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Acids & Alkalis
acids hydrogen ions

alkalis

acidic alkaline

Neutralisation

H+
–
OH

all acid-base neutralisations

H+ + OH– ⟶ H2O

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Acid-Alkali Titrations
concentration

moles
concentration volume neutralise
salts

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Performing a titration

Method:

Results:

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Solubility Rules

Solubility of Ionic Compounds Table

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Acids, Bases & Protons

proton donors

proton acceptors

Diagram showing the role of acids and bases in the transfer of protons

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Reactions of Acids

above hydrogen

explosively
salt hydrogen gas:

metal + acid ⟶ salt + hydrogen

Acid-Metals Reactions Table

Acids-Metals Summary Table

neutralisation
salt water

acid + base ⟶ salt + water

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acid positive ions


chlorides sulfate
nitrates
oxide hydroxides bases

2HCl + CuO ⟶ CuCl2 + H2O

H2SO 4 + 2NaOH ⟶ Na2SO 4 + 2H2O

HNO 3 + KOH ⟶ KNO 3 + H2O

Acids and Metals Oxides or Hydroxides Summary Table

salt carbon dioxide water

effervescence

Acids & Metal Carbonates Reactions Table

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2HCl + Na2CO3 ⟶ 2NaCl + H2O + CO2

H2SO 4 + CaCO 3⟶ CaSO 4 + H2O + CO 2

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Bases

base alkali
alkali

blue
oxides hydroxides carbonates

Some Common Alkalis and the Ions They Contain


ammonia NH3 ammonium
NH4+

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Prepare a Soluble Salt

all acid reacted

dangerously

filtration

CuO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ⟶ CuSO4 (s) + H2O (l)

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Prepare a Soluble Salt II
Aim:

Diagram:

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Diagram showing the apparatus needed to prepare a salt by titration

Method:

Results:

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Prepare an Insoluble Salt

soluble salt 1 + soluble salt 2 ⟶ insoluble salt + soluble salt 3

AB + CD ⟶ AD + CB

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Practical: Prepare Copper(II)Sulfate
Aim:

Materials:

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The preparation of copper(II) sulfate by the insoluble base method

Practical Tip:

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Method:

Results:

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Practical: Prepare Lead(II)Sulfate
Aim:

Diagram:

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The preparation of lead(II)sulfate by precipitation from two soluble salts

Method:

Soluble salt 1 = l Soluble salt 2 = p Equation for the

reaction:

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2SO4 (aq) → PbSO4 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq)

lead(II) nitrate + potassium sulfate → lead(II) sulfate + potassium nitrate

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 

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