P R O S E S T R A N S F O R M A S I P E R KOTA A N

S E J A R A H P E R E N C A N A A N KO TA

RONY GUNAWAN SUNARYO 3

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL

Guidance of the private action.

Coordination of the many individual contributions

PLANNING

Direct public action

Plans. Processes. Results on the territory

 Year City / Plan

19th century 1811 New York

1812 London (Regent Street)

1853 Paris
1856 Wien
1859 Barcelona
1879 Lisbon
1st half of 20th century 1904 Letchworth Garden City
1912 New Delhi
1912 Canberra
PLANS
1913 Amesterdam (South)
1921 Lyon (Estats-Unis)
1925 Frankfurt
1925 Berlin-Britz
1945 Le Havre
1947 Copenhagen
2nd half of 20th century 1952 Chandigarh
1957 Brasília
1967 Milton Keynes
1969 Bologna
1981 Seaside
19th CENTURY
New York
London (Regent Street)
Paris
Wien
Barcelona
Lisbon
1811. New York. John Randel / The Commissioners
(Simeon De Witt, Gouverneur Morris e John Rutherfurd)

New York: 1665-1670, 1766, 1811.

DUTCH OCCUPATION (NEW AMSTERDAM)

Limits of the settlement: water (east, south and west)

and defensive wall (Wall Street at north)

Irregular street pattern - Weekquaesgeek stands out,

later known as Broadway. Set of 20 blocks of irregular
size and shape, with different number of plots (also of
irregular size and shape).Higher density of buildings in
the southern blocks. Exceptional building – Fort
Amsterdam.

Despite the construction of new streets and the

conquest of land to rivers, the current layout of Lower
Manhattan is very similar to this.
ENGLISH OCCUPATION

1664 - Conquest of the city

The city grows from 1,000 inhabitants in 1650
to 20,000 at the end of the colonial period.

Moderate expansion of the urban area (the

city is 3 times larger than New Amsterdam 100
years earlier). The beginning of a pattern of
orthogonal streets promoted by the private
sector.
AMERICAN OCCUPATION – THE 1811 PLAN

Population in 1811: 96,000.

Projection of the plan - in 1860: 400,000 (four times more).
In 1860 - 813,500 (more than double the forecast).

The territory addressed by the plan is larger than the existing city - a grid of streets.
A set of north-south streets (14th to 155th Street) and 12 east-west avenues.
Diversity in this unit:
i. Width of the axes: Avenues - 30m, Streets - 18m, Main streets - 30m.
ii. Size of the blocks: width - 60m, variable length, decreasing from center to
margins.
All streets have a number, not a name.
PLOT STRUCTURE

All plots are divisible by 6 or 7.5m.

A standard plot would be 30m deep
and 6 or 7.5m wide.

BUILDINGS

Respect for alignments.

Height - higher buildings in the
Avenues and lower buildings in the
Streets.

Map of property belonging to C.C. Moore at Chelsea, 1835

PLAN IMPLEMENTATION

Long process: it took 60 years for the grid to reach 155th Street.

Changes:
i. Broadway,
ii. two new avenues (between the 3rd and the 4th, between the 4th and the 5th),
iii. new green spaces, including Central Park,
iv. expansion of some axes (3 avenues and 17 streets).
 Video. The greatest grid: the master plan of Manhattan 1811–2011
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VFDH5L2Tyao)

Website. The greatest grid: the master plan of Manhattan 1811–2011

(http://thegreatestgrid.mcny.org/)

Book. Ballon, H. (ed.) (2012) The greatest grid: the master plan of Manhattan 1811–2011.
Museum of the City of New York and Columbia University Press, New York.
1981. Seaside. Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk, Leon Krier
In 1978, Robert Davis receives a huge area of land in Florida; the plan for that area
starts to be prepared.

Andres Duany and the New Urbanism movement.

In addition to the plan, the team produces a form-based code. The code (one
sheet) divides Seaside into 8 parts focusing on: the type of plot, the location and
scale of courtyards and porches, parking and the height of buildings.

Seaside: the plan and the code.

Seaside, 1965.
Seaside, 2010.
Type I

Type I plots define the central square.

It is intended primarily for retail use on the ground floor with residential above,
potentially also generating hotels and rooming houses along the shore.

These are the tallest buildings at Seaside, with a maximum of 5 stories permitted.

They are party-wall buildings with no setback in the front, where a large arcade is
required.
 Video. American makeover, episode 2
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z9F4PDPUS24)

Vídeo. Seaside at 30
(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1D9NVhgFSrw)

Website. The Seaside Research Portal

(https://seaside.library.nd.edu/)
 Synthesis

New city Conservation of the existing city

Chandigarh Bologna
Brasília
Milton Keynes
Seaside
 New city Expansion of the city City reformulation Conservation of the
Whole city Part of the city existing city

19th century New York Paris London

Barcelona Wien
Lisbon

1st half 20th century Letchworth Amesterdam (South) Le Havre

Canberra Lyon (Etats-Unis)
Frankfurt
Berlin-Britz
Copenhagen
New Delhi

2nd half 20th century Chandigarh Bologna

Brasília
Milton Keynes
Seaside
Study Area

The scope of a project can be defined in terms of the specific boundaries of the study area or type
of form, the specific aspects of urban form to be investigated (as set out above), the level of resolution of
the study and the time frame to be employed.
UNIFORM & MIXED PATTERNS

In visually scanning and comparing parts of a plan, the easiest areas to identify are those that are uniform, in
which the component elements, particularly the plots, are essentially the same shape and size.

Typically, uniform areas are the result of a single effort of design and construction by the same
agent. Many areas, however, are the product of a number of agents acting over a period of time with different
intentions often involving transformations of existing structures. The result of longer-term, piecemeal and ad
hoc development is most often a more mixed or heterogeneous tissue.
At the same time, urban fabric can be characterized as a palimpsest. A significant part of the
development process involves transformation of previous development by either small-scale
modification or selective redevelopment. Settlements and buildings are subject to a range of different modi
cations from repair and replacement of elements to internal alteration to
extension and major reconstruction at all levels of scale. For obvious reasons, transformations are
most highly concentrated in the oldest parts of settlements: the historical cores and the historical
routes leading to them.

One way or the other, areas subject to transformation also tend to bemore heterogeneous.
Kasus Surabaya
Peta 1667 memperlihatkan area yang paling berkembang yaitu Keraton Trunojoyo (daerah Tugu
Pahlawan sekarang). Daerah Ampel juga sudah terlihat padat.
 ABAD 17

1. Traditional City: palace, square

2. Old City: European Region
3. Kampung: Chinese, Arabic, Indigenous
The Kraton was the
centre Keraton Surabaya tidak memiliki peninggalan artefak fisik,
selain toponim dan catatan sejarah.

Catatan Valentijn, pendeta Belanda yang berkunjung pada

abad 17 ke Surabaya menggambarkan sebuah keraton
terletak di sisi selatan Kawasan Eropa yang dipisahkan oleh
The royal square/ Alun-
alun
sebuah pasar yang besar, dengan jalan yang lebar dan
terdapat sebuah alun‐alun::

“The streets of the city were wide, and the exercitation field,
The Kampungs the aloon-aloon, where often show fights were held, was in
perfect condition. Between the residence of the prince and
the fortress of the company there was a large market place,
where you can buy cheap articles” (Faber 1931).
main elements of Surabaya's economy in the colonial period: ports, rivers, markets
ABAD 18 – 19

the 18th The Ampel

century district
church the fort and the
The Fort
Belvedere wall demolished

The earliest the artillery

Chinese workshop
district
the wall
earliest
European
district The Kratons the 18th century the 18th century
The Chinese district Residency Office church
the barack developed towards
the 18th cent.
Residency north and east
Office

the Kratons

The Kampungs The Kampungs

had expanded to
the south

1787 1821-1825 The Governor’s residence

Perkembangan Surabaya di abad ke-18 dan ke-19 mengikuti arah aliran Sungai Kalimas. Sungai memegang
peranan penting sebagai sumber air sekaligus transportasi dari pedalaman ke pelabuhan pada masa itu.
 ABAD 19

the Prins Hendrik the Prins Hendrik Fort

the prison Fort was built in was demolished in
1837 1837, located at north
end of the city The east – west axis that
The second wall connected the European
was built in district with the Chinese and
1835 the Ampel areas was
stronger.
the first fort
demolished in 1808.
the first fort located at the north
built in 1678 end of the city
demolished in
1808 The Kratons
disappeared with The fist wall was
no historical reasons dismantled in

Jalan Raya Pos yang mulai

found 1808
The fist wall
was built in 18th
century
dibangun 1809 oleh
The second wall
was dismantled Daendels menambah
in 1880
sumbu pertumbuhan
The city began to
develop to the The
Surabaya ke barat dan ke
south development to timur.
the south
increased
Meski demikian arah
pertumbuhan dominan
tetap ke selatan
1866 1900
Time Lapse Perkembangan Kawasan Eropa di Surabaya
0.2 0.6
1787
The first Dutch settlement founded
in 1743 on the west bank of Kalimas
was a typical Dutch colonial town
plan that all Dutch colonial
settlement had a common image in
term of design and planning
practice.
1.0
0.6
1825
It started to develop to the
north and south outside the
first city wall with the area of
approximately more than
twice the first one.
1866 1900
The settlement had almost fully
As the wall was demolished in
developed to the north and
1871, the settlement continued
south within the second city
to expand to the south outside
wall on the west side of the
the second city wall.
Kalimas.
Kleine Boom – Fish Market Surabaya, circa 1900
 1 Kota Lama

1890 - 1920
Keputran 2
Lor
Sawahan 6

Ketabang 4
• Tahun 1910 permukiman baru tumbuh dibangun oleh
kontraktor Belanda, Cina dan Arab.
Gubeng • Pembangunan sempat terhenti 7 tahun (1920-1927) karena
3 resesi setelah Perang Dunia 1.
• Depresi ekonomi dunia 1930 menghentikan pertumbuhan
kota (Dick, 2002)
Darmo - 5 • Surabaya berkembang lagi baru setelah Darmo di tahun 1940-
Kupang an
Ngagel 6

The old north-

south axis

1940
1940-2000

7 Tambaksari

Tandes- 8
Sambikerep

8 8
Sukomanung
gal Sukolilo

Lakarsantri - 7
Wiyung
8
8
SIER 80-an
Wonocolo
Study Area

The scope of a project can be defined in terms of the specific boundaries of the study area or type
of form, the specific aspects of urban form to be investigated (as set out above), the level of resolution of
the study and the time frame to be employed.