A Seminar Presentation On

Topic : Water Injection

Rajasthan Technical University, Kota

SUBMITTED TO: Submitted by:

Name : Divyanshu Saini
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT Roll no: 20/166
(Rajasthan Technical University, Kota) Branch: Petroleum engineering
 PPE

Topic :
Water
Injection
Here the presentation
begins…….
Introduction
Water injection is water-flooding a reservoir using
man-made systems to increase the production from oil
reservoirs and is injected directly into the production
zone. Since the density of water is greater than the
density of oil, the water injected will cause the oil to rise
and flow toward the production well.
Water flooding can increase the amount of oil
recovered from a reservoir.

Water flooding is the most commonly used secondary

oil recovery method because it is inexpensive—water is
cheap and usually available in large volumes. The
mobility ratio of the oil and water and the geology of the
oil reservoir are the key factors to determining how
effective the water flooding will be.
 P
Contaminants in Water

Suspended Dissolved gases

01 solids (sand, 03
(oxygen),
clay),

Biological material
02 (plankton and 04
Dissolved solids
bacteria), (sulfate)
Maintenance of injection water quality D

Surface-Water Treatment for Injection

Separating Removing
01 04
Suspended Solids Dissolved Solids

Dissolved-Gas Scale
02 05
Removal inhibition

Biological Corrosion
03 06
Control protection
A. Separating Suspended Solids From
Injection Water
Suspended solids particles plug the injection well. River-water
sources have higher concentrations of suspended solids (100
to 1,000 mg/L) Deep offshore water sources contain small
amounts (5 to 50 mg/L). Suspended solids found in river water
tend to be inorganic (silica) Suspended solids found in the
oceans tend to be organic (bacteria). Hence, the treatment
methods also vary depending on the source.

1. Coarse Strainers
2. Gravity settling tanks : A) Vertical settling tank
B) Horizontal settling tank
A. Separating Suspended Solids From
Injection Water
3. Gas Flotation Units

4. Desanding Hydroclones

5. Filtration : A) Granular-Media Filters

B) Cartridge Filters.
A. Desanding Hydroclones B. Vertical settling tank
B. Removing Dissolved Solids From Water
Various chemical compounds are dissolved in water as
ions to form an aqueous solution. The term "dissolved
solids" is used to describe these ions in water; some of the
more common are silica, calcium, and magnesium. When
water is thermally evaporated or treated with membranes,
these ions become saturated and exceed their solubility in
water. They will then precipitate or crystallize to form
scale. Scale formation plugs piping and fouls the
water-handling system, steam-generator tubes,

1. Membranes ( Reverse osmosis )

2. Ion Exchange.
2. Ion Exchange:
CaCl2 (aq) + KOH (aq) → Ca(OH)2 (s) + KCl (aq)
C. Dissolved-Gas Removal

Oxygen Ammonia, H2S, CO2 Oxygen 0.5 ppm in

hydrogen-sulfide-free water and 0.01 ppm in water
containing hydrogen sulfide causes corrosion and
bacteria-plugging problems in an injection reservoir.

1. Gas Stripping
2. Vacuum Deaeration
1. Gas Stripping
2. Vacuum Deaeration
 D. Scale Inhibition
● As the water stream flows through the treatment
system, its pressure, temperature, and composition will
change. Pressure and temperature changes will affect
the solubility of the chemical components in water and
may form various types of scales. These can be formed
in the pipelines, equipment, control system, and pumps.

● Scale formation leads to equipment failure, plugging,

and contamination.
● The most common types of scales are: carbonate,
sulfate, oxide, silica,etc.
● Scale inhibitors are chelants (EDTA, NTA),
polyacrylates
 E. Corrosion Protection
● Corrosion inhibitors reduce the corrosion rate.

● Chemical scavengers are used to remove

dissolved oxygen from water.

● These include: sodium sulfite (Na2SO3), sulfur

dioxide (SO2), sodium bisulphate (NaHSO3),
F. Bacteria Control
● Surface water contain biological constituents
(primarily bacteria) that can contaminate the water
injection systems. Bacteria multiply rapidly into
colonies and plug Surface equipment, Downhole
equipment, Injection-well, Reservoir.

● Bacteria promote corrosion of Surface piping,

Downhole tubulars. Bactria generate H2S that
causes pitting corrosion

● Using of Biocides such as : Chlorine, Aldehydes,

Amines etc.
Thank You
Submitted by:
Name : Divyanshu Saini
Roll no: 20/166
Branch: Petroleum
engineering