I

SSUENO.1

TEM PLES
MAY2019

FORMSAND
SPACESOF
HI
J
NDUT EMPL
OURNEYOFT
ES
EMPL
ESF
ROM T
HEVEDI
C UPT
ILNOW
 ARCHIT
ECT
URE
JOURNAL
ISM

TABL
EOF
CONTENT ASSI
GNMENT1

F
ORM ANDSPACES
OFHI
NDUTEMPLES
Di
sser
tat
iondataconver
tedi
ntoa
nati
onalmagazi
neart
icl
e

pg01-09

ASSI
GNMENT2

T
HECEMETERYOF
SANCASTALDO
INMODENA
Cri
ti
calapprais
alofan
int
ernat
ionalarchi
tect
uraldesi
gn
t
houghinvest
igati
ngthelit
erat
ure.

pg10-
 ASSI
GNMENT01

s
our
ce:r
eddi
t.
com Ae
riali
mageofMe
enak
shiT
empl
e

InIndi athetempl esaref ound FORM AND SP

ACES
everywhe revaryingfroms ma l
l
vi
ci
l
l
t
i
a
e
ge
s
st othe me
.The wor d‘ t
t
e
ropol
mpl e
it
’i
an
s OFHI
NDU TEMPLES
derivedf r
om t heLa tinwor d
templ um me ans a s a c
r ed TheIndi
a nTemplesarenotonlytheabode
pr
de
e
f
c
i
i
ni
nc
t
t
i
.Ac
on t
cor
e
di
mpl
ng t
e i
o t
s a
he ofGodf ormi
ngt heli
nkbe t
weenGoda nd
st
ructure re ser
ved for mana ndapl ac
eofwor ship,butthe
ya re
rel
igious or spi
ritual
acti
vities
,s uc
ha spr ayera nd
al
sot
hec radl
eofknowl edge,a
rt,
sacri
fice,ora nalogous r i
te s
. ar
chi
tect
ureandc ul
tur
e.
One oft he mos ts ignifi
c ant ORI
GIN OF HI
NDUSI
M
highlights of Indi an
archit
e ct
ure ha s be e
n t he Hinduism ha s no f i
xed Ve dicpe opledi dnotbui lda ny
evolutionoft heHi ndut e mpl e scri
p t
ural c anon but i t
s templ estohous et he
irgods .For
archit
e ct
ure .TheHi ndut e mpl e doctri
ne sa reto bef ound i n themt he sky i tsel
fwa st hei
r
archit
e ct
urei sdi st
inguisha ble cert
a i
na ncientwor ks,not a
bly abod e.Howe ver,ther
ea resome
from t
he Jain and theVe das,theBr ahma nas,the indicationsthataf ewc ommu ni
-
Buddhi stt empl ea rchitectur e
. Upa nis
ha ds,andt heBha gavad tie
si nt heSout herect
e dtempl e
s
Ja i
n t e
mpl es a r
e s eldom Gita. The da r
k s kinned inhonoroft heirgods ,whom
simple ,themos telabora t
eof Dravidians a r
es aidt o ha ve theye quate
dwi thki ng( Koor)
them ar e sultfrom mul tiplica- esta
blishedac ivilizat
ioni nthe andc alledthet empl eKoi l,or
tion of t he ba sic f orms . Indusva l
leybe twe en3250a nd God’ shous e.Thet empleswe r
e
Thema i
ndi fferencebe twe en 2750BC.The ywe repol yt
he- originally bui lt wi t
h wood.
theJ aina ndHi ndut empl ei s ist
swhowor shippe danumbe r The e arl
iest t emples we r
e
thel ightera nd mor ee lega nt ofna t
uregods ;s omee leme nt
s proba blybui ltinhonoroft he
cha r
ac t
eroft hef orme r
.The of their be l
iefs pe r
sistedi n loca l de i
ties who we r
e
ma in differenc e betwe e
nt he Hinduism.The ywe resubdue d subs equentl
y i denti
fied wi t
h
Ja i
na ndHi ndut empl eist he by a l ight s kinne d Ar yan Sh ivaorVi shnua sthe i
ra s
pe ct
s
lighte
r a nd mor e e lega nt peop l
ewhoi nva dedt heI ndus or manifes
tations.
cha r
ac t
er of t he f orme r
. vall
e y a r
ound 1500 BC.

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES Br
iefa
ndOr
igi
n..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Pa
ge1
Or
igi
nOfHi
ndui
sm

s
our
ce:de
skgr
am.
net I
mageofNac
hnaHi
nduT
empl
e

THETEMPLE The Hi ndu templ e

sc ommonl y VASTUPURUSHMANDALA
known a s Mandiri n Hi ndia nd
Thei de ologybe hi ndt he de r
ivedf rom the Sa nskritwor d I nHi nduphi losophyt hef orm of
designingofHi ndut empl esi s Ma ndira,areidenti
fi
e dbys evera
l thepur asha( huma n)body wa s
tol ink ma n wi tht he gods . na me si ndiffe
rentpa rt
sofI ndia
. ma det os uitthea bs tr
a c
ti deaof
Hindu t empl ei st he pl ace The c haract
erofHi ndu t emples thes qua re ,ast hes upr eme
reflect
e dl ocalarchi
tectures tyl
es ge ome tricf orm.
whe reonec a nfe elbe ingc lose
andt hema te
ria
la n
ds kil
lstowhi ch TheVa stupur asha ma nda lais
togod.I ti sade picti
onoft he
theyr e l
ated.Thema inf ormsa nd de r i
ve df romt hre ese paratewor ds
ma crocos ma swe llast he
stylesoft heHi ndu templ ewe re
mi cr
oc osma ndha sde ve lope d e ac hha vingas pe cifi
cme aning
established during 600- 800 AD.
overt wot hous andye ars . whe r eva stur e fe
r stophys icalen-
Ac cordingt ot heHi ndur eli
- vi ronme nt , pur usha r eferst o
Thec ellors hri
ne,t hega rbhagr iha
giousphi l
os ophy ,ama nl i
fei s (usua l
lys quareinpla n),house dt he e ne rgy,powe rorc osmi cbe i
ng,
assumpt i
onofc ount lessi ndi- ima gea ndwa sapproa chedthr ough a nd ma nda l
ai st hedi agram or
viduall i
fe spansbound up i n ac olumni at
edpor chorma nda pa.c ha rt.Theba sicfor moft he
thec yc leofr ebi r
th.Thus ,i n The s hrine wa sr oofed wi th a Va stupur as hama nda la i s t he
thiswor ldt het empl ei st he pyra mida l s pi
re or ve rtically s qua rea nds qua reist heimpor t
a nt
symbolofe nl i
ght enme nt:i tis at
tenua ted dome l ike s t
ruc ture a nd i de al ge ome t
ricf orm i n
thepl acewhe regod’ spr esenc e knowna ss i
khara.Thet empl ea sa Hi ndu phi losophy , whi chr ep-
canbef elta ndt hr oughr itua l
s whol e wa sr ai
sed on a ma ssive r esent sthee arth.
andc eremoni esme nc andi s- pli
nt ha ndwa sof t
ens urr
ounde dby
cove rt he di vine knowl edge . subs i
diary s hrinesa nd by a n
Thes ac reda nds e cularl i
ve sof enclosingwa l
lpierc edbyoneor
aHi ndua reuni fieda ndf ort he mor egi gant
icga tewa ytowe r sor
mos tpa rt,theda ilyrout inesr e gopur ams .I tist he out line a nd
quirenume rousc onta ctswi th detaili
ngoft hesikha raa ndot her
the divi ne ,whe theri tt a kes roof-forms whi ch de t
ermine t he
charac t
e r of monume ntalHi ndu
placei n mi niaturet e mpl ea t
architecturea ndgi veaf orma la s
homeoral oc alte mple .
oppos ed t
o historic a
l
basis f or i t c l
ass
ification. source:arch.mcgil
l.
ca Vaas t
upur
ushmandala

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES TheTe
mpl
e.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..Pa
ge2
 THEVASTUPURUSHMANDALATRANSFORMEDI
NTOARCHI
TECTUREPLANS
s
our
ce:k
oaus
a.or
g

Evol
uti
onOfFor
mAndSpac
e

TheVa s
tupurasha mandala,havinga l
lthege ometri
ca l
,astr
onomi calandhuma npropert
ie
swa sthe
basi
softhegroundf l
oorpl anfora l
lHi ndutemples.Theba si
cshapea cquiredbyt hetempl eplanis
theoute
rmos tri ngofsquareoft hema ndal
aformst hethicknessofwa ll
sofma i
ns hr
ine.Thec entra
l4
squar
esacquiret heplaceofthema inde i
tyandtheinne rri
ngof12s quare sformthewa llsofth egar-
bhagri
haandt hene xt16to28f ormst hepradkshi
napa t
ha.
Thesesimpledi visi
onsofs quarewi t
hma nypermuta t
ionsa ndcombina t
ionsbe camet heba seforthe
complexstr
uctur esofthetempl e;inthef or
mofor thogona landstell
atepla nsofthetemp leThe re
fore
thela
rgesquaresofma ndalawe redivide di
ntothous a
nds quaresthusvirtua l
lyformingagr aphpa per
fort
hea r
chit
ec tt of
acil
ita
tehimt oaddauni tatones ideands ett
ingba ckont heot her
.
TheLayoutOf Hi
nduTe
mpl
e

TheVa s t
upurashamandalaisfirs
t universeandt hece ntr
alsquare cos mi ce ne rgiesunde rne at
ht he
sketchedont heplanningshe et
s isthec r
eationofthee a
chuni t
.t empl e .
Thec ent r
eoft hema nda l
a
and a f
terwardsout l
ined on the Thema nda laisas quar
egr id ge nera t
est hee nergiesa nde mi t
s
earthont hepl aceoft hea ct
ual and t he re pet
it
ion of e ven tot hephys icalwor l
d.Thes quare
templebui l
dings it
e.Thisdivine numbe r of s qua re gr id sha pe ofma nda las igni f
icant
ly
diagrami st hes ymbolicoft he deve l
opsi nto4s quar
egr i
ds impl iest o ma intaint he e nergy
universewithi t
sfract
albehavior. andf urt
hert o16s quaregr ds e
i qui li
br i
um.Ea chs ide of t he
As me nt
ionedi nt he previous ands oon.Thema ndalaisnow s qua resa ppliest hef orc et owa r
ds
secti
on e a
ch uni t of s qua r
e placedont hefounda ti
onpl an thec entr
ea ndi nre t
urnt hec ent
re
represe
ntst he birth of ne w oft hetempl etos eiz
ea llthe appl iest he f orcet owa rds the
side s,thusma intai
ningt heequi-
librium. Thus i ncre asing t he
numbe rofs qua r
e sint hedi vine
dia gram he lpst ohol dmor eene r
gie sande mi t i
t out t
ot hephys ica
l
wor l
d t hr ough t he c entre
.
The refore,thec entr
eoft hema n-
da laisthepl a c
ef orthema i
nde i
ty
in t
he t
empl e
.

s
our
ce:s
il
ent
page
sindi
a.bl
ogs
pot
.c
om I
mageofDe
ogar
hTe
mpl
e Sk
etc
hofMandal
a

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES Evol
uti
on&La
yout
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Pa
ge2
TI
GAWATEMPLE,
JABALPURM.
P.(
5THCENTURY)

TigawaorTi gowai savi l

lageinMa dhyaPr adeshnea
rBahuri
band,Jabal
purwhic hhousessever
al
t
e mpler ema i
ns.Outofthesetempl
esonlyKa nkaliDevit
emplei
swe l
lprese
rvedti
lldat
e.TheKa nkal
i
De vit empl ea nd a Vi s
hnu templea re ve ryfamousl
yr efe
rre
dt oa sthe Tigawa templ e
.
Thet empl eha sasa
nc t
um a ndpor
ti
cos upportedbyfourpi
ll
ars
.Thepor t
icowascoveredwi t
hwa ll
s
containingpa nel
s.I
tisc overedwit
haf latroof.AnimageofLordNa r
a s
imhaisinsta
ll
edinsidethe
sanctum.Thepor ti
code pictsanimageoft heSheshas
haiVis
hnuorNa raya
naa ndCha mundaor
Ka nkaliDe vi
.Thete mplealsohasalargeidolofBuddhaorTirt
hankarwithsnakesabovethehe a
d.

Thes
anc
tumis12.
75fe
etsquar
eouts
ideandabout8fe
ets
quarei
nside
.Itiscove
redwit
hafla
tro
of.
Door
wayoft
hesanc
tumisdoneinT-
shap
e ds
tylewit
hover
-ha
ngingli
ntelbe
yondthedoor
-j
ambs.

Pl
anoft
empl
e

s
our
ce:i
ndi
anhi
st
oryandar
chi
te
ctur
e Vi
ewOfTi
gawaT
empl
e Ele
vat
ionOfDoorway
s
ourc
e:acunni
ngham(1879)

LADKHANTEMPLE,
AIHOLE (
5THCENTURY)

TheLadKha nTempl
e,de di
cat
edt oShiva
,isoneoftheoldes
tHindutemplesandislocat
edin
Aihol
einthest
at
eofKa rnat
aka,India
.Itwa sbui
lti
nthe5thcent
urybythekingsoftheCha l
ukya
dynas
ty.I
tisl
ocat
edt
ot hesouthoftheDur gatempl
e,Aihol
e.Thetempleisnamedafterapers
on
namedLadkhan,whoturnedthistemplei
ntohisres
idencef
orashortperi
odandthisistheol
dest
te
mpleofAihol
e.

Thet empl
ec ons
ist
sofas hrine(garbagriha)wi
thma ndapainfrontofit
.Themukhama nda
pai ssit
-
uatedinfr
ontofthes a
nc t
uma ndc onsist
sofasetof12c ar
vedpi l
lar
s.Thesabhama ndapal
e a
dst o
thema hamandapaa ndthepill
a r
sarea r
rangedtoformtwoc oncentr
icsqua
res.Thewa l
lshaveflor
al
patte
rnsonthema ndthewi ndowsha velatt
iceworkdoneint henort
hernst
yle.Faci
ngthesanctum,
ase c
ondsma ll
ersanct
umi ss i
tuat
eda bovethecente
roftheha l
lwhos eout
erwa l
lshavemany
carvedimages.

s
our
ce:de
sti
nat
ionai
hol
e v
iewofLadKhanT
empl
e Pl
anAndEl
evat
ionOfLadKhanT
empl
e
s
our
ce:Ce
ntr
eforCul
tur
alRe
sour
cesandTr
aini
ng

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES Te
mpl
eExa
mpl
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Pa
. ge4
DASHAVATARATEMPLE,DEOGARH(
7THCENTURY)

TheDa shavat
araTempleisa nearl
y6thcent
uryVi shnuHindutemplelocate
datDeogarh,Utt
ar
Prade
shi ntheBetwaRiverva l
leyinnort
h-c
entr
alI ndi
a.Ithasasi
mpl e,onece
lls
quareplanandis
oneofthee ar
li
estHindustonetemplesst
il
lsur
vivingtoday.Buil
tintheGuptaPer
iod,theDashava
-
ta
raTempl eatDeogarhshowst heornat
eGuptastylearchi
tec
ture
.

TheDa shava
taratemplehasahighplinth(j
agati
)andissetwi
thabas
ementporch.Thetemplepro-
videsst
epsinthecenterofal
lsidesoftheplat
formtolett
hepil
gri
mente
rthetemplefromallfour
dire
cti
ons.
Thet e
mplefaceswe s
t,withsl
ightdeviat
iontothesout
hthate
nabl
est
hesett
ingsun'
sraystofallon
thema i
nidolinthetemple.

Pl
anoft
empl
e

s
our
ce:s
il
entpage
s Vi
ewOfDas
hav
tar
aTe
mpl
e I
some
tri
cOfT
empl
e
s
our
ce:Cor
nel
lUni
ver
sit
yLi
brar
yDi
git
alCol
le
cti
ons

SUNTEMPLEMODHERA(
10THCENTURY)

TheSunTe mpl eisaHi ndutemplede dicat

edt othes olardeit
ySur yaloc ateda tMod her
avi l
lageof
Me hsa nadis t
rict
,Gujarat
,India
.Itiss i
tuatedont heba nkoft heriverPus hpa vati
.Itwasbuiltaft
er
1026- 27CE.
Thet empl ecompl exhasthreeaxiall
ya li
gne dcompone nt
s;thes hri
nepr ope r(garbhagr
iha)inaha l
l
(gudha ma ndapa )
,theouterorassemblyha ll(sabhama ndapaorr angama nda pa )andas a
c r
edreser-
voir(k unda).
Thepl int
hwa smol de
di nfourparall
elc ourses
,e achmol dinga bout0.95f eet( 0.
29m)
Ont hepl atformi saninesquareslayout.Thes urvivi
ngVi s
hnut emplei sint hemi ddlesquar
e .The
sanctumi sas quarewith18.5feet(5.
6m)s ide.Itsdoorwa yisintri
catelyc arve dwithrel
ief
s.

s
our
ce:i
ndi
tal
es.
com v
iewofs
unt
empl
e pl
an
Sour
ce:Wik
ipe
dia

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES Te
mpl
eExa
mpl
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Pa
. ge5
KANDARI
YAMAHADEOTEMPLE,KHUJARAHO(
11THCENTURY)

TheKanda
riyaMaha
devaTempl
emeaning"
theGreat
GodoftheCave
",ist
hel
argest
a ndmos
tor
nat
e
Hindut
empleint
hemedie
valt
empl
egroupfounda
tKhaj
urahoinMadhyaPra
desh,India
.

Intheinteri
ors pacefrom thee ntr
a ncetherearethre
ema ndapasorhall
s ,whic
hs ucces
sivelyr
isein
hei
ghta ndwi dth,whichisinclusiveofas mallchamberde di
cate
dt oShiva,achambe rwhe r
eShiva'
s
wife,Parvatiisde i
fi
e d,andac entra
ls anct
um orga rbhagri
hawhe ret heShival i
nga,thephall
ic
emblemofShi vaisdeifi
ed.
Duet oinadequa t
enaturall
ighti ntheba lconi
esthesanctum hasveryli
tt
lel i
ghtthuscre
atinga"cave
li
kea t
mos phere"whichi si
nt otalc ont
rasttotheexte
rnalpa r
tsofthete
mpl e.
.

Pl
anoft
empl
e

Vie
wOfKandariyaMahadeoTe
mple Pl
anAndSe
c t
ionOfKadar
iyaMahade
oTe
mpl
e
Sour
ce:de
gus
ti
bus
-ebme
ier
.bl
ogs
pot.
com Sourc
e:Sci
enc
eDire
ct

THECHENNAKESAVATEMPLE,BELUR(
11THCENTURY)

TheChenna
kes
havaTempl
eofBeluri
sa12t
h-c
entur
yHindute
mpleont
heba
nksoft
heYa
gac
hi
Rive
rinBel
ural
soca
ll
edVel
apur
a,ane
arl
yHoys
alaEmpi
recapi
ta
l.

Thet empl ei
sde di
ca t
edtoVi shnua ndhasbe enana ct
iveHi ndutemplesinceit
sf o
unding.TheChe n-
na keshavatemplea tBe l
urtook103ye arstobuild.Itisint hemiddl
eoft hec omplex,fac
e sea
st,in
frontoft hegopuram.I ncl
udingt heimproveme nt
sa dde dlater
,iti
s178f eetby156f eet
.Thet e
mpl e
standsonawi depl atfor
mt er r
ace( ja
gati)about3f ee thigh.Thecompl e
xha sanumbe rofs ma l
l
shr i
nes.Totheea s
tofKa ppe-Che nnigara
yatemplea res hr
inesforNar
a s
imha ,Rama ,
J i
yarandAlvars
oft heBha kt
imove me ntfame .Tothee astofAnda ltemplea reshr
ine
sf orKrishna,andVaishna
vism
schola r
sDe s
ikar
,Bha shyakaraa ndRa ma nuj
aofVi shishtadvai
taVedant
af a
me .

Vi
ewOfChe nnaKesav
aTempl
e PlanOfChe
nnaKes
avaTemple
Sour
ce:Thr
il
li
ngTrav
el Sour
ce:c
ommons
.wi
kime
dia.
org

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES Te
mpl
eExa
mpl
es.
..
..
..
..
..
..
.Pa
. ge6
s
our
ce:de
skgr
am.
net I
mageofNac
hnaHi
nduT
empl
e

IMPACTOFTEMPLESI
N Shadesoft reesa ndl akesof Te
mpl
eAsCons
ume
r
SOCIETY Indiaareof te nc onsideredtobe
sacreda ndt he yha vehe eli
ng Thet empl ewa salsoac onsume r.
Spac
esAc
cor
dingToUs
e andpur ifyingpowe rs.Hist
oryof Coc onut,s a
nda l
,r i
ce,t ur
me ric,
ma nkindha ss hownt hatma n inc
e nse,l eaves,flowersl ights,
Howa ndwhe nt hef irstt empl e cannotl i
vewi thoutGod.“ If ghee ,oil
,pul ses
,sugar,plantain,
tooki t
sbi r
thi st oa nybody’ s Goddi dnote xist,itwouldbe curd,s a
lt,pe ppe
r,arec
anut ,a nd
gue ss.Te mpl esdi dnots ee mt o nec e
ssaryt oi nve nthim”de - bet
e lnutwe re bei
ng ge neral
ly
existdur i
ngVe di cpe riod.The claredVol taire.Be liefinGod,in used.Pa nneer( r
osewa ter)
,c am-
ma inobj ec tofwor shi pwa sfire ac osmicpowe rorc osmiclaw,in phor,ka stur
i,kumkum we rei n
thats toodf orGod.Thi shol y as uperhuma ns pir
itorBe ingis dema ndc verywhe r
e.
fir
ewa sl itonapl atformi nthe bas i
ctoa llc ulture.Ast herace.
ope na irunde rt hes ky,a ndob- Wome nwe r
epl aceda sr est
rai
nts
lat
ionswe reof fe redt ot hef i
re. Te mpl eAsAnEmpl oye r inthe irsoci
a lli
fea nda c
tivi
ti
es,
Itisnotc ertai nwhe ne xactly thoughmode st
ywa sc ons i
dered
the I ndoAr ya nsf ir s
ts tart
e d Thepos itionoft emplea sa n thehi ghesta mongt heirgr a
ces.
buildingt empl esf orwor ship. empl oye rpr ovidi
ngwor ka ndt he Thei ns cr
ipt
ionsga v ema nye x-
Thes chemeofbui ldingt em- me ansofl iveli
hoodf oranumbe ra mpl esofwome noft heuppe r
pleswa spe rha psac onc omi tant ofpe opl ei st he mos ts t
riking classesowni ngpr ope r
tyi ntheir
ideaofi dolwor ship.Godc a n thingint hisconnecti
on. ownr ightanddi sposingofi ta s
bema levolenta swe lla sbe - The l isti ncludes Si va Br ah- theyc hose.
nevo lentinna tur e. Itisi mpor t- ma nas, thedr umme rs,theda ncing Na me soft he individualsve ry
antt hatt het empl es i
ghts ym- girls,s inge rs,stage ma na ger, of
s tenga veli
ttl
eindicationoftheir
bolizei sonet ha twi lle xhila- ga r
dene rs ,potters,wa sherme n socialstat
us.
ratehi m. anda cc ount ant
s(Ma nr adi)
.
The Pur anass tatet he “ The Prof e
ssor s we rea ppoi nted t o
Goda lwa yspl a yne a rther ivers teacht heVe dasa ndt heme nput
and mount ainsa nd s pr ings”. inc hargeofc onducti
ngt hehos te
l
Sac r
e ds it
e sinI ndi at he refore, andhos pitalint hes amepl a
c e
.
are us uallya ss ocia t
e d wi th Appoi nt me ntst otempl eof fi
ces
wa ter. we rege ne ral
lyhe re
ditary.

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES So
cie
tyAndTe
mpl
e.
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Page7
Sour
ce:MapofI
ndi
a Wayt
oGov
indDe
vaT
empl
e

Dur
ingMughalEmpi
re

Mugha la r
chitec t
ur eisc re dited “Thet empl eofGov indade vawasbui ltatat imet hats awbot ht he
fort ra nsformi ngt hel ands c ape cons olidat ionof -Mughalpowe randt her evi valofbhak tiVai snav ism.
ofI ndi ai nawa yt hatwa snot I tcoul d,i nf ac t,bec all
eda" Mughalt e mpl e ",fori thadt hepat ron-
limi t
e d t o a ge ogr a phi c l ageoft
a hehi ghe stMughalnobi l
ity,andr e
ds ands t
onec ons truc ti
on
impa ct,buts ome how e xpa nd- stampe di twi t
ht hehal lmar koft hei mpe rials tyle,buti twasde -
edt oi nc ludet hea rti
stici ma gi-s igne dt os e rvet hepur pos esoft heleade rsofane wf ormofpopul ar
nationa swe ll.Se veralc ompo f ait
h. ”
nent sofMugha la r
c hite ctur e
, -Ar c hitectNa liniTha kur
notl imi t
e dtot hea esthe ticf ea- se pa ratec ompone nt st oc re at
ea
Itisaf ac ttha tSi kri,orr ed
tures,c ontinuet obee xa mi ne d Mugha ls tylea chieve sa ni de nti
fi-
sands tonewa sthei ndi ge nous
asma rve l
s.I ti snotj us tt he
na t
ur als tonef ort hee ntirea reaof a bleuni for mi ty
.
bre athta kingbe aut yoft heTa j
Ma thur a ,a nda lsot hatt re ndsi n
Ma ha lt hatha sc ontribut e dt o
templ e bui lding we r
ec ha nging I ti ss a idt ha tGovi nda devai sthe
itsl ega c y-iti sa l
sot hebr il la rge stt empl et oha vee ve rbe e n
dras ti
c ally. Whe theri tist he
liancea nd f ore thoughtofi t
s
influe nc e of J ahangir on Bi r de s igne da sa s i
ngl es tructure,
engi ne e r
ing.Onei snotonl y
Singhi nt hec ons t
ruc ti
onoft he t a kingas tagge ringf our teenye ars
astounde dbyMugha la rc hitec-
Cha tur bhujt e
mpl ei nOr c hha ,or t oc ompl e t
e .
turea sas el
fc ont ai
ne de ntity
,
thei nflue nc eofAkba ronRa ja We sterns c holarss pe culatet his
butonei sa lsoint e r
este dbyt he
Ma nSi nghi nt hec ons t
ruc tionof de s igna stheGr eekc ross, howe v-
range of i nflue nc e
se xe rted
the Govi nda de va t empl e i ne r.As he rt he orize
st ha tt hea ni-
uponi t, andthei nf l
uenc et ha ti
t
Ma thur a ,t he r
ei snode nyi ngt he c oni ce xterioroft het empl ei sa
exe rteduponot he rindi ge nous
Mugha li nf l
ue nc e
. One mus tr e flectionofMa nSi ngh’ sa ppe al
forms of a r
c hite ct
ur e. t he
howe ve r,a bs t
a inf r
om t hephr as et oa“ Mugha la est
he ti
c ”,the rei s
templ e ofGovi nda de va ( and
“Mugha lt empl e”a si tdoe snot a bs olute lynos ynthe sisofHi ndu
theot he r“ Mugha l”inf lue nc ed
corre ctlys igni fyt hepur pos eor a ndMus lima es t
hetic s,asAkba ri
templ esi n Ma thura -Yuga l
a
originofe ithe rs it
e.Ke e pinga lla rchi t
e ctur ewa sa na lreadys yn-
Ki shor a , Ra dha Va lla bha,
oft he see leme ntsi nmi nd,one t he s iz
e d,s elf-c
onta ine da rchitec-
Ma da nmoha naa ndGopi na tha) tur als tyle .
mus tnowe xami nehowt he
ass e lfc ontaine de nt it
ie sa s
integr ationof
we ll.
FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES Mugha
lEmpi
re.
.
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ge8
 CONCLUSI
ON
Th eI ndians ubcontinentini t
sl ongandv ariedhi st
or ydat i
ngf r
om2500BCt othecolonialpe r
iodhas
left be hi
ndi nthef ormof itsarc hit
ect
ur all e
gac ydifferenttypesof bui ldi
ngsinav ariet
yof architect
ur -
als ty les
. Thediv ersi
tyofI ndianc ult
urei se vi
de ntfromt hedi f
ferentf ormsofar t
ist
ice x
pressionsini ts
bui lthe rit
age .Amongt hemi st hetempl ear chitect
ur eofI ndiawhi c hhasgi venIndiaat rul
ymagni fi-
ce nt formof archite
cture.Thet e mple
si nI ndiaar efounde very
whe rev ary
ingfroms mallvill
age stothe
me t
r opolitanc i
ties.TheI ndianT e
mple sar enotonl ytheabodeofGodf ormingthel i
nkbe twee nGod
andmanandapl aceofwor s
hi p,butthe yar eal s
ot hec radleofk nowl e
dge,art,archit
ectureandc ul-
ture .Thepr acti
c esandt raditionsoftempl eshasi t
si nfluenceont hes ocial
,economi candt raditi
onal
val ue ssy st
emi nI ndiae ventodayasi twasi nt heanc i
e nttimes.T odaye v e
nasne wt empl e
sc ontinue
tobebui ltthechar acterofHi ndut empl esfollowageol dt radi
tionst houghi t
sar c
hitect
urals t
yleisi n-
flue nc edbyt hel ocalarchitecturalsty
le sandl ocal
lyav ailablebui ldingmat eri
alands ki
lls.

Th i
sdissert
at i
oni sar e searchintothef oundat i
onoft heHi ndut empl esandt hede v
elopme ntoft emple
archite
ctureinI ndia. Thedi sti
nc t
ivearc hi
tecturals t
yl
e sof Hi ndut empleshav esode velope dduet oi t
s
broadge ographi cal,climat i
c,cultural
, raci
al ,hist
orical andl inguisti
cdifferenceswhichar ees pecial
-
lys i
gnifi
canti nthet womaj ors t
y l
esofHi ndut emplear chitectureieint het empleso ft henor thern
plainsandint hes outhe rnpe ninsulaofI ndia.Hi ndute mple so fthesetwor egionshav ebe e nclassif
ied
ast heNagar aor‘ nor thern’style,t
heDr av i
dianor‘ southe rn‘ st
yle.Whi lebothther e gionss harea
commonor igini nt hatche dhutsandmode s tti
mbe rfor ms ,asr e f
lect
edi ne arl
ybas -reliefdepi ct
ions
andt heiractualr oc k-cutr epresentat
ions,f urthere voluti
onoft hes t
ructuralshrinei ne achr egion
char t
ersani ndepe nde ntc ours
e .Butev enthought heappe ar anc eofthetempl edi f
fer
e dt hebas icphi-
losophythatgui de dthe irplanningandl ayoutwast hes amegui de dbymanual sonar chite ct
ure .

-SUYASHSAHU
St
ude
ntOfArc
hit
ect
ure

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES Br
iefa
ndOr
igi
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 ASSI
GNMENT02

s
our
ce:moma.
org Mode
lOfCe
met
eryofSANCAST
ALDOI
NMODENA

THECEMETERYOF
Aldo Ros si wa sa nI ta
lian
architecta nd de signe r who
achie ved int er national
recogni ti
on i nf our di st
inct
ar
dr
e
a
as :a
wi nga
rchi
ndde
tec
s
t
i
ur
gna
alt he
nda
or
ls
y
,
o
SANCASTALDO INMODENA
produc tde sign.Ros s is pe nthis
e
r
nt
el
i
a
r
t
i
ec
ons
are
hi
e rt
ps
hinki nga boutt
be twe
he
en
"Thewor l
disnotacol
le
cti
onofis
olat
ed
individua l e leme nt s of indi
vidual
s;alla
resomehowconnect
ed
architectur ea nda r chi tecturea s
a di sc ipline , t he ve ry onewi t
hanother
."
be
t
gi
hee
nni ngsofa
ndsofa r
r
c
c
hi
hi
te
t
c
e
t
ct
ur
ur
e
ea
.And
nd
-Ari
stot
le
hes penthi sc aree re xpl oring project,whi c
hi sac e
me t
ery, It'
ss urrounde dbyat wo- st
ory
ther elations hipbe t
we e na r
chi- theCe me ter
yofSa nCa tal
doin wa l
l,whi c
hl aterwa scha ngedto
tect
ur alpr a cti
cea ndt heki ndof Mode naforwhi chhewont he threes tories.Youc ane nterat
everyda yl e vela nda rc hitecture compe t
it
ionin1971.Thes it
e eit
he rs outh ga teort henor th
asat he or eticali nt e l
le c
tual forthec emeteryisexa c
tly gate.Al ong t his nor th/s
outh
projec t
. He c onc lude dt hat adjacent t o a n e xi
sti
ng axis,Ros si'
spl acesthreedi s
ti
nct
wha thec all
e dthea rc hitec t
ur a
l 19th-century c e metery by archit
ec turaltype s.Firstofa ll
,
typewa st hebe ginni nga ndt he Ce s
a reCos t
a.Inbe t
we en veryl ike t he monume nt of
endofa rc hitecture ,butt ha tthe Ros si'
sc emeterya nd Cos t
a'
s Cune o,i sal ar
gec ube:al arge
architectur alt ypec oul dne ver ceme teryi sa muc hs ma l
le
r empt y- -Ros sie vens aid,aban-
bee xha ust ede ithe rbya r
chi- Jewis hc emetery
,a nd s othe done dc ube.I tdoe sn'tha vea
tect
ur al pr acti
c e or by threec e
me ter
iestogethermake roof.It'
sope ntot hes ky.Ra t
her
architectur al theor y
. upt hisset.Rossi
'sc e
me ter
yis thant hes t
ripwi ndowsort he
Inhi sownwor k,t hei de aof almos texa ct
lythes a mes i
ze narrow wi ndowsofCune o,it
architectur alt ype a nd i t
s ands hapea sCos t
a '
sc e
me t
ery. now h a
s t hese punc hed
relat
ions hi pt oc it
yc a nbe s
tbe It’
sa bout325by175me ter
s. repeti
tive s quare wi ndows.
seen i n hi s mos tf a mous

THECEMETERYOFSANCASTALDO Br
iefa
ndOr
igi
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ge10
Al
doRos
siI
ll
ust
rat
ionOfSanCas
tral
doCe
met
ry

Ifwec ontinuea l
ongt heaxis
,wec onfrontanothe rfeature:thist
riangularsha pei npl an,butc ons i
st
sof
vert
icalrectangularslabsthatincr
e as
ei nheight astheyde creaseinwi dth.The sewoul dbet heoss uary’s
,
whichwoul dhous et her emainsofthebody ,andwec anwa lkthrought hos eos suariesa l
ongt hea xi
s
unti
lwef i
na l
lyc omet othethir
df eat
ur e
,whi chi sal argetruncatedc one.Thec onei shighertha na ny
oftheot he
rf eatures.
Thec ubewa sintendedbyRos sitobeus edf orfune ra
lc eremonies,buta lsoc ivilce r
emoni es.AsIs a id
,
thesl
a bswe rei nt
ende dasossuaries,andthent het oppa rtoftheconei sac ha pe l
. Buttheni nar oom, a
t
thebottom pa rtofthec one,wouldbeapl acef orthea she s
,forther ema i
nsoft hei ndigent.Nowt hisis
animpor ta
ntf ea t
ure.Ifwec ompa rethistothec eme t
eryofCos t
a,c e
rtainc ontr a
sta ri
ses.
Inthec emeteryofCos ta,whichistypicalof19th- cent
ur yItali
anc e
me teries,us uallyinthec entr
ewoul d
beac hapel,a ndthisc hapelwouldbewhe ret herema insoft heuppe r-
c la
ssf ami lieswoul dbebur i
ed.

Int hea er
ialpe rspecti
ve,whi ch And It hink thisr efer
ence be ginningsofa rchitect
urei slost
Rossius e
st os how botht he some howi st hereareother onRos s i
.
el
eva t
ional pe r
spe cti
ve of t he refer
enc estha taretoa r
chitec
- Looka tt hewa yRos sicastt he
buil
ding a nd al
s o,a tthes ame tureinitsmos tprimit
ivestate.sha dows .I t
'sve ryi nt
ere s
ti
ngt hat
ti
me ,i
tsplan,youc anseet
ha tt
hat Ie vent hink ofHe ge lwho hec a s
tt hes hadowst owa rdt he
tr
iangularf e
aturei nt hemi ddle thoughtoft hepyr amida sa vi e we r
.Thi sc eme tery,represent
al
mos ttakesonthec har
acte
rist
ics verybe ginningofa r
chit
ecture,itstime ,itr eve l
st hec hangesbe -
ofas t
e ppedpyra mid.Itseemst o andIc an'
ti ma ginethatt hi
s twe enpa st andf uture.Itisservi
ng
be ris
ing up f rom t he ground. refer
enc etoHe gelandtothe t oi tspl acea ndr evelli
ngt hes o-
cio-c ul
tura lstatusye twec anfeel
thepa st
,likebe ingi nthes t
a t
eof
he terot
opi a! Whe re t ime a nd
pla cearef usei ntoonea ndwec an
expe riencebot h oft hema tt he
samet ime .

Pl
anAndSe
cti
onalVi
ewOfThr
eeEl
eme
nts Ae
rialPe
rspe
cti
ve

FORM ANDSP
ACESOFHI
NDUTEMPLES Evol
uti
on&La
yout
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1
 SUYASHSAHU
0233AR151027
Hi
tkar
ini
Coll
egeOfArchi
tect
ure
AndT ownPl
anni
ng,Jabal
pur