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Thermodynamics
4
2nd Law of
Thermodynamics Dr S. K. Fasogbon & Dr Temilola T. Olugasa
University of Ibadan
Introduction
➢ Satisfying the first law alone does not ensure that the process will take
place.
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Kelvin-Planck statement
❑ No heat engine can have a
thermal efficiency 100
percent.
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Heat Engines
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The work-producing
device that best fit into
the definition of a heat
engine is the steam
power plant, which is
an external combustion
engine.
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Thermal Efficiency
Desired Result
th =
Required Input
❖ For a heat engine the desired result is the net work
done and the input is the heat supplied to make
the cycle operate. 7
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Wnet , out
th =
Qin
where
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Wnet , out
th =
Qin
Qin − Qout
=
Qin
Qout
= 1−
Qin 9
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QL T
= L
QH TH
TL
th , rev = 1−
TH
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QH QH QL
COPHP = = COPR =
Wnet , in QH − QL Wnet , in
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Carnot Cycle
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Carnot Cycle
Process Description
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Example 4.1
Solution:
A steam power plant
produces 50 MW of net Wnet , out
th =
work while burning fuel QH
to produce 150 MW of =
50 MW
= 0.333 or 33.3%
heat energy at the high 150 MW
temperature. Determine
the cycle thermal Wnet , out = QH − QL
efficiency and the heat QL = QH − Wnet , out
rejected by the cycle to = 150 MW − 50 MW
the surroundings. = 100 MW
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Example 4.2
A Carnot heat engine receives 500 kJ of heat per cycle from a high-
temperature heat reservoir at 652ºC and rejects heat to a low-
temperature heat reservoir at 30ºC. Determine :
(a) The thermal efficiency of this Carnot engine
(b) The amount of heat rejected to the low-temperature heat
reservoir
Solution:
TH = 652oC
TL QL TL
QH th , rev = 1 − =
TH QH TH
HE
WOUT
(30 + 273) K (30 + 273) K
= 1− = = 0.328
QL (652 + 273) K (652 + 273) K
TL = 30oC = 0.672 or 67.2% QL = 500 kJ (0.328)
= 164 kJ
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Example 4.3
An inventor claims to have developed a refrigerator that maintains
the refrigerated space at 2ºC while operating in a room where the
temperature is 25ºC and has a COP of 13.5. Is there any truth to his
claim?
Solution:
TH = 25oC
QL TL
COPR = =
QH QH − QL TH − TL
(2 + 273) K
R
Win =
(25 − 2) K
QL
= 1196
.
TL = 2oC
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Clausius Statement
• It is impossible to construct a device that operates in a
cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of
heat from a lower-temperature body to a higher-
temperature body.
• The Kelvin-Planck and Clausius statements are
equivalent in their consequences.
Entropy
❑ This relates to the 2nd law since the 2nd law predicts
that not all heat provided to a cycle can be
transformed into an equal amount of work, some heat
rejection must take place.
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Entropy
• The entropy of a pure crystalline substance at absolute
zero temperature is zero (since molecules become
motionless at absolute zero- Third Law of
Thermodynamics.
• There is no entropy transfer associated with energy
transfer as work.
• Processes can occur only in the direction of increased
overall entropy or molecular disorder.
Entropy Change
dS = 0
S2 = S1
i. Pure substances:
Any process: Δs = s2 – s1 (kJ/kgK)
Isentropic process: s2 = s1
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T2 P2
s2 − s1 = C p , av ln − R ln
T1 P1
for isentropic process
k
P2 v1
=
P1 s = const . v2
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Example 4.5
Steam at 1 MPa, 600oC, expands in a turbine to 0.01 MPa. If the
process is isentropic, find the final temperature, the final enthalpy of
the steam, and the turbine work.
Solution:
s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ.K
Wout = m ( h1 − h2 )
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T2 = Tsat @ P2 = 45.81o C
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Isentropic Efficiencies
• Irreversibilities inherently accompany all actual
processes and that their effect is always to downgrade
the performance of devices.
• A cycle that was composed entirely of reversible
processes served as the model cycle to which the actual
cycles could be compared (Carnot Cycle)
• The ideal process that can serve as a suitable model
for adiabatic steady-flow devices is the isentropic
process
• The isentropic or adiabatic efficiency, which is a
measure of the deviation of actual processes from
the corresponding idealized ones.
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Example 4.6
Steam at 1 MPa, 600°C, Solution:
expands in a turbine to 0.01
❖ Theoretically:
MPa. The isentropic work
of the turbine is 1152.2 wa h1 − h2 a
isen ,T = =
kJ/kg. If the isentropic ws h1 − h2 s
efficiency of the turbine is
wa = isen ,T ws
90 percent, calculate the
actual work. Find the = 0.9 (1153)
actual turbine exit
temperature or quality of
= 1037.7 kJ
kg
the steam.
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State1
P1 = 1 MPa h1 = 3698.6 kg
kJ
T1 = 600o C s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ. K
State 2 s
sat.mixture
P2 = 0.01 MPa
x2 s = 0.984
s2 s = s1 = 8.0311 kgkJ. K
h = 2545.6 kJ
2s kg
wa = h1 − h2 a State 2a
h2 a = h1 − wa
P2 = 0.01 MPa sup erheated
= 2660.9 kJ
kg h2 a = 2660.9 kJ
kg T
2a = 86.85o
C
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Example 4.7
Air enters a compressor ❖ For isentropic process of IGL
k −1
and is compressed
T2 s P2 k
adiabatically from 0.1 MPa, =
27°C, to a final state of 0.5 T1 P1
MPa. Find the work done
0.4/1.4
0.5
T2 s = ( 27 + 273)
on the air for a compressor 0.1
isentropic efficiency of 80 = 475.4 K
percent. ❖ Then
Wc , s
Wc , s Wc ,a = = 220 kJ
Wc , s = = h2 s − h1 isen ,c kg
m
= CP (T2 s − T1 ) 40
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