Module 1:

Introduction to STEAM
circuits and Internet
of things
 CLASS RULES

Listen Raise hand

REVIEW
 What is referred to as a low-power
controller that delivers high
performance from the Microchip and
known as the heart of your board?

ATmega microcontroller
Its function is to resets the
ATmega microcontroller.

Reset button
What is referred to the pins that can be
used for commands such as digital
Write(), digital Read(), and analog Write?

Digital Pins
It is used to power your Arduino when it
is not plugged into a USB port for power.

Power Connector
Lesson 2 :
Fundamentals of
Prototyping
Lesson 2 :
Fundamentals of
Prototyping
 Objectives

1 2 3 4
Differentiate Explain the Calculate
Define insulator
concept of current,
from voltage, and
energy conductor Ohm’s law resistance using
Ohm’s Law
formula
 Introduction
Understanding the concept of Ohm’s Law, together with
the keywords associated with this law, is relevant to
the fundamentals of prototyping. In this lesson, you will
learn about ampere, energy, voltage, watts, and the like
which will help you to compute and solve problems using
Ohm’s Law
 What makes
everything work?
 Energy
Energy is the capacity
to do work.
 Energy
thermal Potential energy Chemical

radiant Kinetic energy Electrical

The Law of Conservation of energy is that energy can be
transformed from one form to another, but can be neither
created or destroyed.
 Electrical Energy
• Electrical energy is
the energy derived
from electric
potential energy or
kinetic energy.
 Matter
Atoms
+ - 0

proton electron neutrons

 Electrical Energy
Electricity is the movement of
electrons.
Electrical Energy

Charged atom (ion)

 Electrical Charge

+ + - - + -
Repel Repel Attract
Conductors and
Insulators
CONDUCTORS INSULATOR
materials that materials that
conduct does not conduct
electricity. electricity.
CONDUCTORS INSULATOR
 Electrical Circuit
An electric circuit is a path
that connects two points
from the negative terminal
to the positive terminal of a
power source in a circuit
where the charge flows.
 Electrical Circuit
Load
Load

Source Source
 Electrical Circuit

Closed circuit Open circuit

Electrical
Quantities
 Voltage
Voltage is
the energy that
causes current by
pushing electrons
in a circuit in the
same direction. Measured in volts (V)
 Voltage
• refers to the energy
difference between
two points in a
circuit, also known as
the potential
difference.
 Electric Current
• Electrical Current (I)
is the total amount
of charge passing
through a wire over a
period
 Electric Current

Unit: AMPERE
 Types of Electric Current

Current flows in different direction

Current flows in one direction
and value keeps changing.
 Resistance (R)
• It is the
restriction of
the flow of
electrons.
• It is measured in
Ohms.
Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s Law
• In an electrical circuit, Ohm's Law is a
formula that is used to quantify the
relationship between voltage, current,
and resistance.
 Ohm’s Law
• it is named after
Georg Simon Ohm, a German
physicist who studied the
relationship between
voltage, current, and
resistance.
 Ohm’s Law
Quantity Symbol Unit of Unit
Measurement Abbreviation

Current I Ampere A

Voltage V Volt V

Resistance R Ohm Ω
 Ohm’s Law
• It is stated as: Current is directly
proportional to the voltage and
inversely proportional to the
resistance.
 Ohm’s Law

V = IR

I = V/R R = V/I
 Practice
CURRENT (I) VOLTAGE (V) RESISTANCE (R)
1. 20 A 180 V ________

2. 10 A ________ 5 ohms

3. ________ 150 V 15 ohms

 Paper (1/4) and pen ready
1. How much current flows through a lamp with resistance
90Ω when it is connected to a 220-V outlet?

2. What is the resistance of a lamp that allows 0.8 A current

when 110 V is applied to it?

3. What is the drop in voltage from the generator to the

auditorium when a current of 15 A is used and the
resistance of the wires is 0.3 Ω?