eae salina ed{ma Ai (Sat) Sd Chapter _02:- Layers of OSI Model:- Thterconnection. It has been OST stands _for ‘Open System developed by 150 “ International Organizotion for Standardization’ ) in the Year 194-93. JE is 7 layered model} architecture. with each layer having _ specific , functionality to perform. All these F layers work collaboratively to transmit the data from one person to another acoss the globe. CLALIT PPO DPSfale App lication Layer Presentation Layer n | Session _Loyer Transport Layer T Network Layer Sender Receiver ta link Layer Physical Layer Physical Layey~ Te lowest layer of OSE reference _model__is__ the phy siceal layey- It is ves pon sible for the actual physical connection. between the devices . ! Physical topologies:- Physical __layey Specific the different as Sorts: The physical layer provide ‘the synchronization of _bits by pyovidling a Clock. This _clock conto! both sender and _ receiver those providling synchronization at bit __ level. = Bit rate contzol:- e The physical layer also olefines the __tyansmission vate _i-e. the i number of _ bits __ sent. per second) _ way m which thep seers flows between _ the _‘two connect olevices. The vavious _ tvansmission z devices [nodes _ave arranged _in a . network _i-e. bus, stay oY > mesh topology. > =| Transmission _rngde:- ? Physical layer also defines Piha in __ which te data ) ’ ) modes possible ave___ Simplex, half duplex and _full- duplex: Data ‘Link La yer: LT IAT Tre dota link layer _i vesponsi ble. for the _ Wiode=tormnade delivery of the message. The main function OF this layer is to make __Sure data transfer is error _fvee___ from __one node to another, over _the _ physical layer . When packet arrives in a network, itis ~~w~wsr~rri- Pp psvesponsibility of DLL___to dyansmit it do the __ host using _the ee Hea Th 8 MAC addvess. Date. link layer _is divided! into 4wo sublay exs : —> Logical link control > Media access _contyo] The packet yeceived fromthe network _layey_is further divided into _ frames dependling onthe Syqme __ size OF NIC (Network Interface Card) > iz ra ming ie Framing is aw function _of the data link layer: It pyo vidk : t a way foy a sender __ to transmit a set of _ bits that ave _meaninaful to the Yeceivey - This can be accompli shed byAML) ASA) 2000 attaching special bit pattern to the beginning and _end of the frame: Physical Addye ssing:- After creating frames , the data link layer adds physical addye ss Mac. addlsess of the sender or _veceivey in _ the header of each _ frame. Error — Contvol:- Dato. link laye provides the mechanism of —_ervoy _contvol in which it _aeletts and __tyansmit demage ov _lost_frame. Flow contvol:- Te data vole must __be constant an __both _sides_else the data may get corrupted thus, flow _contyol cotdinates the amount of data that can||«ease eas gas : be sent before _ receiving . acknowledgement - z = | Access —Contzol:- a ere communication e channel _is shaveol__by roultiple = devices, the Mac Sub-layer of . the data link layer helps to e determine which _dlevice has contyo| e over. the channel at a qiven e time. : e Network Layer:- & The network layer __ works : for___the _dyansmission of data. ; from one ast tn ancthey. located in different networks. Tk also « takes cave packet youting. i.e. & Selection of — the Shortest Dath § ty transmit the _ packet. from e the number of ee 4 _¢ € pail the senokey and _yeceivey}(ion (Pi Ser) bt Ip ___addvesses _ave placed in _the header by the __ network _ layer. The functions of the network laye are: Routing:- The network layer protocols cletermine which youle is suitable from source tp destination. This function _s__ known _as__ routing. Logical Pddvessing:- In order to identify each device on _internetwowk uniquely, Vv T the network layer defines an addye ssing scheme- The _ Sender and receivers ‘Tp _ addvesses ave placed. inthe header _by the network layer.(Mon }iTuo fived\irim Ce LSet Transport layer _provioles _ Services | | Transport Layer:- to the _ application and take sexvices __ from the network layer. The data inthe tyanspové layer _is__refferred _to as It is responsible for the end to end delivery of the complete __ message. The _ transport layer also provides the acknowledgment of _ successful dato. transmission and ve-transmissi the dato. if an * error - is found. The __dunctions _of transport layer ase as follows: Segmentation and Reassembly:- This layer accepts the message for _ session layer , break the message into smaller units(Mon tue {Wed Thu [Fri fSet J The transport layer at the destination stations _veassembles the Message: vice int _addressing:- Th order to deliver _the message __to the _corvect__ process , the transport layer header include a type of _addvesses called services. _point__addyess or _povt : T address. The _wsexvices provide by the > transport —_ layer: It ig a tives phase proce § Connection- Oriented Service:- S that __include > connection _ establishment => Data transfer — Termination In this type of transmission, SPUU bed ddddo de ceCCCE CM \ Nw the receiving device __sendsS (Mon)(ite iea}itnw’ an acknowledgment back to the source after a packet oy group of packets _is Feceived. 3__| Connectionless _ Service:- Ek is @__one phase puocess and includes data tyansfer. In this type of txansmission , the yeceiver does mot __ acknowledge . vecipet of oO packet . Connection- ey oriented service is move reliable oN than _connectionless _sexvice. Transpovt | layer is also called as Heart of OSE model. Session __ Layer: This layer _is responsible for the establishment of _ connection, maintanance of sowions »_authenticatipn , and also ensures security. The wunctions _of session layer are:(ifon)(wo Jed)(Thu JFri [Sat] =») Session establishmert ,_maintance eee nO mene nest — and _termination:- The layer allows the two processes to establish , use and terminate a __connection. = Synchroni zation: This layer _cullows a process to add checkpoint which__ ave added _synchvonization points _ into the data. These __ synchronization points help to _ identify _ the _evyor property and end of the message so that the data is re~ synchrony ave not cat permatuvely and - t data _loss__is avoided. Presentation Layer: The presentation layer _is also called the translation _ layer: Tre data from application layer is cextracted here andfala ied i Sat manipulated as__per the required format: to transmit __over_the network. The functions_of _ the pre sentactio layer ave as follows: > | Translation :- ET For example» ASCII to EBCDIC ASCIL EBc DIC > | Eneryption:- Date encryption _tyanslate the deta. into another form or code. The encrypted data ig known as ciphertext and the decrypted dota is known as plain text - A key value is sed oy encrypting _as__well__as decrypting data.Compression:- Reduce the number of _ bits that need to be transmitted on the network: Application Layer: AL ethe. very top of _O3E references model stack of _ layers, we find the _application layer _ which is implemented by _ the netwosk application. _These__applicatidin produce the data which _has to __be __tvansferved aver __ the network. This layer is also serves as a window _for the applicatio Services to acess the __ network and foy _ the disp lay ing the vecewed information to _the usey- Example:- Application - browsers, skype messanger» atc:The function s of this layer are as follows: —> Network virtual terminals = ETAM: file transfer _ access and management Mail Service 4 4 Divectory Services OSI nodel acts as _a_veferen a and model is not_ implemented v on the internet __ because _of it’s late invention. The _curvent model which is using _ is TcPIIP model. C in Computer Netwo > IZ TCP/IP stands — for Transmission Contiol Roto! / Internet Rotscol . . Tt is ae Set of _convension or rules and methods that ave DOA FAIA PORMPP MP ROK HEUsed _to __mtevconnect__ netwovk [devices on __ the __internet. the internet protocol suite is commonly known as NCR ase the foundational protocol ia the suite ave _tyansmission _contvo! _ protocol - and internet protocol. This commun cation protocol can ako bes tied | to interconnect organize __devices in a private network such as an intevanet or __extyanet - Histor of TCP/IP The defense _Advancedl Research Froject office the _ investigation depaxtment_, made the TCP/IP Shown in __ the _1970’s for _utif-zatios in ARPANET | a wide zone organi that gone _bepre the _ web.~\Charackensties _ of _ICP(LP. The — share dote. _ transier:- TeP allows — Opp. li a to create channals of — comrnunication AClYoss Ou. network. Tt__also permit Message. to be separated before smaller packet . they transmitted over the web after that collected i) order at the right destination a : Protocol:- add Yess ntells the packet _| the they [ie ___llempowers linlernet - connected the ves _ reach Ine ludes _portal message and _ the — or after route _ that proper destination. that on aurange checking the || Son strategy 18 he to forward, computer ano Ete address .Reliexbili ty - The most vital feature of TCR is solid data delivery. In arrange to supply unwavering Py 3 quality , TeP must recover __informatign that’s harmed , _ isplaced copied , oy conveyed out of _ arranging / by the Arrange layer. ultiplexing:- Multiplexing can” be _acheived through _ the number —_ of ports ; TCP/IP Layers: (3 Applica: ion layer: An application layer is the topmost ‘layer within the TeP/IP model. When one app lication layer protocols need to ane with another application layer, it forward its _ information‘ons Lived) Tha) to _the transport layer: Transport Layer: Tt is__vesponsible tor __the reliability , flow peciel and _ correction of data. that being sent bver the network. There ave two protocols _usecl __in__this__ layer ave used _ datagram protocol anal Transmission control protocal. Internet | Network Layey:- IE is thd layer __ of TeP(IP model. The main respon sibi me he i of this layer is to send the packets, from any network and they arrive at the _aoal invespective of the voulle they take. _| Network Access Layoy:- ——_—_————— yer it is the lowest Tep/tP ARADO FRPRAINGTD DD DPD w PR layer. it is the combin ation 0 L(Mon Tue fWealfthu [rset of, physical loyer and deta link | layer which present in __ the OsI model. It’s main Yes ponsibility isto the _ transmission over _the game network between the devices. Applications / Uses of Tcp/IP-- Some _veal- time application s aye: SMTP - —— Simple Moi) Transfer Protocol helps _to send e-mail to another e-mail _aoldress. File Transfer Protocol _is__useal for sending large files. DHCP:- Dynamic host. _ configure prolaco| assigns the IP addlyess . Telnet:- Bi-divectional text communication PRSEMOCTC HTS H HEE HH KAEEEEKES GT via. a.__terminal application.gS = 1 (Kon) tio Wea Cr Ser) HITP- Hyper Text __Transfey Protocol used to transfer web pages: “Domain Name System translates the _website name to IP adklress. SNTP:- Simple Network Time Protocol provides a time of the day to the network — device. >It is an indu sty = standavad dermonstyale, that can be _ viably deployed in __commen sense organizin q problems. . —> Tt is interoperable. ie. it | permits C¥055 ~ platform communicatigh among _ heterogenous network. I> It ig an Open Convention Suite. Tk is not Claimed by "PPPARAIRR DORA ODDO Da Pipls » owany speci abe: ulili can oy => Tk may be included _ the curvent _ engineering . This establi: shed and 50 zed by individu any organization. be versatile , client- se pesmit without system to disturbing eSOIVICe ne Addvessing Addyessing in ~ Network — = work , let’s "the ver two remole nodes in __ the network to communicate _to each __ other: The communicating the in network TcP/IP. using psotocol —_ use four types one _at each of TCP/IP _aychitectu layer When want to communi cote you { with oO yemole node _in a than of network addve $s need the particulay node You that(Mon Tuo Wea Tim [esi Sat} ‘Types of addressing - Physical Addvess — Logical Addvess — Port Addvess => Application - Specific Addve ss Physical Addvess:- Whatever network you__are 0 LAN oy WAN , it provides a _diffevent address to _alll the nodes in __ the _netwovk- This address is _ physical _ address and it is also termed as link address. The phy sical address ig the lowest level of ~— address. This means the physical _addvess ig specifically for__intya- networking environment. Using physical addyes ZEPIPRVIDVINDVAPO DPA PPO P RRP aS tS node can send ao frame ty another node inthe Samephy sical network: The phy sical address canbe further classified into _wnicast , eouitiomst and vowandemst _addvess. | The physical unicast _addvess __is assigned to __the frame __ that _has to be sent to a . group of - vecipent A ah t The physical broadcast ” is’ included in the frame thot _has_to be Sent to all the nodes __ or all the system connected in network . Logical Addvess:- Semele Sa Logical addressing has broader aspect and it is used to send _the frame _ between two! different wetwork which may have different addvessing for mat. Logical addressing is specially designed _to identity each node‘oajeTue Wed Thu J Fri [Sat | Luni quely ivvespective _ each _ of their __undeylying physical network. The logical addre s5 is the YP ‘addvess that —_—iis provided! to the nodes ___ connected to _ the internet and no two _nodles herve can have same __IP_addlyess|, Like physical _addiess, the _logica addresses ave classified to _wnicast! multicast and broadcast - Though broadcasting __ has some _limit_ on the number of vecipents . Port — Addvess:- Till now we have seen logical and physical addye ss required to send and receive data. between two nooks in the same or __iffevent___ network. But doesn’t and bere. Once the dintositiay Ssmerdiccived atthecomputer the next stage __is to identify to which Process in the __compulley the data. has to be supplied. We all ave aware __that__the comp uley _yuns___ multiple process at a time. So, to _ identity) Sor which process the data __ has __ arrived we need to _labe the. process _ to identity each pyoce ss in a __computey iguely - f b Tn TIP architecture the address of a process _Is termed _as port address - lication Specific Addvess:- Application - specific _adldvesses ave _used to identify particular T The author @beingintelligent.com _ is i, the addres of _ website - the _addyess of email , eee a J