1. a. Draw the symbol of a diode. How a diode can be used as a switch?

Explain (04 marks) using

diagrams.

b. Briefly explain following terms (06 marks)

i. P-n junction
ii. Half wave rectification
iii. Light Emitting diode

c. Explain how the controlled rectification is achieved using thyristors in circuits (03
marks)

d. What is an oscillator? Explain its function using suitable diagrams (07 marks)

2. a. What are the two (2) types of bipolar junction transistors (BJT). (02 marks) b. Explain what
happens in a bipolar junction transistor (BJT) when BE junction (06 marks) is under attack?

c. Draw the VCE vs. IC curve of a transistor. Explain what happens when we (06 marks)

i. Increase the value of VBE

Page 1 of 4
 ii. Decrease the value of VBE Using VCE vs. IC curve.

d. Determine IB , IC and VCE if VCC = 25V, RB = 350kΩ, RC = 1kΩ, β = 100 and (06 marks)
VBE is kept at 0.7V

3. a. What is a Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) ? Explain its construction (06 marks) using
diagrams.

b. Explain the differences between a Junction Field Effect Transistor (JFET) and (06
marks)
a Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET)

c. Draw the two (2) characteristic curves of a Junction Field Effect Transistor (08 marks)
(JFET) and explain the behavior of one graph

4. a. State four (4) differences between discrete components and integrated circuits (08 marks) (IC)

b. Briefly explain the steps taken in IC manufacturing process. (06 marks)

c. Briefly explain the steps done in photolithographic method. (06 marks)

Page 2 of 4
5. a. Write the logic Statement that corresponds with the following logic circuit (03 marks)

b. Simplify the following Boolean expression using basic laws (05 marks)

XY + XY + XY

c. Consider the following logic circuit (06 marks)

i. Write the Boolean expression for the circuit

ii. Transfer the product terms to the Karnaugh map
iii. Draw the simplified logic diagram

d. Write down 3 advantages of binary codes (06 marks)

Page 3 of 4
6. a. What are the types of sequential circuits? State all of them (04 marks)

b. Flip flops are the basic elements and these are used to store information. SR (06 marks)
flip-flop is one of the basic flip-flop out of them.

i. Draw the symbol of a SR flip-flop

ii. Write down the characteristic table of a SR flip-flop
iii. Write down the excitation table of a SR flip-flop

c. Draw the basic data movement in (04 marks)

i. Serial in/shift right/serial out register
ii. Parallel in/serial out register
d. Consider a 2 bit counter (06 marks)
iii. Draw the truth table of the counter
iv. Draw the state diagram of the counter

7. a. Define following terms (08 marks) i. Actuator

ii. Signal conditioning

iii. Analog to digital converters (ADC)
iv. Open loop control

b. Write five (5) types of Analog to Digital Converters (ADC) (05 marks)

c. State three (3) characteristics of sensors (03 marks)

d. Draw a block diagram of a Closed loop control system (04 marks)

Page 4 of 4