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Architectural History of Paris

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 Beaconhouse National University

Architectural History of Paris

Group Members: Hashim Rahat, Mahek Noor Khawaja, Novaira Tahir, Roha Yousaf
Instructor: Razia Latif
January 20, 2021

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 Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview 3

Topography and Location 3
Climate 3
Prehistory 3
Île de la Cité 4
History of the Monarchs of Paris 4
The City Walls 4
The Palais De La Cité 5
Chapter 2: Division of Time Periods 6
Gallo-Roman Architecture 6
3rd Century AD 6
The Middle Ages 7
Romanesque Churches 7
Basilica of Saint Denis 7
Gothic Architecture 8
Notre Dame 8
Sainte Chappelle 8
Louvre Palace 9
Pont Neuf 10
French Renaissance in Paris 10
Château de Fontainebleau 11
Champs Elysees 11
French Baroque and Classicism 12
Palace and Garden of Versailles 12
French Revolution 13
Catacombs of Paris 14
Rococo 14
Neoclassicism 14
Empire Style 15
L'eglise de Madelaine 15
Champ de Mars 15
1803-1840 15
Paris under Napoleon 16
Arc de Triomphe 16
1840-Early 20th Century 16
Eiffel Tower 17
Musee d'Orsay 17
Art Nouveau 17
Pont Alexandre III 18
Art Deco and Modern Movement 18
Post War through the 70s 18
1980s to Present Day 19
Chapter 3: The City of Lights 19
City Planning of Paris - Then and Now 19
Arrondissements of Paris 20
Art Movements and Parisian Artists 20
Bibliography 20

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 Chapter 1: Introduction and Overview

As a city, Paris, France, has profoundly harmonized their architecture, seamlessly and coherently through the passage
of time. Paris’ modern buildings have developed gradually out of earlier styles; castles and grand mansions have
survived by transforming into apartments, shops, or museums - from the earliest Medieval period through the most
contemporary constructions.

Topography and Location

In the north-bending arc of the Seine River, Paris is situated in northern central France and contains two islands, the
Île Saint-Louis and the larger Île de la Cité, which form the oldest part of the region. The mouth of the river is around
375 km downstream from the city on the English Channel. The town is widely scattered on both river banks. The
topography or physical lay of the river is rather flat but it contains many hills as lies in the "Paris Basin," a low-lying
continental shelf area that is often flooded geologically by ocean waters, leaving behind underwater sedimentary
deposits, One being limestone, which was used to construct many of the buildings of the city; this was excavated from
an underground quarry called the "Quarries of Paris"A topographical map of the restored site shows the presence of an
old channel at some distance from the base of the Menilmontant and Montmartre hills to the north of the current bed.
This old arm describes a curve which the river is no longer able to follow. Its course is still clearly discernible from the
vicinity of the Place de la Bastille to the foot of the Trocadero hill. The Seine struggled to return to this old channel
many times during the great floods.

Climate

The overall climate is mild and fairly wet throughout the year. With average temperatures between 15 °C and 25 °C
and a reasonable amount of sunshine, summer days are typically warm and pleasant.Sunshine is scarce in winter; days
are cold, nights cold, but normally above freezing with low temperatures about 3 °C. Late night frosts are very
common, however for just a few days a year the temperature can drop below -5 °C. Snow occurs every few years, but
it rarely remains on the ground as the weather remains pleasant in both the seasons.

Prehistory
The first recorded inhabitants along the river Seine are the people of the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii. They made
their dwellings and their oppidum here along the river during the Iron Age in about 250 BC and they chose this spot
because of the Ile De La Cite which is one of two natural remaining Islands on the river Seine which the Parisii used
for sanctuary and protection during attacks from other tribes or Vikings. When the Roma Empire invaded their land
the Parisii burned their own settlements because they preferred that then seeing them being overtaken by the Romans
which is exactly what happened eventually, as the Romans made their city of Lutetia on the Ile de La Cite and the area

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surrounding it till they too were overthrown by the Franks who later became the first Kings of France. The city of
Paris is named after the Parissi- who were its very first inhabitants.

Île de la Cité

The history of Île de la Cité is closely related to Paris, since a small Gaelic community existed there at the time of
Julius Caesar. It is one of the two naturally existing islands on River Seine. The first two bridges in Paris were built by
the Parisii in the third century BC to connect the Île-de-la-Cité to the Left and Right Bank of the Seine. They were
burned by the Parisii themselves in an unsuccessful effort to defend the city against the Romans.

The bridges were rebuilt by the Romans - when they made their city Lutetia around the Île de la Cité - then regularly
destroyed and replaced over the centuries in the exact same locations. The very first two bridges in Paris were built by
the Parisii in the third century BC to connect the Île-de-la-Cité to the Left and Right Bank of the Seine. They were
burned by the Parisii themselves in an unsuccessful effort to defend the city against the Romans.

The bridges were rebuilt by the Romans - when they made their city Lutetia around the Île de la Cité - then regularly
destroyed and replaced over the centuries in almost the same locations.

History of the Monarchs of Paris

After the decline of roman empire, France came out of frankish kingdoms which were mainly the last Carolingian
Empire. Carolingians ruled from 814 to 987. The monarchs of the kingdom of France (including its predecessors)
ruled from 843, with Charles II the bald being the first king (as Louis I was not considered a king) till 1870. The
Capetian dynasty, which superseded the Carolingian, was the first whose rulers adopted the title of ‘king of France’,
starting with Philip II. They ruled from 987–1328. Then the Valois Dynasty ruled from 1328–1589. After the valois,
Bourbon Dynasty, which ruled from 1589-–1792, was the last dynasty before the french revolution which started from
1792 and ended in 1804 when Napoleon I came into power and became first emperor. The first empire lasted till 1815
and bourbon got restored from 1814 to 1830. Napoleon III (Louis), ruling between 1852–1870, was the last emperor.

The City Walls

It is assumed that the first city walls were built by the Gauls although its exact location has yet to be determined. Later
on it was the Romans who near the end of their rule over Paris then known as Lutetia built a wall around the Ile De La
Cite to protect themselves from invasions by Barbarians. They built this wall with stones from the old Arènes de
Lutèce, it is not known when exactly were these walls destroyed. The first recorded city walls of Paris are the walls

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constructed by King Philip Augusts. He made many reforms in order to develop France into a great nation and he
ordered the construction of these walls to protect his people and treasury from wars with other nations and especially
the British.

During the 14th Century, following the Hundred Years War, King Charles V ordered the construction of walls to the
north of the city to encompass more neighbourhoods as Paris had grown a lot over the past few centuries. Towards the
south the Philipian walls remained. In the east the Bastille was built to provide defence to the King’s residence at the
Hotel Saint-Pol.

The War of Religion which occurred nearly two centuries later necessitated a new protective wall to be built on the
west especially to provide defense to the Tuileries Palace which was not covered by the Charles V wall; this wall was
finished during the reign of King Louis XIII. This wall was later completely demolished in order to make room for the
wide and new Grand Boulevards in the 1670s. Infact, the word ‘Boulevard’ was included in the English language
thanks to these new interventions in the urban fabric of Paris.

The Palais De La Cité

Situated on the Ile De La Cite, the building that we see today - Palais de Justice - was built in the early 19th Century.
Many Palaces and other important stately buildings have been built on this site over the course of several centuries.
During the Gallo-Roman period, the Fortress which housed the residences of the Roman governors or prefects was
situated on this site - which is the west end of the Ile de la Cite. At the start of the 6th Century, The Merovingian
Kings would reside in this fortress while in Paris. Later, it was Clovis - the Kings of the Franks - who also used this
fortress as his royal residence. The royals who followed after preferred to move their court and primary residences to
other parts of France until the start of the Capetian dynasty, where Robert the pious son of Hugh Capet the previous
King of France lived primarily in the fortress on the Ile de la Cite. He renovated the fortress according to his wife’s
taste and demands.

During the 12th Century it was King Phillip Augustus who modernized the royal administration and moved the courts,
royal archives and treasury within the Palais De La Cite. He also paved the muddy streets around the Palace to
improve the aroma and air of the area surrounding it and these were the first paved streets of Paris. In the 13th Century
Louis IX built the Sainte-Chapelle within the walls of the Palace as a testament to his power and to show people that
he was also the leader of the Christian world. He also added many new offices to the palace which managed the
judicial system, finances and administration. King Philip IV added on to the palace and made it even grander with
more richly ornamented halls and salons; he also extended the residence and enlarged the gardens.
In the 14th century following the Hundred Years War, the Palace was no longer used as the primary royal residence
but as an administrative and judicial office along with the treasury. During the 18th century many natural catastrophes
such as fires and floods caused considerable damage to the palace and so much of it was re-constructed into what we
see today, especially the Facade which we come to recognise as the Palace of Justice. The Palace of Justice played a

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vital role in the French Revolution and housed many prisoners including Marie Antoinette as they awaited their trials
before heading to the Guillotine. During the 19th Century the Palace continued to be the headquarters of the French
judicial system and was also still used as a prison until 1934.

Chapter 2: Division of Time Periods

The few important time periods that shaped Paris into what it is today were the Middle Ages, Renaissance, French
Baroque, Rococo, and Neoclassicism that started in the late 18th century. Overall the other eras include Gallo -
Roman Architecture, Romanesque Churches, Birth of Gothic Architecture, Consulate, Empire, and Restoration
(1803-1840), The Haussmann renovations under the Second Empire & the early Third Republic (1840-
early-20th-century), Art Nouveau (1893-1917), Art Deco and the Modern Movement (1918-39), Post War through the
Seventies, Contemporary, 1980 to Present.

Gallo-Roman Architecture

In 52 BC, a Roman army led by Titus Labienus defeated the Parisii and founded a Gallo-Roman garrison town called
Lutetia. The town was Christianized in the 3rd century AD, and it was ruled by Clovis I, the King of the Franks, who
made it his capital in 508, after the fall of the Roman Empire. On the left bank of the River Seine, which was higher
and less prone to flooding, was the main part of the region. It was built along the north-south axis according to the
typical Roman town style. The forum's main building was one hundred meters long and featured a cathedral, a basilica
used for civic activities, and a shop-covered square portico. An enormous amphitheater built in the 1st century AD
was nearby, on the slope of the hill, which could seat ten to fifteen thousand spectators, although the population of the
city was only six to eight thousand. There was fresh drinking water provided throughout, The newcomers introduced
Roman cuisine in addition to the Roman architecture and city design: modern excavations have found inscriptions of
Italian wine and olive oil, shellfish, and a common Roman sauce called garum. Despite its commercial significance,
Lutetia was only a medium-sized Roman city, far smaller than the capital of the Roman province, closed within
encircling ramparts and approached only by two wooden bridges. The river which surrounds it is tranquil and steady-
flowing. It is fitting to consider its sinuous waters, which, however, are good for drinking and are used by the
inhabitants for this reason. The winter is not severe; the climate is sufficiently mild for the cultivation of fine vines and
even figs, though these latter must be protected by straw coverings against the winter cold, the Roman forces could not
resist the pressure of the barbarians. Paris eventually fell into their hands, but it is not clear how or when.. On the other
hand, Christianity was introduced, and its impress replaced that of Rome. A new epoch commenced in the fifth
century. The name Lutetita disappeared and was succeeded by the people who occupied it.

3rd Century AD

In the 3rd Century AD many people in Paris and its surrounding regions converted to Christianity at the hands of Saint
Denis who was the first Bishop of Paris. The Roman empire was in decline and Paris was conquered by a tribe called
the Franks who ruled it and made it flourish and prosper into a great city. Saint Denis was asked by the Romans to

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renounce his faith which he refused and so he was beheaded on a hill known as ‘Mons Martyrum’ which we now
know as Montemarte. The Basilica of Saint Denis was built on the spot where according to legend Saint Denis’s body
carried his own severed head to a spot north of the city and fell so people know where to bury him. Nearly all French
Kings from the10th century to the 18th century are buried here.

The Middle Ages

At the start of the 10th century Paris was a city of little economic or political significance. However, after the rule of
the Capetian dynasty from 987 to 1328 AD Paris developed considerably until it was one of the most important
religious and commercial centers of Europe. The Île de la Cité was chosen as the site for the new royal residence and
the construction of the cathedral of Notre Dame began in 1163. In the late 1100s, the collection of colleges on the left
bank became one of the leading universities in Europe.The Right Bank became the commercial center of the city as it
was where the ports, merchants, central markets and artisans were located. The merchants also had a great role to play
in the running of the city itself. Paris became the birthplace of Gothic architecture and the centre for the printing of
illuminated manuscripts. During the Middle Ages a series of walls were constructed around the city for protection
when under attack the residents of Paris would take refuge on the Île de la Cité .

Romanesque Churches

The Romanesque style appeared ub France at the end of the 10th century. Some characteristics distinguishing this style
include semicircular arches in the windows and doors, massive piers, thick walls, and side aisles with galleries.

The first Romanesque church in Paris was that of the Abbey Saint Germain des Pres, which was founded in the 6th
century. It profoundly has romanesque features and aspects but also includes gothic vaulted ceilings. The gothic
features were installed at a later stage in time; since the Vikings had frequently plundered and set fire to the church in
the 9th century. Thus, modifications and renovations had been made to the church in order for it to completely survive.

Basilica of Saint Denis

Basilica of Saint-Denis is a large former medieval abbey church and present cathedral in the city of Saint-Denis. The
building was one of the first structures to employ all of the elements of Gothic architecture. Both stylistically and
structurally, it heralded the change from Romanesque architecture to Gothic architecture. As it now stands, the church
is a large cruciform building of "basilica" form; that is, it has a central nave with lower aisles and clerestory windows.
It has an additional aisle on the northern side formed of a row of chapels. The west front has three portals, a rose
window and one tower, on the southern side. The eastern end, which is built over a crypt, is apsidal, surrounded by an
ambulatory and a chevet of nine radiating chapels. The basilica retains stained glass from many periods.

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Gothic Architecture

Gothic architecture flourished in Europe during the Middle Ages. It evolved from Romanesque architecture,
originating in the 12th century.

One of the fundamental characteristics of Gothic architecture was it's height. New building techniques such as the
flying buttress enabled architects to spread the weight of taller walls and loftier towers. This meant that gothic
buildings could scale to new heights. Subsequently, in order to incorporate higher ceilings and taller windows into
their designs, gothic architects utilized a new method of structural support called ribbed vaulting. This involves the use
of intersecting barrel vaults, that is - arches placed parallel to one another in order to support a rounded roof.

Other features include stained glass windows, rose windows, gargoyles, biblical sculptures, spires, pinnacles, and
tracery.

Notre Dame

Notre Dame is located on the Île de la Cité in the 4th arrondissement. The building consists of a choir, apse, short
transept, and a nave flanked by double aisles and square chapels. It is heavily ornamented with biblical sculptures and
stained glass rose windows.

The cathedral construction began in 1160 under Bishop Maurice de Sully and was completed in 1345 - though it was
frequently modified in the following centuries. When the church was initially designed, the heavy roof called for thick
sturdy walls to support it which limited the size of the windows. In 1220 the ceiling was reconceived with rib vaults
and intersecting stone ribs. As a result, less pressure was put on the supporting walls and more windows could be
featured.

In the 1240s, the nave and the two towers of the main west facade were completed by Jean de Chelles. The transept
facade was completed under Pierre de Montreiul who also oversaw the installation of the rose windows.

The final touches were made by Jean Ravy in the 1300s who implemented the flying buttress. Furthermore, as the
cathedral and it's sculptures were destroyed during the French revolution, a restoration project was carried out -
launched in the 1840s and went on for 25 years. The west facade and the Gallery of the Kings was restored and newly
added features included a spire, sculptures of the 12 apostles, and gargoyles.

Sainte Chappelle

The Royal Chapel, part of the Royal Palace, is a prime example of the phase of the Gothic architectural style called,
Rayonnant, which is known for its sense of weightlessness and strong vertical emphasis. While the name of the

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original architect remains unconfirmed to this day, some texts have mentioned the name of Pierre de Montreuil. The
building is located on the Île de la Cité on the River Seine.

The construction work of the chapel began in 1242 and was completed in 1248. It consists of an upper and lower
chapel. The lower chapel is entirely dedicated to the Virgin Mary and was once reserved for the members of the court.
The lower chapel is notable for the lack of lighting in comparison to the upper one and thus inhabits a mystical quality.
The dim lighting is due to it's small windows and low ceiling.

Located above is the upper chapel which is dedicated to the relics of the crucifiction. It was also once exclusively
reserved for the members of the royal family.

A large rose window with stone tracery dominates the entryway which allows an abundant amount of light to enter the
room. So the lofty architecture, massive stained glass lacenent windows and warmly colored light of this room are in
stark contrast to the darkness of the lower chapel. Also the windows tell an old or new testament story as there are
images made on each glass panel.

Louvre Palace

Initially built as a medieval castle on the right bank of the river Seine by King Philip II of France from 1190 to 1202.
The castle was built to further reinforce the walls he had built around the city to protect his people from foreiign
attacks and invasions and to protect his treasures as well.

The castle was fortified on all four sides along with a moat on the outer edge that was fed with water from the river
Seine.The perimeter of the castle was reinforced by ten defensive towers with emphasis on the corners. The distance
between each tower never exceeds 25m which at the time was the effective range of a bow (at the time). The castle
was a typical example of Philippian architecture.

King Charles V is the one who endeavoured to convert the fortress into a royal residence. From 1364 and 1380, the
king, his architects and his builders transformed the military complex into a series of residential apartments, salons
and added a large library. Over time, a royal estate gradually developed.
Following the Hundred Years War in which English Soldiers invaded Paris and even took control of the Louvre. After
the victory of the French throne by the House of Valoise the English and French monarchies remained separate. In
1526 Francis I of France began the demolition of the Louvre castle and asked architect Pierre Lescot to build him a
royal residence in the renaissance style. After the death of Francis I, his son King Henry II continued with his father’s
vision and so between December 1546 and March 1549 he had the West wall demolished to build a ballroom and the
South wall to build a royal pavilion.which housed the royal residences and apartments.

After the death of Henry II, his widow Catherine de Medici built the Palace of Tuileries from 1564 onwards and made
it a top priority. She built this new massive Italian style palace on the south wing and these housed her royal quarters,
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she also ordered the construction of the renaissance style gardens in front of the new Tuileries palace known as Jardin
de Tuileries.

The Tuileries Palace built by Catherine De Medici was linked to the Louvre by a grand gallery that was built by Henry
IV. Before his departure for Versailles in 1678 Louis XIV resided at the Palais du Louvre, he completed the Cour
Carrée (Square Court). After the Royal court was moved to Versailles the French monarchs that followed lost interest
in the Palais du Louvre.

The Tuileries Palace was later the residence selected by Napoleon during his rule of France. In 1871 the Communards
burned the Tuileries Palace to the ground and since its destruction the Louvre courtyard has remained open and the site
is now the eastern end of the Tuileries Gardens.

Musee du Louvre is the world's largest art museum and a truly iconic landmark for Paris and the whole of France. It is
situated on the Right Bank of the Seine in the city's 1st arrondissement. Remnants of the 12th century fortress
originally built on the site of the current Louvre are visible in the basement of the museum. The building we see today
is the result of many renovations, additions and even demolition. The Glass and metal pyramid that is found in the
main central courtyard of the Louvre was designed by Chinese-American architect I. M. Pei, it is surrounded by three
similar yet smaller pyramids. This large pyramid also acts as the main entrance to the Museum inside. Completed in
1989 it has in its own right become a landmark for the city of Paris.

Pont Neuf

The Pont Neuf is the oldest bridge across the river Seine in Paris, France. It was designed by Baptiste Du Cerceau and
Pierre des Iles. Pont Neuf was different from other bridges of it's time as it doesn’t have triumphal arches and houses.
It also had new additions including pavements and bastions. The bridge is 238 long and its width 20.50 m (including a
causeway of 11.50m and two pavements of 4.50m each). The bridge has two separate spans: the span leaving the
Right Bank has seven arches and that from the Left Bank has five arches. Its two sections were built at an angle to be
more resistant to the river currents.

French Renaissance in Paris

The Renaissance style of arts began to flourish during the 15th Century in Italy. It was under Francios 1, King of
France from 1515 to 1547., that renaissance art and architecture first blossomed into france. The french renaissance
was the cultural and artistic movement in france between the 15th and 17 th century. The period is associated with
Pan-European Renaissance.

Leonardo Di Vinci was an Italian Polymath, revered for his technological ingenuity. He conceptualized flying
machines. His journals were full of small sketches and detailed drawings. In 1516, King of France invited Leonardo to

10
Chateau d’ Ambois. He is famous for his paintings among them were mona lisa, Saint Anne with Virgin Mary and
Baby Jesus.

The 16th Century saw the renaissance arrive in Paris, expressed in the city’s aesthetic, art and cultural life. They
usually have a symmetrical balance of horizontal and Vertical lines.Ornamented Floor walls, Ceilings with Pinnacles
on the roof. The use of “Brick and Stone'' became generalized. High french ceilings with corner towers and Facade
with helical stairs and Overlay of voids, the rupture of attics and the appearance of lodges were inspired through the
renaissance. Gardens became as important as the same architecture. They were characterized by symmetrical and
geometry planting beds, moving water in the form of canals and monumental fountains.

The second period of french renaissance architecture commenced in about 1540, this period is sometimes described as
the high point of the style. The features of this period included the greater use of ancient classical, order of columns
and pilasters, that were corinthian, doric and Ionic. They also used a wide variety of decorative plaque and sculptural
decoration on the face usually borrowed from ancient greece or roman models. They later included stylized
monograms of the initials of the name of the owners.

Château de Fontainebleau

It was first built in the 12th century as a hunting lodge for the french kings and later grew into a residence for the
French Royal Family. There are 7 eras that make up the history of this castle; starting with the Medieval era.

The central tower dates back to 1169. Later in 1259, it became a monastery hospital. Following this, the Royal Family
grew into the chateau, as Louis the thirteenth was born at the estate and Louis the fifteenth was married here. After the
French Revolution, Napoleon reigned as emperor from this chateau.

The chateau lies on a 130 hectare estate and has 1500 rooms, comprising grand apartments, ballrooms, apartments of
Napoleon, galleries, theaters, and chapels. As the building was built in the renaissance style, it features ornamented
walls, floors, and ceilings, along with having symmetrical detailed forms, richly decorated in royal symbolism, the
walls have detailed tapestries, and bronze decorations.

Champs Elysees

The Champs Elysees was commissioned to be built by Louis XIV. Before construction, it consisted of open fields on
what were the outskirts of Paris at that time. Later in that century, the Champs Elysees was landscaped and remade
into the broad, leafy avenue that it is today - which is situated in the 8th arrondissement which spans to 1.9 kilometers
in length and 230 feet in width.

The street draws a perfectly straight line from the Louvre through the famed Place de la Concorde and the Jardin des
Tuileries and is flanked by the Arc de Triomphe at the other end. Also it is divided into two parts by the Rond-Point
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des Champs Elysees. The lower part towards the Place de la Concorde is surrounded by gardens, museums, theaters,
and a few restaurants. The upper part, towards the Arc de Triomphe was traditionally the site of luxury shops, hotels,
restaurants, pavement cafes, theaters, banks and offices.

French Baroque and Classicism

The Baroque was defined by its elaborated and highly ornamented expressions, combining different arts to create
stunning effects. Architects designed every room to be as outstanding as possible, every corner was filled with
paintings, sculptures, and architectural ornaments to highlight the power of the monarch. Symmetry continues to be
the rule for all compositions.

Classical orders used in the exteriors. Facades are very rhythmical and there is an abundant use of columns, sometimes
just as decoration. The building floors have a hierarchical order of sorts that differentiates the noble floor from the
more private upper floors. Plenty of windows allowed not only natural light to the interior but also enhanced the
rhythm of the facade. Curved lines in the exteriors and interiors give a sense of movement, dynamism and create
interesting perspectives. Galleries were also the place for other artists to create numerous pieces like frescoes on walls
and ceilings, sculptures, and tapestries hanging from the walls.

Palace and Garden of Versailles

The land on which Versailles sits today was once owned by the Gondi family. After becoming King in 1610, Louis
XIII bought some of the land from them to build a modest hunting lodge where the current marble courtyard is
situated. In 1631 the King bought the remaining land and territory surrounding his hunting lodge and by 1634 he
finished building a new stone and brick Chateau on the site of the previous hunting lodge.

After inheriting the chateau in 1661 King Louis XIV embarked on major building work on the chateau. Over the next
50 years he continued to rebuild, enlarge and transform it into a setting fit for both relaxation and grand entertainment
until it became Europe’s largest chateau - the Palace of Versailles Architect Louis Le Vau was in charge of the first
phase of the expansion. In 1670 Le Vau added a new pavilion North-west of the chateau called the Trianon for the
King’s relaxation in the hot summers. As Louis XIV spent most of his time here he decided to move his court and
government to Versailles. During this time he ordered the young architect Jules Hardouin Mansart to replace Le Vau’s
large terrace facing the garden with a new hall most famously known as the Hall of Mirrors. He also instructed
Mansart to begin the construction of the Royal Chapel of Versailles which was completed by his assistant after his
death.

The gardens of Versailles created by Andre Le Notre are a key component of the royal residence as they surround the
Chateau on three sides. In the 1660’s the east-west access became the grande perspective. The gardens also consisted

12
of a maze on both sides which were enhanced by fountains. There is an orangery on the left of the palace which makes
use of the natural slope of the land. The Char d'apollon is the fountain that you see right before the starting of the
grand canal. The petit Trianon was built during the time of Louis XV and was later during the reign of Louis XVI
given to his young wife Marie Antoinette. The Queen gave the order for a garden to be replanted in the english style
and here she built an English Hamlet - a working farm complete with cottages.

After the Revolution the collection of priceless paintings at Versailles were taken to the Louvre and the furniture was
auctioned off and dispersed, but in the end the palace was preserved. In 1804 Napoleon renovated the Grand Trianon
for residence during the summer months. Later on Louis XVIII restored the symmetry of the palace facade by adding
the Pavillon dufour. Louis Philippe transformed the former royal residence into a historical museum. The former
prince’s apartments were replaced by a large gallery of paintings called the gallerie de batailles. In 1875 the french
republic took possession of Versailles and renovated the Salles du congre to accommodate the national assembly and
the senate. Versailles today is the result of this long history. A former royal palace with prestigious collections, a
historical museum, a republican palace, till this day it hosts festivals and shows as elaborate as during the time of The
Sun King.

French Revolution

The emergence of the modern state. After so many years of being oppressed by nobility, clergy and the monarchy the
common people of France began to resent how they were being treated. There was increasing economic and social
inequality in France and this was exacerbated by the regressive tax system in place along with the elite class’s refusal
to change their ways. An increasing literacy rate during the 18th century meant that more people were reading the
newspaper and were well informed about the latest developments in the country, this enabled the educated enlightened
people of France to bring forward and share their notion about the injustices they were subjected to at the hands of the
nobility, clergy and monarchy. Due to a rapid increase in population France was the most populated country in Europe
by 1789 and there were many people that were unemployed and because of a food shortage caused by bad crops many
people were starving. Despite all these problems the King raised taxes in the 1780s only on the commoners to pay for
his extravagant lifestyle and the construction of Versailles - which had left the french treasury bankrupt - the french
people began to revolt. The Enlightenment brought forward their ideas on an intellectual framework for democracy
and equality for a better and just future and all these ideas were confirmed in their practical application during the
American Revolution which happened across the Atlantic ocean. On the 14th of July 1789 revolutionists took control
of the Bastille Fortress which was considered as a symbol of Royal power. This day is considered the end of the old
monarchy. On August 26th 1789 the Declaration of the rights of Man and of the Citizens was introduced, in which it
proclaimed liberty, equality, the inviolability of property, and the right to resist oppression. Following this the King
tried to oppose all these new reforms and so the Parisians marched to Versailles on the 5th of October and brought the
Royal Family to Paris the next day in order for them to pay for their crimes and await justice. The national constituent
assembly abolished feudalism and established civil equality amongst the male population. King Louis XIV was
accused of treason and sentenced to death and was executed on January 23rd 1793, Marie Antoinette was guillotined
only 9 months after. During the Reign of Terror which started in 1793 and ended in July 1794 over 16,000 people
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were guillotined in order to eradicate ‘counter-revolutionaries’. Many wars followed and this led the French people in
a state of dazed confusion until in 1799 the Revolution ended when a military commander by the name of Napoleon
Bonaparte seized control of the french legislature and eventually declared himself the new emperor of France, thus
beginning a new monarchy.

Catacombs of Paris

As Paris grew into a major city and European hub it ran into another problem by the 17th century. So many people had
lived and died in Paris by this point in time that its cemeteries were overflowing with corpses to the extent that
sometimes graves would become uncovered. So, the solution to this problem was to start placing the bones and
remains of these dead bodies in the centuries old tunnels that existed below the streets of Paris from a time when
limestone quarries were mined to build Paris into a thriving city. In 1786 most of the cemeteries in Paris were emptied
and the bones were moved to the underground catacombs. It took nearly 12 years to move all the bones. During the
French revolution the dead were sometimes buried directly in the catacombs ossuaries. The city stopped moving bones
to the ossuaries in the 1860’s.

Rococo

Rococo also known as late Baroque was a decorative development of Baroque architecture which emerged in the 18th
century. Although there are many similarities between the two styles. Rococos design approach tends to be more light,
playful, and has an exuberant use of curves. The style appeared in Paris during the reign of Louis XV, and flourished
between about 1723 and 1759. The style was used particularly in salons, a new style of room designed to impress and
entertain guests.

One of the principal differences is in regard to symmetry, where rococo emphasizes the asymmetry of forms. Also it is
more fluid, having intricately detailed floral embellishments, comprising asymmetric designs with the use of warm
pastel shades (creams, pale blues, pearl greys).

Neoclassicism

In architecture, the style continued throughout the 19th, 20th and up to the 21st century. Neoclassical architecture is
based on the principles of simplicity and symmetry, which were the attributes of the arts of Rome and Ancient Greece,
and were inspired by 16th-century Renaissance Classicism.

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Louis XVI Style (1760-1789)

It's main decorative principle is symmetry. In interiors, the colours used are very bright. Flat surfaces and right angles
returned to fashion. Excesses of ornamentation are avoided. This style saw a return to the straight lines except for the
occasional half circle or oval. Decorative motifs were inspired by antiquity, the Louis XIV style, and nature.

Empire Style

Fireplace mantles were made of white marble, having caryatids at their corners, or obelisks, sphinxes, winged lions.
Generally, the motifs on a piece's right and left sides correspond to one another in every detail or the individual motifs
themselves are entirely symmetrical in composition. Bright colours were also used, red being dominant decorated with
gilt bronze. Interior architecture includes wood panels decorated with gilt reliefs. Motifs were placed geometrically.
The walls were covered in stucco, wallpaper or fabrics.

Leglise de Madelaine

It is a Catholic church situated in the 8th arrondissement of Paris. The Church was built as a temple to the glory of
Napoleon's army. It is one of the earliest large neo-classical buildings to imitate the whole external form of a Roman
temple. Inside, the church has a single nave with three domes over wide arched bays, lavishly gilded. The decor was
inspired as much by Roman baths as by Renaissance artists. It has 52 corinthian columns surrounding the entire length
of the structure.

Champ de Mars

It is a large public greenspace in Paris, France, located in the seventh arrondissement, between the Eiffel Tower and
the École Militaire. The park is named after the Campus Martius ("Mars Field") in Rome, a tribute to the Roman God
of war. The name suggests that the lawns here were formerly used as drilling and marching grounds by the French
military. It was used to grow vegetables and fruit before the École Militaire (Military School) was built.

1803-1840

When Paris came under Napoleon, he immediately began to establish calm and order. After the years of uncertainty
and terror of the revolution. He made peace with catholic churches; masses were held again in the cathedral of
Notre-dame. In order to establish order, he abolished the elected position of the mayor Napoleon built a monument to
french military glory. He has made improvements to the sewage and water supply of the city, including a canal and
construction of new fountains as well as the first Iron Bridge. He looked after the infrastructure of the city which had
been neglected for years.
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After Napoleon's downfall at the Battle of Waterloo, Henry the 18th returned. With nine additional galleries, the
Louvre was enlarged in 1827. In 1830, Paris expanded exponentially, and the city developed a horse-drawn system
that was the first mass public transportation system in the world. This greatly accelerated the movement of people
within the area. During the restoration, several new churches were built to replace those demolished during the
revolution. Architects who wanted a neo-gothic style, modeled after Notre-dame or neoclassical style, modeled after
Ancient Rome basilicas, fought a war. A majority of the neo-classical public building commission, which ruled until
1850, won the war.

Paris Under Napoleon

After moving to Tuileries palace on 19th February 1800 Napoleon quickly began to re-establish calm and order in
France. He made peace with the catholic church and masses were once again held in Notre Dame. He crowned himself
emperor on 2nd December 1804 and began building monuments in honour of the french military. He built new streets
such as the Rue de Rivoli to improve the flow of traffic in central Paris. He ordered the construction of three new
bridges including Pont des Arts which was the first iron bridge in the city.During his reign France suffered from war
but he also conquered most of Europe until his defeat at Waterloo in 1815. This also marked the end of the Napoleonic
wars.

Arc de Triomphe

The Arc de Triomphe is one of the most famous monuments in Paris, France. It is situated at the western end of the
Champs-Élysées at the centre of Place Charles de Gaulle. This triumphal arch honours the armies who fought and died
for France in the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. The names of all French victories and generals are
inscribed on its surfaces. It is designed in the Neoclassical version of ancient Roman architecture and designed by Jean
Chalgrin. It sits in a circular plaza from which 12 grand avenues radiate, forming a star (étoile), which is why it is also
called Arch of Triumph of the Star. Decorative high-relief sculptures were executed on the facades of the arch’s four
pedestals by François Rude, Jean-Pierre Cortot, and Antoine Etex.

1840-Early 20th Century

During the Second French Empire, Paris stood as the largest city in all of Europe. It was profoundly known as a
leading center of commerce, fashion, finance and art. The population of the city grew dramatically as the empire was
largely expanded to its current boundaries in the present day - as annexations had been done to surrounding lands
which now in totality make up the 20 arrondissements of Paris.

Napoleon began his regime by redesigning Paris as the quality of life and hygienic conditions were extremely poor. He
had George Haussmann implement the new urban design to the streets of Paris. The roads were widened and new road

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networks, water channels, and neighborhoods were developed; along with lining every main avenue with chestnut
trees. Also, Haussman constructed an underground sewage system to improve the hygiene standard. There was also a
development of bylaws on the buildings - where their facades housed identical and similar features, which then helped
create an identity for Paris.

In addition to the restoration of Paris, two new metro lines were built and the dark streets were lit up by the new
placement of the gas street lights. During this era, the construction of the Eiffel Tower, Paris Opera, and Basilica of
Sacre Coeur were made.

Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower lies in the 7th arrondissement in the Champ de Mars of Paris. It towers to 984 feet with it's tip
mounting at 1063 feet. It was envisioned as a centerpiece for the 1889 Exposition Universelle, a world's fair, to
celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution.

Foundations of the towers were laid out on 28 January, 1887, marking the start of its construction. The entire tower
was later completed by 15 March, 1889.

Musee d'Orsay

The Musée d'Orsay is a museum in Paris, France, on the Left Bank of the Seine. The architect Victor Laloux was
commissioned to design a railway station, complete with a luxury hotel. Because of the station’s proximity to the
Louvre and the Tuileries, the metal structure of the station was completely concealed by an exterior envelope of
limestone in order to preserve the architectural harmony. The Orsay station was soon rendered obsolete as the
platforms were too short for the new, longer electric trains. Saved in the 1970s the station housed the Drouot-Rive
Gauche auction house. A.C.T. Architecture (Pierre Colboc, Renaud Bardon and Jean-Paul Philippon) were assigned
with the task of transforming the former station into a museum.

French art dating from 1848 to 1914 is displayed in the museum side by side, including paintings, sculptures,
furniture, and photography. It houses the largest collection by painters including Monet, Manet, Degas, Renoir,
Cézanne, Seurat, Sisley, Gauguin, and Van Gogh. It is one of the largest art museums in Europe.

Art Nouveau

At the end of the nineteenth century, a new style called art nouveau was developed. Its main idea was that objects
should be decorative, and not just serve functional purposes. It drew its inspiration from nature. Decorative elements
were symmetrical but the building were asymmetrical as the elements did not repeat or organize by a defined axis.
New steel frame structures allowed buildings to be constructed without the thick walls required by masonry
construction. The malleability of metal gave artists the total freedom to create curved lines and give an artistic sense to
17
structural elements of the buildings. Glass decorations became characteristic of this style, and exquisite stained glass
pieces were incorporated into ceilings and windows.

The Art Nouveau style was mostly seen in department stores, apartment buildings, and churches. It was also seen in
furniture, and jewelry. It's main characteristics included the use of floral and vegetal designs, curving lines that took
inspiration from natural forms such as plants and flowers, and lavish ceramic sculptural ornamentation. Hector
Guimard designed the Paris Métro station entrances, using the sinuous floral and vegetal designs, from 1896 to 1904.

Pont Alexandre III

The Pont Alexandre III is a deck arch bridge that spans the Seine in Paris. Joseph Cassien-Bernard and Gaston Cousin
designed the bridge in a way that it does not obscure the view of the champs-elysees.The four massive pillars at each
corner of the bridge are also part of the structure and serve as counterweights for the steel arches. There are golden
statues on top of the pillars. Each of the four pieces is made out of bronze covered with golden plates and consists of a
lady and a horse with wings. These sculptures represent the arts, agriculture, commerce and war. This bridge is very
ornamental and extravagant. The bridge is basically in beaux-arts style and its lamps, cherubs, nymphs and winged
horses in art nouveau.

Art Deco and Modern Movement

The Art deco movement of architecture and design appeared in Paris in about 1910 and continued till World War II in
1939. It was characterized by bold geometric shapes, bright colors, and highly stylized décor that symbolized luxury
and modernity. The primary building material of the new era was reinforced concrete. The structure of the building
was clearly expressed on the exterior and was dominated by horizontal and vertical lines with rows of bows windows
and small balconies, classical features included rows of the column, ornaments were kept to a minimum. Morden
design, which aims to infuse artistic touches with practical objects. This movement is different from fine arts where art
objects have no practical purpose or use.

Post War through the 70s

In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of 1914. The suburbs began to expand and
a network of roads was designed to express their function using simple geometric forms, Usually planned so that each
office had its own window and view with a minimum of ornaments and decoration.

The term “Palai” used for many buildings before the was was replaced by a more modest term houses. Higher
buildings were permitted in 1959, as long as they met both technical and aesthetic standards, However, the growing
number of skyscrapers appearing on the Paris skyline provoked resistance from the Paris Population.

18
1980s to Present Day

In 1981, François Mitterand was elected President of France, with a desire to mark his tenure through building, in
stark contrast to the preservationist bent of his predecessor. Ieoh Ming Pei designed the new, enlarged Louvre which
brought together all the buildings of the complex.

Jean Nouvel and Dominique Perrault are the prominent names of architecture in paris. Jean Nouvel, Institut du Monde
Arabe is a great example of newer technology being integrated in architecture. The Fondation Cartier (1992–94) by
Jean Nouval features a glass screen between the building and the street.

Supermodernism is a notable new style of French architecture by critic Hans Ibeling.It gives precedence to the visual
sensations, spatial and tactile, of the viewer looking at the façade.

Chapter 3: The City of Lights

In the mid 17th century, after a prolonged period of war and domestic civil strife, the king was committed to restoring
the public’s faith in law and order. In 1667, Louis XIV made the Lieutenant General of Police with the task of making
Paris more safe. In addition to quadrupling the number of policemen in the city, one of the measures was to install
more lighting. Lanterns were placed on almost every main street and residents were asked to light their windows with
candles and oil lamps. The idea was to prevent lawbreakers from dodging the police or hiding in dark alleys, therefore
reducing the crime rate. From here on, the city gained the nickname. Furthermore, Paris was a teeming hub during
the Age of Enlightenment.

City Planning of Paris - Then and Now

Paris was divided into its arrondissements following the French Revolution as this aided in the transformation of the
city economically and administratively as well. However, before the 19th century there were only 12 arrondissements
in Paris. The 20 districts we know today only emerged in 1860, when Baron Haussmann had Paris’s tall walls
destroyed and new territories incorporated into the city limits.

The old arrondissement numbers were altered (today’s 10th was the 5th) and then, the city layout changed (starting
with the 1st arrondissement at the heart of the city and spiraling out clockwise like a snail shell. The arrondissements
we see today in Paris comprise a number of different neighbourhoods and also have their own unique sense of
character and spirit.

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Arrondissements of Paris

A series of villages that came together in which a single neighborhood could be seen as a unitary urban cell. In each
arrondissement, people are able to access facilities within a 5-10 minute walk. The city has been designed for humans
and not for automobiles.

Originally, Paris was divided into 12 parts. They were numbered from west to east, with the numbers 1–9 situated on
the Right Bank of the Seine and the numbers 10–12 on the Left Bank. Each arrondissement was subdivided into four
quartiers, which corresponded to the 48 original districts created in 1790.

Hence each arrondissement is equipped with its own bakery, butcher’s shop, grocery, newsagent’s shop, florist, post
office, school and church. In other words, going “into town” was kept for special occasions only (clothes shopping,
theatre going). Besides those, many people spend their whole lives without ever leaving the boundaries of their own
quartiers.

Art Movements and Parisian Artists

Artists from around the world seem to migrate to Paris in order to educate themselves and to get inspiration from the
countless museums and galleries found in the city. Due to this Paris has come to be known as the "City of Art". Italian
artists had a profound influence on Parisian art and its development in the 16th to 17th centuries particularly in regard
to sculpture and relief. During the French Baroque and Classicism era, many french artists were commissioned to
create sculptures and reliefs to adorn and decorate the royal residences.The political and social change that occurred
due to the French Revolution had a great influence on the art being created in Paris. Many artists began to use bright
and vibrant shades of colour in their paintings and they also introduced fantasy in their works of art. Paris had a great
role to play in the introduction of Romanticism in art, with painters. Some of the most celebrated artists such as
Monet, Degas, Picasso, Van Goh, Toulouse Lautrec, Manet, Dali, Chagal, Matisse all came to Paris to pursue their
passion for Art. The following are art movements that were started in Paris. Classicism, Rococo, Neoclassicism,
Romanticism, Naturalism, Impressionism, Post-Impressionism, Symbolism, Le Nabis, Fauvism, Cubism, Surrealism
are amongst the art movements that took birth in the city of Paris.

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