[IAN BANHAM & ASSOCIATES CONSULTING ENGINEERSIBA IAN BANHAM & ASSOCIATES CONSULTING ENGINEERS |MEP DESIGN © MANUAL This design manual depicts in detail the codes and practices which serve the environmental design requirements suitable for the Gulf and the MENA region. It consists of 11 chapters that detail the design criteria for the mechanical, electrical and plumbing services for building applications. We hope that this complementary design manual will serve as a guide for our partners, associates, students, and fellow members in the engineering field. techemrere lan Banham & Associates [14] o (MEP Design Manual 20164 : J5. une/cepmnonree Preface Jan Banham & Associetes (IBA) Is a specialized MEPD Consultancy (Building services) with proven capabilities in a vast array of building types. With over 3000 successfully executed projects in the MENA region, IBA has gained extensive experience in its field. By repeatedly delivering high quality, environmentally friendly engineering solutions, IBA continues to exceed client expectations. IBA’s Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing services have been extended to numerous sectors and building applications, including Commercial, Residential, Institutional, Recreational, Healthcare, Governmental and Industrial. This design manual has been developed over the years to standardize design parameters and approach among IBA’s different offices. Its purpose is to ensure that development of designs by all its offices are consistent and to provide IBA engineers with a guideline for the respective applications. Not only does it depict in detail the codes and practices that serve the environmental design requirements set by standards and (guidelines, its added value comes from 40 years of practical experience and lessons Jearned in the GCC and the MENA region. it consists of eleven chapters that explicitly detail the design criteria for building services applications. To mark forty years of successful and thriving work, itis lan Banham & Associates’ great pleasure to present its acquired experience through this publication in documental.form fo our distinguished clients, partners, and associates who shared our history and mmission. : Credits and References Although the information and data provided in this manual are suitable for almost all building applications, each project may have its own requirements and circumstances, which may dictate parameters and criteria different than what is included in this guide. Therefore, it should be understood that this guide is not meant to limit the designer's options depending on the specific requirements of each project. This design guide is not an original document but is a collection of extracted material from established handbooks and manuals as noted in the acknowledgements, On behalf of lan Banham & Associates Consulting Engineers -L- SHA Mahnad Kashani Husam Kashani Executive Director Managing Director lan Bantam & Associates IBA) + MEP Design Manual 2016i : : i i | : i IBA ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ACKNOMLEDGENENT Ian Banham & Associates Consulting Engineers express thelr gratitude and appreciation to the following engineers and members of staff who made this publication possible: Mr. Javid Hussain Mr. Mohammed Essa ‘Mr. Arafat A. Soleiman Dr. Hassan Hassoon ALDelfi Mr. Ghaleb Ismait Mr. Biju Cherian ‘Mr. Niaz Ahamed Mr. Hamza Momani Mr. Yasser Suleiman ‘Mr. Khalil Chaaban Mr. Adnan Kut Kut Mr. Tariq Mugattash ‘Mr, Asghar Abdul Kader Jan Banham & Associates Consulting Engineers also would like to acknowledge design data and material that have been extracted from the following handbooks and design guides: + Abu Dhabi Distribution Company (appc). + Abu Dhabi Sustainability Guidelines (Estidama). ‘Abu Dhabi Tourism Authority (ADTA). ‘Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity ‘Authority (ADWEA). ‘Al Ain Distribution Company (AADC). ‘American National Standards Institute (ANS). + American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Engineer (ASHRAE). © American Society of Plumbing Engineers — Data Books ASHRAE Handbooks. British Standards (BS). British Standards Published Under European Norms (BSEN). Garrier Design Manual. Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineering (CIBSE). + Construction Specification institute (csi) + DEWA Regulations for Electrical Installations =| DU Standards for Buildings = Dubai Electricity and Water Authority. + Dubai Municipality. © Dubai Police. * Electrical Apparatus and Services Association (EASA). + Electronic Industries Alliance / Telecommunications Industry Association (EIA/TIA) Standards. * Emirate Integrated Telecommunication Company (EITC/DU). Jan Bantam & Associates (104) 2 Etisalat FTTH Guidelines European Normalization Standards (EN). 7 Guidelines and Codes Issued by Authorities having Jurisdiction Mluminating Engineering Society of North America (IES). International Electric Technical ‘Commission (IEC). International Organization of ‘Standardization (ISO). Kahramaa Regulation Ministry of Interiors. National Electrical code (NEC). National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). ‘National Fire Protection Association (NEPA). NFPA Codes Plumbing Services Design Guide Regulation and Supervision Bureau (RSB). The Society of Light & Lighting Handbook The society of Light and Lighting (SLL). SLL is part of CIBSE. Trane Air-Conditioning Manual UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice UAE Fire and Life Safety Code of Practice. Ubiquitous Telecommunication Technology (UTT). Uniform Plumbing Code Urban Planning Council, Abu Dhabi (ure) [MEP Design Manual 2016i 4 4 k E ti } 4 CONTENTS ' INTRODUCTION. deeoeitae eee q CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES AND BUILDINGS.. " AMBIENT CONDITIONS ..rasnsneunsnsnnonniniennan wv INGRESS PROTECTION CODING SYSTEM. CHAPTER 1 HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) .. 1.0 INTRODUCTION... td 20 HEAT GAINTHROUGH ENVELOPE. 24. LOCATION... pat 22 OUTSIDE AMBIENT CONDITIONS 2.3, INDOOR DESIGN CONDITIONS. 24, — ENVELOPE CONSTRUCTION. 25, INTERNAL SPACE HEAT GAIN... ‘CHAPTER 2 PLUMBING SYSTEM... 1.0 WATER SUPPLY 14. COLDWATER SYSTEM...... 1.2. HOTWATER SYSTEMS.. 2.0 WATER PIPE SIZING. 7 30 DESIGN ASPECTS FOR PLUMBING SYSTEMS. 4.0 WATER TREATMENT. act 50 STEAM GENERATION AND DISTRIBUTION CHAPTER 3 DRAINAGE SYSTEM. Lonnsnnenennn 1.0 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, 20 ESTIMATING TOTAL DESIGN FLOW RATE FOR DRAINAGE SYSTEM... 3,0 STACK SIZING GUIDELINES. 40 COMMERCIAL KITCHENS... 5.0 DRAINAGE PUMPING.... 6.0 STORM WATER DRAINAGE. 7.0 CARPARK DRAINAGE........ 8.0 COMMERCIAL LAUNDRIES..... CHAPTER 4 PIPED GAS SERVICES 1.0 LPG (LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS) 4.1, LPG PROPERTIES.. 12. LPG PRESSURE REGINE.......... 1.3. LPG MAXIMUM DEMAND 14, LPG PIPE SIZING.. 18. LPG VAPORIZERS. 2.0 NG (NATURAL GAS).. 21. NGPROPERTIES.. so 2.2. NATURAL GAS PRESSURE REGIME... nee 5D 2.3, NATURAL GAS MAXIMUM DEMAND... 2.4, NATURAL GAS PIPE SIZING. 30 SNG (SUBSTITUTE NATURAL GAS)...... CHAPTER 5 FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM. 4.0 INTRODUCTION. lan Banham & Associates [IBA] 4 MEP Design Manual 2016,IBA 20 MAIN TYPES OF FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS... 24. PRIVATE FIRE SERVICE MAIN/FIRE HYDRANTS... 22. _ STANDPIPE SYSTEMS: 23. SPRINKLER SYSTEMS. 24. COMBINED FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS . 2.5, _ FIRE FIGHTING PUMP SETS....... 26. PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS 27. _ SPECIAL SUPPRESSION SYSTEM. CHAPTER 6 ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM... 1.0 INTRODUCTION. 20 — SYSTEMDESIGI 24, GENERAL, 2.2. ELECTRICAL LOAD ASSESSMENT... 2.3. DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS... 2.4, ELECTRICAL ROOMS... neeneneon 25. TARIFF METERING... oer 26. LOW VOLTAGE SWITCHBOARDS 2.7. CABLES AND CONDUCTORS. 2.8. BUSBAR TRUNKING SYSTEM 29. CONTAINMENT SYSTEM...... 2.40. _ APPARATUS AND ACCESSORIES. 2.11. ELECTRIC MOTORS AND STARTERS... 2.42. STANDBY GENERATORS wu... 2.13, POWER FACTOR CORRECTION CAPACITORS 2.14, UNDER VOLTAGE RELAYS WITH AUTO-RESET TIMER... 2.18. PHASE SEQUENCE RELAYS cu i 2.46, EARTHING AND EARTH LEAKAGE PROTECTION....... 247, LIGHTNING PROTECTION... - 2.18. IDENTIFICATION LABEL AND NOTICES...... CHAPTER 7 LIGHTING SYSTEM.. 1.0 INTRODUCTION. 2.0 SCOPE, 8.0 SYSTEM DESIGN snes CHAPTER 8 TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM. j 4.0 INTRODUCTION. 2.0 SYSTEM DESIGN. 2.4, OVERVIEW... 2.2, SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ..nsssonnn 3.0 TELECOMMUNICATION ENTRY DUCTS... 4.0 TELECOMMUNICATION ROOMS. 5.0 INDOOR EQUIPMENT CABINET ... 6.0 CONTAINMENT SYSTEM (PATHWAYS) 7.0 CABLES... 80 TELECOMMUNIGATION SOCKETS AND ACCESSORIE: 9.0 BULK TELECOMMUNICATION SERVICES... 10.0 LABELING, vere 144 Jn Barham & Associates [BA 5 MEP Dosign Manual 2016 i F : : : i | isnare et ee IBA comms CHAPTER 9 FIRE DETECTION AND EMERGENCY VOICE EVACUATION SYSTEM. 1.0. INTRODUCTION snnenn 2.0 SYSTEM DESIGN... 2.4, FIRE DETECTION AND ALARM SYSTEM 22, EMERGENCY VOICE EVACUATION AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 23. EMERGENCY COMMAND CENTRE... CHAPTER 10 EMERGENCY AND EXIT LIGHTING SYSTEM... 1.0 INTRODUCTION. 2.0 SYSTEMDESIGN.... 3,0 EMERGENCY AND EXIT LIGHTING SYSTEM TYPE! 4.0 PERFORMANCE OF SYSTEM. 5.0 EMERGENCY LIGHTING DESIGN REQUIREMENTS 6.0 _EXIT LIGHTS (SIGNS) DESIGN REQUIREMENTS. 7.0 POWER SUPPLY... 0 CABLING AND WIRING: CHAPTER‘1 CLOSED CIRCUIT TELEVISION (CCTV) SYSTEM 4.0 INTRODUCTION. 20 SYSTEM DESIGN. 2:1. COVERAGE AREA WITH THE LEVEL OF COVERAGE... 22. CCTVINSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS. 23. CAMERAS... 24. NETWORK SWITCHES/FIREWALL.. 25. VIDEO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. 26. SERVERS. 27. STORAGE UNITS. id APPENDIK-1 : SELECTED CHARTS AND DESIGN INFORMATION ON HVAC SYSTEM DESIGNS 1.0 THERMAL PROPERTIES OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL. 2.0 SAMPLES OF U-VALUE CALCULATION 176 30 CLIMATIC DESIGN INFORMATION FOR GULF COUNTRIES 179 4.0 MINIMUM VENTILATION RATES. sles 186 5.0 HYDRONIC PIPE SIZING CHARTS. 192 6.0 STAIRCASE AND ELEVATOR SHAFT PRESSURIZATION (SAMPLE CALCULATION) 196 7.0 VENTILATION... 198 /APPENDIX2: SELECTED CHARTS AND DESIGN INFORMATION ON PLUMBING AND STEAM SERVICES DESIGNS... 1.0 DAILY WATER DEMAND. 2.0 HOT WATER DEMAND. 3,0 PLUMBING PIPE SIZING DATA AND CHARTS... 4.0 STEAM DISTRIBUTION DATA...... 217 APPENDIX-3 : SELECTED CHARTS AND DESIGN INFORMATION ON DRAINAGE SERVICES DESIGNS. 224 1.0 SELECTED DATA ON DRAINAGE PIPE SIZING. ea ene 225 2.0 DATAON STORMWATER PIPE SIZING. ene 229) APPENDIX-4 ; SELECTED CHARTS AND DESIGN INFORMATION ON PIPED GAS SYSTEM. 240 1.0 PROPERTIES OF LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS. 241 2.0 _ SPACING AND LOCATION OF LPG STORAGE TANKS. 24a 3.0 LPG PIPE SIZING CHARTS AND PIPE SIZING SAMPLE... 249 lan Banham & Azcocitos [134] 6 MEP Design Manual 2016IBA comm ‘SELECTED CHARTS AND DESIGN INFORMATION ON FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM .wvoroneu 258 1.0 DEWACABLES SIZING CHARTS. 21 2.0 RSB CABLES SIZING CHARTS vieccnns 3.0 CABLES COLOUR IDENTIFICATION TABLE.. 4.0 TYPICAL SUBSTATIONS ARRANGEMENTS LAYOUT AS PER ADDC REGULATION 281 5.0 _ EARTH LEAKAGE REQUIREMENT FOR VARIOUS LOAD TYPES AS PER RSB....... 201 6.0 MINIMUM INTAKE ELECTRICAL ROOMS DIMENSIONS AS PER RSB (ASU DHABI) 283, 7.0 MINIMUM NUMBER OF SOCKETS WITHIN APARTMENTS AS PER RSB (ABU DHABI)295 8.0 ESTIMATED APPLIANCES LOAD AS PER RSB (ABU DHABI) rns 27 9.0 POWER DEMAND AS PER RSB (ABU DHABI)... 7 298 10.0 LOW VOLTAGE SWITCHGEARS FORMS OF SEPARATION GUIDE enn. 901 11.0 CABLES CURRENT CARRYING CAPACITIES AND VOLTAGE DROP TABLES......307 12.0 _ CABLES DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS.... 18.0 CABLES RATING FACTORS..... : 14.0 CABLES MINIMUM INSTALLATION RADIUS. APPENDIX-7 : LIGHTING SYSTEM sn 4,0 REQUIRED ILLUMINATION LEVELS, UNIFORMITY AND GLARE RATING AS PER BS EN 12464-1:2011 323 2.0 MAXIMUM ALLOWED LIGHT POWER DENSITY (LPD) AS PER ASHRAE 90.1-2007. 340, APPENDIX-8 : TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM. 1.0 ETISALAT TELECOM REQUIREMENTS. 2.0 DU TELECOM REQUIREMENTS. 3.0 — UTT TELECOM REQUIREMENTS, APPENDIX.9 : FIRE DETECTION AND EMERGENCY VOICE EVACUATION SYSTEM. ‘an Banham & Associates [BA] 7 MEP Design Manuel 2016sscuoneceesteneecsantetnen Jan Banham & Associates (}6A] INTRODUCTION ‘The purpose of this design manual is to standardize design parameters and approach among different offices of IBA and different Engineers to ensure uniform and consistent design product is generated. Nevertheless, each project may have its own requirements and circumstances, which may dictate parameters and criteria different than what is included in this guide. Therefore, it should be understood that this manual is not meant to limit the Designer's options depending on the specific requirements of each project. ‘The Designers shall read this manual in conjunction with any amendments to Intemational Codes and Standards and/or Local Authorities having Jurisdiction issued after the manual date. CLASSIFICATION OF OCCUPANCIES AND BUILDINGS 1 Low-tise Buildings The occupancies or Multiple and Mixed occupancies, facilities, buildings and structures having occupy-able or usable floors at or up to 15 Meters from the lowest grade or lowest level of Fire Service Access into that ‘occupaney is categorized as Low-rise Building 2 Midrise Buildings The occupancies or Multiple and Mixed occupancies, facilities, buildings and structures having occupy-able or usable floors between 15 Meters to 23 Meters from the lowest grade or lowest level of Fire Service Access into that occupancy is categorized as Midrise Building. 3. High-tise Buildings. The occupancies or Multiple and Mixed occupancies, facilities, buildings and structures having occupy-able or usable floors more than 23 Meters above the lowest grade or lowest level of Fire Service Access into thet ‘occupancy is categorized as High-rise Building. 4 Multiple or Mixed Occupancies A building, structure or facility where more than one class of occupancies exist is noted as Multiple or Mixed occupancy. Occupancies are often mixed and intermingled with one type of occupancy located and associated with other classes of occupancies, facilities, buildings and structures without a definite Fire Barrier such as Offices located in Showrooms, Shopping Centers, Souks, industrial facilities or hospitals. Similarly, assembly occupancy such as Malls or amusement parks intermingled with mercantile occupancies. Storage occupancy such as warehouses can house offices, thus qualifying as Mixed Occupancy. Industrial complexes like manufacturing units can have associated Storage ‘occupancies. A residential building with shops, showrooms and other mercantile occupancies at the ground floor without Fire Barrier are all considered multiple occupancy facilities. Where muttipie or mixed occupancies exist, each portion of the building is classified according to its use. MEP Design Manual 2016IworobucTion Separated Multiple Occupancies A building, structure or facility which houses multiple occupancies as in ‘Mixed Occupancies’ but with definite Fire Barriers, distinctive separate Exit Access and Exits, ‘separating’ the different classes of occupancies from each other. Business and Offices Occupancy or facility, building, structure used for commercial or non- commercial transaction of business, information, professional, law and governing matters such as the following: 64 General Business Offices 6.2. Government and Ministry Offices 6.3. Banking and Financial Offices 64, Engineer's Consulting Offices 65. Consultation Offices 7 66. Doctor's Consulting Offices 67. Lawyer's Consulting Offices 68. Corporate Offices 69. Typing, Translation & Visa processing Offices 6.10. Tours & Travel Offices 6.11. Money exchange & transfer Offices 6.12, Beautician’s Offices 6.13. Marketing and Sales Offices 6.14, Business development Offices 6.18. Media Offices Educational ‘An educational occupancy is a facility, structure or building used for educational purposes where academic activities are held for 6 hours or more such as Academies, Schools, Nurseries, Institutions and Course offering establishments. Assembly Assemblies are occupancies used for gatherings of 50 or more persons for deliberation, worship, entertainment, eating, drinking, amusement, awaiting transportation, or similar uses. Special amusement buildings, regardless of occupant load, are considered assembly occupancies. Mercantile ‘An occupancy used for the display and sale of merchandise. Jan Banham & Associates TBA) co MEP Design Manual 2016InrRoUeTION + 10. Healthéare, Hospitals, Clinics ‘An occupancy used for purposes of medical or other treatment or care of four or more persons where such occupants are mostly incapable of solf- preservation due to age, physical or mental disability, or because of security measures not under the occupants’ control. " Day-Care ‘An occupancy, in which four or ‘more clients receive care, maintenance and supervision by other than their relatives or legal guardians for less . than 24 hours per day. 12. Detention and Correctional ‘An occupancy used to house one or more persons under varied degrees of restraint or security where such occupants are mostly incapable of self- preservation because of security measures not under the occupants’ control 13. Labour and Staff Accommodation Labor accommodation is an occupancy where Lodging is provided for group of workers or laborers involved in projects, construction work and manufacturing etc. ‘Staff accommodation is an occupancy where group Lodging is provided for company, office or sales staff. Et 14. Industrial, Workshops, Factories ‘An occupaney in which products are manufactured or in which processing, assembling, mixing, packaging, finishing, decorating, or repair operations are conducted. 15. Storage, Warehouse ‘An occupancy used primarily for the storage or sheltering of goods, merchandise, products and vehicles. The plant nursery building is also included in this category because of the nature of storage. 16. Residential ‘An occupancy where housing for families is provided such as Villas, Group of Villas, Residential apariments with multiple dwelling units and bungalows. 7. Hotel ‘An occupancy where a building or group of buildings under one management provide sleeping and lodging facilities with or without meals for transients. UL AMBIENT CONDITIONS ‘All equipment, apparatus, materials and acessories used in installations shall be suitable for the purpose intended and capable of operating with satisfactory performance in the climatic conditions of the United Arab Emirates, which are as follows: lan Banham & Associates IBA} “10. (MEP Dasign Manual 2016Altitude 2 Sea level (Coastal) Max. outdoor ambient temp. (shade) : 48 °C (Dubai) 50°C (Abu Dhabi) Min, ambient air temperature 2 28°C Max. ambient air temperature 2 48°C Max. average over 24 hours 2 378°C Max. average over 1 year : 269°C Relative humicity 100% (Max.) ] Thunder storms per year : Occasional 1 i Earthquake loading : 007g F Wind speed 245 mls at 10m height Ground temperature 35 °C (at depth of 0.9 meters) — Dubai 35 °C (at depth of 0.9 meters) — Abu Dhabi Soil thermal resistivity 2 2.0°CImW wv INGRESS PROTECTION CODING SYSTEM The Ingress Protection (IP) coding system is specified in BS EN 60529. The first digit specifies protection against ingress of foreign objects of varying size, ranging from human hands or fingers to fine dust particles. The second digit specifies protection against ingress of water, ranging from free falling water, to immersion in water. In the case a third digit is specified, that digit relate to the impact protection provided for the equipment. BS EN 60529 does not specify protection against the risk of explosion, humidity or corrosive gases. If enclosures of equipment are drilled or knockouts removed, suitable measures should be taken to restore the equipment to the original IP rating. IP codes shall be as listed in Table (1). | | Table (1) Shows the Ingress Protection (IP Codes) i 7 r Third Di X Nottested ornot | X Not tested or not X_ Not tested or not applicable applicable. applicable. 0. No protection 0. No protection 0. Not tested or not : applicable 1. Human hand or 1. Vertically falling 1, 0.2254 impact or objects >50mm water 150g dropped form 15cm {an Banham & Associates [IBA] ate MEP Deelgn Manval 2016 - :InrRoDUCTION lan Barham & Associates [BA 2. Human finger or . Sprays of water <15° | 2. 0.375J impact or objects >42mm from vertical 250g dropped form 15cm 3. Objects >2.5mm . Sprays of water <60° | 3, 0.5J impact or 2509 (eg. tools or wires) | from vertical dropped form 20 em 4, Objects >4.0mm . Splashes of water 2J impact or 500g (e.g. small wires) (from any direction) dropped form 40 om 5. Limited protection | 5. Low pressure jets of | 8. 6J impact or 1.5kg against dust (to the | — water (from any dropped form 40 cm extent that does not director) harm the ‘equipment or impair safety) 6. Totally protected . Strong jets of water 20J impaet or 5.09 against dust (from any direction) dropped form 40 cm . Temporary immersion . Total immersion MEP Design’ Manual 2016IBA oom HEATING, VeNTLATION AND AR-CONDTIONNG (HVAC) I. CHAPTER - 1 HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) an Banham & Associates [BA] 14. MEP Desigh Menua! 2016omerert Hear, VenritArioN Ano AsR-Conomions (HVAC) CHAPTER 1 HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) 1.0 INTRODUCTION Air conditioning is the process of altering the physical properties of air, primarily temperature, humidity and dust content to more comfortable conditions, typically with the aim of distributing the conditioned air to an occupied space to improve thermal comfort and indoor air quality. ‘The space-cooling load is the rate at which heat must be removed from the space to maintain a constant temperature. The various modes of heat gain may be: . Solar radiation through transparent surfaces . Heat conduction through exterior walls and roofs. . Heat conduction through interior partitions, ceiling and floors. . Heat generated within the space by occupants, lights and appliances. . Energy transfer as a result of ventilation and infiltration of outdoor air, : * Miscellaneous heat gains This design guide is generally limited to comfort air-conditioning. Industrial air- conditioning and other specialized requirements are not included in this guide. The industry practice, in the guif region, is to follow ASHRAE guidelines and recommendation in design of HVAC systems. IBA uses Carrier HAP Software for cooling load estimation. 20 HEAT GAIN THROUGH ENVELOPE The various factors influencing the heat gain through envelope are: * Location and orientation of the project * Outside ambient temperatures . Inside space temperatures . Construction of envelope viz : U-values of external walls and roof - _ Usvalues of partitions - _Unalue and shade coefficient of extemal glazing. lan Banham & Associates [124] 18. MEP Design Manval 201624. 22. 16. ‘an Banham & Associates [18a] Craprent HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) Location The location (latitude) of selected cities is included in ASHRAE fundamentals handbook. Latitude of the important Arabian gulf cities extracted from ASHRAE Handbook is indicated hereunder: ‘Table (2) shows the location of cities and their latitude in degrees err ‘Abu Dhabi Muscat 23.58N | Cairo AlAin Kuwait 29.22 N* | Amman 31.94 N Dubai Jeddah 21.67N | Sanaa 15.34N ‘Sharjah Riyadh 24.72N_| Erbit 36.19N Doha Baghdad | 33.33N | Basrah 30.05 N Erbil Beirut 33.89N | Khartoum | 15.63N ‘The orientation of the project shall be obtained from the respective.Architect, Outside Ambient Conditions Design ambient conditions are generally taken from ASHRAE Fundamentals / Climatic Design information. 1 Warm-season temperature and humidity conditions are based on annual Percentiles of 0.4, 1.0 and 2.0. Cold season conditions are based on annual Percentiles of 99.6 and 99.0. Table (3) shows extracted data from ASHRAE Fundamentals that indicate the ambient conditions for various cities of the Arabian Gulf. 44.9/23.2 30.6/35,3 45.91223 |" 286/356 414 42.8/238 30.3/34,9 127 44.0/23.9 30.0/36.4 9.9 43.7 122.1 34.1/35.2 144 43.0/22.8 30.1/34.0 17.0 47.21206 28.0/34.7 32 45.1/246 45.0/19.0 21.9/36.8 4421187 __2097 _| 4097235 | 99.8/36.0 408/188 | 208263 16, MEP Design Manual 201623. 24. Ceaprent HEATING, VENTLATION AND ARR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) However for consistency among IBA Offices and in-line with the industry standard widely acknowledged by Local Professionals, design will be based on the following climatic conditions shown in table (4) below: Table (4) indicates the ambient conditions for various cities of the Arabian Gas recommended by the IBA. ‘Abu Dhabi City 46.01 29.4 Industry standard AlAin’ 48.0/ 31.7 Industry standard Dubai 46.0 / 29.0 Per DM requirements Doha 46.0 / 30.0 Industry standard Wherever authority requirements clearly identify the ambient design conditions, the same shall be strictly followed. Otherwise reference shall be made to ASHRAE and/or industry standard, Indoor Design Conditions In absence of specific requirements on a case-by-case basis, the following indoor ‘summer design conditions shall be used: . Residential / Commercial : 2341°C, 50% # 10% RH + . Private / VIP Villas Palace : 2141°C, 50% # 10% RH + Industrial Kitchens 1 26#4°C, 60% + 10% RH . Data Centers 1 1841°C, 50% + 5% RH RH: __ Relative humidity is the ratio of mole fraction of water vapor in a given air sample to the mole fraction in an air sample saturated at the same temperature and pressure. Or it can'be defined as the ratio of vapor partial pressure to the saturated vapor pressure at the same dry bulb temperature Therefore, RH is an indication of how much water the air at certain temperature and pressure can still absorb until it reaches saturation. RH cannot be precisely controlled unless there is either @ dedicated de-humidification or humidification system. In general air-conditioning applications, the process of water removal takes place at the same cooling coil doing the job of dropping the sensible dry bulb temperature of supply air. This normally provides rough control on RH maximum limit but cannot be relied on if precise control is. specifically required. Envelope Construction Envelope construction details for each project shall be obtained from the respective Architect and U-values calculated using the formula noted hereunder: u u value is the overall heat transfer coefficient (w/m?.k) 1/ERth 0 Jan Banham & Associates [IBA] meee [MEP Design Manual 2018i sean eo sesame IBA orm ee 25. 254. Where: Rth = X/K thermal resistance (m? kiw) X = Thickness (m) K = Conductivity (wim.k) ERth = Ro +E Rowtangiyer +Ri Where: Ry = 4h + Outside air film thermal resistance R, = 4h = Inside air film thermal resistance ‘Thermal properties of construction materials including the air film resistances are readily available in ASHRAE fundamentals handbook. Thermal properties of glass shall be obtained from the Architect of the respective project. Thermal properties of glass shalll be equal to or superior to the minimum values prescribed by the Authorities having jurisdiction. Average U-values shall be calculated for each project based on envelope Construction details received from the Architect. In any case these shall match or be superior to the following: : Table (5) shows the default U-values based on the Abu-Dhabi and Dubai municipality Pee Miare! k) Seas ree porns aMalals ie} Roof 0.31 0.30 External Wall 0.57 0.57 Reference was made to Dubai Reference was made to ‘Abu Dhabi Municipaity | Municipality requirements : pally | published under the circular eee Tae "Green Building regulations & to dama "S| Specification’ effective starting prescriptive path. March 2014” Internal Space Heat Gain Heat gain from people, lights, equipment, etc. is to be considered in this calculation. Heat Gain from People This depends on the number of people within the space and the activity in which they are engaged. ‘The number of people within a space could be obtained from one of the following sources: @ The Client or the Architect. b The furniture layout. ne oF people lon Banham & Associates [IBA 18. MEP Design Manual 2016BA sm HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) 2.5.2. b The Lighting Consultant The activity level is evident from the function of the space. Heat gain values from people are available in the ASHRAE fundamentals handbook. In general, default occupancy rates included in ASHRAE 62.1 shall be considered for design with the exception as noted hereunder. Following occupancy rates shall be considered in IBA designs for residential apartments/offices as shown in table (6): Table (6) Shows typical occupancy rate for space of different applications Bedroom 2 Kitchen 2 Living / Dining Room | (2x No. of bedroom) +2 Offices ‘15m¥/person Retail Shop ‘@m*/person ql Heat Gain from Lights The lighting loads (W/m?) for various spaces can be obtained from a The Electrical Engineer A ballast factor of 1.10 is considered in case of use of fluorescent lamps. Table (7) IBA designs use the following values for heat gain from lighting and miscellaneous equipment: Bedrooms 12 3 15 Living & Dining Area 12 8 20 Kitchens of apartments 10 350 W (totaly 7 Srtrance Lobby to i a 7 Offices 12 28 40 een Building 6 22 7 Shopping Mall Arcades 18 32 50 Retails Shops in Malls 18 52 70 Gymnasium 10 40 60 Cafeteria 13 17 30 Jan Bonham & Associoee [A] “18. [MEP Design Manual 2016cunprert HEATING, VeNTRATION AND AlR-CONDTIONNG (HVAC) xd Lounges/Lobbies/Pre- fniene 13 a7 50 ial Libraries/Lecture Halls 12 18 30 Ball Rooms in Hotels, 14 @t 75 Meeting Rooms in Hotels 7 id 7 Entertainment Areas 13 37 50 Auditoriums 15 15 30 Stages 36 44 80 Table (8) Data Centers / Servers | a. Low Density 510 i” b. Medium Density 760 7 ©. High Density 1010 7 * In Line with ASHRAE 90.1 “* Check with the Telecommunication Engineer 2.53, Ventilation and Infiltration * Ventilation rates for fresh air shall be based on rote adtign oh ASAE Ered oy shall be considered in TSA designs. * Extract from toilets / residential kitchens. Table (9) Referring to ASHRAE 6: 2010 shows the extract requirements Residential Kitchen 25 Private Toilet 12.5 (without shower or bath tub) i Public Toilet 25 per WC or urinal a ‘an Banham & Associats IBA 20. [MEP Desig Manual 2018craprert HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONOTIONNG (HVAC), For IBA reference, the following adjusted table (10) will be used: Table (10) shows the extract requirements being used by IBA for various usages Kitchen in Furnished Apartment - Kitchen in Non-furished 50. 7 Apartment Private Toilet 25 Including shower/bath tub Public Toilet 25 - In general, the following pressure relationship shall be maintained: + Kitchens/toilets/bathrooms : Negative with respect to adjacent ‘spaces. * Complete Apartment : Neutral or negative with respect to common corridors and lift lobby. a Car Park Ventilation i In all IBA designs, where mechanical ventilation is required for car parks, it shall be designed as:a ducted installation. Mechanical ventilation by jet fans is not acceptable to most of the jurisdiction | Authorities in this region and hence this shall not be applied to IBA designs. ii Extract ventilation rate shall be: 1 3 ACH for normal ventilation. 2. 6 ACH for high CO concentration. 3. 10 ACH for smoke extract (unless otherwise required by the Authorities having jurisdiction). iii Makeup air for basement car parks shall be provided at 90 percent of extract rate. Makeup air for the first basement shall be generally considered to flow in through the ramps, subject to air velocity through the ramp not exceeding 1 m/sec. { iv Extract ducts shall be designed to extract 50 percent at high level ! and 50 percent at low level. Provision shall be made for 100 percent extract at high level during smoke extract. pe v Above ground car parks with 50 percent open area in the elevation shall be considered as naturally ventilated as per UAE code. b Corridor smoke extract in High Rise Buildings: i ‘Smoke extract shall be provided for corridors designed at 10 ACH. ‘Smoke extract ductwork shall be fire rated and ducted to ceiling inlets. Smoke extract fan shall be designed to extract smoke from the fire floor only. Jan Banham & Associates A] a MEP Design Manual 2016canoer HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONNG (HVAC) ii Makeup air at 6 ACH shall be provided. Make up air fan shall be designed to pressurize three floors simultaneously, the fire floor and the floors immediately above and below the fire floor. 1. Incase of fre within an occupied space of a particular floor, the egress corridor of the affected floor along with the corridors of the floors immediately above and below that floor shall be pressurized by makeup air fans. 2. In case of a fire within the egress corridor of a particular floor, the smoke extract fan shall run to extract smoke from the fire floor. ‘ Staircase Pressurization Alll staircases shall be pressurized in the event of a fire within the building. Design of staircase pressurization shall be on the following basis: i ‘Type of building: Single injection for low-rise buildings and multiple injections for high-rise buildings. i High rise buildings : With-three open doors considering an air velocity of 1 m/sec iii Air leakage from closed doors : A 2mm gap shall be considered to calculate the amount of air escaping through closed doors. iv Pressure relationship : Minimum pressure differential between staircase and staircase lobby: 1. Sprinklered buildings : 125Pa 2. Non sprinklered buildings : 25Pa v Maximum door opening force 2 133N. Infitration: Infiltration is the flow of outdoor air into the building through cracks and other unintentional openings and through the normal use of exterior doors for entrance and exit. It is sometimes referred to as air leakage into the building. Infitration is normally more noticeable in winter than in summer due to the higher temperature gradient between outside and inside in addition to the higher wind spieed in winter. “When positive air pressure is assumed, most designers do not include infiltration in Cooling Load calculations for commercial buildings” quoted from ASHRAE Fundamentals. Nevertholess, it has been noticed that considering 0.36 ACH of infitration incteases the credibility of A/C load calculations and minimizes likelihood of cooling capacity shortages, Care shall be exercised for certain usages such as loading bays, check Posts and groceries, higher infiltration rates shall be considered. lan Banham & Associates BA} oz MEP Desigh Manual 2016: 254. 255, creer HEATING, VeNTLATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAG) Psychrometrics: Psychrometric or hygrometry are terms used to describe the field of engineering ‘concemed with the determination of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas-vapour mixtures, A psychrometric chart is a graphic representation of the psychrometric properties of air. By using psychrometric charts HVAC Engineers can graphically analyse different types of. psychrometric processes and find solutions to many practical problems without having to carryout mathematical calculations. The following definitions are referenced in psychrometric charts, a Dry Bulb Temperature: The temperature of air read on a standard thermometer and shown on the chart by straight vertical lines. Scale is at bottom of chart. Unit - degree C, abbreviated DB. b Wet Bulb Temperature: The wet bulb temperature above 0 °C is the temperature indicated by a thermometer whose bulb is covered by a wet, wick and exposed to a stream of air moving at a velocity of 5 meters per second. Scale is on curved line at left edge of chart. Unit-— degree C, symbol — WB. © Moisture Content: The mass of water vapor in each kg of dry air. This is also known as specific humidity. On the chart, these fines are straight horizontal lines at right angles to the dry bulb lines. The units uséd are kg of moisture per kg of dry air. Symbol ig W. 4 Enthalpy: A thermodynamic property which serves as a measure of the heat energy in a system above some datum temperature, for air 0 °C and water 0 °C. In this case, it represents the energy in one kg of dry air and W g's of moisture associated with it. Units — Kj per kg of dry air, symbol ~h. © Specific Volume: The cubic meter of the mixture per kg of dry air, symbol Relative Humidity: The ratio of the mol fraction of water vapor in a mixture to the mol fraction of water vapor in saturated air at the same dry bulb temperature and barometric pressure. Unit — percent, symbol - Greek letter phi (§) or RH. 9 Sensible Heat Ratio: The ratio of the sensible heat to the total heat in a process. Units - none, Symbol ~ SHR. IBA Engineers are advised to refer to one of the acknowledged design references to understand the various processes. Useful formulas and unit conversions: Cooling process requires a change in sensible energy, in latent energy, or in both, Sensible energy is related to changing the dry bulb temperature of air. Latent energy is related to changing the moisture content of air. In $.1 Units: ‘Sensible Load (W) = 1.232 x Lis x AT (°C) Latent Load (W) = 3012 x Lis x AW (g water/Kg dry. air) Total Load (W) = Sensible + Latent = 1.20 x is x Ah (Kj/ Kg) lan Bonham & Associotes (124) oe [MEP Design Manual 2018eee ee Cuerert Hearne, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONNG (HVAC) In LP Units: Sensible Load (BTU/Hr.) = 1.08 x cfm x AT °F’ Latent Load (BTU/Hr.) = 4840 x ofm x Aw (Lb wateriLb dry. air) Total Load (BTU/Hr.) = 4.5 x cfm x Ah (BTU/L) Aw: Difference in moisture content of entering and leaving air. AT ©: Difference between and leaving dry bulb temperature. i Ah Difference in enthalpy of entering and leaving air. Useful Conversions: 4 Ton Ref. = 12,000 BTU/Hr 8 12MBH = 3.517 KW 4MBH = 1000 BTU/Hr. cr = 5/9 (F°-32) = (Fea2)/18 * AT (C*) = ATP) 18 aT (e) = 1.8AT(C) 1Us = 242chm i 1Kg "5 220ub HVAC Systems and Equipment HVAC systems are classified into two basic types: Decentralized Type: In these air-conditioning systems air is cooled by direct — expansion, through unitary A/C equipment. ‘Components in unitary units are factory-designed and assembled into a package that includes fans, filters, heating sources, cooling coil, refrigerant ‘compressors, condenser and controls. ‘Commercial grade unitary equipment packages are available only in pre- established increments of capacity with set performance parameters such as the sensible heat ratio at a given room condition or airflow per kilowatt of refrigeration capacity. Examples of Decentralized Unitary Equipment: i Window/Through-The-Wall Air-Conditioners ii Split Systems (OX split units). ili Multiple-Unit Variable Reftigerant System (VRF) iv Outdoor Package System. Centralized Type = Centralized systems are characterized by central refrigeration/heating plant generating chilled waterlheating water which is distributed to AHU’s/FCU's via insulated piping network. lan Banham & Associate [IBA] eae ‘ (MEP Design Manual 2018onmrrert HexTING, VENTILATION ANO ABR-CONDTIONING (HVAC) - i District Cooling System: For large scale, high density developments district cooling is particularly suitable where the energy (cooling) is generated at Central Piant of industrial standard and then distributed through a network of piping to different buildings either directly or via Energy ‘Transfer Stations (ETS). Advantages of District Cooling Systems from the perspective of Developers/Customers: 1. Major saving in the upfront investment due to elimination of the generation plant cost aldng with the electrical substation. However this will spread over the contract Period with the District Cooling provider. 2. Major saving to space in the building side which was supposed to be reserved for plant equipment such as; chillers, pumps, cooling towers, electrical substations, etc... 3. Greater reliability of services as industrial grade equipment will be used and will be maintained by dedicated competent operation and maintenance team. 4. Provides a sustainable design option as District Energy Providers are in better position than individual Customers & Developers to implement alternative power sources such as oil, steam, natural gas, coal, etc. ii Water Chillers, Water chillers are one of the primary equipment of centralized type systems and mainly divided into two types: 1, Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycles Chillers 7 Air cooled packaged water chillers, Water cooled packaged water chillers Table (11) shows comparison between Air-Cooled Chillers and Water Cooled Chillers Quicker availability Higher efficiency | No cooling tower or condenser | Custom selection in larger sizes pumps required Less maintenance No mechanical room required Larger tonnage capacities Higher power consumption Lower power consumption Shorter life spam Longer life spam The decision on the type of chillers to be used shall be studied carefully considering the advantage and disadvantages mentioned above. lan Banham & Ascosiatos [BA] MEP Design Manual 2016 inanimatecomprerst HEATING, VENTILATION AND ANR-CoNo TIONING (HVAC) The following particular conditions shall be analyzed based on the Project location and local authorities: 7 Water and electricity infrastructure availabilty. - Estidama/LEED applicability, - Local approving authority specifically water department. Absorption Cycle Chillers: ‘An absorption chiller is a maching which uses a heat source to generate chilled water rather.than electrical source that is used in vapor compression cycle, As the same in vapor compression cycle, absorption cycle achieve removing heat using the evaporation of a refrigerant at low pressure and the ejection of heat using the condensation of the refrigerant at high pressure. The major difference between a vapor compréssion system and an absorption chiller is that a vapor compression system uses a compressor to make the pressure difference required to circulate the refrigerant while the absorption chiller uses heat. ' The absorption chillers is very attractive because it uses energy in the form of heat, such as solar or waste heat, ‘makes its use of work input and saving money. Also it can work with industrial waste heat streams. Absorption chillers are not suitable for the climatic conditions of the Gulf and hence are not generally used in this region, ce In IBA designs, the following conditions are considered for chillers: Air Cooled Chillers on Barhom & Asocites BA) 1 Chilled water supply & retum temperatures of 5.55 & 12.22 °C, ie. AT = 6.67 °C. Condenser entering air temperature equal to the design ambient temperature (46 °C). Water Cooled Chillers: 1 Chilled water supply & return temperatures of 5.55 & 13.33, °C, ie. AT = 7.78 °C. Condenser entering & leaving water temperature of 35 & 40.5 °C, i.e. AT = 5.5 °C (From Cooling Towers). Cooling towers shall be selected at 46°C DB / 31°C WB. 26 MEP Dosigé Manual 2016cenprene HEATING, VENTILATION AND AlR-Conomionana (HVAC) d * Types of Compressors Following types of compressors are generally used in HVAC equipment: i Scroll ii Screw ii Reciprocating Centrifugal © Type of Refrigerants The main refrigerant types used in HVAC industry are chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), hydro chiorofluorocarbons (HCFC) and hydro fluorocarbons (HFC). CFC and HCFC have high ODP (ozone depletion potential) and are either phased out or being phased out. CFC refrigerants have been phased out of production on January 01, 1996. HCFC refrigerants shall be phased out, of production in 2030. Following HFC refrigerants are currently used in HVAC equipment because of their insignificant ODP i R13da : ii AOTC ; ; li RATOA : f Performance related terms used by ARI for alt-cooled chillers : i efficiency: EER is measure of a chiller’s efficiency at full load based on the rating condition. COP and kWiton are other methods of depicting the efficiency. EER = Output, Cooler Tons (Btuh) / Input, Total Chiller (Watts) cop = Output, Cooler Tons (Btuh) / Input, Total Chiller (Btu/hr) kwiton = _Input, Total Chiller (kW) / Output, Cooler (tons) cop = EER/3.414 EER = 121 (kWhon) ii __ Integrated Part-Load Value (IPLV): IPL is used to evaluate the efficiency of a chiller operating in the Cooling mode over a range of points. IPLV is a weighted average of the EER calculated at 100, 75, 50 and 25 percent of chiller capacity. The IPLV conditions may not represent any specific project but are considered typical. The conditions and equation for IPLV are listed in the table (12) below: lan Barham & Astocites (14) tr MEP Design Manual 2016onmerert HEATING VENTILATION aN ArR-CoNOMTIONG (HVAC) Table (12) shows the IPLV for different chiller operating conditions 100 95 1% 75 80 42% 50 65 45% 25 55 12% IPLV = 0.01A + 0.428 + 0.46C + 0.120 Where: A = [EERor COP] at 100% load B = [EER or COP] at 75% load C = [EER or COP] at 50% load D = [EER or COP] at 25% load IPLV is commonly expressed as either a kW/ton value or in units of EER. There is a fixed relationship between kWiton and EER, EER = 12/(kWiton) ; This relationship shows that EER increase as kW/ton decrease, and vice versa, Therefore, a “better” IPLV is shown as a lower value when the units are KWiton, and, due to the relationship just described, a “better” IPLV is a higher value when the units are ‘expressed in terms of EER. Non-Standard Part-Load Value (NPLV): NPLY is similar to IPLV, except NPLV is the term used if the chiller selection conditions are not exactly at the ARI conditions specified earlier. Centrifugal Pumps: The pumps used in IBA designs are either End suction pumps Horizontal split case pumps End suction pumps are generally used for flow rates upto 1000 USGPM and horizontal split case pumps are used for flows above 1000 USGPM End suction pumps have lower efficiency (range 50 — 70%) as compared {o horizontal split case pumps (range 60-80%). Jan Banham & Associates [BA] 2 [MEP Design Manuel 2016Cunerer-t Heataa, VenTaATion ao Ast Conomionng (HVAC) Table (13) shows affinity laws for centrifugal pumps at different conditions Constant | Variable | Constant Flow Variable | Constant Hoad BHP (ork) | MSuspees New Spaed Constant | Variable | BHP (orkW) | "Sa-Spasg Formula for Motor Power Calculation ; i QxH Punts P= ae Where, P= Power (HP) = Flow Capacity (USGPM) Ho = Head (ft) tp = Pumpefficiency tim = Motor efficiency ; e oH siunis P= ae i Where, P = Power (kW) = Flow Capacity (m/HR) H Head (m) ne = Pump efficiency tm = Motor efficiency ton Bantam & Assis TBA} 2 eP Design Maru! 2013IBAL os HEATING, VeNTUATION ANO AR-CONDMONING (HVAC) h Fans ° The fans used in IBA designs are either i Axial flow fans i Centrifugal fans Mixed flow fans Formula for Motor Power Calculation IPUnits P= we - : Where, P = Power (HP) crM = Flow in f2min PW = Pressure inches WG ; af = Fan efficiency am = Motor efficiency SlUnits P= a : Where, i, P = Power (W) Q Flow in mes dp = Pressure in pa nf = Fan efficiency am = Motor efficiency i Air-conditioning and Ventilation Duets: Ducts can be sized using one of the following methods: i Equal friction Static Fegain li Velocity method On IBA projects, ductwork shall be designed on equal friction method within the following limits: For Air Handling Units: Supply air duct : Maximum velocity = (1500 FPM) 7.60 mis Maximum pressure drop = ( “or ) 0.60Pa/M on Banham & Associates (8A 30. MEP Design’ Manual 2016‘compre HEATING, VENTLATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAC) Retum air duct : Maximum velocity * = (1200 FPM)6.10 m/s Maximum pressure drop = ( foot) 0.50Pa/M For Fan Coil Units: ‘Supply/return air ducts: Maximum velocity = (900 FPM) 4.50 mis ‘Maximum pressure drop = (“oor Sat) 0.40Pa/M For central extract fans : Maximum velocity « = (1800 FPM) 9.10 m/s | Fresh Air Units : Maximum pressure drop = ( “og") O80PaM i For smoke extract fans : Maximum velocity = (2200 FPM) 11.2 mis Maximum pressure drop, = ( “ton ) 1.20PaIM For kitchen extract duct : Maximum velocity = (1800 FPM) 9.10 m/s For commercial kitchen : Minimum velocity = (1500 FPM) 7.60 m/s The above limits may be exceeded in areas where space restrictions exist. IBA Engineers shall either use a standard ductulator or the Duct sizer software. i Air Outlets and Inlets Sizing Guidelines i Quick selection for air terminals can be carried out based on face velocity of (400 FPM) 2 m/s. For example, a supply grille with 200 Lis can be sized as follows: { 02mis / 2ms = 0.1 m' (face area) ii Possible Combinations: 1. VO1= — 0.31x0.31 (or) | 10x04 (or) 0.87 x 0.15 ii Air intake louvers — without sand trap ~ can be sized on a face velocity of 1.5 ms (300 fpm). iv Air intake louvers - with sand trap can be sized on a face velocity of 1.0 mis (200 fpm) vy Extract air louver can be sized on a face velocity of 2 m/s (400 fpm). Note: Face velocity means gross area and not net area. Jon Banham & Associates [IBA] ot MEP Design Manual 2018k Hydronic Pipes 2 Q ae Where, Q mh Cp aT Where, q TR aT InStunits q Where, q kw AT on the following criteria: For pipe sizes upto @ 60mm (2” @) For headers ‘an Barham & Associates 1A) InP Units q For pipe sizes above 250mm upto ©200mm (2° and upto 8°) " For pipe size above 2200mm (8°): Maximum velocity canpreR a HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDITIONING (HVAG) Chilled water flows shall be established using the following formula: thCp aT total cooling capacity in (KW) chilled water flow rate in (Kg/s) specific heat of chilled water media which is 4.186 KJ/Kg.°C’ temperature difference between supply & return chilled water in(°C) The above formula is further simplified for quick calculations = IRx24 SEAT ‘ Chilled water flow in USGPM Tons of refrigeration Chilled water temperature differential in deg F 0.24 kW AT Chilled water flow in Vs Cooling capacity Chilled water temperature differential in deg C Chilled water pipes within bulldings and limited compounds shall be sized based : Maximum pressure drop = 600 Pa/m (6 #t/100 ft) 1.2 mlsec. (4 filsec.) 400 Pa/m (4 10100 ft) Maximum velocity + Maximum pressure drop a Maximum velocity = 24 misec. (8 flsec.) = 3.0 missec (10 f/sec) : Inthe velocity range = 1.8 02.4 misec. (6 to 8 f/sec) Pipe sizing charts are readily available in any of the acknowledged documents. 2. MEP Design Manual 2016chaprert HEATING, VENTILATION AND AIR-CONDTIONNS (HVAC) For large pipe sizes outside the range of these charts, use the following Hazen Williams equation: sho = 6819L () v0 (3) er Ah = head loss in meters L = Length of pipe in meters v = Fluid velocity in m/s c = 150— for plastic and copper pipes : 140 - for steel pipes i D = Intemal diameter of pipe in meters. {fan Banham & Ascocites [BA] com MEP Design Manual 2016IBA ops f PLUMBING SYSTEM CHAPTER - 2 PLUMBING SYSTEM fan Banham & Associates [84] He [MEP Desigs Manual 2016IBA coms at CHAPTER 2 PLUMBING SYSTEM 10 14. 412, WATER SUPPLY Cold Water System Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide can be used. ‘Abu Dhabi Municipality has published in 2009 the Uniform Plumbing Code of Abu Dhabi Emirate. Water and Drainage Design shall follow this Code as per Local requirements for all projects located in Abu Dhabi. The provision of ground/underground water storage tank is a’ mandatory requirement in UAE and direct main feed to draw off points is not allowed. Consideration shail be given to the possibility of splitting the storage tank so that cleaning and maintenance can be done without interrupting the water distribution. IBA designs consider water storage equal to twice the daily demand of the respective project, equally divided between the ground/underground tank and the roof water storage tank. : In commercial buildings water transfer pumps are sized to fil the roof tank within a period of 4 to 6 hours based on the volume of water to be stored. For villas, water ‘transfer pumps shall be sized to fill the roof tank within a period of 1 to 2 hours. Booster pumpsets are sized based on the loading units served by the pump set. It is always preferable to plan for flooded positive suction for the water liting/boosting pumps to avoid priming probléms. In case of using end suction pumps with negative suction care shall be taken that the maximum vertical height of suction line shall not exceed 2.5 meters. Hot Water Systems Hot water storage for IBA projects shall be calculated on the recommendation of one of the following: . Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide. . ASHRAE, . Client/Operator requirements/Guidelines. For projects with unit electric water heaters, IBA designs include: + 50litre heaters for bathrooms (without bathtub) © 80litre heaters for bathrooms (with bathtub). * 50 lire heaters for kitchens. For projects with solar water heaters, it is recommended to use the daily hot water demand figures from Plumbing Engineering services design guide for sizing of hot water storage tanks. For projects with central hot water storage Calorifiers, the maximum working pressure shall be limited to 10 bars. A hot water circulation system is provided to ensure availability of hot water at the draw off points at all times. lan Banham & Associatos (184) 96. MEP Design Manual 201620 couerer-2 Pua SvSTeM A quick method for sizing of recirculating pumps is included hereunder: + Determine total length of all hot water supply and retum piping. . ‘Multiply this total by (30 Btu/h.ft) 28.8 Wim to obtain approximate total heat loss in (Btu/h) W for covered pipe. For uninsulated pipe, use (60 Btu/h. ft) 57.7 Wim. Actual heat losses in pipes for (140 °F) 60°C water in pipe and (70 *F) 21°C ambient temperature of (30 and 60 Btu/h. fi) 28.8 and 57.7 Wim are recommended for ease in calculation. + Divide total heat loss by (10,000) 40000 to obtain total pump capacity in (GPM) Us. Required circulating pump capacity is based on (8.33 Ib water/gal) 1 kg waterfit. 3600 s/h (60 min/h) (20°F) 11.1°C allowable temperature drop = (10,000) 40,000. . Select a pump to provide the required (GPM) L/s and obtain from the pump curves the head created at this flow. . Multiply the head by 100 and divide by the total length of hot water return piping to determine the allowable friction loss per (100 ft) 100m of pipe. * Determine the required (GPM) Lis in each circulating loop and size the hot water return pipe based on this (GPM) L/s and the allowable friction loss from Step-5. Please note the recommended storage volumes are based on the following: ' + Re-heat period is two hours. : © The inlet water temperature is 20 °C. * The hot water storage temperature is 65 °C. If the above criteria are changed, hot water storage volumes need to be reconsidered. 7 For example if solar hot water system is considered, the two-hour re-heat criteria is not applicable, therefore indicated volumes ere not valid. Generally when solar hot water system is implemented as the primary source, the daily hot water demand shall be increased by 50 percent. Water Pipe Sizing To size the water network piping it is necessary to establish a calculation method, which reflects a maximum simultaneous design flow rate for every pipe segment. This is normally best done by the loading unit method which assigns a numeric figure that takes into account the type of fixtures, its capacity, flow rate, period of use and frequency of use. The loading unit table extracted from the Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide is indicated hereunder: Table (14) shows the loading units, the type, of appliance and its frequency of usage fan Basham & Associaes BA} 6. MEP Design Manual 2016Basin, 15mm sep. taps 1 Basin, 2 x 6mm mix. Tap 1 Sink, 15mm sepimix tap 2 Sink, 20mm sep/mix tap Bath, 15mm sep/mix tap 4 Bath, 20mm sep/mix tap WC suite, 6 litre cistern 1 ‘Shower, 15mm head 2 Urinal, single bowl/stall : Bidet, 15mm mix tap 1 Hand spray, 15mm = Bucket sink, 15mm taps - Slop hopper, cistern only : ale|s}—|a[s/olr{a}eolw]afafr Slop hopper, cistem/taps : Clothes washing mic, dom 2 Dishwasher m/c domestic 2 : - Please note this identifies the LU for either cold or hot: demand, therefore it is required that the LU of cold water be multiplied by two for fixtures with cold and hot water supply. Low frequency is appropriate for dwellings and in other buildings where appliances are dedicated for use by a single person on'a small group of people as a private facility. Medium frequency is suitable for appliances to be used by a larger group of people typically associated with public toilets. High frequency is for appliances to be used by a large number of people over a short period such as theaters, concert halls, fixed period sports events, etc, Flow rate of water in L's equivalent to the resulting total LU can be found from pipe sizing charts available in the referenced documents. Normal velocity range for water piping network between 0.8 mis and 1.8 mis. Higher velocities up to 2.6 m/s cah be reached under certain conditions. Pressure drop should be in the range of 0.02 to 0.05 m/m length. Residual pressure at most remote fixture shall generally be about 2.0 bar unless there is specifically higher pressure requirements for certain appliances/fiture. in occupied spaces should be Pipe sizing charts for copper pipes shall be considered in IBA design. lan Barham & Ascocistos (1A) oa [NEP Design Manual 2016IBA nim 3.0 40 5.0 Design Aspects for Plumbing Systems ‘The common practice for water system design in UAE is to have an underground tank sized to store one daily water demand. This water then gets transferred to an overhead storage tank sized to store one daily demand as well. It is possible in principle to adjust the storage capacity of underground and overhead tanks to respect architectural/structural restrictions provided that the overall water storage for both underground and overhead tanks together does not exceed twice the daily demand, For projects with pressurized distribution systems, the roof (overhead) storage tank shall not be required. The underground water storage tanks for such projects shall be sized for minimum twice the dally demand. Water Treatment Water utility in Abu Dhabi and Dubai is generally received from distribution companies at relatively high quality. Water analysis reports for Abu Dhabi Distribution Company (ADDC) indicate a hardness of less than 50 mgllit. i.e. (60 ppm) or 2.92 grain/gallon. Hardness levels up to 170 ppm for general hot water and 120 ppm for kitchen and laundry applications are normally acceptable and do not require introducing softners. However care shall be exercised that specific application such &s steam boilers may need substantially low hardness levels. These evidently require dedicated softners. Softening packages specified with major equipment such as steam boilers may not be capable of handling incoming feed water at higher than 60 ppm. Thus'it might be necessary in some cases to have first stage softening units with storage tanks feeding into second stage of dedicated sofiners such as those normally specified with steam boilers. ‘Sand filters are highly recommended to minimize suspended particles in water and protect equipments and mixers against reduced performance as a result of these solid particles. Additional cartridge filters can be provided down stream sand fillers to provide further fitration stage and improve quality of water. Cold water in UAE is likely to be received at high temperatures sometimes exceeding 35°C. In critical applications and buildings with meticulous Clients, cooling of incoming water (conventionally called cold water) shall be considered. This generally applies to hotels, hospitals and palaces. A temperature of 21°C is a good target in absence of specific requirements, ‘Steam Generation and Distribution Steam is water, which has taken in heat and passed through to the complete vaporization stage. Steam distribution systems are classified as low pressure and high pressure. Low-pressure systems require larger pipe diameters as compared to high- pressure systems for the same steam flow rate. Steam pipework is sized either by ‘an Banham & Associates [6A] a MEP Design Manual 2016IBA ee Table (16) shows the Typical Frequency Factor (K) for different usages Intermittent use, e.g. in dwelling, guesthouse, office 05 Frequent use, e.g. in hospital school, restaurant, hotel O7 Congested use, e.g, in toilets andior showers open to| 1.0 public Special use, e.g, laboratory 12 ¢ Total Flow Rate (Qa) . exis the design flow rate in a part or in the whole drainage system where sanitary appliances. Appliances with continuous flow and/or wastewater pumps are connected to the system. Continuous flows and pump discharge rates shall be added to the wastewater flow rate without any reduction. | Que = Qu Qe# Qp / Where, i Qa = Total flow rate (V/s) i Qw = Waste water flow rate (V/s) : I a Continuous flow rate (Ws) Qe = Pumped water flow rate (V/s) j d Calculation Rules ‘The pipe capacity (Qnax) shall be at least the large of: i The calculated waste water flow rate (Quw) or total flow rate (tot) or 3 it The flow rate of the appliance with the largest unit (see Table-2). 3.0 STACK SIZING GUIDELINES. Drainage stacks, in general, shall be sized as per the following guide shown in # table (17): Table (17) shows thé Drainage Stacks Sizing for Different Building Heights soe eesee ii Soil 110 160 Waste 110 160 Vent. 75 110 Rain water 140 160 Please note the above table is based on some assumption such as: lan Banham & Associates [104] 4 MEP Design Manual 2016 4L 40 5.0 g Curren DaANAGE SYSTEM a __ The rainwater is distributed among multiple stacks connected to rain water outlets on the roof. Maximum catchment area per stack shall be limited to 400m, b _Soildwaste stacks are distributed throughout floor plate such that each stack receives from one or two toilets at each floor. if in doubt, designer is advised to carry out hydraulic calculations. Typical drain outlet sizes (mm) shall be as shown in table (18) below: Table (18) shows the drain outlet for different applications ia o D} we 110 WHB 32 Kitchen sink 40 Floor drain 75 Bath tub/shower 40 Washing M/C 40 COMMERCIAL KITCHENS Commercial kitchens are required by codes to be provided with’ grease interceptors to eliminate the greaseladen drainage from flowing into public network causing blockages and degradation of treatment piants. The grease interceptors normally promote cooling, coagulation and retention of grease. Grease interceptors should be located outside the kitchen, ideally in an external location, which can be conveniently accessed for periodic emptying and cleaning, In order to empty the conventional grease interceptor, the top access should be opened. This is generally an inconvenient process with great chances for objectionable smell. In situations where this process is unacceptable, consideration shall be given to using automatic grease separators with shredder mix system equipped with macerating pumps. This type allows emptying the grease content by direct connection to the bottom of the grease separator without having to open the top access of the grease tank. HDPE pipes have better characteristics in tolerating high temperature discharge ‘compared to normal uPVC pipes. Thus in commercial kitchens, designers are advised to specify HDPE in lieu of uPVC. Grease interceptors shall be provided for villa kitchens in compliance with the Fequirements of the Authorities having jurisdiction. DRAINAGE PUMPING When drainage pumping is inevitable due to physical limitations or any other reasons, the following shall be taken care of: @ Capacity of the duty pump shall be based on the discharge unit method. {an Banham & Associates IBA) a [MEP Design Manval 20166.0 80 currers DRANAGE SYSTEM b Size the wet-well capacity of the sump pit (under the level of the lowest invert incoming drain pipe) to be sufficient to contain not less than 6 minutes of continuous incoming drain at the peak flow. ce ‘Specify the second pump of the pumpset to work on backup basis where each pump will deliver 100% of the load. d Verify that the discharge delivery pipe is sized to allow for the flow of the two pumps. Verify that the carrying capacity of the gravity discharge point is adequate for the combined flow rate in case both pumps work together, otherwise size the buffer tank (pressure reducing manhole) to be able to take up to extra surge and slow it down into the gravity system as per the available carrying capacity. Refer to pipe sizing charts included in the referenced documents for carrying capacity of gravity drainpipes. STORM WATER DRAINAGE Storm water drainage for roofs of buildings is necessary for the following main Teasons: a Maintain. structural integrity of buildings by not allowing unpredictable additional load accumulation on the roof. b Preventing water accumulation and pond formation on the roof leading to water penetration into the building and its structure. ce Preventing random spillage of water from building roof from unfavorable locations. UAE is an arid area where annual rain quantities are fairly low. Nevertheless there are great chances of very intensive and severe storms occurring for short durations generating high amount of water, which require a reliable system to discharge it adequately to safe locations. UAE codes do not allow combined systems where storm water is combined with sewerage drainage, thus separate storm water system shall always be designed. ‘There has not been a clear rainfall map and database for UAE from reliable source such as Airportimetrological departments tabulating rain data for designers. ‘Therefore, we will consider 50mm/Hr. as the design rainfall intensity for roofs. Refer to pipe sizing and outlet sizing charts included in the referenced documents for design of storm water installation. CAR PARK DRAINAGE, Drainage from car parks shall pass through sand traps prior to discharge to the city sewer infrastructure. Where required by Authority having jurisdiction, oil and grease interceptors shall be provided. COMMERCIAL LAUNDRIES Drainage from washers shall pass through lint interceptors prior to discharge to the city sewer infrastructure. Drainage pipe sizing shall be carefully studied to ensure flowing does not take place. Jan Banham & Associates [IBA] 45 [MEP Design Manual 2016+ Crnprers PRED GAs SERVICES CHAPTER - 4 PIPED GAS SERVICES ‘Banham & Associates BA) 46. MEP Desig Manual 2016BA somes NFPA-58 — Liquified Petroleum Gas code allows LP-Gas vapor at pressure up to (20 Psi) 1.38 bar to be piped into buildings. Thus in case storage tanks are far ‘away from draw-off destination, it is possible to use first stage regulator to regulate the down stream pressure to 1.38 bar before reaching the second stage regulator. This may help reduce pipe sizes. 13. LPG Maximum Demand Consumption of LPG and flow in pipes is usually described in m*thr., which Is usually derived from the heat input value given by kitchen consultant. For residential kitchen cookers the heat input is normally gbout 14.7 KW or 50,000 BTUMHr. 1 Using the calorific value of LPG, the flow rate of gas will be 0.5 m3/hr (2 litres/hr in i liquid state). The general formula for estimating the maximum probable design flow rate (peak) is: Qnax = E Quast X coincidence factor of operation x loading factor > Where, * Coincidence factor of operation = maximum percentage of appliances expected fo work simultaneously. ‘ + Loading factor : expected loading percantage of operation out of maximum rated input of individual appliances. 14, LPG Pipe Sizing i LPG pipes shall be sized such that gas will pass through the pipe work at the required flow rate to feed all appliances having simultaneous operation, yet maintaining the required operating pressure at the delivery point. A 10 percent pressure drop was found to give satisfactory results. Pipe sizing charts are available in the referenced documents. 15. LPG Vaporizers Where LPG storage tanks are unable to meet the LPG demand by natural vaporization, LPG vaporizers shall be provided. Vaporizers shalll be sized for full load. NG (NATURAL GAS) References: 1. British Standards ~ Plumbing Engineering Services Design Guide 2. NFPA-54, National Fuel Gas Code 3. Natural Gas in Buildings - By ADNOC dated 2006. Natural Gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons usually found in deep underground reservoirs formed naturally by porous rocks. The Natural Gas ulility is normally delivered from high-pressure infrastructure to developers and customers through piping network. Not all districts in UAE have NG infrastructure, therefore the designer shall always check at the inception stage the NG utility availability. ses to S Jan Banham & Associates [IBA] 49. MEP Design Manual 20162A. 22, ciuprend PIED GAS SERVICES When the Natural Gas distribution system is made available, the use of LPG within urban environment will decline, as it will no longer be necessary to transport and store LPG in the city and individual buildings. Natural Gas utilities reaching consumers through buried network is more modem, convenient, cleaner and safer compared to LPG. NG Properties Natural Gas exists in gaseous phase. Table (20) shows the physical and thermodynamic properties of Natural Gas Relative density p/p air at 15.6 °C and 101 KPa 0.59 Density at 15.6 °C and 101 KPa (Kg/m*) 0.763 Calorific Value: MJ/m? 7 KCaLim* 8,840 BTUIm? 35,070 Note that the calorific value of NG in gaseous phase is about one-third that of LPG which means that the flow rate of Natural Gas needed to generate specific thermal output is three times higher than that of LP Gas) Natural Gas Pressure Regime Gas is normally delivered by the utility provider to the developers plot at about 4.0 bar pressure. * External pipes not containing branch connections (e.g. riser pipe work) shall operate at standardized pressures of 75 mBar, 350 mBar or 1 bar (IGEIUP/2). + External pipes containing branch connections to domestic consumers (e.g. droppers) shall operate at a maximum pressure of 75 mBar (IGE/G/5).. + Pipe work inside domestic consumer's premises will operate at 21 mBar with a permissible pressure loss of 1 mBar. + Appliances are normally designed to operate at supply pressure of 20 mBar, For residential buildings served with NG in Abu Dhabi, M/s GASCO in coordination with ADNOC has established general requirements such as: + NG risers can run within fire rated combined services shafts that allow free access around pipe for removal, replacement and repair but the shaft has to be open to sky from top and ventilated from bottom to demonstrate chimney effect in case of leakage, Opening shaft to basements is not acceptable, . . The gas pipes (risers/droppers) are required to be carbon steel with welded joints and NDT tested. * It is allowed to run lateral pipes from risers/droppers to the consumer meters through the ceiling void but the pipe shall: tan Banham & Associates A} 50. [MEP Design Manvel 2016: : 233, pa. IBA cauprens WES Fc om STE 23.2. Defining water demand requirements for sprinkler systems: a _ Sizing new sprinkler installations requires hydraulic calculations. Density / area curves included in NFPA 13 shall be used to define density of water required to cover particular area. b This method allows the design to inorease the most remote area and reduce density or vice versa with certain limitations for each classification per the graph in NFPA-13. c _ Forsprinkler pipe sizing using pipe schedule, refer the UAE code or NFPA 13. 7 Sprinklers Spacing: “The UAE Code 2011 made summary tables indicating for multiple applications, the hazard category, the coverage area per sprinkler, spacing, water density, area of operation, water demand duration. @ While distributing sprinklers every single attempt shall be made to coordinate sprinkler zones with the fire alarm, building compartmentations, mechanical and electrical system zones, The maximum floor area on any one floor supplied by one sprinkler system riser shall be 4831 m® for light hazard and ordinary hazard. To ease identification of sprinkler systems operating areas, a Zone Contro! Valve (ZCV) shall be used for each sptinkler zone. No more than 4,831 m2 shall be served by one zone control valve for light hazard application. b Sprinkler distribution above false ceiling: The need for sprinkler above false ceiling has always been subject for debate and rather confused with fire alarm devices. NFPA-13 sets the criteria for concealed spaces generally mandating sprinklers unless certain criteria are met. Interpretation of these criteria is somehow not simple as the information related to fire properties might not be available for the mechanical engineer. c It fs therefore highly recommended in absence of clear exemption that all false ceiling voids exceeding 800mm in depth be provided with sprinkler. ‘Combined Fire Suppression Systems Combined fire suppression systems offer cost-offective solutions as opposed to separate systems. In combined systems a common water supply (water tank & pumpset) can be used for private fire service mains, standpipes and sprinkler systems. Although acceptable by NFPA, the Civil Defence in UAE does not encourage the combination of external fire hydrants with the building fire suppression systems. For 3 hydrants or less, it is worthwhile particularly discussing the matter with both the fire and life safety consultant and Civil Defence and try to get a waiver by connecting to the building fire pump set. Jan Banhom & Associats BA} 0. MEP Design Manual 201625. IBA pee! ‘Though combining standpipe system with sprinkler is acceptable at the pumpset level, using common riser for both landing valves and sprinkler is not allowed by UAE codes. Therefore, in combined standpipe and sprinkler systems, the splitting shall start right from the fire pump set header. Fire Fighting Pump sets Reference: NFPA-20 ‘Typically fire pumpset shall consist of one main electric driven pump, one standby diesel pump and one electric jockey pump. The position of pump relative to the height of water supply source will determine whether a horizontal or vertical shaft design pump is required. Vertical shaft (turbine) pumps must be used where the fire pump driver is located above the water source (negative suction), however horizontal shaft pumps with flooded suction (positive suction) are extremely recommended wherever possible. Fire pumps shall be sized so as to provide the maximum system demand calculated flow rate and pressures required for the fire suppression systems. Capacities shall be rounded off to the nearest upper available standard sizes. Fire pumps are available with the following rated capacities: Table (21) shows the availability of pumps with respective rated capacities 25 2000 50 450 2500 100 500 i 3000 150 750 3500 200 1000 4000 250 1250 4500 300 1500 5000 Listed pumps can have different head capacity curve shapes for a given rating. Shutoff head will range from a minimum of 101 percent to a maximum of 140 percent of rated head. At 150 percent of rated capacity, head will range from a minimum of 65 percent to a maximum of just below rated head. Pump manufacturers can supply expected curves for their listed pumps. ‘The maximum pressure at which most system components are available is 24bar. Therefore, NFPA has set this limit as the maximum pressure at any point in the system at anytime. Together with the boundary conditions for the pump curve mentioned earlier, pump head should not normally exceed 18 bar at rated capacity unless precise assessment is carried out to ensure compliance with the boundary limits. len Banham, Banhom & Assocites [IBA 0. MEP Design Manual 201626. UAE Code has gone one step further and identified 90m as the maximum interval between the first pumpset at the base of the structure and the upper pumpset. This limit does not exhaust the full tolerance allowed by NFPA and is therefore believed to be very conservative approach. In absence of any detailed hydraulic analysis and Civil Defence acceptance, engineers are advised to comply with UAE Code requirements. Portable Fire Extinguishers Reference, NFPA-10 (Standard for Portable Fire Extinguishers). ‘Most fires are likely to start small and may therefore be attacked with portable fire extinguishers. This significantly minimizes chances of developed fire incidents. Portable extinguishers can be either hand-held or carried on wheels with an ‘extinguishing agent that is expelled under pressure to suppress fire. + Classes of Fires Class-A: Fires involving ordinary combustible solid materials such ‘a8 wood, cloth, paper, rubber and some plastic. Class-B_—: Fires involving flammable liquids, combustible liquids, all petroleum based products, solvents, paints, chemicals and flammable gases. Class-C : Fires involving energized electrical equipments due to Ignition of electrical nature. Class-D —: Fires involving combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, lithium and potassium. 4 Class-K —: Fires involving cooking appliances due to combustible cooking media such as vegetables, oils, and animal fats, etc... There are multiple types of portable extinguishers suitable for different classes of fires, these includes: Water Type : Suitable for Class-A only. Multipurpose Dry Powder : Suitable for Class-A,B & C Carbon Dioxide (COz) : Suitable for Class-C,B & A Foam Type 2 Suitable for Class - B & A Wet Chemical : Suitable for Class - K Special purpose Powder : Suitable for Class - D UAE Fire Code has clearly identified different suitable extinguishers for multiple applications with the maximum travel distance to the nearest extinguisher. As can be noticed, except for specific applications and technical areas the travel distance is between 15 and 2.5m. lan Benham & Associates [BA] oh [MEP Design Manual 2016 IB, owmeren 5 i Fine Fone SYSTEMepee 27. cnarrer 5 Fike Flohr SYSTEM Considering that dry powder and CO, extinguishers are normally placed in all fire hose cabinets (FHC’s) which are already required to cover any point in the project within 30m of the fire hose cabinet location, This means additional stations of water, dry powder and CO» extinguishers are required by UAE Code between (FHC's) to satisfy the maximum travel distances set for portable extinguishers. Special Suppression System a Total Flooding Clean Agent System This type of suppression systems is used to protect expensive items or electrical equipments where water - based system can not be used due to its damaging effect or electrical conducting properties. The extinguishing media in this case would be electrically non-conducting and volatile agent which evaporates without leaving residues. Typical applications: Main electrical rooms . Main telecom rooms © IT data centers/server rooms * — Museumsigalleries . The extinguishing technology is based mainly on the principle of reducing ‘oxygen level to the extent that combustion process is halted. The systom normally comprises of a bank of cylinders located somewhere close to the area to be protected. These cylinders are piped to nozzles within the area of risk so that when discharge takes place, a minimum agent concentration will be achieved to realize extinguishing effect. Unlike local application gas suppression systems, total flooding systems Fequires that the volume where gas discharge will occur be airtight (sealed), Thus, if there is any louvered opening, HVAC ducts, etc... then an automatic sealing mechanism such as motorized shutoff dampers shall be provided to maintain room integrity. Obviously all mechanical / electrical pipes and cables penetrations shall be airtight sealed. Not all clean agents available in the market are environmental friendly. Although the assessment is constantly changing considering different fiteria such as ozone depleting potential (ODP) and global warming Potential (GWP), etc... It is worthwhile knowing that Abu Dhabi Urban Planning Council (UPC) in its pearl building rating system: Design & Construction, Version 1.0 April 2010 indicates that: * All gaseous fire suppression system in buildings shall have a Zero ‘Ozone depleting potential (ODF). This is a requirement and there is no credit point by achieving this. * The design gets credit point if 100% of all gaseous fire suppression systems have a GWP of 1.0 or less. "an Banham & Associates {A} 2 MEP Design Manual 2018i CnpreR 6 ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 10 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 20 24. 244. i 21.2. 24.3. tan Banham & Associates (IBA) 65. MEP Desion Manual 2016 CHAPTER 6 ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM INTRODUCTION This section covers the recommendations to be followed for planning, designing, installing, operating and maintaining of electrical power distribution system in all type of occupancies. Design and installation of electrical power distribution system shall comply with Local Authority regulations, IEE wiring regulations, British Standards and IEC documents. In case of contradiction, Local Authority regulations shall prevail. The nominal electrical supply voltage from Local Authdrity in UAE is 230/400V + 10%, 50H2, 3-Phase, 4-wire with separate neutral and protective conductor. The neutral is solidly earthed at Local Authority's substations and shall not normally be earthed elsewhere in the electrical installations. All equipment, apparatus, materials and accessories used in the electrical installations shall be designed and rated for the operation on this electric supply. In addition to over current, short circuit and earth leakage protective devices, appropriate protective devices against over-voltages, fluctuations, transients and harmonics, loss of one or more phases and unforeseen interruptions shall be provided in all installation as deemed essential. ‘All equipment, apparatus, materials and accessories used in the electrical installations shall be suitable for the purpose intended and capable of operating with satisfactory performance in the climatic condition of UAE/GCC. SYSTEM DESIGN General ABU DHABI Projects: For projects in Abu Dhabi the Designer shall obtain Load Demand Notification (LDN) approval at early stage of the project. To submit for LDN approval the Designer shall: @ Prepare load estimation. b Identity number of transformers based on the estimated load. © Size the substation based on the number of transformers. ee For Developers areas such as Reem Island, Saadiyat Island, Yas Island, Raha Beach, Rawdhat Abu Dhabi, etc... The project's load shall be equal or less than the load allocated by infrastructure. in general, where the total connected load equal or exceeds 500kW, provision shall be made within the project plot for a dedicated substation. In some circumstances, ADDC may be require a substation within project's plot even if the total connected load is less than 500 KW in case no public substations are within close proximity of the project. Designer shall approach ADDC at early stage of the project to verify the same. i i i |cmnerens ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 24.5. 246. aar 218. 219, ‘The main component of electrical power distribution system include: a. HV room will house the HV panels or QRM/TRM. In general High Voltage in Abu Dhabi Island is 11 KV and 22 KV in Development areas such as Reem and Yas Islands. b. Transformer room which will house the transformers for stepping down the voltage from 22 KV or 11 KV to 400V for distribution within the facility. Both HV and Transformer rooms shall be located at ground floor and having Municipal street access (Refer Appendix-6 for Typical Substations Arrangement). d. Transformers shalll be dry type when installed within buildings and oil type when installed in a service block. ° @. For redundancy in cases of transformer failure, ADDC requires each two LV panels to be Bus Coupled, to allow load shedding in case one of the transformers failed. As per ADDC Regulation: @ Projects with Total Connected Load below 5.0 MW. HV feeder, HV panels and Transformers will be supplied and installed by DDC against a connection charges dependent on the Total Connected Load. . ‘Substation will be operated and maintained by ADDC. b Projects with Total Connected Load above 5.0 MW. HV feeder, HV panels and Transformers will be supplied and installed by the Landlord. However, the connection charges rate per KW will be lower than Case-a. DUBAI Projects: At the early stage of design, the Designer shall arrange to obtain an electrical no objection certificate (NOC) from Local Authority confirming availability of power supply requirements (total connected load in kW) for the project. An estimated load value shall be applied to the Local Authority to confirm the availabilty. For this application an indicative single line diagram (based on estimated load) shall be submitted. : In general, where the total connected load exceeds 400kW, provision shall be made within the project plot for Local Authority's substation. tn some circumstances, a substation may be required for total connected load less than 400kW. These requirements shall be confirmed in the issue of Local Authority NOC. The main component of electrical power distribution system include: @ —44KV sing main unit (RMU's) are used in DEWA for feeding transformers. 1 RMU can feed maximum’ of 2 transformers. In Qatar (Kahramaa) medium voltage panels (mV panels) feed the transformers. Distribution transformers for stepping down the electric supply voltage from 14,000V to 400V for distribution within the facility. ‘an Banham: ‘Benhom & Associates (1BA} 46. [MEP DesigarManvol 2016Canerens ELECTRICAL POWERDISTRIGUTION SYSTEM | = : : i é ce In general, the building area method is easier to use and gives a thumb tule high-level idea about the building estimated total connected load. d The space-by-space method offers greater flexibility and accuracy about the building estimated total connected load and shall be adopted by the Designer. © Diversity Factors and Maximum Demands Load: The overall Diversity Factors for various applications are as follows: i The applicable diversity factor for various services are as follows . (DEWA/KAHRAMAA): Table (23) Pee arc (Rete etc) Deke Urey ra rg CALLA praizy For offices, malls and all a af type of building where : : actual lighting load is Lighting considered. For any type of load where 0.65 1.0" allotted load of 100W Is considered per point. Retail, restaurants, hotels, 0.55 0.6-1.0 | mosque and parking, Offices, health club, ‘Small power 0.6 0.6~1.0 _ | schools, parking areas, . : and residential 06 4.0 Food court and kitchen HVAC 4.0 4.0 All type of building. ft Mechanical i serie 0.64.0 1.0 All type of building. Vertical = / ieeepoetc ce OtetO, 1.0 All type of building. : Load not to be considered in Kahramaa and actual Letaltaiig ui 10 load is considered in DEWA. feed oa 06 Residential kitchens. See 0.55 1.0 Industrial kitchens. 06 i All type of motors less than i Motor toads : 100 KW : 4.0 1.0 ‘All motor > 100 kW eet eee 03 06 Residences. 10 1.0 Industrial area. an Banham & Associates IBA} n MEP Design Marval 2016CuveteR ELECTRICAL Powe DisTRBUTION SYSTEM ii The limit of diversity factor permitted at MDB connected to DEWA's ‘supply feeder/distribution transformer shall be as follows: Table (24) Residential 0. Commercial 09 Combined (Residential and commercial) premises 0.85 il Chillers total connected load permitted to be connected at MDB connected to DEWA's distribution transformer shall be as follows: 1. 1000kVA : 650 KW—Connected Load 2, 1500kVA : 950 KW—Connected Load 3. For loads with more than 100kW load, also, DEWA applies the above concept. 4. In Kahramaa, the loading upto 90% of transformer kVA rating is permitted, however, the starting current details are tobe verified. iv Lower diversity factor may be adopted in specific cases subject to Providing detailed diversity analysis in compliance. with DEWA requirements. v The limit of maximum demand permitted at MDB connected to DEWA's supply feeder/distribution transformer shall be as follows: 1. 400A feeder 2 200KW 2 500.KVA transformer : 400 kW 3... 1000 KVA transformer 2 BOO KW 4. 1500 KVA transformer 2 1200 kW 5. “The KAHRAMAA regulation allow loading the dry type transformers upto 90% of its kVA rating, load being considered at maximum demand. vi The overload protective device/incomer circuit breaker in the MDB. shall be suitably set at the corresponding design current. vil The applicable Diversity Factors for various services for Abu Dhabi projects (ADDC) are as follows: ten ‘Bonham & Associates NBA) re MEP Design Marval 201623, 2.3.1. 2.3.2. 23.6. 237. 2.3.8, 24. 244. ELECTRICAL POWER DISTROUTON SYSTEM, Distribution Transformers The building estimated total demand load determines the required number of distribution transformers. Distribution transformers with power ratings of 500 KVA, 1000 KVA, 1500 kVA, 1600 KVA and 2000 kVA shall be utilized as per Local Authority (DEWA, SEWA, FEWA, ADDC, KAHRAMAA, etc) regulations. Each transformer shall be connected to a main low voltage switch board. After determining the number of transformers, the Designer shall determine the ‘substation room size inline with Local Authority Distribution Substation Guideline. Wet areas (i.., toilet, bathroom, kitchen, etc.) above substation room shall normally be not permitted. However, for any specific case where construction of wet area above substation room cannot be avoided, concrete attic stab above the entire substation shall be provided inline with Local Authority regulations, Note: The attic slab arrangement is not applicable for Abu Dhabi projects and wet areas are completely prohibited above substations. The Designer shall ensure that all conditions and requirements are met inline with Local Authority substation distribution guideline while planning for building substation space. ‘As per DEWA regulations, connections to any third party systems (e.g. fire alarm, fire protection, etc.) shall not be permitted inside substation room. In cases of contradictions with other authorities, designer shall-clarify with the concemed authorities). Note: This clause is not applicable for Abu Dhabi projects. Substation room(s) ventilation requirements shall be provided inline with Local Authority distribution substation guideline. i Electrical Rooms All electrical rooms (including main and sub-mains) dimensional layout shall be as specified under Local Authority regulations for electrical installations. Electrical rooms dirfiensions shall take into consideration the electrical equipment installed in each room including: et MDBs, SMDBs, DBs - Meters - Risers (Cable trays, busbars, trunking) = Adequate clearance for operation and maintenance In principle the following clearances shall be maintained in the electrical rooms: = 750/800/900mm behind floor standing panels as per DEWA/ADDC & KAHRAMAA requirements respectively. - 1500mm between floor standing panels or floor standing panel front and wall. {an Banham & Associses [BA] 75. MEP Design Manual 2018 i i : i a < a } a24.2. 2.4.3, 244, 24.5, 246. 247. coverens ELcormuga, POWERDISTRBUTON SYSTEM - 800mm between panels and adjacent walls. The table below gives guidance for main intake room dimensions based on main breaker rating as per ADDC Regulation. Table (27) 1600 — 2500 35x35 1000 - 1200 3.0x3.0 600 — 800 25x25 400 — 500 25x20 200~ 30 2.0x2.0 Note: The above rooms sizes are given for guidance and other requirements for access and safety should be taken into account. The main electrical room for buildings supplied through feeder shall be provided in the ground floor area close to the entrance to the building from the access road. In the case of split substations, RMU (DEWA) can be located in ground floor in a transportable area with direct road access of 6,1 m width. However 3.05m wide sikka is allowed if less than 12m away from main road. In such cases the transformer room and LV room can be located in the basement floor. Designer may obtain prior approvals from authorities for all such cases, in order to be updated with latest authority requirements. The clear room height for substation is 3.7m whereas separate RMU room can have 3.05m height. Approximately 25 m? is the required floor area per transformer and for substations with 4 or more transformers additional 10 m? space is required. 11kV trench depth is 950mm in DEWA. For buildings with dedicated substations and private LV panels. The main low voltage switchboard room(s) (LV room) shall be provided adjacent to transformer room. For projects in Abu Dhabi, the LV room can be located adjacent, floor above or floor below the transformer room yet within 15m distance. Electrical room(s) with suitable sizes shall be provided in all floors within buildings to accommodate main/sub-main distribution boards, distribution board(s), kWhr meters, risers, etc. All electrical rooms shall be directly accessible from public common areas. All cables and containment to and from electrical rooms shall be routed through accessible public areas, All electrical rooms within the facility shall be’ adequately air conditioned. Rooms door shall be fire rated. Adequate level of illumination shall be provided to facilitate safe operations at all times. The general arrangement and dimensional layout of electrical rooms shall be inline with Local Authority regulations for electrical installations. "en Bentham & Associates [IBA] a8 MEP DesiorMarual 2018cmnerer s ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM and sub-main distribution boards along with associated metering shall be installed in dedicated electrical rooms. 25. Tariff Metering } 25.1. Intelligent Metering System (IMS) to enable remote/automated meter reading i facllty shall be provided inline with Local Authority regulations. I 252. Designer shall incorporate all required provisions for successful implementation of | di : IMS system. 2.53. For individual consumer premises, such as villas, farm, elc., the metering cabinet | panel with main incomer circuit breaker and metering shall be installed outside, | | recessed, in the compound wall. t 2.5.4. In multiple consumer premises such as residential/commiéercial buildings, the main | 2.5.8. The general arrangement and dimensional layout of the metering cabinets and array of meters installed in electrical room(s) and enclosure(s) along with i associated wiring shall be inline with Local Authority regulations for electrical : installations. 2.58. Metering by means of current transformers (CTs) shall be installed where the circuit breaker rating at the point of supply is 160A and above. The current transformer of the following rated transformation ratio shall be generally used inline with Local Authority requirements: a .200/5 : | b 3005 : © 400/5 Ft dd 6005 e 8005 f 1200/5 9 1600/5 h 2400/5 i 2.5.8. CT meter with 200/5A shall be used for 160A circuit breaker ratings. Direct connected kWhr meters shall be provided upto 125A circuit breaker ratings. 2.5.10. All metering cabinets and enclosures shall be constructed from fire i resistantinoncombustible material. When meters are installed in electrical room(s), fire resistantInoncombustible base plate shall be provided. i 25.11. The circuit breakers installed before tariff metering shall have provision for | j Padlocking in its off position. x 26. Low Voltage Switchboards 2.6.1. Main and sub-main distribution boards (MDBs and SMDBs): a MDBs and SMDBs shall be installed in electrical room(s) to which access. is available at all times. b _MDBs and SMDBs shall be factory built assembly complying with Local Authority requirements and relevant British Standards. : len Benham & Associles [BA] 1conprens ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ¢ The assemblies shall be constructed only of materials capable of withstanding the mechanical, electrical and thermal stress as well as the effects of humidity which are likely to be encountered in normal service. ‘The circuit breakers, busbars, eto. provided in the MDBs and SMDBs shall be designed and rated to suite individual applications at the site conditions. -B selector switch), Ammeter (with CT As 2 @ In general, a voltmeter (with R- | applicable), power fa 7 f cor meter, indicating lamps and associated protective devices shall be I provided in all MDBs of 200A rating and above (Dubai) and 400A and above (Abu Dhabi). 7 9 MDBs shall be constructed to Form-4b, Type-6 assembly inline with Local Authority minimum requirements and to BSEN 61439-182. h __ SMDBs shall be constructed to Form-2, Type-2 assembly infine with Local Authority minimum requirements and to BSEN 61439-182. A guide to Forms of Separation for Low Voltage Switchgears in compliance with BSEN 61439-2 is provided in Appendix-6 “Low Voltage Switchgear Forms of Separation Guide". J For cubicle type MDBs, a minimum space of 1500mm shall be provided in the front and 750mm (DEWA), 800mm (ADDC) or 900mm (Kharamaa) on the sides and rear to permit safe operation, inspection, testing and maintenance. The mounting height (to the top of the MDBs) shall normally be 2m from the finish floor level as per prevailing Local Authority regulations. k Where the MDB is connected directly to the low voltage side of distribution transformer, the main incomer circuit breaker shall be totally withdrawable type air circuit breaker. 1 Dubai: where the MDBs, are located in basement floor, additional remote isolation arrangement for the MDBs shall be provided in ground floor electrical room. Abu Dhabi: where the MDBs are located more than 15m away from transformers, additional remote isolation arrangement for MDBs shall be provided in a room adjacent to transformers room. ™ The maximum total connected loads permitted on MDBs and Local Authority distribution transformers shall be inline with Local Authority requirements based on premises function and type of loads. Following arrangementrequirements shall be considered for provision of connecting an extemal mobile generator (by Consumer), during emergencies in DEWA provided power supplies. i Additional incomer/change over beaker shall be incorporated in MDBs. s ii Main incomer and change over breakers in all MDBs shall be 4 pole. (In case Client intends to waive off the mobile generator facility, undertaking letter shall be provided to DEWA). ‘en Banham & Assoclata IBA] cre MEP Design Marwal 20162.6.2. 27. 27.4. cHrreR ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Final Distribution Boards (DBs): a DBs installed for connection of the final circuits within the electrical installations shall be factory built assembly complying with Local Authority requirements and relevant British Standards. b _ Rewirable type fuses shall not be permitted in any type of wiring installations. ¢ All DBs shall be installed in locations to which access is available for ‘operation, testing, inspection, maintenance and repair. DBs shall not be installed within bathrooms, toilet, damp or wet locations, bedrooms, kitchens, above sinks, store rooms, high ambient rooms, dangerous or hazardous locations or below any staircase. e _ DBs installation on wet area walls or below wet areas shall normally be not permitted. However, for any specific case where DBs are installed on wet area walls, double wall with 50mm air gap/water proof insulation shall be provided inline with Local Authority regulations. f Each DB shall incorporate means of isolation of mains supply in the form of either circuit breaker or incomer isolator. 9 Every circuit breaker within DBs shall be identified and labeled to indicate the apparatus or circuit it controls, h In multi consumer premises, such as'residential or commercial buildings, the consumer's DBs shall be installed within the respective consumers’ premises (e.g. shops, flats, etc.). i All DBs shall be installed flush or surface mounted at a height not: ‘exceeding 1.8m to the top of the DB from finish floor level. i For type and selection, the MCB's shall comply IEC-60898, RCBO's IEC 61009 and ELCB IEC 61008. 3 Cables and Conductors For general purposes and in ‘normal situations PVC/XLPE insulated standard copper conductor cables complying with relevant British Standards shall be used for all fixed wiring installation of buildings. b _In flammable/explosive situations, the cables shall be mineral insulated copper sheathed complying with relevant British Standards. ce Flexible cables and cords for use in electrical installations shall be PV insulated and sheathed stranded copper conductors complying witha relevant British Standards. d Cables for connection between ceiling rose and lamp holder for pendent type light fittings and for enclosed luminaire shall be heat resistant silicone: rubber insulated with stranded copper conductor complying with releva British Standards. e For lifts and similar applications, rubber insulated or PVC insulated flexib! cables complying with relevant British Standards shall be used. {an Banham & Associates [IBA] 79. [MEP Design Manual 20163| 272. CHAPTERS: ELECTRIGAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM kWhr meter tail shall be normally single core PVC insulated and sheathed cables complying with relevant British Standards. The minimum size of conductor used for lighting circuit shall be 2.5mm? and 4mm? for utility socket circuit. Minimum size of conductor for fiexible cables and cords shall be 1.5mm? Heat resistant sleeves and cables, where applicable, shall be rated for operating temperatures not less than 85°C. Fire rated cables shall be used for all life safety, smoke ventilation and generator feeders. Fire rated cables shall be considered with 120 minute fire rated cable complying with the standards BS 6387 CWZ categories BS 7846, BS 8519, BS 50525-3-11, BS 50525-3-21, BS 8491 also ensure the local CDA compliance for all life safety feeds. (Fire rated cables shall be preferably in a dedicated containment or in segregated power containment). Cable Sizing Criteria a Han Banham & Associates {5A} 20 All cables shall be adequately sized to carry continuously the normal current of the individual circuits based on various laying conditions, as applicable, and the maximum ambient temperature. In general the following main factors shall be followed for sizing cables: i Current Carrying Capacity (CCC), ‘The cable shall be able to carry continuously more current that the relevant circuit breaker capacity. ii Rating Factors based on various laying conditions, Applicable rating factors shall be applied on the original cable Current Carrying Capacity (CCC) based on the installation method to identity the actual (CCC). Rating factors are: - Ambient temperature Ground temperature Thermal resistivity of soil : Depth of laying Grouping iii Voltage Drop Cables shall be sized taken into consideration that the maximum voltage drop from the point of supply to the last point in the circuit shall not exceed the allowed voltage drop by the relevant electricity company, Normally the maximum allowed voltage drop is 4% of the nominal voltage of the electricity supply. MEP Design Manuel 2016onprers ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM Some Electricity Companies are more stringent about maximum allowed Voltage Drop so they allow lower values of 4% (for eg. 2.5%), hence the Designer shall verify the same at early stages of the design, The Table below indicates the maximum allowed voltage drop for the main Electricity Companies in the region: Table (28) j ADDC — Abu Dhabi + 40% DEWA — Dubai 40% SCECO 40% i SEWA ~ Sharjah 25% t KAHRAMAA 25% c Typical selection of cables, recommended as a minimum, for general purpose applications, is given in Local Authority regulations for electrical installations. Those recommendations shall be generally followed by the Designer. d Single ~ Core PVC insulated, Non-armouted, Stranded Copper Conductors (BS 6004 & BS 6346) Table (29) Rote) lan Banhern& Associates [IBA] at MEP Design Manual 2010‘| 16 som oe _ @ Multi-Core armouted, PVC Insulated, Copper Conductors (BS 6346) Table (30) 15 10 10 25 15 16 4 20 : 20 6 30 30 10 40 40 16 50 50 25 60 60 35 80 80 50 100 100 70 125 125 95 160 160 120 180 180 150 200 200 185 250 250 240 300 300 300 350 350 | 3 400 400 400 ; f Multi-Core armouted, XLPE Insulated, Copper Conductors (BS 5467) Table (31) : 16 : 25 : 50 125 125 : 70 160 160 E 95 200 200 120 225 225 150 250 250 185 300 300 240 350 350 300 400 400 ‘5° Bonham & Associates 6A] ao MEP Design Manual 2016273. 274. 275. 278. cumerenss ELECTRICAL POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM, Common Notes for above Tables: i Assess initial demand with safe diversity and anticipated demand in future, if any, as applicable to individual cirouits, for selection of cable size, breakers rating, etc. i Assess individual fault levels and select MCBs/MCCBs accordingly. iii Refer to manufacturers catalogues and select MCBs/MCCBs, cable sizes, etc. for specific applications, considering inductive/capacitive loads, laying conditions, voltage drop, correction factors, etc. Appendix- 6 provides a comprehensive guidance for cabling sizing including: - Cables Current carrying capacities and voltage drop tables. = Cables dimensions and weights - Cables Rating factors = Cables Minimum installation radius Colour Identification: @ The colour identification of insulated cable cores of unarmoured, armoured and flexible cables shall be as given in Local Authority regulations for electrical installations. (Phase colours acceptable are Red, Yellow and Blue, neutral Black and Earth yellow Green). Load Balancing: In all cases where three phase supply is availed, the various categories of connected load such’ as lighting, socket outlets, water heaters, equipment apparatus, etc, shall be distributed and connected to three phases as evenly as possible to ensure load balance at all distribution levels. Installation: a _ Armoured cables may be installed either directly buried in ground, drawn through ducts, laid in concrete trenches, cleated to wall, or mounted on cable trays, b The current carrying capacity of the cable shall be determined only after applying suitable correction factors based on the installation method. ¢ All buried cables shall be armoured. The routes of all cables shall be clearly marked by cable route markers, at regular intervals not exceeding 10m along straight runs and 2m at deviations in the route. The route marker shalll normally indicate the voltage level in Arabic and English. d Minimum internal radius of bend for cable in fixed wiring installation shall not be less than 8 times the overall diameter of the cable. e No joints shall be permitted on any cable runs in consumer's fixed wiring installations. f All walls, floors and partitions penetrations shall be sealed to the degree of fire resistance required. 9 Separate earth continuity conductors (ECCs) shall be installed and terminated for each feeder/circuit inline with Local Authority regulations. lan Banham & Associatos (IBA) e MEP Design Manual 2016