[ Knowleal Representation jis i \ What __is knowledge? : > Facts , information _and_ skills acquired through or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. > __ knowledge = _information+ rule What is Knowledge _Representati Knowledge _ representation iso. relation shi \___|between two domains —_ Knowledge Yepresenta: io = |KR) isthe field _ of artificial _intelligence||_ ~—|that___vepresenting information about || the world in the form of computer system , that can solve complex __tasks such as diagnosing» medical conditidh . [problem a4 solution] | representation output Types of Knowledge:- = __hoce dural Knowledge > Declarative knowledge => Meta knowledge => Heuristic knowle dae + Strueluval knowledge _= ma Procedural _ Knowledge:- how_to t Gives _ information [Knowledge abou i ing. acheive something “idles. sed of Describe how todo _things P Ja Drisch in__ tasks. divections of how to perform certain Procedural knowledge , also known 4s led imperative _knowleclge > 1s the knowie aGe. of some exercised in __ the _ performance ! task. Bi depend on _tavgets and problems. Example:- How to drive a car? Declarative koowledge:- ‘TE about statements that describe on particular object _and its _ attributes, v e including some _ behavior in relation with i. Can this knowledge be true ov false) V iis non-proceduyal , independent af IL E | targets and oblem solving. | piagmee Ts cu9y teday oe 1 Foo ee 15 ul of i | || knowledge:~ Ta _knowledge about knowledge and how to gain _them. Example~ The _ knowledge that blood pressure _is more. important for diagnosing. a_medical conalition than eyes color: Heuristic _knowledge:- o field ov subject - Rules of thumb. Heuristic knowledge ave shallow Knowledge - Houristic Knowledge ave apposed to deterministic. Structural knowledge _ || Describe what vélationships _ exist _ between | of some expert _in sometimes called empitical as | __ | concept (objects - i Describe steucture_and__ their Example - How to various part of car_fit together to make a car structures in terms _of |_subconcepts and objects. relationship. ot_knowledad| concepts.— cee Techniques (odd bb ou Logical Representation . |? Rroduction Rule ~ > Semantic _Nelwprk K => Frame representation —t > Script Logical Represenation:- In order give information b agent!) - and get _ inf without _ evvors 19 communi There aye two types of LR. | > Propositional Logic > Fivst order Predicate logic_(Fot.) B. sitional fic — : pzoposi jon _is iti Classifiect as a declavative sentence which is eithey true or __false eg. +1 2 2 (D) 241-4 (F)a ox aap intax Semantic to define meaning ) | / \ Toe : —- jf atomic Complex Rtomic:- his isa single _proposition _and cconleins _a single statement __that_will be either _tyue oy fake. eg. Sky is blue = antains two ov move _ that _ fiw | statements . | S mbols- te E | = Negation is v__Disju ction (OR) ct ph Conju ction (AND). | > Implies (1, then) Iff Uf and only if )|p» => “wwe shoul eat ig Watch TH ot | D v4 ——— | niuction:- i } 4 i i ) } isch isi ii ioalaalaalacd | She is waiting and using phone. pa She is waiting _ pay asada Teoplies:- “ FF thee is vain then wad i,_wel. 4 | p=) There _is_rain t | | og 2) Road is wee. j 4 | [ p24 i Iwill qo to the Mall iff ——— (1 have to do shopp. ing. Lipa 1 wil go to the Mal Lg 2 I have to db You can_access internet from ca a Pp put a => ‘ou ave CS student y= You ave oot fresher paaver) First order hredicate Logic. :- FOPL was developed to extend the 1 7 expe sciveness of Propositional Logic’. It is geneval-zation of PL__that peas reasoning __about would _entitid (obje tts)and __ subclasses of as well as classes objects - 7 Predicote Logic __uses variables ani quantifiers which is _not _present in propositional logic Examples:- The _ball__coby is Red. lala color (Ball , Red) t T ; Predicate azqument | objects ili Rohan _ likes Bananas. likes (Rohan, Bananas ) All students are intelligent - Rohan is _a__student - Rahan is _ intelligent - = a We need quantifiers to express English wards _, involve all _and_some. I; universal quantifier Existential quantins IL Y_(foy all) FZ (there exist,eg. Pp 4, ks Everybody | hates somebody VP3q =) hates (Pq) Production Rule:- > || consist of condition, action > paivs- f > | Agent check if a condition holds then give a new _ situation (state) - = | Production wules are belong 40 and same as propositional logic - tt 3. Semantic Netmorke These tepvesent knowledge _in__the hrm of _qrephieal nelinarks”” t © Semantic networks works as an alterndtive of predicate logic. for _ Knowledge _vepwe sentation. In "gemantic network. you _can yepresent | knowledge __9 the form of _ qyaphical network This _etwork consist of _ nodes and _atcs__ whith between those! yepre senting objects describe thee lationship objects -Tom _ is cat: erect : in color: Tom __is_ grey _ Tim_is__ mammal: Tim__is owned by Sam: Cat__is__@ mammal. Example 2. lom is cat. Toro caught a bird. | Torn is owned pb John. yp ct by Torn is ginger in coloy. Cates like C¥eam « ——__ Cat sat on the mat - Antti mamma |. —___] ——__| A bird is an animal. All mammals aye animal. Mammals have fouy legs. oe(as Frame _ Representation:- tames ave recor _ like structures that of a collection of slots 0” and the arresponding _ slots name and values called facts | contains _shts_and filles where represent objects , facts __and precedes (rules _ by which we move from| to destipnation ) and — fillers attributes - ave also Known _as kno viledge -eclaxative Frames: A frame — that contain description —_| aleut object “is called declar tive /. descriptive | factual frame {ype inEst Exareple:- Root Name: schoo! = (class¥oomy =~ a J (Clatioom] Libvary classyoom Lab] (Library|+~ [BeFsectons) = = aa | No-of sec bons, [pes of books INo- OF beni \ leaf — ir “Lab yo ype: | Seta} Scraeabt fempe] vidal af | Ree ‘Tisierg] [aera Res go [apes Pak: stuclies [Bicleas} Cheras: Zi Proc: luxa]__ Frame: his ame___contains | lots i frames 2 action _ procedural Remes —Atin of _ Slot:- 2 ion ae = [S—S—- TE contains information about:Object _Shot - is * =e 2 1 I contains information abou object which is being apetaled on. Source Slot Ed fl. TE contains information about the Source problem. Destination Slot:- ~_ TE contains information about _ the destination. izean Task__Shot:- Tt contains information about actions which will _be performed __| Example:- Problem: Saving _new file computer. ——— v ry Name: Saving a en file action slot object slot User Gile] courcle slot destination sbt computer} [computer] task 2 task 2 task 3 I create. new file click 9p save choose locationCredle new action slot {usee) source sbt destination si [compile] ( task 4 ake Z Create blank, vinleon | ". {. veo Fite file I, Sexi of describe scheme = too frame, but instead ae] Ci] Oo knowledge ve Ne resentation, describing an object , the Script ia a sequence of events... Like the ie the script otras | tis a stereotyped situation. Unlike the trarye usually presented in a. particulax context. Io describe a sequen, 4 of events the script ses i a Serie 's lof sts containing —inbrmation about | the people » Objects and actions tet | — are involved in the events. E- itSome elements of a ‘typical script . AA _ include entry condition s, props , roles tracks and scenes. Entyy Condition :- Describes condition that must be satisfied before events in ths sevipt__can occur ov be valid. — ___|Bops:- | fers to the objects that are fined r inthe Sequence of events that occur. Tee Refers, to _ the people. involved in the | Script: The ___vesult _is conditions _ that _exist re the events inthe script have occurred. (Frack:- Refers to the variations that might _occur ino _ particular script - | cenes:- | Describe the actual sequence of events that occur: - Example: Restaurant Script | ae ET Food Relaurant | Roles : Customer (a2) Sesver (S) i) Props: Counter Tray, Food, Mone *r0PS: i Salt/ Pepper | Catsup/ straw ins ! epper | Cats p. S| Napkin ) ee* r Entry conditions: Customer is hungry, Customer has money}. —— Scene 1: Entr > Customer pasks cay { > Customer enters in __vestaurant: countey_- > Customer waits in ine at => Customer yeas meny & make aleck ion - Scene 2: Ordey - ———_ > Customer gives order tw server. > Server fills order by putting food on tra = Customer pays server. Scene 3: Eating [Take Out (takes food and ext), ro Customer get napkins 5 straws, salt, etc. 2 Takes tray tb an unoccupied table. > Customer eats food. Scene 4: Exit > Customer Cleans up lable _% discard trash > Customer leaves Yestaurant ty drives on ay! Resu lts:— > Customer is no longer hun fT 4 - Jey. TP Customer has less money. 2 Customer _is_happy | uohappy (option: > Customer is too full optional) Optional has > Customer