chapter S

FLUIDS

Section 11.1 Mass Density

1. The density of mercury is 1.36 × 104 kg/m3. What is the mass of a 4.00 × 10−4-m3 sample of
mercury?
(a) 0.0343 kg (c) 2.94 kg (e) 6.29 kg
(b) 0.002 94 kg (d) 5.44 kg

ˆ 2. At standard temperature and pressure, carbon dioxide has a density of 1.98 kg/m3. What volume
does 0.85 kg of carbon dioxide occupy at standard temperature and pressure?
(a) 0.43 m3 (c) 1.7 m3 (e) 4.8 m3
3 3
(b) 0.86 m (d) 2.3 m

ˆ 3. What mass of water (at 4.0 °C) can be contained in a rectangular box whose dimensions are 10.0 cm
by 5.00 cm by 1.00 cm? The density of water at 4.0 °C is 1.000 × 103 kg/m3.
(a) 5.0 g (c) 25.0 g (e) 0.25 kg
(b) 10.0 g (d) 50.0 g

ˆ 4. The density of iron is 7860 kg/m3. What is the mass of an iron sphere whose diameter is 0.50 m?
(a) 123 kg (c) 514 kg (e) 4110 kg
(b) 164 kg (d) 983 kg

ˆ 5. The average density of the material in intergalactic space is approximately 2.5 × 10–27 kg/m3. What
is the volume of a gold sample, ρ = 19 300 kg/m3, that has the same mass as 8.0 × 1024 m3 of
intergalactic space?
(a) 1.0 × 10–6 m3 (c) 5.0 × 10–5 m3 (e) 1.0 × 10–4 m3
(b) 2.0 × 10 m–5 3
(d) 8.0 × 10 m
–5 3

„ 6. Within a certain type of star called a neutron star, the material at the center has a mass density of
1.0 × 1018 kg/m3. If a small sphere of this material of radius 1.0 × 10–5 m were somehow
transported to the surface of the earth, what would be the weight of this sphere?
(a) 1000 N (c) 4.1 × 104 N (e) 3.8 × 109 N
(b) 4200 N (d) 7.0 × 10 N
4

„ 7. A solid cylinder has a radius of 0.051 m and a height of 0.0030 m. The cylinder is composed of two
different materials with mass densities of 1950 kg/m3 and 1470 kg/m3. If each of the two materials
occupies an equal volume, what is the mass of the cylinder?
(a) 8.4 × 10−2 kg (c) 6.5 × 10−2 kg (e) 4.2 × 10−2 kg
−2 −2
(b) 7.1 × 10 kg (d) 5.3 × 10 kg

Section 11.2 Pressure

ˆ 8. How much force does the atmosphere exert on one side of a vertical wall 4.00-m high and 10.0-m
long?
(a) 2.53 × 103 N (c) 4.05 × 105 N (e) zero N
(b) 1.01 × 10 N
5
(d) 4.05 × 106 N
Physics, 7e TEST BANK 111

ˆ 9. A child wants to pump up a bicycle tire so that its pressure is 2.5 × 105 Pa above that of atmospheric
pressure. If the child uses a pump with a circular piston 0.035 m in diameter, what force must the
child exert?
(a) 120 N (c) 340 N (e) 1300 N
(b) 240 N (d) 930 N

„ 10. An ice cube, ρ = 917 kg/m3, is sliding down a frictionless incline

as shown in the drawing. The sides of the cube each have a length
of 0.75 m. What pressure does the cube exert on the incline? 16°
(a) 1800 Pa (c) 3600 Pa (e) 5100 Pa
(b) 6500 Pa (d) 2700 Pa

„ 11. A gas sample is confined within a chamber that has a movable piston. A
small load is placed on the piston; and the system is allowed to reach load
equilibrium. If the total weight of the piston and load is 70.0 N and the
piston has an area of 5.0 × 10−4 m2, what is the pressure exerted on the piston
piston by the gas? Note: Atmospheric pressure is 1.013 × 105 Pa.
(a) 2.8 × 104 Pa (d) 1.4 × 105 Pa
gas sample
(b) 5.6 × 10 Pa
4
(e) 2.4 × 105 Pa
(c) 7.3 × 10 Pa
4

ˆ 12. Using the value of atmospheric pressure at sea level, 1 × 105 Pa, estimate the total mass of the
earth’s atmosphere above a 5-m2 area.
(a) 5 × 104 kg (c) 2 × 10–4 kg (e) 3 × 105 kg
(b) 9 × 10 kg
2
(d) 4 × 10 kg
–2

Questions 13 and 14 pertain to the following situation:

In a classroom demonstration, a 73.5-kg physics professor lies on a “bed of nails.” The bed
consists of a large number of evenly spaced, relatively sharp nails mounted in a board so that the
points extend vertically outward from the board. While the professor is lying down,
approximately 1900 nails make contact with his body.

ˆ 13. What is the average force exerted by each nail on the professor’s body?
(e) 1.42 × 10 N
6
(a) 0.0201 N (c) 1.42 N
(b) 0.379 N (d) 723 N

−6
ˆ 14. If the area of contact at the head of each nail is 1.26 × 10
2
m , what is the average pressure at each
contact?
(a) 1.59 × 104 Pa (c) 1.11 × 1012 Pa (e) 3.01 × 105 Pa
(b) 5.71 × 10 Pa8
(d) 1.11 × 106 Pa

Questions 15 and 16 pertain to the situation 20 m

described below:
15 m
A swimming pool has the dimensions shown in the
drawing. It is filled with water to a uniform depth
of 8.00 m.

The density of water = 1.00 × 103 kg/m3.

112 Chapter 11 Fluids

„ 15. What is the total pressure exerted on the bottom of the swimming pool?
(a) 0.79 × 105 Pa (c) 1.80 × 105 Pa (e) 2.49 × 105 Pa
(b) 1.48 × 10 Pa
5
(d) 1.97 × 10 Pa
5

ˆ 16. What is the total force exerted on the bottom of the swimming pool?
(a) 2.40 × 107 N (c) 5.90 × 107 N (e) 8.40 × 107 N
(b) 5.40 × 10 N
7
(d) 7.50 × 107 N

Section 11.3 Pressure and Depth in a Static Fluid

Section 11.4 Pressure Gauges
17. The two dams are identical with the exception that the water reservoir behind dam A extends twice the
horizontal distance behind it as that of dam B. Which one of the following statements regarding these
dams is correct?
(a) The force exerted by the water on dam A is greater than that on dam B.
(b) The force exerted by the water on dam B is greater than that on dam A.
(c) Dam A is more likely to collapse than dam B if the water level rises.
(d) Dam B is more likely to collapse than dam A if the water level rises.
(e) The horizontal distance of the water behind the two dams does not determine the force on them.

ˆ 18. A submarine is operating at 100.0 m below the surface of the ocean. If the air inside the submarine
is maintained at a pressure of 1.0 atmosphere, what is the magnitude of the force that acts on the
rectangular hatch 2.0 m × 1.0 m on the deck of the submarine?
(a) 980 N (c) 5.0 × 104 N (e) 2.0 × 106 N
(b) 2.0 × 10 N
3
(d) 9.8 × 10 N
5

ˆ 19. At a location where the acceleration due to gravity is 9.807 m/s2, the atmospheric pressure is
9.891 × 104 Pa. A barometer at the same location is filled with an unknown liquid. What is
the density of the unknown liquid if its height in the barometer is 1.163 m?
(a) 210 kg/m3 (c) 5317 kg/m3 (e) 9688 kg/m3
3 3
(b) 4336 kg/m (d) 8672 kg/m

„ 20. A column of water of height 70.0 cm

supports a column of an unknown
liquid as suggested in the figure (not 70.0 cm
drawn to scale). Assume that both 27.0 cm
liquids are at rest and that the
density of water is 1.0 × 103 kg/m3.
Determine the density of the unknown liquid.
(a) 3.9 × 102 kg/m3 (c) 2.6 × 103 kg/m3 (e) 3.9 × 103 kg/m3
(b) 1.2 × 10 kg/m
3 3
(d) 3.3 × 103 kg/m3

ˆ 21. A woman is enjoying a tropical drink while lying on a beach. The acceleration due to gravity at her
location is 9.85 m/s2. What gauge pressure must exist in the woman’s mouth if she is drinking
through a straw extending 0.085 m above the surface of the drink? Note: Assume the drink has a
density of 1015 kg/m3.
(a) 850 Pa (c) 1100 Pa (e) 1.0 × 105 Pa
(b) 970 Pa (d) 2100 Pa
Physics, 7e TEST BANK 113

ˆ 22. A barometer is taken from the base to the top of a 279-m tower. Assuming the density of air is
1.29 kg/m3, what is the measured change in pressure?
(a) 359 Pa (c) 2120 Pa (e) 3530 Pa
(b) 927 Pa (d) 2730 Pa

ˆ 23. The largest barometer ever built was an oil-filled barometer constructed in Leicester, England in
1991. The oil had a height of 12.2 m. Assuming a pressure of 1.013 × 105 Pa, what was the density
of the oil used in the barometer?
(a) 798 kg/m3 (c) 981 kg/m3 (e) 1210 kg/m3
3 3
(b) 847 kg/m (d) 1150 kg/m

Section 11.5 Pascal’s Principle

24. Complete the following sentence: The operation of a hydraulic jack is an application of
(a) Pascal's principle. (c) Archimedes’ principle. (e) the continuity equation.
(b) Bernoulli's principle. (d) irrotational flow.

25. A u-shaped tube is connected to a flexible tube that has a membrane-covered

funnel on the opposite end as shown in the drawing. Jason finds that no matter
which way he orients to membrane, the height of the liquid in the u-shaped tube
does not change. Which of the following choices best describes this behavior?
(a) Archimedes’ principle (c) continuity equation (e) Pascal's principle
(b) Bernoulli's principle (d) irrotational flow

ˆ 26. Which one of the following statements concerning a completely enclosed fluid is true?
(a) Any change in the applied pressure of the fluid produces a change in pressure that depends on
direction.
(b) The pressure at all points within the fluid is independent of any pressure applied to it.
(c) Any change in applied pressure produces an equal change in pressure at all points within the fluid.
(d) An increase in pressure in one part of the fluid results in an equal decrease in pressure in another
part.
(e) The pressure in the fluid is the same at all points within the fluid.

27. A force of 250 N is applied to a hydraulic jack piston that is 0.01 m in diameter. If the piston that
supports the load has a diameter of 0.10 m, approximately how much mass can be lifted by the jack?
Ignore any difference in height between the pistons.
(a) 255 kg (c) 800 kg (e) 6300 kg
(b) 500 kg (d) 2550 kg

„ 28. In a car lift, compressed air with a gauge pressure of 4.0 × 105 Pa is used to raise a piston with a
circular cross-sectional area. If the radius of the piston is 0.17 m, what is the maximum mass that
can be raised using this piston?
(a) 530 kg (c) 9800 kg (e) 41 000 kg
(b) 3700 kg (d) 22 000 kg

Section 11.6 Archimedes’ Principle

ˆ 29. A balloon inflated with helium gas (density = 0.2 kg/m3) has a volume of 6 × 10−3 m3. If the density
of air is 1.3 kg/m3, what is the buoyant force exerted on the balloon?
(a) 0.01 N (c) 0.8 N (e) 7.8 N
(b) 0.08 N (d) 1.3 N
114 Chapter 11 Fluids

30. Which one of the following statements concerning the buoyant force on an object submerged in a
liquid is true?
(a) The buoyant force depends on the mass of the object.
(b) The buoyant force depends on the weight of the object.
(c) The buoyant force is independent of the density of the liquid.
(d) The buoyant force depends on the volume of the liquid displaced.
(e) The buoyant force will increase with depth if the liquid is incompressible.

ˆ 31. A 2-kg block displaces 10 kg of water when it is held fully

immersed. The object is then tied down as shown in the figure; object
and it displaces 5 kg of water. What is the tension in the string?
string
(a) 10 N (d) 70 N
(b) 20 N (e) 100 N
(c) 30 N

ˆ 32. Three blocks, labeled A, B, and C, are floating in water as A

shown in the drawing. Blocks A and B have the same mass C
B
and volume. Block C has the same volume, but is
submerged to a greater depth than the other two blocks.
Which one of the following statements concerning this
situation is false?
(a) The density of block A is less than that of block C.
(b) The buoyant force acting on block A is equal to that acting on block B.
(c) The volume of water displaced by block C is greater than that displaced by block B.
(d) The buoyant force acting on block C is greater than that acting on block B.
(e) The volume of water displaced by block A is greater than that displaced by block B.

ˆ 33. The density of ice is 0.92 g/cm3; and the density of seawater is 1.03 g/cm3. A large iceberg floats in
Arctic waters. What fraction of the volume of the iceberg is exposed?
(a) 0.080 % (c) 89 % (e) 99 %
(b) 11 % (d) 92 %

„ 34. A small sculpture made of brass (ρbrass = 8470 kg/m3) is believed to have a secret central cavity. The
weight of the sculpture in air is 15.76 N. When it is submerged in water, the weight is 13.86 N.
What is the volume of the secret cavity?
(a) 1 × 10−4 m3 (c) 3 × 10−5 m3 (e) 4 × 10−6 m3
−4 −6
(b) 2 × 10 m 3
(d) 2 × 10 m 3

„ 35. An object weighs 15 N in air and 13 N when submerged in water. Determine the density of the object.
(a) 330 kg/m3 (c) 1.2 × 103 kg/m3 (e) 7.5 × 103 kg/m3
(b) 500 kg/m 3
(d) 6.0 × 10 kg/m
3 3

„ 36. After a moving van drives onto a river ferry, the

ferry sinks 0.0367 m. The length and width of the
ferry are 15.24 m and 6.10 m, respectfully.
Valentine’s Transport Services
Determine the weight of the moving van.
(a) 6.09 × 103 N (c) 3.34 × 104 N (e) 6.68 × 104 N
(b) 1.00 × 10 N
4
(d) 5.11 × 104 N
Physics, 7e TEST BANK 115

Questions 37 and 38 pertain to the following situation:

When a block of volume 1.00 × 10−3 m3 is hung from a spring scale as shown in Figure A, the scale
reads 10.0 N. When the same block is then placed in an unknown liquid, it floats with 2/3 of its
volume submerged as suggested in Figure B. The density of water is 1.00 × 10−3 kg/m3.

unknown
water liquid

Figure Figure

ˆ 37. Determine the mass of the block.

(a) 1.02 kg (c) 3.02 kg (e) 9.80 kg
(b) 2.02 kg (d) 4.04 kg

ˆ 38. Determine the density of the unknown liquid.

(a) 3.03 × 103 kg/m3 (c) 6.16 × 103 kg/m3 (e) 1.57 × 104 kg/m3
(b) 4.62 × 103 kg/m3 (d) 8.01 × 103 kg/m3

Questions 39 through 41 pertain to the situation described below:

A balloon is released from a tall building. The total mass of the balloon including the enclosed gas
is 2.0 kg. Its volume is 5.0 m3. The density of air is 1.3 kg/m3.

39. What is the average density of the balloon?

(a) 0.2 kg/m3 (c) 0.8 kg/m3 (e) 1.2 kg/m3
3
(b) 0.4 kg/m (d) 1.0 kg/m3

ˆ 40. Will the balloon rise, fall, or remain stationary; and why?
(a) The balloon will fall because its density is greater than that of air.
(b) The balloon will remain stationary because its density is less than that of air.
(c) The balloon will rise because the upward buoyant force is greater than its weight.
(d) The balloon will fall because the upward buoyant force is less than its weight.
(e) The balloon will fall because the downward buoyant force is greater than the upward
buoyant force.

„ 41. What is the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the balloon?

(a) zero m/s2 (c) 10.9 m/s2 (e) 43.6 m/s2
2
(b) 9.8 m/s (d) 22.1 m/s2

Section 11.7 Fluids in Motion

Section 11.8 The Equation of Continuity
42. Which one of the following statements concerning streamline flow is true?
(a) At any given point in the fluid, the velocity is constant in time.
(b) Streamline flow occurs when there are sharp obstacles in the path of a fast-moving fluid.
(c) Streamline flow is described by Pascal's principle.
(d) Streamline flow is described by Archimedes’ principle.
(e) The velocity vectors are the same for all particles in the fluid.
116 Chapter 11 Fluids

ˆ 43. Which one of the following statements concerning fluid streamlines is true?
(a) In steady flow, streamlines must remain parallel and equally spaced.
(b) In turbulent flow, two or more streamlines may cross.
(c) In turbulent flow, streamlines can begin or end at any point.
(d) Streamlines are perpendicular to the velocity of the fluid at every point.
(e) In steady flow, the pattern of streamlines does not change with time.

ˆ 44. Ann uses a hose to water her garden. The water enters the hose through a faucet with a 6.0-cm
diameter. The speed of the water at the faucet is 5 m/s. If the faucet and the nozzle are at the same
height, and the water leaves the nozzle with a speed of 20 m/s, what is the diameter of the nozzle?
(a) 1.5 cm (c) 3.0 cm (e) 6.0 cm
(b) 2.0 cm (d) 4.0 cm

ˆ 45. Water flows through a pipe of diameter 8.0 cm with a speed of 10.0 m/s. It then enters a smaller
pipe of diameter 3.0 cm. What is the speed of the water as it flows through the smaller pipe?
(a) 1.4 m/s (c) 27 m/s (e) 71 m/s
(b) 2.8 m/s (d) 54 m/s

ˆ 46. Water enters a pipe of diameter 3.0 cm with a velocity of 3.0 m/s. The water encounters a constriction
where its velocity is 12 m/s. What is the diameter of the constricted portion of the pipe?
(a) 0.33 cm (c) 1.0 cm (e) 12 cm
(b) 0.75 cm (d) 1.5 cm

„ 47. Water is flowing through a channel that is 12 m wide with a speed of

0.75 m/s. The water then flows into four identical channels that have a
width of 4.0 m. The depth of the water does not change as it flows into
the four channels. What is the speed of the water in one of the smaller
channels?
(a) 0.56 m/s (d) 0.75 m/s
(b) 2.3 m/s (e) 0.12 m/s
(c) 0.25 m/s

ˆ 48. Alyssa went to her outside faucet to fill a 0.032-m3 bucket with water to wash her car. Water exits
with a speed of 0.64 m/s. The radius of the faucet is 0.0075 m. How long does it take to fill the
bucket completely?
(a) 9.0 s (c) 190 s (e) 890 s
(b) 17 s (d) 280 s

Section 11.9 Bernoulli’s Equation

Section 11.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
49. Complete the following statement: Bernoulli's principle is a statement of
(a) hydrostatic equilibrium. (d) energy conservation in dynamic fluids.
(b) thermal equilibrium in fluids. (e) momentum conservation in dynamic fluids.
(c) mechanical equilibrium in fluids.

ˆ 50. A curtain hangs straight down in front of an open window. A sudden gust of wind blows past the
window; and the curtain is pulled out of the window. Which law, principle, or equation can be
used to explain this movement of the curtain?
(a) Poiseuille's law (c) the equation of continuity (e) Pascal's principle
(b) Bernoulli's equation (d) Archimedes' principle
Physics, 7e TEST BANK 117

ˆ 51. Which one of the following statements is false concerning the derivation or usage of Bernoulli’s
equation?
(a) The fluid must be non-viscous.
(b) Streamline flow is assumed.
(c) The fluid must be incompressible.
(d) The work-energy theorem is used to derive Bernoulli’s equation.
(e) Vertical distances are always measured relative to the lowest point within the fluid.

52. A horizontal piping system that delivers a C D

constant flow of water is constructed from pipes
with different diameters as shown in the figure.
At which of the labeled points is the water in the E
pipe under the greatest pressure? B
(a) A (d) D
(b) B (e) E A
(c) C

ˆ 53. A large tank is filled with water to a depth of

15 m. A spout located 10.0 m above the
bottom of the tank is then opened as shown in
the drawing. With what speed will water
emerge from the spout?
(a) 3.1 m/s 15 m
(b) 9.9 m/s 10.0 m
(c) 14 m/s
(d) 17 m/s
(e) 31 m/s

ˆ 54. Oil (ρ = 925 kg/m3) is flowing through a pipeline at a constant speed

Point B
when it encounters a vertical bend in the pipe raising it 4.0 m. The
cross sectional area of the pipe does not change. What is the
difference in pressure (PB – PA) in the portions of the pipe before 4.0 m
Point A
and after the rise?
(a) +2.4 × 10 Pa
4
(d) –7.2 × 10 Pa
5

(b) –3.6 × 104 Pa (e) –1.8 × 103 Pa

(c) +5.1 × 105 Pa

ˆ 55. The density of the liquid flowing through the horizontal pipe in
the drawing is 1500 kg/m3. The speed of the fluid at point A is A B
5.5 m/s while at point B it is 8.0 m/s. What is the difference in
pressure, PB – PA, between points B and A?

(a) −1.9 × 103 Pa (c) −2.5 × 104 Pa (e) −7.6 × 105 Pa

(b) +3.8 × 103 Pa (d) +5.0 × 104 Pa

*Section 11.11 Viscous Flow

56. Which law, principle, or equation can be used to determine the volume flow rate of a liquid that is
forced through a hypodermic needle?
(a) Poiseuille's law (d) Archimedes' principle
(b) Pascal's principle (e) the equation of continuity
(c) Bernoulli's equation
118 Chapter 11 Fluids

„ 57. A hypodermic needle consists of a plunger of circular cross-section that

slides inside a hollow cylindrical syringe. When the plunger is pushed,
the contents of the syringe are forced through a hollow needle (also of
circular cross-section). If a 4.0-N force is applied to the plunger and the
diameters of the plunger and the needle are 1.2 cm and 2.5 mm, plunge
respectively, what force is needed to prevent fluid flow at the needle? content
(a) 0.17 N (d) 0.83 N
needl
(b) 0.27 N (e) 2.7 N
(c) 0.43 N

ˆ 58. A large vat is continually filled with a viscous liquid that flows
from two equally long, cylindrical pipes, labeled A and B, onto a
conveyer belt as shown in the drawing. The diameter of pipe B is
1.75 times larger than that of pipe A. What is the ratio of the
average volume flow rate of the liquid exiting pipe B to that of the
liquid exiting pipe A?
(a) 1.87 (d) 9.38 A B
(b) 3.06 (e) 4.33
(c) 1.32

Additional Problems
59. The figure shows two fish tanks, each having ends of width 1 foot. Tank A is 3 feet long while
tank B is 6 feet long. Both tanks are filled with 1 foot of water.

A B

1 foot 1 foot
3 feet 6 feet

SA = the magnitude of the force of the water on the end of tank A

SB = the magnitude of the force of the water on the end of tank B
BA = the magnitude of the force of the water on the bottom of tank A
BB = the magnitude of the force of the water on the bottom of tank B

Using the notation given above, which one of the following sets of equations below is correct for
this situation?
(a) SA = SB and BA = BB (d) SA = SB and 2BA = BB
(b) SA = 2SB and BA = BB (e) SA = 2SB and BA = 2BB
(c) 2SA = SB and 2BA = BB

Questions 60 through 65 pertain to the situation described below:

A glass tube has several different cross-sectional areas with the values indicated in the figure. A
piston at the left end of the tube exerts pressure so that mercury within the tube flows from the right
end with a speed of 8.0 m/s. Three points within the tube are labeled A, B, and C.
Physics, 7e TEST BANK 119

evacuated

h
2
12 cm 2 2
5.6 cm 6.0 cm

piston 8.0 m/s

A C
B

Notes: The drawing is not drawn to scale.

Atmospheric pressure is 1.01 × 105 N/m2; and the density of mercury is 13 600 kg/m3.

ˆ 60. At what speed is mercury flowing past the point labeled A?

(a) 2.0 m/s (c) 8.0 m/s (e) 16 m/s
(b) 4.0 m/s (d) 12 m/s

ˆ 61. What is the total pressure at point A?

(a) 1.01 × 105 Pa (c) 2.25 × 105 Pa (e) 4.27 × 105 Pa
(b) 2.02 × 10 Pa
5
(d) 3.26 × 105 Pa

ˆ 62. At what speed is mercury flowing past the point labeled B?

(a) 2.27 m/s (c) 7.47 m/s (e) 9.28 m/s
(b) 4.27 m/s (d) 8.57 m/s

ˆ 63. What is the total pressure at point B?

(a) 1.01 × 105 Pa (c) 4.27 × 105 Pa (e) 7.45 × 104 Pa
(b) 3.64 × 10 Pa
4
(d) 6.44 × 104 Pa

ˆ 64. What is the total pressure at point C?

(a) 1.01 × 105 Pa (c) 3.66 × 105 Pa (e) 7.45 × 105 Pa
(b) 3.26 × 10 Pa
5
(d) 6.44 × 105 Pa

ˆ 65. Determine the height h of mercury in the manometer with the evacuated upper end.
(a) 136 mm (c) 278 mm (e) 371 mm
(b) 269 mm (d) 366 mm