64 Ktang = [dr1_th1(solu(1),solu(2),P(step+1)) dr1_th2(solu(1),solu(2));
65 dr2_th1(solu(1),solu(2)) dr2_th2(solu(1),solu(2),P(step+1))]; % Matriz de
,→ rigidez actualizada
66 r = [r1(solu(1),solu(2),P(step+1));
67 r2(solu(1),solu(2),P(step+1))]; % Vector de funciones residuales actualizado
68 error = sqrt(transpose(dsolu)*dsolu); % Error
69 i = i + 1;
70 end
71 tiempo(step+1,1) = toc; %Vector que almacena el tiempo transcurrido en cada ciclo por
,→ incremento de carga
72 dxB(step+1,1) = L*(sin(solu(1))-sin(alpha1))*1000 ; % Desplazamiento en el punto B, en [mm]
73 C_iter(step,1) = i ; %Vector que almacena la cantidad de iteraciones
74 Pcrit(step+1,1) = Pcr;
75 end

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 Appendix 19

76

77

78 %% DEFORMACION ESTUDIO ANALITICO (como referencia)

79 Pa=1000*[0
80 0.0010
81 0.0020
82 0.0030
83 0.0040
84 0.0049
85 0.0059
86 0.0069
87 0.0079
88 0.0089
89 0.0099
90 0.0109
91 0.0119
92 0.0128
93 0.0138
94 0.0148
95 0.0158
96 0.0168
97 0.0178
98 0.0188
99 0.0198
100 0.0208
101 0.0217
102 0.0227
103 0.0237
104 0.0247
105 0.0257
106 0.0267
107 0.0277
108 0.0287
109 0.0296
110 0.0306
111 0.0316
112 0.0326
113 0.0336
114 0.0346
115 0.0356
116 0.0366
117 0.0375
118 0.0385
119 0.0395
120 0.0405
121 0.0415
122 0.0425
123 0.0435
124 0.0445
125 0.0455
126 0.0464

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras

 Appendix 20

127 0.0474
128 0.0484
129 0.0494
130 0.0504
131 0.0514
132 0.0524
133 0.0534
134 0.0543
135 0.0553
136 0.0563
137 0.0573
138 0.0583
139 0.0593
140 0.0603
141 0.0613
142 0.0623
143 0.0632
144 0.0642
145 0.0652
146 0.0662
147 0.0672
148 0.0682
149 0.0692
150 0.0702
151 0.0711
152 0.0721
153 0.0731
154 0.0741
155 0.0751
156 0.0761
157 0.0771
158 0.0781
159 0.0790
160 0.0800
161 0.0810
162 0.0820
163 0.0830
164 0.0840
165 0.0850
166 0.0860
167 0.0870
168 0.0879
169 0.0889
170 0.0899
171 0.0909
172 0.0919
173 0.0929
174 0.0939
175 0.0949
176 0.0958
177 0.0968

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 Appendix 21

178 0.0978
179 0.0988];%Cargas con aplha=0.001 y Carga=Pcr
180 dxBa=1000*[0
181 0.0001
182 0.0002
183 0.0003
184 0.0003
185 0.0004
186 0.0005
187 0.0006
188 0.0008
189 0.0009
190 0.0010
191 0.0011
192 0.0013
193 0.0014
194 0.0016
195 0.0017
196 0.0019
197 0.0021
198 0.0022
199 0.0024
200 0.0027
201 0.0029
202 0.0031
203 0.0034
204 0.0037
205 0.0040
206 0.0043
207 0.0047
208 0.0051
209 0.0055
210 0.0059
211 0.0065
212 0.0070
213 0.0077
214 0.0084
215 0.0092
216 0.0101
217 0.0111
218 0.0124
219 0.0138
220 0.0155
221 0.0175
222 0.0199
223 0.0230
224 0.0269
225 0.0320
226 0.0388
227 0.0482
228 0.0614

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 Appendix 22

229 0.0802
230 0.1062
231 0.1399
232 0.1805
233 0.2261
234 0.2751
235 0.3262
236 0.3786
237 0.4317
238 0.4853
239 0.5390
240 0.5928
241 0.6465
242 0.7000
243 0.7534
244 0.8066
245 0.8595
246 0.9121
247 0.9644
248 1.0164
249 1.0680
250 1.1193
251 1.1703
252 1.2209
253 1.2712
254 1.3211
255 1.3706
256 1.4197
257 1.4685
258 1.5168
259 1.5648
260 1.6124
261 1.6595
262 1.7063
263 1.7526
264 1.7986
265 1.8441
266 1.8892
267 1.9339
268 1.9782
269 2.0220
270 2.0654
271 2.1084
272 2.1509
273 2.1930
274 2.2347
275 2.2759
276 2.3167
277 2.3571
278 2.3970
279 2.4364

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 Appendix 23

280 2.4754]; %desplazamiento de B con aplha=0.001 y Carga=Pcr

281

282 %% GRAFICOS PARA ANALISIS

283

284 %Grafico de estudio de convergencia

285 subplot(1,3,1)
286 plot(Resi,P*1000)
287 xlabel("Residual")
288 ylabel("Load [MN]")
289 title("Convergence Study")
290 grid on
291

292

293 %Grafico de desplazamiento de B

294 subplot(1, 3, 2)
295 plot(dxB, P*1000, ’LineWidth’, 1.5)
296 hold on
297 plot(dxBa, Pa, ’LineWidth’, 1.5)
298 plot(dxB, Pcrit*1000, ’r--’, ’LineWidth’, 1.5)
299 hold off
300 grid on
301 title("Displacement vs. Load", ’FontSize’, 18)
302 xlabel(’Displacement [mm]’, ’FontSize’, 18)
303 ylabel(’Load [MN]’, ’FontSize’, 18)
304 legend("Lateral Displacement B", "Analytical Study Displacement", "Critical Load", ’FontSize’, 12)
305

306

307 %% Estructura base y deformada

308

309 %Estructura inicial (Posicion inicial)

310 Axi = 0;
311 Ayi = 0;
312 Bxi = 0;
313 Byi = 4;
314 Cxi = 2;
315 Cyi = 4;
316 Dxi = 4;
317 Dyi = 4;
318 Xi = [Axi Bxi Cxi Dxi]; %Vector con las componentes en X
319 Yi = [Ayi Byi Cyi Dyi]; %Vector con las componentes en Y
320

321 %Estructura final

322 Axf = 0;
323 Ayf = 0;
324 Bxf = L*sin(solu(1));
325 Byf = L*cos(solu(1));
326 Cxf = Bxf+L2*cos(solu(1));
327 Cyf = Byf-L2*sin(solu(1));
328 Dxf = Cxf+L2*cos(solu(2));
329 Dyf = Cyf-L2*sin(solu(2));
330 Xf = [Axf Bxf Cxf Dxf]; %Vector con las componentes en X

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 Appendix 24

331 Yf = [Ayf Byf Cyf Dyf]; %Vector con las componentes en Y

332

333

334 % Deformación de la estructura

335 subplot(1, 3, 3)
336 plot(Xi, Yi, ’LineWidth’, 1.5)
337 hold on
338 plot(Xf, Yf, ’LineWidth’, 1.5)
339 hold off
340 grid on
341 title("Structure deformation", ’FontSize’, 18)
342 xlabel("Eje X [m]", ’FontSize’, 18)
343 ylabel("Eje Y [m]", ’FontSize’, 18)
344 legend("Initial structure", "Deformed structure", ’FontSize’, 12)

Buckling of 2D Non-Linear Structural Problem 18169-0 Mecánica No Lineal De Estructuras