A.4. Exam Questions - Needs Converting

UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS
UNISA RY rca [5
CMY1501 (490498) October/November 2017

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY: CRIME, OFFENDERS AND
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR
Duration . 2 Hours 50 Marks
EXAMINERS :
FIRST PROF AE HESSELINK
SECOND DR M BARKHUIZEN
Closed book examination
This examination question paper remains the property of the University of South Africa and may not be
removed from the examination venue
INSTRUCTIONS
This examination paper consists of eleven (11) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark reading
sheet
Please complete the attendance register on the back page, tear off and hand to the invigilator
Answer all the questions

CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2017
Who 1s the father of American Criminology?
1) Toppinard
2) Sutherland
3) Caratalio
4) Quetelet
(1)
2) Conklin (2004) identified four types of viclent offenders, namely
1) Situationally violent, criminally violent, pathologically viatent and culturally violent offenders
2) Criminally violent, gratuitously violent, situationally violent and culturally violent offenders
3) Gratuitously violent, pathologically violent, cnminally violent and situationally violent offenders
4) Culturally violent, chronically violent, situationally violent and pathologically violent offenders
tL)
3) Which of the following paths of antisocial behaviour have been identified dunng the developmental
process of a child?
1) The erratic, overt and covert pathways

2) The oven, covert and conflict pathways
3) The conflict, erratic and overt pathways
4) The coven, conflict and erratic pathways
(Mm
4) A limitation of victim surveys include
1) Victim surveys reflect the number of crimes but not the number of offenders
2) Victim surveys reflect the number of vichms but not the number of offenders
3) Certan offences are committed once-off
4) Victim surveys do not reflect accurate and representative crime statistics
Mm
The process of motivation 1s driven
1) action
2) thought
3} economic
4) need
Mm
CMY1501
Oct/Nov 2017
6) A paramilitary group that metes out justice because of absence of effective vichm assistance
services resorts under justice
1} informal
2) formal
3) organised
4) unorganised
(1)
7) “A strong moral sense that renders a person incapable of hurting others or violating social norms”
refers to
1} Victim empathy
2) Self-control
3) Moral values
4) A sense of power
8) Circumstantial factors such as an absence of socialisation, truancy and substance abuse are
linked to a poor self-control and the
1) Rational Choice Theory

2) Social Learning Theory
3) General Theoryof Cnme
4) Contlict Theory
Mm
9) The components of motivation include
1) Rational choice, desire and effort

2) Effort, persistence and rational choice
3) Drrection, effort and desire
4) Persistence, effort and direction
10) Components of social cognition associated with cnminal behaviour include
1) Willpower and strength of will

2) Direct and indirect intention
3) Personal interactions and family environment
4) Self-control and impulsiveness
(1)
CMY1501
Oct/Nov 2017
11) refers to a lack of parental love, a hostile parent, and emotionally neglected children
1) Parental rejection
2) Parental control
3) Parental conflict
4} A broken home
(1)
12) The theories outline the way in which society 1s organised and how 1t influences people's
behaviour
1) Confhct
2) Process
3) Consensus
4) Structure
(1
13) The . theories explain how people become offenders through learning
1) Consensus
2) Process
3) Structure
4) Encounter
(1)
14) are perceived as short-ived subjective-psychological-functional-expressive phenomena that
organise and orchestra interrelated aspects of experience.
1) Cogritions
2) Circumstances
3) Emotions
4) Choices
(M
15) Identify with regard to age and criminality the correct statement.
1) Ages inversely related to cnminality — young offenders have the highest crime rate,
2) As offenders mature, their offending rate increases
3) Young people are arrested at a proportionate rate to their numbers in the population.
4) Universally there is a tendency for criminal involvement to peak during adolescence and upscale
thereafter
(1
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2017
16) take stock of their ives in their late thirhes or early forties
1) Juvenile offenders
2) Habitual criminals
3) Child offenders
4) Mentally ill offenders
Mm
17) 1s an assumption of positivism that says individual differences in behaviour are rooted in factors
beyond, or at least not entirely within the control of individuals
1) Determinism
2) Free will
3) Social learning
4) Rational choice
Mm
18) To be competent and to display a sense of belonging refers toa need with regard to the needs
and motives for criminal behaviour
1) biological
2) social
3) psychological
4) matenaiistic
(1)
19) refers to the ability to make rational choices among possible actions, to select one over the
others, and that offenders can be held responsibie for their behaviour
1) Rational choice
2) Free will
3) Social learning
4) Determinism
(1)
20) One of the premises of Gottfredson and Hirschy's General Theory of Crime 1s that
1) The cniminal act and the offender are treated as one concept
2) The definition of crime 1s extensively
3) The root cause of poor self-control 1s Inadequate child-rearing practices
4) Poor self-control stems from a personality disorder
(Mm
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2017
21) The focuses on the breakdown if institutions such as the family, schools and employment in
inner-city neighbourhoods
Consensus theory
eS —=
Social Disorgamisation theary

DH Wh
ZT
Contlict theory
Rational Choice theory
(1)
22) The Traits theory 1s rooted In Cesare Lombrosso’s work on
1) born cnmials
2) socialised cnminals.
3) rational criminals
4) mentally Ill ciminals
Mm
23) Anger . 1s associated with anger rape
1) retaliation
2) assertion
3) reassurance
4) management
(Mm
24) The incident 1s an example of possessive Jealousy and envy that are motivators of criminal
behaviour
1) Tina Rodngues.
2} Oscar Pistonus
3) Eersterus vigilante.
4) Nancy Kerrigan
1)
25) Human behaviour is a product of social, biological, psychological or economic forces This premise
relates to the .
1) Femmust theory.
2) Postmodernist approach
3) Positivism approach
4) Social Structure approach
(1)
CMY1501
Oct/Nov 2017
28) Vehicle and truck hijacking resort under the cnme category of
1) Gnmes heavily dependent in police action for tracing

2) Cnmes falling under robbery with aggravating circumstances
3) Cnmes of violence
4) Violence aimed at property
(1
27) According to Sheldon’s somatotypes, . refers to a heavy build, slow moving, body shape 1s soft
and round, personality 1s extrovert, friendly and sociable
1) Ectomorphs
2) Mesomorphs
3) Somamorphs
4) Endomorphs
(1)
28) aim to measure attitudes, values, personal characteristics and behaviours.
1) Data mining studies

2) Case study analyses
3) Cnme mapping
4) Self-report studies
1
29) The . theory views crime as offence-specific (based on the charactenstics of the cnme) and
offender-specific {1 e requirement of certain skills)
1) Traits
2) Conflict
3) Rational Choice
4) Social Disorgarisation
30) The Cultural Deviance theory resorts under
1) Brological theories
2) Social Control theories
3) Social Structure theories
4) Social Process theories
(1)
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2017
31) The state Is selective and biased and focuses only on some acts as being criminal (usually those
committed by powerless people), and economic and political discrimination are seen as the causes
of crme These premises refer to.
1) Consensus school of thought

2) Sociahsation school of thought
3) Crtical school of thought
4) Feministic school of thought
(1)
32) This approach focuses on the use of language by those in power to define crime, based on their
own values and biases
1) Rational Choice
2) Positivism
3) Radical Cnminclogy
4) Postmodernist
(1)
33) Differences in the availability of employment, alcoho! and drug abuse, peer pressure and social
stressors, and an early onset of crime are . factors that contribute to the high cnme rate among
the youth
1) biological
2) social
3) cultural
4) gender
(1)
34) Lawrence Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning explains that individuals pass through different
phases of moral behaviour The Postconventional, autonomous or principled level comprises of
the
1) interpersonal concardance of “good boy”, “mce girl” orientation

2) universal ethical principle orientation
3) Instrumental relative onentation
4) law and order onentation
(1
35} According to the General Theory of Cnme (Gottfreson and Hirschi) crime brings about
1) cnminal satisfaction
2) acceptance of economic restraints
3) immediate satisfaction of needs
4) perseverance in cniminal thoughts.
1
CMY 1501
Qct/Nov 2017
36) The . school of thought indicates that hidden crimes exist against women, and it 1s unjust to
expect victims to protect themselves against crime
1) Positivistic
2) Cnhcal
3) Postmodern
4) Feminist
(1
37) An inability to manipulate abstract concepts, to foresee the consequences of delinquent and
offending behaviour, to appreciate the feelings of victims, as well as frustration associated with
poor verbal abihties, refer to
1) Physical and biological factors as risk factors associated with criminal causation
2) Personality and temperament as criminal nisk predictors
3) Mental and psychological disorders as criminal risk factors
4) Intelligence as a risk indicator of criminal causation
(
38) The approach outlines that men and women are “the same” but women are denied
opportunities to do the same things as men, including participation in crime
1) Social Learning
2) Conflict
3) Rational Choice
4) Liberal Feminist
(1
39) These theories explicitly explain the ink between crime, poverty and unemployment
1) Social structure theories

2) Traits theones
3) Social process theories
4) Cntucal/liberal theones
(1)
40) The ... theory states that gender and social class differences are inked to the structure of the
family, and that woman's apportunities for crime are imited due to unequal opportunities to commut
crime for men and women
1} Conflict-positstic
2} Radical-critical
3) Social-learning
4) Power-control
10
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2017
41) sources of motivation include plans and goals, expectancies and the self-concept
1) Emotive
2) Cognitive
3) Societal
4) Environmental
(1)
42) The Social Learning theory 1s a branch of
1) Biological theories
2) Social Control theories
3) Social Structure theones
4) Social Process theories
(1
43) Chronic recidivism and criminal careers are prominent concepts in. theones?
1) Traits
2) Social structure
3) Social process
4) Rational choice
(1
44) Is regarded as a subcategory of power rape
1) Power assertion
2) Power minimisation
3) Power internalisation
4) Power assimilation
(1)
45) This theory focuses on conditions In the urban environment that affect crime, such as schools,
family, and commercia! establishments
1) Cuitural Deviance theory

2) Social Control theory
3) Strain theory
4) Social Disorganisation theory
(1)
46) The extent to which a theory “enjoys real-life and empirical support” refers to
1) Evidence of validity
2) Falsthability
3) Predictabihty
4) Plausibility
(1)
11
CMY1501
Oct/Nov 2017
47) is an element of intention, and refers to purposeful behaviour, actions related to free will, choice
and decisions to act in a specific way
1) Self-control
2) Empathy
3) Moral reasoning
4) Volition
Mm
48) The critena for a good theory include
1) Plausibility, generalisation, feasibility and predictability

2) Predictability, validity, plausibility and predictability
3) Falsihiabiity, validity, plausibility and predictability
4) Authenticity, feasibility, plausibility and falsifiability
Mm
49) Factors such as cognition and criminal or non-criminal thought processes are included in an
offender's
1) rational choice ability

2) mind-set
3) morals and values
4} problem-solving skills
(M
50) The Rational Choice Theory onginated from the School of Criminclogy.
1) Positivistic
2) Classical
3) Cntical
4) Rational
(1)
{50]
Total: 50 marks
©
UNISA 2017
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA U N ] SA om UNIVERSITEIT VAN SUID-AFRIKA
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TREE 2
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UNISA lz.
CMY1501 ( 497050) May/June 2017

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR
Duration 2 Hours 50 Marks
EXAMINERS :
FIRST PROF FJW HERBIG
SECOND MRS W KRUGER
removed from the exarunation venue
INSTRUCTIONS
This examination paper consists of twelve {12) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark reading
sheet
Please complete the attendance register on the back page, tear off and hand to the mvigiator

CMY 1501
May/June 2017
The terms ‘motive’ and ‘intent’ are often viewed as having the same meaning, but this Is
incorrect Which one of the following statements refers specifically fo ‘intent’?
It refers to the reason behind an action

It 1s the causative factor or impetus that drives an action
GN
It does not involve conscious deliberation and purposefulness

It Indicates the desire that a specific result will follow
Ba
Mm
Maslow's theory 1s probably one of the most widely cited theones of motivation To which
group of motivation theories does it belong?
Content theories
FFARR
Instrumental theones
Process theories
None of the above
Mm
Which one of the following 1s not a component of motivation?
1 Direction
2 Effort
3 Persistence
4 Affection
(1)
What involves thought, judgement, interpretation and understanding?
Cognition
—-
Emotion
WN
Affection
Self-esteem
Mm
What kind of relationship exists between cognitions and motivations?
Reciprocal relationship
WON =
Negative relationship
imbalanced relationship
Biased relationship
0)
CMY 1501
May/June 2017
With regard to the process of motivation, which form of appraisal questions whether an
individual's physical or psychological wellbeing, goals and financial status, or interpersonal
relationships are at stake?
Secondary appraisal
AON =
Final appraisal
Intermediate appraisal
Pnmary appraisal
0)
Rational choice theorists view crime as
offence specific
offender specific
AWN
both offence and offender specific

victim specific
1
Traits theory Is rooted in whose work on ‘born cnminals'?
1 Lombroso
2 Beccana
3 Bentham
4 Garofalo
(1)
Which theones have gained prominence because of work done in the field of what 1s known as
chronic recidivism and criminal careers?
Traits theones
HON =
Social structure theories

Social process theories
Rational choice theories
Mm
10 Which theones onginated in an attempt to explain the link between cnme, poverty and
unemployment?
Social structure theones

PWN —-
Traits theones
Social process theones
Cntical/liberal theones
®)
CMY 1501
May/June 2017
1" Which one of the following is hot a branch within the social structure perspective?
Social learning theory

tal SRL
Social disorganisation theory

Strains theory
Cultural deviance theory
{1
12 Which one of the following 1s not a branch of the social process theories?
Social learning theory

Social control theory
w=
Cultural deviance theory

Social action theory
(1)
13. Cultural deviance theory is a branch within which perspective?
Social process theories

AWN -
Social structure theories

Traits theones
Social action theories
Mm
14. With regard to the motivation factors in relation to rape, power rape can be divided into how
many subcategories?
WN -
AARL
[4 IF
(1)
15 What subcategory of rape Is motivated by the rapist’s attempt to resolve lingenng doubts about
his sexual adequacy and masculinity?
1 Power reassurance
2 Power assertion
3 Power retaliation
4. Power excitation
Mm
16. Which one of the foliowing typologies is associated with anger rape?
Anger retaliation
Anger assertion
po
Anger reassurance
Anger management
m
CMY 1501
May/June 2017
17 Which one of the following is not regarded as a possible motive for senal rape?
Righteousness rape
=
Peer rape
Bn
Control, supremacy & fantasy rape

Greed rape
(1)
18 To which possible motive for serial rape does ‘the rapist blaming someane else, such as the
victim, for the cnmes he has committed, rather than acknowledging his own blame’ relate?
Peer rape
SRE
Righteous rape
Fantasy rape
RSE
Supremacy rape
(Mm
19 Envy and possessive Jealousy are important motivators of criminal behaviour Which one of
the following incidents can not be regarded as an example hereof?
The Nancy Kerrigan incident

=
The Najwa Petersen incident

WN
The Eersterus vigilante incident

The Dina Rodrigues incident
(1)
20 In the context of cnminal motivation, bias-motivated crimes are also known as
1 jealousy cnmes
2 revenge cnmes
3 hate crmes
4 rehgious cnmes
21 With regard to nsk factors contributing to cnminal behaviour, and more specifically basic body
types (somatotypes), mesomorphs have
a heavy build and are slow moving

=
well developed muscles and an athletic appearance

ON
small skeletons and weak muscles

a tall appearance with short arms and legs
CMY1501
May/June 2017
22 With regard to nsk factors contributing to cnminal behaviour 1t Is important to understand that
even though genetics can instil a predisposition towards certain behavioural traits will act
as triggers of these dispositions
1. perscnalty influences
2 physical influences
3 environmental influences
4 intelligence influences
1)
23 Somatolypes (body types) are charactenzed by physical and emotional character traits Which
emotional character trait 1s associated with an Ectomorph?
1 Aggressive and likely to commut violent crimes

2 Relaxed and extroverted, and relatively non-criminatl
3 Introvert and overly sensitive
4 Athletic, muscular and extroverted
(1
24 Temperament and personality are regarded as important cnminal risk predictors Which one of
the following relates to temperament?
1 Emotions and thoughts that distinguish one person from another

2 Inability to experience empathy
3. Inherent, individual and emotional reaction to challenges and demands
4 Impulsivity and intelhgence
(1)
25 Lykken (in Schoeman 2002 99) maintains that socialization comprises three pnncipal
components Which one of the following 1s not a component?
Conscientiousness
WON =
Pro-sociality
Acceptance of adult responsibility
Questioning of adult responsibility
M
26 With regard to alcohol and drug abuse as nsk factors for offending, research has found that
young offenders often consume alcohol before committing offences For what purpose 1s this
done?
To provide an alibi
=
To provide an excuse
aN
To provide a diversion
To provide an incentive
(1)
CMY1501
May/June 2017
27, With regard to drug abuse as a nisk factor for offending, Conklin (2001) states that the need to
support a drug habit can leadto cnmes.
principal
ropa
violent
secondary
property
Mm
28. The following faciors, namely inadequate nutrition, exposure to smoking, alcohol and drugs, as
well as violence and abuse are associated with juvenile delinquency and adult cnme. What
are these nsk factors known as?
Prenatal nsk factors

HWM =
Perinatal nsk factors

Presumptive risk factors
Parental risk factors
1
29. Research by Siegel & Senna (2000) indicated with regard to family structure and compasition
that .. . children are more likely to exhibit delinquent behaviour
first born
Sali
second born
Sl
middle bom
last born
m
In relation to family structure/composition and crime, research indicates that children growing
up in families where one parent has died are in a
better position than families disrupted by divorce

PWN =
worse position than families disrupted by divorce

similar position to families disrupted by divorce
more desperate position than families disrupted by divorce
(1)
31 Siegel and Welsh (2009) maintain that children growing up 1n an environment of discord and
conflict exhibit a certain type of behaviour, which they have learnt at an early age, has pay-
offs. What type of behaviour are they refernng to?
Vulgar behaviour
Manipulative behaviour
rp
Aggressive behaviour
Benign behaviour
(1)
CMY 1501
May/June 2017
32 Children exposed to marital and familial conflicts are affected on the emotional, physiological
and social levels. This often results in the manifestation of externalised and internalised
disorders. Which one of the following can be regarded as an externalised disorder?
Behavioural problems
HWM —-
Anxiety disorders
Depression issues
Skin and nail disorders
Mm
In relation to community associated criminal nsk factors what can be regarded as one of the
strongest predictors of adolescent violence for both males and females?
Unemployment
=
Peer pressure
WN
Overcrowding
Poverty
(1)
In relation to family functioning as a nsk factor for cnmina! causation, physical punishment,
such as slapping, hitting and/or punching by parents provide a pattern to be when
youngsters themselves are frustrated and angry
avoided
=
rejected
WN
modelled
dismissed
(1)
35 In relation to the role of schools In the development of delinquent behaviour in youths, identify
the incorrect statement
1 Schools often create the opportunity for children to come into contact with other delinquent
peers
2 Schools are increasingly being acknowledged as an arena for youth cnmes
3 Children with a tustory of delinquent behaviour often tend to go to schools known for lower
delinquency rates
4 The amount of exposure a child has to aggressive peers In day care or preschool is
predictive of later aggressive behaviour
(1)
36. In relation to nsk factors contnbuting to a delinquent career Famngton (in Siegel & Welsh
2009) found that the traits present in persistent offenders can be observed as early as the age
of
=
WN
ry
o
(1)
CMY 1501
May/June 2017
37. To which one of the following paths of antisocial behaviour does the following statement
relate? “The pathway Is depicted by the escalation of delinquent acts commencing with
aggression, leading to fighting and ultimately viclence”.
Conflict pathway
—-
Overt pathway
aN
Secret pathway
Rebellious pathway
(1)
Identify the incorrect statement in relation to nsk factors associated with youth violence In
South Afnca
1 Exposure to high-level violence (in the news, on television and radio, in films, video
games, etc ) entrenches violent behaviour
2 The apartheid regime led to an alienated generation for whom violence was the only
legitimate means of achieving change
3 The dislocation of society under apartheid resulted in a generation of future parents who
lacked the vital parenting skills required to raise healthy children
4. The impact of increasingly available drugs and alcohol and the rise in related gang activity
contnbutes to youth violence
(1M
39 With regard to the factors contributing to desisting from ciminal activities identify the incorrect
statement regarding the factors that protect high-nsk youths from starting cniminal careers.
1. Having a shy personality

2. Having few friends at age 8
3. Having non-dewiant families
4. Being highly regarded by their fathers
(1)
40 With regard to the individual-oniented perspectives on the causes of cnme, human beings may
be studied in terms of three different levels or dimensions Identify the incorrect dimension
listed
Emotional dimension
PARE
Biological dmension
Psychological dimension
Social dimension
(1
41 To which one of the following does this statement relate? “This 1s an assumption of positivism
that says that individual differences in behaviour are rooted in factors beyond, or at least not
entirely within, the control of individuals”
Rational choice perspective

soN~
Free will
Determinism
Social learning approach
(1)
10
CMY 1501
May/June 2017
42, Genetic factors, neurophysiological factors, and biochemical factors that play a role in criminal
behaviour all fall under which one of the following dimensions?
1. Psychological dimension
2. Pathological dimension
3. Biological dimension
4 Emotional dimension
(1)
Identfy the correct statement regarding Wells and Rankin’s analysis of fifty published studies
dealing with broken homes and delinquency
1 The correlation between broken homes and juvenile delinquency is stronger for minor
forms of juvenile misconduct and weakest for senous forms of cnminal behaviour (such as
crimes of violence)
2 The correlation between broken homes and juvenile delinquency 1s weaker for minor forms
of juvenile misconduct and stronger for senous forms of cnminal behaviour
3 The correlation between broken homes and juvenile delinquency 15 stronger for senous
forms of juvenile misconduct and weakest for minor forms of criminal behaviour
4 The correlation between broken homes and juvenile delinquency is weaker for serious
forms of juvenile misconduct and strongest for minor forms of cnminal behaviour
(1
Identify the correct statement in relation to Jenkins’ findings regarding parental rejection and
crime
Parental rejection has a direct effect on the child's ultimate development of conscience
Parental rejection has an indirect effect on the child's ultimate development of conscience
aw
Parental rejection has a direct effect on the child's ultimate development of bad manners
Parental rejection has an indirect effect on the child's ultimate development of bad
manners
(1M
Identify the correct statement in relation to Bandura and Walters’ findings regarding parental
rejection and crime.
1 There is an indrect correlation between rejection by hostile fathers and debnquent

behaviour
2 There is a direct correlation between rejection by hostile mothers and delinquent behaviour
3 There is an indirect correlation between rejection by hostile mothers and delinquent
behaviour
4. There is a direct correlation between rejection by hostile fathers and delinquent behaviour
1)
11
CMY 1501
May/June 2017
The link between ineffective discipline and delinquent behaviour can follow one of two
directions Which of the following directions involve the parents continually reprimanding the
child's every move, using verbal threats and expressions of disapproval?
Disengaged disciplinary style

Enmeshed disciplinary style
pop
Authontarian disciplinary style

Fragmented disciplinary style
(1)
47. With regard to parental control and cnme (specifically the disciplining of children), identify the
correct statement
1. Lax or erratic discipline mvolving punitive methods was strongly related to delinquency
2. Enmatic disciphne, especially the amount involved, is the most important variable causing
delinquent behaviour
3. Inconsistent discipline, either by punitive or love-oriented methods, 1s significantly related
to non-delinquency
4. Consistent discipline, either by punitive or love-oriented methods, 1s significantly related to
delinquency
Mm
With regard to population structure as a factor contributing to crime in South Africa, Fergusson
found that young people between which ages are twice as likely to become the victims or
perpetrators of violent crime?
11 and 18 years old

YAY CN
10 and 17 years old

12 and 19 years old
11 and 17 years oid
1)
49. With regard to the individual-onented perspectives on the causes of cnme, which one of the
following advanced scientific apparatus is not used to study the functioning of the brain in
living persons?
EEG (electroencephalogram)
CAT scanner
bal
PET scanner
ECG (electrocardiogram)
Mm
12
CMY1501
May/June 2017
50 Which one of the following options 1s an assumption of positivism that says that dividual
differences in behaviour are rooted in factors beyond, or at least not entirely within, the control
of indwviduals?
1 Free will
2 Biological dimension
3. Determinism
4 Social learning
(1)
[50]
Total: 50 marks
[=]
UNISA 2017
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CMY1 501 { 496567) October/November 2016
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY CRIME, OFFENDERS AND

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR
EXAMINERS
SECOND MRS W KRUGER
Closed bock examination
INSTRUCTIONS
This examination paper consists of eleven (11) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark reading
sheet

CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS
CHOOSE THE MOST CORRECT ANSWER
1 They contnbuted significantly to the development of cnminological positivism
Beccarna & Bentham

Fern & Garofalo
Wn
Guerry & Quetelet

Esbenson & Geis
(1M
2 The school of thought that considers It unjust to expect victims to protect themselves against crime
Postmodern criminology
WRN =
Critical cnminclogy
Feminist criminology
Liberal cnminology
)
3 This type of cnminalogy 1s not bound to a particular school of thought and rejects theones based on
soctal class or structure
PWN =
Feminist cniminalogy
Critical cnminology
Liberal cnminclogy
Mm
4 This type of crime 1s representative of an instrumental cme
Rape
=
Assault
WN
Selling drugs
Sexual violence
n
5 This type of crime 1s representative of an expressive crime
1 Selling drugs
2 Rape
3 Stealing valuables
4 Stealing vehicles
m
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
The term “dark figure” refers to?
Crimes not reported to the police

Crimes that are not committed
Crimes not investigated by the police
Crimes that are committed at night
FE
Crime trends refer to?
A specific pattern in the incidence of crime

The nse and fall of cme in a particular year
B=
The falling crime rate in a particular year

The classification of crime in a particular year
m
According to the Department of Correctional Services this 1s the highest crime category for
sentenced children in South Africa
Aggressive crimes
Economic crimes
AON
Violent cnimes
Sexual cnmes
This school of thought 1s regarded as the fourth great movement in cnminology
Liberal criminology
AWN A
New criminology
Feminist cnminoclogy
Postmodern cnminology
Mm
10 These types of cnminology stereotype female criminals as “sick”, implying that they need treatment,
for instance that they are intellectually mferior, have male attnbutes and are psychologically
disturbed
Feminist and hberal feminist criminology

AWN =
Critical and conflict criminology

Classic and positivist criminology
Left realism and peacemaking cnminology
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
11 The name “Walton” 1s associated with this school of thought
1 Cntical cnminology
2 Feminist cnminology
3 Peacemaking criminology
4 Postmodern criminology
Mm
12 To whom (an author) can the statement that “all cnminclogy has, to some extent, become
positivistic” be attnbuted?
Quinney
PWN —-
Turk
Cohen
Garland
(1)
13 With regard to positivist cimimology, identify the correct statement
The emphasis 1s on the cnme not the criminal

BWM =
The purpose of sanctions is specifically to punish criminals

Medical/psychological treatment can prevent crime and victimisation
Positivist criminology 1s valuable for its ability to reduce crime levels
Mm
14 The reliability of positivist findings 1s called into question because It 1s rarely possible, in research
procedures, to distinguish accurately between criminals and non-criminals How many criminals,
according to estimation, are ever caught and prosecuted?
One in five
=
One In six
WN
One In seven
One inten
Mm
15 The reliability of positivist findings 1s called into question because it 1s rarely possible, In research
procedures, to distinguish accurately between criminals and non-cnminals What percentage of
criminals, according to estimation, 1s ever jalled?
One percent
HON =
Three percent
Five percent
Eight percent
(1)
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
16 This school of thought is regarded as the third movement in the scientific development of
cnminology
Feminist cnminology
=
Radical feminist cnminology

WN
Cntical criminology
Peacemaking criminology
Mm
17 Which school of thought believes in empowenng the community through, amongst others, self-
defence units and community courts?
1 Cntical criminology
2 Postmodern criminology
3 Social milieu cnminology
4 Femirust criminology
Mm
18 According to Heidensohn (1994), how many crimes worldwide are committed by women?
1 12%1t0 15%
2 10%to 12%
3 15%1020%
4 8%to11%
Mm
Which school of thought focuses, amongst others, on community-based policing, restorative justice
and community-based punishments?
AWN =
Critical criminology
Socral milieu criminology
M
20 Crminological perspectives such as rational choice, Ifestyle and routine activities can be linked
specifically to this school of thought
New rightist criminology

FNFAN CRN
Leftist realism cnminology

Conflict cnminology
(1
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
21 Little criminological Iiterature has onginated in Africa What 1s regarded as a possible reason for
this?
Public perception regarding police corruption

Conventional cnminologtcal theories are not relevant
WN
Lack of funds for cnminological research

Relhable crime statistics are hard to find
(1)
22 The terms ‘motive’ and ‘intent’ are often viewed as having the same meaning, but this 1s incorrect
Which one of the following statements refers specifically to intent’?
It refers to the reason behind an action

It 1s the causative factor or impetus that dees an achon
N=
Does not involve conscious deliberation and purposefulness

it Indicates the desire that a specific result will follow
(1
23 Maslow's theory 1s probably one of the most widely cited theories of motivation To which group of
metivation theories does it belong?
Content thecres
BON +
Instrumental theones
Process theories
None of the above
nm
24 Which theory holds that basic needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs can be satisfied?
y
Traits theory
=
Rational choice theery

WN
Maslow's theory
Differential association theory
25 Which one of the following 1s NOT a component of motivation?
Direction
ENERN LRN
Effort
Persistence
Affection
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
26 What involves thought, judgement, interpretation and understanding?
Cognition
Bw =
Emotion
Affection
Self-esteem
27 What kind of relationship exists between cognitions and motivations?
Rectprocal relationship
PWN —
Negative relationship
Imbalanced relationship
Biased refationship
28 Rational choice theory has its roots in which school of thought?
Positivist school of thought

BLN =
Classical school of thought

Critical school of thought
Postmodern school of thought
(1M
29 With regard to the process of motivation, which form of appraisal questions whether an individuals
physical or psychological wellbeing, goals and financial status, or interpersonal relationships are at
stake?
1 Secondary appraisal
2 Final appraisal
3 Intermediate appraisal
4 Pnmary appraisal
(1
30 Rational choice theonsts view cnme as
offence specific
CR
offender specific
both offence and offender specific
EFA
victim specific
{1
CMY1501
Oct/Nov 2016
31 Traits theory 1s rooted mn whose work on ‘born criminals’?
Lombroso
BWN —
Beccarna
Bentham
Garofalo
(1)
32 Temperament and personality are regarded as important cnminal nsk predictors Which one of the
following relates to temperament?
Emctions and thoughts that distinguish one person from another

=
inabity to experience empathy

Hw
Inherent, Individual and emotional reaction to challenges and demands

impulsivity and intelligence
1
33 Lykken (in Schoeman 2002 99) maintains that socialisation comprises three principal components
Which one of the following 1s NOT a component?
Consclentiousness
AWN =
Pro-sociality
m
34 With regard to alcohol and drug abuse as nsk factors for offending, research has found that young
offenders often consume alcoho! before committing offences For what purpose 1s this done?
To provide an alibt
PWN =
(1
35 With regard to drug abuse as a nsk factor for offending, Conkiin (2001) states that the need to
support a drug habrt can lead to crimes
principal
violent
BQN
secondary
property
(1
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
36 The following factors, namely inadequate nutntion, exposure to smoking, alcohel and drugs, as well
as violence and abuse are associated with juvenile delinquency and adult crime What are these
risk factors known as?
Prenatal risk factors

=
Pennatal nsk factors

WN

Parental nsk factors
(1)
37 Research by Siegel & Senna (2000) indicated with regard to family structure and composition that
children are more likely to exhibit delinquent behaviour
first born
second born
BON
middle born
last born
(1
38 In relation to family structure/composition and crime, research indicates that children growing up in
familes where one parent has died are In a
better position than families disrupted by divorce

AWN =
worse position than families disrupted by divorce

(1)
39 Siegel and Welsh (2009) maintain that children growing up in an environment of discord and conflict
exhibit a certain type of behaviour, which they have learnt at an early age, has pay-offs What type
of behaviour are they refernng to?
Vulgar behaviour
RO
Benign behaviour
(1)
40 Children exposed to marital and familial conflicts are affected on the emotional, physiological and
social levels This often results in the manifestation of externalised and internalised disorders
Which one of the following can be regarded as an externalised disorder?
AWN =
Anxiety disorders
Depression issues
Mm
10
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
41 In relation to community associated cnminal nsk factors, what can be regarded as one of the
strongest predictors of adolescent viclence for both males and females?
1 Unemployment
2 Peer pressure
3 Overcrowding
4 Poverty
(1)
42 Which one of the following options 1s an assumption of positivism that says that individual
differences in behaviour are rooted In factors beyond, or at least not entirely within, the control of
individuals?
1 Free will
2 Biological dimension
3 Determimsm
4 Social learning
0)
43 According to research conducted by Nathaniel Palone and James Hennesy, chronic violent
offenders have far higher levels of than the general population
1 brain dysfunction
2 brain disease
3 brainwave activity
4 brain metabolism
Mm
44 Research has determined that the incidence of brain pathology In homicide offenders 1s times
greater than in the general population
BON =
[&)
Fy
1
45 Biochemical factors may play a role in gnminal behaviour Biocriminologists believe that if diet could
be improved, the frequency of which one of the following criminal behaviours would be reduced?
AWN =
Deviant sexual behaviour

Violent behaviour
Predatory behaviour
nm
11
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2016
48 With regard to the relahonship between hormones and crime, identify the missing word Hormones
cause areas of the brain to become sensitive to environmental stimu
less
=
more
Wh
increasingly
highly
(1M
47 With regard to the individual-oriented perspectives on the causes of cnme, which one of the
following 1s NOT a subdivision of the psychological dimension?
Neurophysiological component
=
Voltional component
PbNN
Cognitive component
Emotional component
1)
48 A number of components of social cognition have been associated with cniminal behaviour Which
one of the following 1s the ability to see things from another person's point of view?
Locus of control
—-
Moral reasoning
LN
Empathy
Social problem solving
Mm
49 A number of components of soctal cognition have been associated with criminal behaviour
Delinquency appears to be associated with a delay in the development and maturation of which one
of the following?
Self-control
=
impulsiveness
WN
Probiem solving
Moral reasoning
1)
50 For criminologists, the theory of moral reasoning (as a cognitive approach to explaining criminal
behaviour) 1s of great importance Who formulated this theory?
Lawrence Kohlberg
Orn =
Richard Walters
Albert Bandura
Cesare Beccana
(1)
Total 50 marks
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CMY1501 ( 498303) May/June 2016

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY: CRIME, OFFENDERS AND CRIMINAL
BEHAVICUR
EXAMINERS ,
SECOND MISS W MOSTERT
removed from the examination venue.
This examination paper consists of twelve (12) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark
reading sheet.
Please complete the attendance register on the back page, tear off and hand to the invigitator.

CMY 1501
May/June 2016
CHOOSE THE MOST CORRECT OPTION.
1 This person was the first to use the term “‘enminology” In the nineteenth-century.
Toppinard
AON =
Sutherland
This person Is known as the father of Amencan cnminology
Toppmnard
Poh —
Sutherland
(1)
This person was a proponent of the social milieu school of thought
Lombrosc
Bown =
(1)
Cesare Lombroso was the founder of this form of cnminology/school of thought
=
WN
Social miheu
This school of thought rejects state definitions of crime
Conflict criminology
Positivist criminology
(1)
CMY 1501
May/June 2016
Which one of the following is net a contemporary branch of cntical criminology?
Leftist realism
=
Rightist realism
WN
Peace making criminology

Feminist cnminology
Which one the following did not contribute to the rise of critical criminology?
Labelling theory
PWN =
Confiict sociology
Marx's works
Postmodern theory
(1
Beccaria & Bentham are considered the founders of which school of criminology?
Positivist school
SON =
Classical school
Feminist school
Postmodern school
(1)
This school of thought accepts the legal/jundical concept of crime, but rejects free will and
rational choice
1 Positvist criminology
2 Classical criminology
3 Peace making criminology
4 Radical cnminclogy
10 One of the premises of the social-environment school of thought
it adopts an integrated approach to explain and prevent crime

BON -—
It accepts both the juridical and non-juridical cnme concepts

The criminal and the victim are seen as pivotal role players.
There 1s no concern with pumshment or rehabilitation
CMY 1501
May/June 2016
11 What generally accepted explanation is suggested for the enormous difference In crime
committed between the genders?
Different methods of socialisation

HWM =
Different levels of opportunity

Pathological differences
Different levels of frustration and anxiety
(1)
12. According to which theory are gender and social class differences linked to the structure of
the family?
Differential association
BON =
Power-control theory
Liberal feminist theory
Equal opportunity theory
(1)
13 Which theory predicts that male-female differences in delinquency will be greater in
patriarchal families and in the lower and working classes where such families are most
common?
Anomie
BLN =
Biological determinism
Postmodern theory
(1)
14 Which theory holds that males are substantially more likely than females to have delinquent
friends and tend to be more strongly influenced by delinquent peers than females?
Neutralisation theory
=
wh
Ditterential association
Liberal feminist theory
(1
15 With regard to age and criminality identify the correct statement
Age is inversely related to criminality — young offenders have the highest crime rate
BUN =
As offenders mature, their offending rate increases

Young people are arrested at a proportionate rate to their numbers in the popuiation
Universally there 1s a tendency for criminal involvement to peak during adolescence
and upscale thereafter
(Mm
CMY 1501
May/June 2016
16 With regard to habitual cnminals identify the correct statement/s
1 The late onset of cnme 1s a nsk factor that may contribute to habitual offending
patterns.
2 Habitual criminals usually only take stock of thew lives in their late thirties or early
forties
3 Both of the above
4 None of the above
(1)
17 Which one of the following cannot be regarded as a social factor contributing to the high
cnme rate amongst the youth?
Peer pressure & social stressors

PON =
Available funds surpassing matenal needs

Experiences at school & frustration
Advertising stimulating matenahstic cravings
1
18 With regard to the needs and motives for cnminal behaviour which need encompasses
‘competence and a sense of belonging’?
Biological need
BLN =
Social need
Psychological need
Matenalistic need
(1)
19. Emotions are multidimensional, which means that they are studied from many different
points of view With regard to emotions identify the incorrect statement
They are short-lived

AON =
They are objective phenomena

They are biological reactions
They are energy-mobilising responses
(1)
20 Emotions consist of four main components Which one of the following 1s not a component
of emotion?
Feelings
AON =
Bodily arousal
Purposive component
Cognition
(Mn
CMY 1501
May/June 2016
21 To which possible motive for senal rape does ‘the rapist blaming someone else, such as the
victim, for the cnmes he has committed, rather than acknowledging his own blame” relate?
Peer rape
Righteous rape
BON
Fantasy rape
Supremacy rape
(1)
22 Envy and possessive jealousy are important motivators of criminal behaviour Which one of
the following incidents cannot be regarded as an example hereof?
1 The Nancy Kerrigan incident

2 The Najwa Petersen incident
3 The Eersterus vigilante incident
4 The Dina Rodrigues incident
{1)
23 Xenophobia attacks are usually motivated by which one of the following primary motives?
Revenge
BWN =
Hatred
Jealousy
Religion
Mm
24 In the context of cnminal motivation, bias-motivated crimes are also known as
1 jealousy cnmes
2 revenge crimes
3 hate crimes
4 religious cnmes
(1)
25 Wah regard to nsk factors contnbuting to cnminal behaviour, and more specifically basic
body types (somatotypes), mesomorphs have
a heavy build and are slew moving

BWN =
well developed muscles and an athletic appearance

small skeletons and weak muscles
a tall appearance with short arms and legs
CMY 1501
May/June 2016
26 With regard to nsk factors contributing to cnminal behaviour, and more specifically basic
body types {somatotypes), ectomorphs have
1 a heavy build and are slow moving

2 well developed muscles and an athletic appearance
3 small skeletons and weak muscles
4 a tall appearance with short arms and long legs
{1
27 With regard to risk factors contnbuting to cniminal behaviour it 1s important to understand that
even though genetics can instil a predisposition towards certain behavioural traits will
act as tnggers of these dispositions
1 personality influences
2 physical influences
3 environmental influences
4 nteligence influences
(1)
28 Somatotypes (body types) are characterised by physical and emotional character traits
Which emctional character trait is associated with an Ectomorph?
1 Aggressive and likely to commit violent crimes

2 Relaxed and extroverted, and relatively non-cnminal
3 Introvert and overly sensitive
4 Athletic, muscular and extroverted
(Mm
29 Somatotypes (body types) are characterised by physical and emotional character traits
Which emotional character trait 1s associated with a Mesomorph?
Aggressive and hkely to commit violent cnmes

=
Relaxed and extroverted, and relatively non-criminal

AN
Introvert and overly sensitive

Athletic, muscular and extroverted
CMY 1501
May/June 2016
30 Considerable research has been done regarding intelligence as a risk indicator of cnminal
causation Notwithstanding, the debate between the hnk between IQ and criminality 1s
controversial and has still not been conclusively proven What kind of link has research, at
mast, established between IQ and a predisposition to criminal behaviour?
1 A direct link
2 An indirect ink
3 No link at all
4 A weak link
(1)
31 Which one of the following statements regarding the imitations of victim surveys is correct?
1 Victims often forget important facts if they are questioned about them soon after the
event
2 Some victims think that nothing can be done about the matter and never report it
3 Victim surveys reflect the number of offenders, but not the number of crimes
4 Certain offences are repeatedly committed by different offenders.
Mm
32, Alternative sources of information are needed to establish the true extent of cnme pattems
Self-report items aim to measure which charactenstics?
Data-sets and computational methods

BON —-
Chronic criminological activities

Attitudes, values, personal charactenstics and behaviours
Violence and delinquent habits
1)
33 What is the name given to the relatively new criminalogical technique whereby muitipie
advanced computational methods are used to analyse large datasets involving one or more
data sources?
Data farming
BN =
Data acquisition
Data synthesising
Data mining
CMY 1501
May/June 2016
34. What can best be used to create graphic representations of the spatial geography of crime
assisting in the analysing and correlating of data to create detailed visuals of crme patterns?
Cnme reports
=
Case dockets
WN
Cnme maps
Victim surveys
(1)
35 Which perspective assumes that men and women ‘are the same’, but women are denied
opportunities to do the same things as men including participation in crime?
1 Radical feminist approach

2 Amalgamated feminist approach
3 Reformed feminist approach
4 Liberal feminist approach
(Mm
36 This group of offenders 1s notorious for using their learnt skills to commit various offences
Criminally violent offenders

LON =
Culturally violent offenders

Pathologically violent offenders
Situationally violent offenders
(1)
37 These offenders as a group are usually acquainted with their victims by being close relatives,
friends, school mates, etc , and seldom have a history of prior offences
Criminally violent offenders

BONN =
Culturally violent offenders

Pathologically violent offenders
Situationally violent offenders
(1)
38 Which statement regarding relative depnvation is correct?
1 Relative deprivation becomes greater when expectations increase or when capabilities

decrease
2 Capabihties usually nse faster than expectations, and therefore relative deprivation
Increases and crime rates rise
3 Both of the above
4 None of the above
(1)
CMY 1501
May/June 2016
39 With regard to gender and crime identify the correct statement
1 Females behave as aggressively as males when they have the means to do so and
believe that their behaviour 1s justified
2 Females are less likely to empathise with the victim, In other words, put themselves in
the victim's place
3 Females are less likely to feel anxious or guilty about behaving aggressively, and these
feelings tend to intubit aggression
4 Females may feel less freedom than males to express anger and aggression In the
family setting
(1)
40 With regard to gender and crime identify the correct statement/s
Female arrest rates seem to be increasing at a faster pace than that of men
BWM =
Females, under certain circumstances, may be mare aggressive than men

Women are generally involved in cnme of a less serous nature than men
All of the above
(1)
41 Temperament and personality are regarded as important criminal risk predictors Which one
of the following relates to temperament?
1 Emotions and thoughts that distinguish one person from another

2 Inability to expenence empathy
3 Inherent, mdividual and emotional reaction to challenges and demands
4 Impulswvity and intelligence
(1)
42 Lykken (in Schoeman 2002 99) maintains that socialisation compnses three principal
components Which one of the following 1s not a component?
Conscientiousness
BOON =
Pro-sociality
11
CMY1501
May/June 2016
43 With regard to alcohol and drug abuse as risk factors for offending, research has found that
young offenders often consume alcohol before committing offences For what purpose 1s
this done?
To provide an alibi
AWN —-
(1)
44 With regard to drug abuse as a nsk factor for offending, Conklin (2001) states that the need
to support a drug habit can lead to crimes
principal
violent
BWN
secondary
property
(1
45 The following factors, namely inadequate nutrition, exposure to smoking, alcohol and drugs,
as well as violence and abuse are assoctated with juvenile delinquency and adult cnme
What are these nisk factors known as?
Prenatal rnsk factors

=
Perinatal risk factors

WN

Parental nsk factors
4)
48 Research by Siegel & Senna (2000) mdicated with regard to family structure and
composition that » children are more iikely to exhibit delinquent behaviour
1 first born
2 second bom
3 middle born
4 last born
(1)
a7 In relation to family structure/composition and crime, research indicates that children growing
up in famihes where one parent has died are in a
better postion than families disrupted by divorce

AWN =
warse position than families disrupted by divorce

12
CMY1501
May/June 2016
48 Stegel and Welsh {2009) maintain that children growing up tn an environment of discord and
conflict exhibit a certain type of behaviour, which they have leamt at an early age, has pay-
offs What type of behaviour are they referring to?
Vulgar behaviour
PON —
Benign behaviour
(1)
49 Children exposed to marital and familial confiicts are affected on the emotional, physiological
and social levels This often results in the manifestation of externalised and mternalised
disorders Which one of the following can be regarded as an externalised disorder?
Anxiety disorders
N=
Depression 1ssues
(1)
50 In relation to community associated cnminal nsk factors what can be regarded as one of the
strongest predictors of adolescent violence for both males and females?
Unemployment
BON =
Peer pressure
Overcrowding
Poverty
(1)
(50]
©
UNISA 2016
UNIVERSITY OF SQUTH AFRICA U N ] SA |r
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CMYA1 501 (476222) October/November 2015

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR
EXAMINERS
FIRST MRS M ZITHA
SECOND MR MR MAILE
This examination paper consists of eleven (11) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark
reading sheet

CMY 1501
October/November 2015
From a juridical point of view, no one can be labelled a criminal unless he or she has
1 transgressed the law of a particular country

2 been arrested
3 tried and found guilty of a particular crime
4 All of the above
m
The theoretical perspective of classical criminology suggests that
1 people have a free will to choose criminal or conventional behaviours

2 crime can be controlled only by the fear of cnminal sanctions
3 people choose to commit crime for reasons of greed or personal need
4 All of the above
(1
There are various factors that protect tugh-risk youths from starting criminal careers Which
one of the following statements 1s correct?
1 A shy personality
2 Few friends at the age of eight
3 Non-deviant families
4 Poor self-control
(1)
In many African states ~~ crnminology 1s accepted as a means of explaining and controlling

crime
critical
=
positivist
Wn
radical
classic
Mm
The vanations in crime rates between racial and ethnic groups reflect three (3) differences
among the groups Indicate which one of the following 1s INCORRECT.
1 Social
2 Cultural
3 Educational
4 Economic
Mm
CMY1501
A crminologist's main task 1s to study, define, describe, interpret, explain and indicate policy
directions in respect of crime, cnminal behaviour and victimisation The basic point of departure
isto
identify the complex causes of crime

nN —-
explain these in terms of existing theories

develop and scientifically test new theones
All of the above
=
Mm
There are three (3) forms of intention Choose the INCORRECT option
Dolus directus
AWN =
Hedorustic principle
Indirect intention
Dolus eventualis
(M
Biochemical factors may play a role nn cnminal behaviour These are related to an
individual's
1 diet
2 blood chemistry
3 allergies
4 All of the above
Mm
According to the power-control theory, gender and social class differences in delinquency are
linked to the structure of the
family
=
neighbourhood
HW
schools
peers
1M
10 Victim surveys are particularly valuable because they provide information on the “dark figure” in
crime statistics The term “dark figure” refers to
those cnmes that are committed but not reported to the police
WON =
the view that crime 1s a product of the capitalist system

a specific pattern in the incidence of crme
the rise and fall in cme in a particular year
CMY1501
11 Involvement in alcohol and drug abuse may facilitate the drift nto delinquency Youthtul
misconduct can also simply mean a stage of
1 deviant socialisation
2 bullying
3 growing up
4 substance abuse
m
12 emphasis 1s on external factors as causes of cnime and criminals are seen as victms of
social conditions over which they have kttle control.
CN
Feminist cnminology
Social milieu school of thought
FA
Classical theory
1)
13 Competence and a sense of belonging are two needs that arse from the human being's
requirement for environmental mastery and warm interpersonal relationships
social
—-
psychological
No
emotional
physiological
Mm
14 In order to rear a child correctly, so that he or she develops self-control, the following
requirement(s) must be met
Someone must monitor or supervise the child's behaviour

=
If delinquency does occur, the child must be punished

WN
Supervisor(s) must be able to identify delinquency or detect it if it occurs

Ali of the above
0
15 Emotions are multi-dimensional which means that they are studied from many different
patterns
=
school of thoughts
aN
points of view
theories
m
CMY1501
16 In relation to the positivist school of thought, identify the correct statement(s)
The emphasis 1s on the cnminal, not on the cme

—-
Crime and victimisation may be prevented by medical treatment.

WN
The purpose of sanctions 1s not so much to punish, but provide treatment

All of the above
(1
17 Arnold, Robertson and Cooper are of the opinion that motivation comprises of three
components of motivation Which one of the following 1s a component of motivation?
Persistence
Goal
Eo
Action
Need
(M
18 The perspective assumes that men and women are the same, but women are denied
opportunities to do the same things as men, including participation in cnme
liberal feminist
BWN —-
ethnic diversity
feminist
differential association
(1)
19 Rational choice theorists view crime as both specific
offender and situational

offence and content
Wo
process and content

offence and offender
Mm
20 To which criminological scheol of thought does the following quotation relate “Economic and
pohtical discrimination are seen as the causes of crime”
Critical
WN
Radical criminology
New criminology
All of the above
CMY1501
21 Social action theory Is also known as theory
labelling
BwWh —=
trait
social control
rational choice
Mm
22 Data obtained from can be used for testing theories, measuring attitudes toward crime as
well as the association between crime and important social vanables such as family relations,
education and income
systematic observation
=
self-report survey
WN
crime mapping
victimisation survey
(1
23 in anger rape, the act of rape can be regarded as the offender's expression of his anger and
frustration
power
PWN
sexualty
hostility
(3)
24 1s a relatively new crnminclogical technique mn terms of which multiple advanced

computational methods are used to analyse large data sets involving one or more data
sources
Victim survey
=
Crime mapping
wn
Self-report survey
Data minmg
{1
25 According to Sheldon’s somatotypes, a mesomorph’s personality type 1s associated with

being
introverted, hypersensitive and intellectual

AWN —
strong, active, aggressive and somehmes violent

extroverted, friendly and sociable
extroverted, aggressive and violent
(1)
CMY1501
26 Theones of crime should be able to take account of both men and women’s deviant behaviour
and highlight factors which operate differently on both genders Both and cnminology
stereotype female criminals as “sick”
classic, positivist
WON =
postmodem, classic
positivist, radical
radical, postmodem
Mm
27 Mmimal bran damage Isa associated with antisocial tendenctes
theory
HWA =
perspective
learning disability
process
(1)
28 According to researchers in Africa, in order to prevent and control cnme, it 1s mportant to

eradicate poverty and empower the community Which of the following statement(s) can be
associated with crime prevention in Africa?
Compulsory education for all

SON =
The restoration of family values and norms

The eradication of poverty and unemployment
All of the above
Mm
29 The theory views crime as a function of a decision-making process in which the potential
offender weighs up the potential costs and benefits of an illegal act
Social process
Rational choice
HON
Instrumental
Social learning
(1)
30 Research has shown that stress levels can nse due to long-term exposure to extreme
temperatures which relates to an increase in
child abuse
AWN =
violent crime
instrumental crimes
substance abuse
(1
CMY1501
31 According to Conklin, there are three facilitating factors which are often present when cnme 1s
committed, namely
Friends, families and victims

—-
Poverty, alcchal and abuse

HW
Firearms, victims and unemployment

Alcohol, drugs and firearms
(1
32 The school of thought rejects the traditional causes of cnme as identified by positivism and
expands the jundical cme concept by counting vanous forms of social bias and the violation of
human nights as cnmes
critical cnminology
=
social milieu
WN
postivism
postmodern
1)
33 The theary focuses on the way in which society 1s organised and how it influences people's
behaviour
rational choice
AWN =
hberal feminist
structure
process
(1)
34 Crime maps can be used to create graphic presentations of spatial geography of crime
The assist In analysing and correlating data to create detailed visuals of crime patterns
data mining
—-
dark figure
WN
computerised crime maps

official crime statistics
(Mm
35 The perinatal risk factors associated with juvenile delinquency and adult cnme are
exposure to smoking
AWN =
inadequate nutrition
alcohol abuse
All of the above
(1
CMY1501
36 Rational choice theory has its roots in the school of criminology which was developed by
Cesare Beccana
classical
=
critical
HW
radical
hberal
(1)
37 In jundrcal terms, only those acts that are punishable by the state are considered to be crime
The punishment for a particular cme may be setoutin = laworina
civil, correctional facility

Sw =
common , legal prescription

criminal , correctional facility
common , rehabilitation centre
Mm
38 act(s) as a blue print or map which determines all aspects of human development
Genes
sown
Cnminogenic risk factors

Physical and biological factors
Intelligence
Mm
39 The theory admits that free will could be constramed by certain forms of pathology
(deviance), such as mental illness and incompetence
classical
\V BE
E-/s
neo-classicists
new criminclogy
critical cnminology
Mm
40 Broken homes can contribute to, if the separation of parents results in economic hardships,
loss of affection and loss of a proper role model necessary for socialisation
gangsternsm
AWN =
truancy
delinquency
substance abuse
("1
10
CMY1501
41 Precolonial Africa concerned itself mainly with the
Perpetrator
BON =
colonial power
crime victim
prevention of cnme
(1)
42 Classical theories focus on laws, government structures and the of the individual
free will
=
rights
Wh
crniminahty
compensation
Mm
Accurate reporting of crime 15 needed to eliminate the misappropriation and manipulation of

crime information Crime constitute(s) all data and information on crime that are scientifically
arranged and tabulated in order to offer a total picture of the crime problem
1 statistics
2 mapping
3 patterns
4 trends
(1)
Emotions are biological reactions and energy-mobihsing responses that prepare the bedy to
adapt to the situation the person 1s confronted with Which one of the following statements does
not refer to emotions?
1 Emotions have four components, namely feelings, body arousal, a sense of purpose and
social expression
2 Emotions are short-lived, subjective-phystological and functional-expressive phenomenon
that orchestrate how we react to events in our lives
3 Emotions indicate the desire that a specific result will follow from a specdic action
4 Emotions are subjective feelings that make us feel in a particular way such as angry,
joyful or sad
(n
45 The concept of 1s an attempt to account for the acquisition and maintenance of criminal
behaviour in terms of contact, or association with particular environments and social groups
culturally violent offenders

power-control
WN
instrumental theories
1
11
CMY1501
Needs generate which motivate whatever behaviour ss necessary for the maintenance of life
and the promotion of wellbeing and growth
wants
BWN =
desires
aspiration
Alf of the above
Mm
47. When individual criminal nisk factors are explored, it 1s necessary to start, even before
conception, with the genetic makeup of the prospective parents and the role that this factor
plays In relation to criminal causation What are cniminogenic nsk factors?
Mental and physiological disorders

AWN =
Factors fluenced by the environment

Factors associated with criminal activities
Alcchol and drug abuse
Mm
In relation to family functioning, cnminal risk factors can be associated with the mnterpersonal
relationships, functioning and socialisation within the family Siegel and Senna identified
categones that could be associated with delinquency Choose the CORRECT statement (s)
Mantal conflict and break-up

Interfamilial and interpersonal conflict
AON
Parental deviance resulting in the deviant socialisation of children

All of the above
Mm
49 According to research, deviant behaviour tends to be associated with
general antisocial behaviour patterns

=
covert pathway
HW
low self-control
psychosocial influences on human behaviour
Mm
50 law resolves disputes between private individuals, the chief aim being compensation for a
private injustice
State
AWN -
Case
Cwvil
Bntish
1)
©
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UNISA MOT
UNISA lier
CMY1501 ( 478458) May/June 2015

BEHAVIOUR
EXAMINERS
FIRST MRS M ZITHA
SECOND MR VZ MTSHALI
Closed book examination.
This examination paper consists of ten (10) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark
reading sheet.
Please complete the attendance register on the back page, tear off and hand to the invigilator.
Answer all the questions.

CMY1501
May/June 2015
Social disorganisation theory is a branch of the . that focuses on the breakdown of institutions
social structure
population structure
hwN
social learning approach

rational choice perspective
Emotions are short-lived, subjective-physiclegical and funchonal-expressive phenomena that

orchestrate how we react adequately to the important events in our lives Emotions organise
and comprise several aspects of expenences, such as
1 Feelings
2 Function
3 Expression
4 All of the above
Desired gocds, which cannot be obtained by conventional means, may be obtained through
illegal activities, for example selling drugs or stealing valuables from people to obtamn food
These are called . . cnmes
1 expressive
2 instrumental
3 common
4 commercial
The term refers to those crimes that are committed but not reported to the police
victim survey
self-report studies
AWN
dark figure
data mining
According to Siegel (2004- 4), criminology 1s .
made up of all the legal rules that were not onginally written down
the study of causes of crime and youth offending.
BN
the scientific approach to the study of criminal behaviour

an applied science within the human sciences
The . theory predicts that male-female differences in delinquency will be greater mn patriarchal
families and in lower classes
socal learning
WON
power control
liberal femirmist
social structure
CMY1501
May/June 2015
Historically, criminological theories have developed according to three distinctive viewpoints,

namely that
i cnme Is a congenttal trait.

2 the causes of crime are to be found in the structure and function of society
3 crime 1s a tendency that mdividuals have acquired
4 All of the above.
Generalised knowledge is . .
1 a means of coliecting information about aspects of an individual's personal experience,

such as involvement in offending
2 a process by which scientists gather information from the external or internal environment
3 a concept that refers to a scientific demand that 1s made of research acts and survey
results.
4 a process by which a pronouncement 1s made on a bigger group on the basis of a study of
a limited number of similar cases
The theories which are environmentally onented, are sometimes subdivided into struciure
and process theories because of the differences in their points of departure.
instrumental
content
WN
explanatory
classical
10 refers to the inherently charactenstic way mn which an individual reacts to fe’s demands and
challenges on an emotional level.
Aggression
PWN =
Temperament
Personality
Hereditary
11 Parental discord 1s associated with .
antisocial disorder in children

aggression and truancy
PWD
N
drug and alcohol abuse

poor academic progress and criminal activites
12 . . rejects the state definitions of crime
Feminist school of thought

BN
Labelling theory
CMY1501
May/June 2015
13 Recently South Africa has been moving away from prison sentences towards alternative forms
of punishment, such as
1 permitting medicai parole

2 short-term imprisonment
3 granting amnesty or house arrests
4 treatment of offenders in the community .
14 Physiological disorders have a genetic and psychological Influence on human behaviour as well
as a labelling impact Psychological disorders include
Down syndrome
Epilepsy
PON
Tourette's syndrome
All of the above
15 Both .... and ... criminology stergotype female criminals as “sick”, implying that they need
treatment
classic, positivist
SAWN
postmodern, critical
radical, classical
ferminist, positivist
16 In relation to family functioning, criminal risk factors can be associated with the interpersonal
relationships Which one of the following categories 1s associated with delinquency?
Parental neglect
AWN =
Marital conflict
Parental deviance
All of the above
17 There are various motivation theories which aim to describe and explain how behaviour is
started, energised, sustained and directed The theones focus on psychological processes
that affect motivation.
content
WN
instrumental
process
rational choice
CMY1501
May/June 2015
18 According tothe view, a person's behaviour is determined by external factors beyond tis or
her control
hard determinism
BON
soft determinism
moral reasoning
19 Data mining 1s a relatively new criminological technique in terms of which multiple advanced
computational methods are used to analyse large data sets involving one or more data sources
Its goal 1s to
create graphic representations of the spahal geography of crime

PWN =
estabiish the true extent of crime patterns in different areas

measure attitudes, values, personal charactenstics and behaviours
identify significant and recognisable pattems and trends.
20 Is a means of collecting formation about aspects, such as, involvement in offending

>
self-report study
questionnaire
BWM
victimisation survey
dark figure
21 According to research, there are three facilitating factors which are often present when crimes
are committed, namely
alcohol, drugs and firearms

RE
friends, drugs and firearms

poverty, alcohol and abuse
EAL
firearms , abuse and drugs
Durning research, Sheldon identified three basic body types These body types are characterised
by the physical and emotional character traits. According to these body types, delinquent boys
are mainly
mesomorphs
endomorphs
HON
ectomorphs
hydromorphs
23 The main premise(s) of the feminist school of thought ts
It focuses mainly on discnmination against women in the criminal justice system

BON =
It takes both the jundical and the nonjunidical concepts of crime as their point of departure
It considers It unjust to expect victims to protect themselves against crime
All of the above
CMY1501
May/June 2015
24 Theorists, who subscribe to the general theory of crime, are of view that.
All individuals have the same motivations

Economic and political discrimination are the causes of crime
BON
Crime could be prevented by empowering the people.

The purpose of sanctions 1s not to purush, but provide treatment and reform
25 Crime is a social phenomenon that can be analysed and explained with the aid of figures Crime
constitute all data and information on crime that are scientfically arranged and tabulated in
order to offer a total picture of crime.
statistics
BON
pattems
trends
mapping
26 In order to develop a theory events are observed systematically. Which of the following
component(s) reflects the ideal characteristics of a “good theory”?
Predictability
Consensus
BON
Generalisation
Systematic
27 Social exclusion refers tc the
1 dynamic, muitidimensional process of being fully or partially excluded from the varnous
social, economic, political or cultural systems which serve io assist the integration of a
person In society
social structure theories that focus on the breakdown of institutions such as the family,
school and employment in inner-city neighbourhoods
belief that the majority of citizens in a society share common ideals and work together
towards a common good, that crimes are acts outlawed because they conflict with the
rules of the majority and are thus harmful to society
sum total of acquired behaviour that enables a person to conform to the rules and
expectations in the society, whereby a person leans to become a good member of
society as opposed to being a seifish individual.
28 Which one of the following 1s NOT a contributory factor to crime in South Africa?
Rapid structures arising

Political factors
wo
Inadequate welfare services

The infiux of migrant labourers
CMY1501
May/June 2015
29 Lack of self-control! 1s often linked to
1 substance abuse
2 impulsive behaviour
3 Juvenile delinquency
4 criminal behaviour
30 Most theories of delinquency rely heavily on the parent-child relationship and parent practices
To explain delinquency ... 1s associated with antisocial disorder in the children
1 peer pressure
2 aggression
3 parental discord
4 personality
31 The ... perspective assumes that men and women are the same’ but women are denied
opportunities to do the same things as men, including participation in crime
1 hberal fermmust
2 marxst
3 conflict
4 radical feminist
32 The cnmnology school of thought rejects the traditional causes of crime as identified by
positivism and expands the juridical cnme concept by counting various forms of social bias and
the violation of human rights as crime
1 critical
2 conflict
3 radical
4 All of the above
33 There Is a close link between motivation and emotion The component Is that communicative
aspect of emotion.
1 soclak-expressive
2 purposive
3 feeling
4 physical arousal
CMY 1501
May/June 2015
34 it 1s suggested that . theory 1s a useful model for personal development but fails to explain
individual behaviour and the process whereby motivation occurs
1 rational choice
2 Maslow's
3 process
4 Farrington’s
35 In relation to family functicning .. risk factors can be associated with the mnterpersonal
relationships, functioning and socialisation within the family
1 criminal
2 familial
3 prenatal
4 perinatal
36 is the cornerstone of criminology and the basis for all the activities that are embodied In
criminal justice, such as the prediction, treatment and prevention of crime.
1 Theory
2 Crime
3 Deviant behaviour
4 Social dmension
37 Different theones have been developed to explain crime, but not all such theories comply with
the ideal of comprehensiveness in explaining the criminal phenomena The . theory is of view
that the cause of delinquent behaviour Is an impulsive personality
postmodern
liberal
WON
self-control
labelling
38 There are various official crime information sources tn South Africa, namely the
police.
PWN =
courts
prison statistics
All of the above
CMY1501
May/June 2015
39 Hirschi 1s of the opinion that family size rather than birth postion can be associated with
delinquency However, other research indicates that . children are more likely to exhibit
delinquent behaviour
first-born
HON =
middie
last-born
adopted
. . indicates the desire that a specthic result will follow from a particular action
Motive
=
Intent
SN
Events
Memory
41 According to the . theory, people become criminals when significant members ot society labet
them as such and they accept those labels as a personal identity.
social control
social learning
BN
social action
social process
42 The basic premise of is that certain people are born to be criminals through the inheritance of
a genetic or physiological predisposition to crime
biological dimension
=
social learning theory

WN
social exclusion
systematic observation
Histoncally, criminological theortes have developed according to distinctive viewpoints Choose

the INCORRECT statement relating to this viewpoint.
Crime 1s a tendency that individuals have acquired

=
Crime Is a congenital trait (biological theories)

ON
Causes of cme are found in the structure and function of society

The cnminal and criminal offenders are considered as separate concepts.
law 1s directed mainly at punishment and deterrence and its chief objective Is to protect
people against unsanctioned behaviour by others
Roman Dutch
=
Criminal
WN
Common
Civil
10
CMY1501
May/June 2015
45 Accordingto criminology, crime is a product of the capitalist system
1 radical
2 social milieu
3 ferminist
4 posttvist
46 The concept of . 1s an attempt to account for the acquisition and maintenance of criminal
behaviour in terms of contact, or assaciation with parbcular environments and social groups
1 differential association
2 locus of control
3 crime patterns
4 cnminogenic risk factors
47 Before an act or omission may be defined as a crime, law must regard tt as such and a
suitable punishment has to be in place.
criminal
BON
common
civil
constitutional
48 Cognitive processes play an important role in appraising available ams when designing a
particular strategy Cognition involves
1 Thought, judgement, interpretation and understanding

2 Direction, persistence, effort and emotions
3 Goals, needs, interpretation and understanding
4 Needs, judgement, thought and emotions
42 . . by parents has been associated with an increased risk of the children themselves becoming
violent offenders in later life
Neglect
PWN =
Substance abuse
Physical abuse
Erratic discipline
50 Minimal brain dysfunction, which is a learning disability, 1s also associated with ...
hedonistic principle
=
soft determinism view

WN
antisocial tendencies.
hard determinism view
TOTAL [50]
®
UNISA 2015
_
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA U N ] SA amu UNIVERSITEIT VAN SUID-AFRIKA

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GhEA FIT
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNNERSITEITSEKSAMENS
UNISA om

BEHAVICUR
EXAMINERS
FIRST MRS M ZITHA
SECOND MR VZ MTSHAL!
Ciosed book examination
This examination paper consists of ten (10) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark
reading sheet
1 One of the premises of the classic crime theory 1s that
(1) The main focus 1s on external factors as causes of crime

(2) Most cnmes are economically determined
(3) Pohtical discrimination and exploitation are important causes of crime
(4) Peopie are rational and their behaviour 1s the preduct of free will
2 According to Gottfredson and Hirschr's general theory of cnime, crime
nm 1s basically a problem of poor self-control

(2) does not require much skill or planning
(3) brings an immediate satisfaction of needs
4) could be prevented by empowering the community
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2014
The emphasis 1s on extemal factors as causes of crime, criminals are seen as victims of social
conditions over which they have little control This premise refers to
(1) Social miheu school of thought

(2) Crriical cnminology
(3) Feminist ciminclogy
(4) Contemporary positivism
Motive may be defined as
(1) The desire that a specific result will follow from a particular action
(2) An mner drive that causes or compels a person to act
{3) A physical need that evokes aggression in an unpleasant environment
(4) A stimulus caused by frustration as a result of deliberate provocation
Siegel and Senna (2000) identiied categories that could be associated with delinquency
Identify the incorrect option
(1) Alcohol and drug abuse

(2) Marital conflict and break-up
(3) Interfamilial and interpersonal conflict
{4) Parental deviance resulting in the deviant socialisation of children
With reference to the meaning of the concept of empathy, indicate which of the following
options 1s correct
(1} The degree to which indwiduais perceive their behaviour to be under thew own control
(2) The ability to see things from another person's point of view
(3) The observed social support for antisocial behaviour
{4) The process whereby indwiduals acquire insight nto ther environment
Which of the following 1s NOT a non-undical definition of cnme?
(1) Crime as a violation of behavioural norms

(2) Crime as a viotation of human nights
(3) Crime as a form of social deviance
(4) Crime as social culture
18 strongly inked to persistent violent offending
(1) Substance abuse

(2) Broken homes
(3) Poverty
(4) Dehngquency
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2014
There are three forms of intention Choose the incorrect option
(1} Direct intention

(2) Dolus eventuahs
(3) Indirect intention
(4) Hedonistic principle
10 To which criminological school of thought does the following quotation relate? “Economic and
political discrimination are seen as the causes of crme ”
(1) Postmodern cimmology

(2) Critical enminology
(3) Positivist criminology
(4y Femirust crminology
11 law 1s made up of all the legal rules which identify cnmes and set down punishments
(1y Cw
(2) Jundical
(3) Common
(4) Criminal
12 The main task of a cnminologist 1s to
(1} Maintain peace, order, love and happiness in society by ensunng that people study and
understand criminology
(2) Study, define, describe, interpret, explain and indicate policy directions in respect of
crime, criminal behaviour and victimisation
(3) Legslate and regulate all crmunal actions of people In society
(4) Protect cnminal law and all criminal justice institutions In society
is a relatively new criminological technique in terms of which multiple advanced

computational methods are used to analyse large datasets involving one or more data source
(1) Data mining

(2) Victim survey
(3) Dark figure
(4) Seli-report studies
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2014
14 Which of the following school of thought emphasises transnational and community-based

policing, restorative justice and community-based punishments?
( 1) Postmodern criminology
{ 2) Feminist cnminology
( 3) Classical criminology
{ 4) Crtical cnmmology
15 There are three separate but overlapping branches within the
(1) social disorganisation

(2) strain theory
(3) traits theory
(4) socal structure perspective
16 According to Sheldon’s body-type, delinquent boys are manly
(1) Ectomorphs
(2) Endomorphs
(3) Somatotypes
{4) Mesomorphs
often exhibit
17 Research has shown that children who grow up In an environment of discord
(1) aggressive behaviour

(2) substance abuse
(3) anhsocial behaviour
(4) classroom demeanour
18 Lack of self-control is often inked to
(1) impulsive behaviour

(2) delayed maturity
(3) verbal and physical aggression
(4) lack of concentration
19 Minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) ts associated with
(1) Tourette syndrome

{2) chromosomal disorders
(3) antisocial tendencies
(4) genetic factors
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2014
20 The 1s cnticised for its assumption that male dominance 1s universal whereas anthropological
studies have shown that women in matnarchal societies actually have a great deal of power
(1) radical feminism

(2) contemporary positivism
(3) Iberal feminism
(4) postmodern criminology
21 Historically theories have developed according to three distinctive viewpoints Choase the
incorrect statement
} Cnme 1s a congenital trait (biological theories)

} Crime 1s a tendency that individuals have acquired
} The causes of crime are to be found in the structure and function of society
) Cnme 1s a voluntary act committed by person's exercising a deliberate choice
22 Wells and Rankin's analysis of studies of broken homes and delinquency found that
(1) There are no consistent differences in the impact of broken homes as far as girls and
boys or black and white youth are concerned
(2) There 1s consistent evidence of the negative impact of stepparents on juvenile
dehnquency
(3) There 1s a strong relationship between emotional deprivation or lack of parental love and
Juvenile delinquency
{4) There is positive evidence on the impact of step parents on juvenile delinquency
23 According to Bandura, aggressive behaviour in adolescents 1s the result of
(1) a distorted dependency relationship with the parents

(2) children modelling their parents’ behaviour
(3) adelay in the development and maturation of moral reasoning
(4) exposure and socialising with aggressive peers
24 Arnold, Robertson and Cooper are of the opinion that motwvation comprises of three
components , namely
{1) goal, effort and persistence

(2) direction, effort and action
(3) need, goal and action
(4) persistence, direction and effort
CMY 1501
Qct/Nov 2014
25 is/are statistical data compiled by the police, the courts and the Department of Correctional
Services and are routinely published by governments to indicate the extent of cme found In a
country
(1) The dark figure

(2) The conviction rate
(3) The code of cnime list
(4) Official crime statistics
26 The theory has its root In the classical school of criminology
(1) rational choice

(2) social process
(3) social structure
(4) trait
27 The word “criminology” literally means the study of
(1) criminal behaviour

(2) crime
(3) criminal justice
(4) crmmals
28 approach 1s of view that criminal behaviour 1s a function in people’s interactions with various
organisations, Institutions and processes In society
(1) Postmoderrust
(2) Social process
(3) Radical criminology
(4) Social structure
of social
29 South African uruversities have been teaching criminology as a subject in the faculty
SCIENCES SINCE
(1) 1948
(2) 1849
(3) 1960
(4) 1949
CMY1501
Oct/Nov 2014
30 The term * ” refers 10 knowledge and indicates an understanding of a particular discipline

that has been systematically collected
(1) theory
(2) enminology
(3) science
(4) survey
31 Criminal justice In South Africa 1s greatly nfluenced by law
(1) Iahan and French

(2) Scottish and Roman
(3) Brush and civil
(4) Roman Dutch and British
32 The court Is the highest decision-making body in the country and can invalidate laws adopted
by Parhament if, in terms of the Bilt of nghts , they infringe on the nights of South Africans
(1) Magrstrate
(2) Constitutional
(3) High
(4) Regional
33 Criminal law controls illegal behaviour by citizens within its jurisdiction itis enforced by the
(1y Community
(2) High court
(8) common law
(4) the state only
34 With which cnminologreal school of thought do you associate the name “Turk™?
(1) Classical school of thought

(2) Femunist school of thought
(3) Conflict school of thought
(4) Post-modern school of thought
35 Recidivism means
(1) Prevention of crime

(2) Punishment of crime
(3) In relation to crime
(4) Relapses to crime
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2014
36 A wrongful act may be defined as an act that is
(1) conflicting with personal norms in the form of a prescnption or prohibition

(2) not originally written down, but which have to come to be accepted as the law of the land
(3) prohibited by all the international communities
(4) conflicting with the legal norm in the form of a prescnption or prohibition
37 Guilt has a number of meanings, but according to the jundical definition of cnime, guilt Is defined
as a
(1) deviant behaviour determined by tradition and criminal iaw

(2) culpable frame of mind in which a person commits a wrongful act
(3) culpable action in which a person commits any wrongful act
(4) person's own conscience and admission of the wrongful act
38 Which of the following Is not an element of cognitive component?
(1) Memory
(2) Thinking
(3) Empathy
(4) Observation
39 According to the theory, gender and social class differences in delinquency are linked to the
structure of the family
(1) equal opportunity

(2) power-control
(3) liberal feminist
(4) social process
40 In relation to intelligence as nsk indicator for cnmnal behaviour, studies indicate that a large
fraction of offenders’ IQs are at the
(1) Far end of the intelligence scale

(2) High end cf the intelligence scale
(3) Middle of the Inteligence scale
{4) Low end of the nteligence scale
Choose the
4 There are a few factors that protect high-nsk youths from starting criminal careers
incorrect option
(1) Having a sociable personality

(2) Having few fiends at age eight
(3) Being regarded highly by their mothers
(4) Having non-deviant families
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2014
42 Social refers to the dynamic , mutti-dimensionai process of being shut out, fully or partially,
the
from the vanous social, economic, political or cultural system which serve to assist
integration of a person into society
(1) cohesion
(2) mobility
(3) milieu
(4) exclusion
43 in order to rear a child correctly, so that he or she develops self-control, certain mimmum
requirements must be met Which of the following option is incorrect?
{1) Ii delinquency occurs, the child must be punished

(2) The supervisor(s) must be able to identify and detect delinquent behaviour
(3) Someone must monitor a child's behaviour
(4) The Scuth African children's court must be notified
a4 Racial differences in the cnme rate may be linked to
(1) frustration over perceived racism and discrimination

(2) diferent definitions of crime by different ethnic groups
(3) overcrowding, poverty and gender inequahty
(4) vanations in homicide rates and ethnic heterogeneity
establish the
45 To understand why an offender committed a particular crime, it 1S essential to
perpetrators
(1) Previous cnminal record

(2) Personality charactenstics
(3) Mental make-up
{4) Motive
that prepare the body to

46 Emotions are biological reactions and energy-mobilising responses
following statemen ts does not refer
adapt to the situation the person 1s confronted Which of the
to emotions?
feelings that make us feel in a particular way such as angry,

(1) Emotions are subjective
joyful or sad
ssive phenomena
(2) Emotions are short-lived, subjective-physiological and functional-expre
(3) Emotions indicate the desire that a specific result will follow from a specific action
of purpose
(4) Emotions have four components , namely feelings, physical arousal, a sense
and social expressions
10
CMY 1501
Oct/Nov 2014
47 What are cnminogenic risk factors?
(1) Mental and physiological disorders

(2) Factors influenced by the environment
(3) Factors associated with cruninal activities
(4) Alcohol and drug abuse
48 Which of the following factor(s) increase the risk of youth misbehaviour?
1) poverty
—
2) parental conflict
mr
3) Erratic discipline
4} Ali of the above
45 commences from an early age and charactenstically begins with stubborn and rebellious
behaviour as a child
{1) Conflict pathway

(2) Criminal personality
(3) Low-self control
(4) Overt pathway
50 law resolves disputes between private individuals, the chief am being compensation for a
private injustice
(1) State
(2) Case
(3) Cwm
(4) Brtish
®
UNISA 2014
_
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA U N I SA aman UNIVERSITEIT VAN SUID-AFRIKA
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UNISA F192
UNISA [5a UTNversy

of south africa
CMY1501 { 477981) May/June 2014

INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY: CRIME, OFFENDERS AND CRIMINAL B
EHAVIOUR
EXAMINERS
FIRST MRS M ZITHA
This examination paper consists of ten (10) pages plus instructions for completion of
a mark reading sheet.
Please complete the attendance register on the back page, tear off and hand to the
mvigilator.
1 According to the Theory, the cause of delinquent behaviour 1s an impulsive personality
Seif-control
Radical
BW
Liberal
Power-control
2 acts as a protective factor against delinquency
Social support
BWN =
Differential association
Determinism
Rational choice
CMY 1501
May/June 2014
Criminology focuses more particularly on hidden crimes, such as sexual harassment in the
workplace
1 Postmodern
2 Critical
3 Feminist
4 Positivist
1s a means of collecting information about aspects of an individual's personal experience,

1 Dark figure
2 Self-report survey
3 Victimisation survey
4 Questionnaire
The concept of Is an attempt to account for the acquisition and maintenance of criminal
behaviour in terms of contact with particular environments and social groups
criminogenic risk factors

external events
AWN
biological dimension
Research on violent recidivists indicates that they may be distinguished from other offenders on
the basis of their
impulsive personality structure

pathologically violent offences
HWA
exposure to delinquent peers

genetic and hereditary factors
Several studies suggest that may be a critical factor in explaining gender differences in
delinquency
marginalisation
WRN =
social process approach

social structure approach
CMY 1501
May/June 2014
The general theory of cme advocates that
1 the explanation for individual differences in the tendency to commit criminal acts may be
found in a person's level of self-control
2 punishment must be proportionate to the cnme and has to be just and far
3 the purpose of sanctions 1s not so much to punish, hut to provide for treatment
4 the root cause of power-control 1s due to inadequate child-rearing practices
exist(s) as subjective, biological, purposive and soctal phenomena
Intent
BON =
Emotions
Needs
Motive
10 focuses on the cnminal’s social environment
Postivist cniminology
Social milieu school of thought
RN
Classical criminology
Conflict theory
EE
11 According to Sheldon’s somatotypes, an endomorph’s personality 1s associated with being
Strong, active, aggressive and sometimes violent

Introverted, hypersensitive and intellectual
Hw
Extroverted, aggressive and violent

Extroverted, friendly and sociable
nou ” ow
12 criminology questions narrow definitions of conventional concepts like * norms’, “values”,
nou
culture”, social constraint” and “anomy” and ask who should determine what behaviour should
be described as a crime
Postmodern
Classical
AWN
Radical
Feminist
13 Perinatal risk factors associated with juvenile delinquency and adult cme are, among others
Inadequate nutntion
Temperament
BWR
Personality
Physiological disorder
CMY1501
May/June 2014
14 Personality may be defined as a
1 unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, inclusive of emotions and
actions, that distinguishes one person from another
2 unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, inclusive of behaviour and
thoughts, that distinguishes one person from another
unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, inclusive of emotions and
behaviour, that distinguishes one person from another
unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, inclusive of emotions and
15 involves thinking, perceiving, abstracting, synthesising, organising and conceptualising the

nature of the external world and the self
Locus of control
PON —
Moral reasoning
Cognition
External control
16 The escalation of school conflict and violence may be attributed to a varnety of causes Choose
the option(s)
1 School staff may lack conflict resolution and management skills

2 The school has no control over social and family conditions
3 Schoo! staff may fail to recognise and address conditions within the school that give rise
to violence
4 All of the above
17 Which school of thought emphasises external factors as causes of cnme, and sees criminals as
victims of social conditions over which they have little control
Social milieu
HWA a
Positivist
Critical
Conflict
18 Content theory 1s based on

" the view that human behaviour 1s shaped by interpersonal conflict
2 the way 1n which society 1s organised and how it influences people's behaviour
3 a hierarchy of needs ranging from basic physiological needs to the need for self-
actualisation
the view that the cause of delinquent behaviour is an impulsive personality
CMY 1501
May/June 2014
19 Is a relatively new criminological technique in terms of which multiple advanced

computational methods are used to analyse large datasets involving one or more data sources
Data mining
=
Crime mapping
wh
Dark figure
Self-report studies
20 Farrington identified factors that predict the of criminal offences
1 mobility
2 continuity
3 pattern
4 discontinuity
21 Precolonial Africa concerned itself mainly with reconciltation and compensation which were
considered crucial to the nghting of wrongs and the restoration of law and order
crime statistics
WN
crime victims
social fabric crime
property-related crime
HB
22 Intention consists of two elements, namely
Cognitive and volitional

CRN
Cognitive and emotional

Expressive and intellectual
| NFR
Affective and intellectual
23 Which one of the following ts NOT an element of a cognitive component?
Memory
Bown
Observation
Empathy
Thinking
24 Armold, Cooper and Robertson are of the opinion that there are three components of motivation,
namely
Goal, effort and persistence

AWN
Need, goal and action

Direction, effort and persistence
Direction, need and effort
CMY1501
May/June 2014
25 Which one of the following 1s NOT one of the imitations of victim surveys?
1 Victims always forget an important fact if they are not questioned on the day crime was
committed
2 Victim surveys reflect the number of crimes but not the number of offenders
3 The same type of offence 1s reported by the victim each time
4 indirect vichms do not report a crime as readily as direct victims do
26 According to research, 15 one of the strongest predictors of adolescent violence as far as

both males and females are concerned
1 drug abuse
2 poverty
3 aggression
4 low 1Q
27 The theory 1s a branch of the social structure theories that focuses on the breakdown of
institutions such as the family, school and employment in inner-city neighbourhoods
Consensus
=
Postmodernist
HW
Social disorganisation
Classical
28 Lack of self-control 1s often linked to
1 truancy
2 violent crimes
3 social problem solving
29 The theory suggests that a traditionally lower crime rate for women could be explained by
their “second class”, economic and social position
1 radical
2 positivist
3 classical
4 feminist
CMY1501
May/June 2014
30 refers to the nse and fall in crime In a particular year
1 Crime trends
2 Dark figure
3 Surveys
4 Crime patterns
31 commences from an early age and characteristically begins with stubborn and rebellious
behaviour as a child
1 Conflict pathway
3 Temperament
4 Personality
32 The basic premise of the 1s that some people are born to be cnminals through the
inhentance of a genetic or physiological predisposition to cme
1 biological dimension
2 socal learning approach
3 rational choice theory
4 classical criminology
33 Research conducted by Wilson and Petersilia suggests that in order to prevent criminal
behaviour parents should
1 Act as prebation or parole agencies willing to guarantee the member's good conduct
2 Reduce crime by protecting their home and its occupants against physical, emotional and
matenal harm
3 Restrict children’s activities and maintain physical surveillance by knowing ther
whereabouts
4 All of the above
34 Criminology 1s an applied discipline within the human sciences Its field of study includes
1 victims, purishment and the prevention and control of unknown offenders

2 knowledge of a particular discipline on crime and victims which 1s systematically
controlled
3 crime, criminals, victims, punishment and the prevention and control of cme
4 punishment and the prevention and control of all law enforcements agencies
CMY1501
May/June 2014
35 Criminal justice in South Africa is greatly influenced by law
1 Italian and French

2 Scottish and Romanian
3 Roman Dutch and British
4 British and French
36 The concept of Is an attempt to account for the acquisition and maintenance of criminal
behaviour
1 differential association
2 internal motives
3 determinism
4 social disorganisation
37 According to the theory, gender and social class differences in delinquency are linked to the
structure of the family
structure
BWN =
power-control
liberal feminist
positivist
38 There are vital components that reflect the ideal characteristics of a “good” theory Choose the
correct option
Plausibility
BWN >
Falsifiability
Predictability
All of the above
39 One of the basic premises of the classic cnme theory 1s that
1 crime should be prevented by empowering people

2 the emphasis 1s on the cnminal, not on the crime
3 there 1s no concern with punishment or rehabilitation
4 crime Is a voluntary act committed by persons exercising a deliberate choice
CMY 1501
May/June 2014
40 Research indicates that children are more likely to exhibit delinquent behaviour
first born
middle
BLN
last born
twin
41 indicates the desire that a specific result wilf follow from a particular action
Intent
Emotions
Thoughts
Needs
42 criminology has made an important contribution by showing that the jundical crime concept
can be unjust and discriminatory
1 Socialist
2 Feminist
3 Critical
4 Positivist
43 Minimal brain disorder (MBD) 1s associated with
Chromosomal disorders
BWN =
Antisocial tendencies
Biochemical factors
Tourette syndrome
44 is of view that crime 1s a product of the capitalist system
Radical criminology
NN
Trart theory
Postmodern criminclogy
HW
Positivist theory
45 Determinism 1s
1 an assumption of positivism that says individual differences in behaviour are rooted in

factors beyond, or at least not entirely within, the control of individuais
2 the degree to which individuals perceive their behaviour to be under their own control or
under the contro! of external forces, such as the government
a branch of the social structure theories that focus on the breakdown of institutions such
as the family, school and employment in the inner city
a process by which a pronouncement 1s made on a bigger group or population on the
basis of a study of a limited number of similar cases
10
CMY1501
May/June 2014
46 The approach focuses on individual crimes In particular
social process
BWM =
rational choice
social structure
radical feminist
47 crimmelogy 1s known as the third movement in the scientific development of criminology and
focuses on the political and economic structures of discrimination and exploitation as causes of
crime
1 Positivist
2 Classical
3 Critical
4 Conflict
48 refer(s) to the inherently charactenstic way in which an individual reacts to life's demands
and challenges on an emotional level
Temperament
PAWN —-
Familial risk factors

Free will
Intelligence
49 Is made up of all the legal rules which identify crimes and set down punishments
Common law
Criminology
WN
Penology
Criminal law
50 The pennatal nsk factors associated with juvenile delinquency and adult crime are
inadequate nutrition
BON =
exposure to smoking
alcohol abuse
All of the above
®
UNISA 2014
[
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA U N SA university
Ld

STUDY UNIT a.g PSY100-X INITIALS AND SURNAME (3)
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UNISA la.

BEHAVIOUR
EXAMINERS :
FIRST MRS M ZITHA
SECOND - MR VZ MTSHALI
removed from the examination venue.
This examination paper consists of ten (10) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark reading
sheet.
Please complete the attendance register on the back page, tear off and hand to the invigilator.
1. The word “ cnminology “ literally means the study of
cnme.
AON =
cnminal justice.
the culture of violence
behaviour.
2 Crime statistics were compiled for the first time by.
Jerome Neapohtan
WON =
Ted Chiricos
Adolphe Quetelet
Gary Kleck
3. Some criminologists distinguish cnminology as the study of ...
crime and deviant behaviour.

HOON
cnme and cnminal justice.

caminal and criminal association.
criminal and criminal justice behaviour
CMY 1501
In South Africa , police cnme statistics are provided by the . .
Crime Information Analysis Centre (CIAC).

AWN =
Institute for Secunty Studies (ISS).

Cnme Information Management (CIM).
Institute for Security Studies (ISS).
... zooms 1n on the pohtical and economic structures of discrimination and exploitation as causes
of cnme and the reasons for some actions to be classified as crime and others not.
Cntical cnminology
AWN =
Feminist cnminology
Classical criminology
Positivist cnminology
Alternative sources of information are needed to establish the true extent of .
crime trends.
SWN =
crime patterns.
frends in society
crime fluctuations.
In relation to inteligence as nsk indicator for cnminal behaviour, studies indicate that a large
fraction of offenders’ IQ is at the .. scale.
high end of intelligence

BWN —-
far end of intelligence

middle end intelligence
low end intelligence
Social ... refers to the dynamic, multi-dimensional process of being shut out, fully or partially,
from the vanous social, economic, political or cultural system which serves to assist the
integration of a person into society.
exclusion
=
mobility
aw
theory
cohesion
... law resolves disputes between private individuals, the chief am being compensation for a
private injustice.
Criminal
=
Cuil
WN
Statutory
Common
CMY 1501
10. Cnmunology is an applied discipline within the human sciences Its field of study includes the
scientific study of ..
crime , cnminals , victims, punishment and the prevention and control of crime.
HON =
cnme, vichms, families of victims and criminals and crime control only.
victims, punishment and the prevention and control of unknown offenders.
punishment and the prevention and control of law enforcement agencies.
11. Generally speaking, criminologists study cnme from two points of view, and those points of view
are the ..
classical and modern defimtions of crime.

cultural and societal definitions of crime.
WON
jundical and nonjuridical definitions of crime.

Juridical and professional definitions of crime,
12. According to the ... crime is a product of the capitalist system
Rational choice theory

WN =
Social process approach

Social structure approach
Marxist criminology approach
13. Recidivism means ...
prevention of crime
BN —
punishment of cnme.
relapses into crime
in relation to crime.
14, A wrongful act can be defined as ..
1 an act that conflicts with the legal norm in the form of a prescription or prohibition.
2 a culpable frame of mind in which a person commits a wrongful act.
3 an antisocial conduct that 1s in conflict with the law or detnmental to the sound normal life
of an indmidual.
punishment that compnses a pnson sentence, a fine, correctional supervision, a
f-
suspended or deferred sentence or a combination of any of these

CMY 1501
15. Tarde, Guerry and Quetelet were proponents of the social milieu school of thought. Two
approaches can be distinguished in this school of thought, namely the . .
Psycho-social and social structure approach

AWN =
Social structure and social process approaches.

Positivist and the interpretativist approach.
Psychological and social process approach.
16 Positivism assumes that.
1
All people are equal in their nghts and should be treated equally before the law and people
who commit cnme are motivated by pleasure.
2 The state is selective and biased, focusing on some acts as being criminal usually those
committed by the powerless.
3 Forces beyond the control of individuals determine criminal behaviour,
4 Improved social conditions will prevent cnme
17 There are three separate but overlapping branches within the .
cultural perspective
AWN =
social structure perspective

trait theory.
strain theory.
18. ... theones focus on psychological processes that affect motivation
1 Process
2 Content
3 Instrumental
4 Rational choice
19 Both the . and. . stereotype female crnminals as “sick”.
classic and positivist cnminology

BW =
critical and postmodern cnminology

conflict and critical criminclogy
hberal feminist and positivist criminology
20. According to the instrumental theories...
focus 1s on the content of motivation and 1s essentially about taking action to fulfil needs
nN —-
cnme 1s a functional of conflict between the goals people have and means they can use to
obtain them.
focus 1s psychological process that affect motivation
Hw
the reward or punishment serves as a means to ensure that people act in a particular way
CMY 1501
21 Lack of self control is often linked to...
cnminal behaviour
AON =
deviant behaviour
impulsive behaviour
aggressive behaviour
22. Cnminal justice in South Afnca 1s greatly influenced by ... law.
Bntish and French

BW =
Roman Dutch and British

Scottish and Romanian
Itahan and French
23. Cnminal justice 1s directed mainly at punishment and deterrence and its chief objective is to
1 Compensate for a private injustice.

2 Emphasise the importance of rehabilitation.
3 Protect people against unsanctioned behaviour by others.
4 Control the criminal behaviour.
24 The feminist school of thought developed in Western Europe and North Amencan in the mid
1960's and 1s commonly regarded as the .. great movement in cnminology.
first
AWN =
second
third
fourth
25. Classification of cme entails the ...
1 arrangement of certain information into particular classes because the data display common
characteristics.
2 placing of crime information into a system of convenience because it must be easily
accessible
3 arrangement of cnme information into simpler combinations because the four pilars require
the simplification of information.
4 physical arrangements of certain information into particular crime cases because there are
common characteristics.
CMY 1501
26. Conkhn states that there are three facilitating factors that are often present when crimes are
committed, namely .
physiological disorders, alcohol and firearms.

=
opportunity, alcohol and drugs

WN
gangstensm, firearms and drugs.

alcohol, drugs and firearms
27. The cntical school believes in
empowering the community by means of development programmes and community courts.

=
the destruction of social control and negotiates transition to democracy and self-defence
nN
units.
the view that the cause of delinquent behaviour is an impulsive personality
the view that human behaviour is shaped by interpersonal conflict.
28. Determinism I1s the ...
assumption of positivism that says that individual differences in behaviour are rooted In
factors beyond, or at least not entirely within, the control of individuals.
basic premise that certain people are born to be criminals through inhentance of a genetic or
physiological predisposition to crime.
ability to make rational choices among possible actions, and to select one over the others.
way in which society 1s organised and how it influences people's behaviour.
28. Siegel and Welsh (2009), maintain that children growing up in an environment of discord and
conflict often exhibit ..
aggressive delinquent behaviour.

PAWN
learning disabilities later in life.

substance abuse
antisocial behaviour.
30. Historically, criminological theories have developed according to three distinctive viewpoints
Choose the incorrect option.
Cnme Is a congenital trait (biological theories).

WN —
Crime is a tendency that individuals have acquired.

The causes of crime are to be found in the structure and function of society.
The excitement of crime is attractive to someone with a poor self-image
CMY1501
31. To qualify as a cnme, an act has to meet certain requirements. Which one of the following options
does NOT meet the jundical requirements for a cnmnal act?
It must be a human act under the control of a human will.

=
It must be a voluntary act.

WN
It must be an observable act

It must be an act that violates an individual's basic rights
32. Which one of the following options represent postmodern cnminology perspective?
1 It emphasises transnational and community-based policing, restorative justice and

community-based punishments.
2 Cnme Is attnbuted mainly to the fact that the colonial powers forced capitalism onto a
precapitaiist continent
3 Cnme should be prevented by empowering the people by repealing unjust laws and through
diversion rather than imprisonment.
4 The state is selective and biased, focusing on some acts as being criminal usually those
committed by powerless people.
. .. theory 1s essentially idealistic In unequal societies and economic conditions influence choices
1 feminist
2 radical
3 classical
4 positivist
34, The term “motive” refers to ..
1 a causative factor that dnves an action to bring about a definite result

2 subjective feelings that stem from physiological needs.
3 the desire that a specific result will follow from a particular action
4 physiological preparedness to meet situational demands
.. feel that certain factors make women more vuinerable to crime
1 Radical feminist
2 Liberal feminist
3 Positivist chiminologists
4 Postmodern criminologists
CMY 1501
36. Emotions are mulhdimensional, which means that they are studied from many different points of
view. Which one of the following statements Is incorrect?
1 Emotions are subjective feelings that make us feel a particular way, such as angry, joyful or
sad.
2 Emotions indicate the desire that a specific result will foliow from a particular action.
3 Emotions have four components, namely feelings, bodily arousal, sense of purpose and
social expressions
4 Emotions are short-lived, subjective-physiological, functional-expressive phenomena that
orchestrate how we react to events in our lives.
37. ... theory developed from the assumption that a chaotic society causes strain which leads to
delinquency and crime.
Strain
=
Classical
WN
Radical
Liberal
38. Hard determinism assumes that ...
1 human behaviour 1s completely determined by factors outside the conscious person and that
chorce is irrelevant.
2 people can make choices about their behaviour, but these choices are influenced by genetic
and environmental factors.
3 the explanation for individual differences in the tendency to commit cnminal acts may be
found in a person's level of self-control.
4 exposure to violence at every level (in the news, on television and the radio and films and
computer games) entrenches violent behaviour.
39. There are four vital components that reflect the ideal charactenstics of a “good” theory. Choose the
incorrect option.
1 Plausibility
2 Trustworthiness
3 Predictability
4 Falsifiability
40. ... Is the statistical data compiled by the police, courts and corrections and routinely published by
governments as indices of the extent of cnme.
1 Code of crime list

2 Official cnme statistics
3 Crime trends
4 Crime patterns
CMY 1501
41. Racial differences in the crime rate may be linked to frustration over perceived ...
ethnic heterogeneity.
AWN =
economic disparity.
unemployment
social factors
42, With which cnminological school of thought do you associate the name “Turk™?
1 Postmodern school of thought.

2 Feminist school of thought
3 Classical school of thought.
4 Conflict school of thought
Personality can be defined as a
actions that distinguishes one person from another.
2 Unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, inclusive of behaviour and
thoughts that distinguishes one person from another.
Unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, inclusive of emotions and
behaviour that distinguishes one person from another.
Unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, inclusive of emotions and
thoughts that distinguishes one person from another
44 According to Sheidon’s Somatotypes, delinquent boys are mainly:
Ectomorphs
SbWON
Somatotypes
Mesomorphs
Endomorphs
Minimal brain disorder (MBD) is associated with . .
antisocial tendencies
=
chromosomal disorders
ON
Tourette syndrome
hyperactivity
10
CMY1501
46. According to the power-control theory, gender and social class differences in delinquency are
hnked to...
1 social- disorganisation.
2 the structure of the family.
3 cultural and ethnic diversity.
4 aggressiveness
47. Research has shown that stress levels can nse due to long-term exposure to extreme
temperatures, which relates to an increase m ... crimes.
violent
=
organised
WN
white-collar
xenophobic
48. With reference to the meaning of the concept of empathy, indicate which of the following options
is correct.
1 The degree to which individuals perceive their behaviour to be under their own control.
2 The ability to see things from another person's paint of view
3 The ability to exercise self-contro} and resist the temptation to commit crime.
4 The process whereby individuals acquire insight into their environment.
49. Which one of the following 1s not an element of cognitive component?
Memory
=
Thinking
WN
Observation
Empathy
50, To understand why an offender committed a particular crime, It 1s essential to establish the
perpetrators’ .
1 intelligence.
2 criminal record.
3 motive.
4 moral reasoning.
®
UNISA 2013
_
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA U N SA university
-

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UNISA P1922
AL
UNISA |e
CMY1501 ( 476717) May/June 2013

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOUR
EXAMINERS .
FIRST MRS M ZITHA
This examination paper consists of 10 (ten) pages plus instructions for completion of a mark reading
sheet
\
1 Recently South Africa has been moving away from prison sentences towards alternative forms of
punishment, such as
1 giving offenders amnesty

2 short imprisonment term
3 giving medica! parole to offenders
4 treatment of offenders in the community
2 Concerning emotions, which one of the following statements (s Incorrect?
Emotions indicate the desire that a specific result will follow from a specific action
—
2 Emotions are short-lived, subjective-physiological and functional-expressive phenomena

3 Emotions are subjective feelings that make us feel in a particular way such as angry, joyful
or sad
4 Emotions have four components, namely, feelings, bodily arousal, a sense of purpose and
social expression
\
CMY1501
May/June 2013
Which one of the following concepts was impartant in righting the wrongs of cnme in pre-colomial
Africa?
1 Rehabilitation and treatment

2 Retribution and punishment
3 Reconciliation and compensation
4 Reconstruction and development
According to the power-control theory, gender and social class differences in delinquency are
linked to
the structure of the family

=
cultural and ethnic diversity

WN
aggressiveness
social -disorganisation
In terms, only those acts that are punishable by the state are reckoned as crime
jundicat
crminal justice
HB WN
non-jundical
criminological
emphasizes 1s on external factors as causes of cnme, and criminals are seen as victims of
social conditions of which they have little control
HBWN
Social miheu school of thought
Classical theory
Process theories
focuses on the way In which society 1s organized

view human behaviour as shaped by interpersonal conflict
WN
view crime as acts that are outlawed and in conflict with the rules
explain how people become offenders
In relation to the positivist school of thought, identify the correct statement
1 Cnminal behaviour 1s determined by biological, psycholegical and socto economical

factors
2 The purpose of sanctions 1s not so much to punish, but to provide for treatment and reform
3 It 1s not bound to a particular school of thought
4 Crime could be prevented by empowering the people
CMY 1501
May/June 2013
Intention consists of two elements, namely
1 Cognitive and volitional

2 Affective and intellectual
3 Cognitive and emotional
4 Expressive and intellectual
10 To which cnminolegical school of thought does the following quotation relate? “Economic and
pohtical discrimination are seen as the causes of crime”
Positivist criminology
WN
Cntical cnminology
11 According to Sheldon's somatotypes, delinquent boys are mainly
ectomorphs
—-
endomorphs
WN
mesomorphs
somorphops
12 1s a relatively new cnminological technique in terms of which multiple advanced computational

methods are used to analyse large datasets involving one or more data sources
1 Victim survey
2 Crime mapping
3 Self report study
4 Data mining
13 Farnngton identified factors that predict the of cnminal offences
1 pattern
2 protection
3 discontinuity
4 continuity
14 Personality may be defined as a
actions, that distinguishes one person from another
2 unique, relatively stable and consistent behaviour pattern, inclusive of behaviour and
behaviour, that distinguishes one person from ancther
CMY1501
May/June 2013
15 With which cniminologicat school of thought do you associate the name “Turk”?
Feminist school of thought

WON =
Conflict school of thought

Postmodern school of thought
Classical school of thought
16 Tarde, Guerry and Quetelet were proponents of the social milieu school of thought Two
approaches may be distinguished in this, namely the
positivist and critical approaches

social structure and the social process approaches
HWN
cultural structure and social structural approaches

criminological and victimological approaches
17 One of the basic premises of the classic theory 1s that
crime could be prevented by empowering the people

there 1s no concern with punishment or rehabilitation
BON
crime is a voluntary act committed by persons exercising a deliberate choice

the emphasis Is on the cnminal, not on the cme
18 Being psychologically present hiterally implies that children will
1 consciously or unconsciously evaluate their behaviour against their society's opinion of that
particular behaviour
2 consciously or unconsciously evaluate behaviour against their community's opinion of that
particular act
consciously or unconsciously evaluate their behaviour against their peers’ opinion of that
particular act
consciously or unconsciously evaluate their own behaviour against their parents’ opinion of
that particular act
19 Positivist criminology has dominated cme policy and prevention for decades but is now under
criticism for its inability to reduce the level of cnme Which one of the following options
represents objections to positivist criminology?
The main focus is on the criminals’ social environment

=
The rejection of the jundical concept and traditional causes of crime

HW
Failure to explain cnmes committed by people with power

Victims of crime are of little or no importance
CMY 1501
May/June 2013
20 Siegel & Welsh (2009) identified three parts of antisocial behaviour that, during the
developmental process of a child, may lead to a delinquent career, namely
Conflict pathway, coovert pathway and overt pathway

hwN=
Conflict pathway, aggressive pathway and overt pathway

Conflict pathway, hidden pathway and overt pathway
Conflict pathway, covert pathway and aggressive pathway
21 Precolonial Africa concerned itself mainly with
crime statistics
BwWN =
crime victim
social fabrnc crime
property-related cnme
22 Which one of the following social factors 1s not a contributory factor to the high crime rate among
the youth?
1 Matenalistic cravings
2 Peer group pressure
3 Social stressors
4 High level of aggression
23 Cnminogenic nisk factors are associated with cnminal activities, such as
Cnme
Delinquency
PWN
Offending
All of the above
24 The term “dark figure”, refers to
1 A statistical survey that measures the amount, nature and patterns of victimisation In the
population
2 The number of crimes that are committed but not recorded by the police
3 A means of collecting information about aspects of an individual's personal experience
4 The statistical data compiled by the police, courts and corrections on the extend of crime
CMY 1501
May/June 2013
25 Self —report items am to
explain policy directions In respect of crime and criminal behaviour

BOGWN
measure athtudes, values, personal characteristics and behaviours

analyse and correlate data to create detailed visuals of cnme patterns
identify and predict future criminal behaviour or events
26 Rational choice theory has its roots in the
social milieu school of thought

=
postmodernist approach
BN
social structure approach

classical school of cnminology
27 refer/s to the dynamic, multidimensional process of being fully or partially excluded from the
various social, economic, political or cultural systems which serve to assist the integration of a
person in society
1 Social disgrganisation
2 Conflict theorres
3 Marginalisation
4 Systematic observation
28 Which one of the following is not a contributory factor to crime In South Africa?
1 Rapid structures
2 Political factors
3 Inadequate welfare services
4 The system of migrant labours
29 Lack of self-control 1s often linked to
1 substance abuse
4 criminal behaviour
30 The theonsts view the forces operating In run-down lower-class areas as the key
determinants of criminal behaviour patterns
social structure
BON =
rational choice
social process
traits
CMY 1501
May/June 2013
31 Is associated with children’s lack of internal inhibitions against offending
Lack of empathy
WON =
Deviant socialisation
Harsh parental discipline
Personality
32 According to research on social support, in order to prevent criminal behaviour parents should
act as probation or parole agencies willing to guarantee their member's good conduct
1
2 restrict children's activites and maintain physical surveillance by knowing ther

whereabouts
3 reduce crime by protecting their home and its occupants against physical, emotional and
maternal harm
4 All of the above
33 As far as the functioning of the family 1s concerned, criminal risk factors may be associated
with
the structure, functioning and relationships of the family

interfamifial abuse, cnminality and offending
HW
the structure, size and composition of the family

interpersonal relationships and socialisation within the family
34 Crminology 1s an apphed discipline within the human sciences Its field of study is
Victims, punishment and the prevention and control of unknown offenders

Knowledge of a particular discipline, on crime and victims which 1s systematically
controlled
Crime, criminals, victims, punishment and the prevention and control of crime
Punishment and the prevention and control of all law enforcements agencies
35 Criminal justice in South Africa Is greatly influenced by law
Italian and French

Scottish and Romanian
B=
Roman Dutch and British

Bntish and French
36 There are three separate but overlapping branches within the
social structure perspective

=
cultural perspective
BwN
rational theory
traits theory
CMY1501
May/June 2013
37 Instrumental theories state that
1 all persons are equal In their nghts and should be treated equally before the law
2 reward or punishment serves as a means to ensure that people act in a particular way
3 punishment should be proportionate to crime and linked to treatment
4 behaviour 1s linked to factors over which individuals have full control
38 According to Burton (2007), one of the risk factors associated with violence with South African
youth 1s
exposure to violence at every level entrenches violent behaviour

inadequate education and poor preparation for the labour market
BW
the presence of large numbers of illegal immigrants

the negotiated transition and destruction of social control
39 Parental neglect 1s often associated with
mental and physiological disorders

BOON
the child's lack of emotional security

mental and physiological disorders
deprivation of the child's emotional needs
40 Which one of the following 1s not an element of a cognitive component?
Thinking
BOON =
Empathy
Observation
Memory
41 The and crnminclogy stereotype female criminals as “sick”, implying that they need
treatment and are psychological disturbed
1 classic, positivist
2 liberal feminists, classic
3 cntical , postmodern
4 radical femmist | positivist
42 Consensus theones belief that
1 human behaviour 1s shaped by interpersonal conflict and those that maintain social power
will use it to further their own needs
2 crime is regarded as an event In time and space and various factors have to be present for
a crime to occur
3 Human behaviour 1s determined biological, psychological and socioeconomic factors over
which individuals have little control
4 crimes are acts that are outlawed because they conflict with the rules of the majonty and
are harmful to society
CMY 1501
May/June 2013
43 Historically, criminological theories have developed according to distinctive viewpoints Choose

the incorrect statement
Crime 1s a tendency that individuals have acquired

Cnme 1s a congenital trait (biological theories)
BWN
Causes of crime are found in the structure and function of society

The cnminal and criminal offenders are considered as separate concepts
44 Violent people tend to have that makes it difficult for them to come up with non-aggressive
solutions to interpersonal conflicts and disputes
cognitive deficiencies
BWM —
tourette syndrome
antisocial behaviour
low 1q
45 Determinism 1s
1 an assumption of positvism that says individual differences in behaviour are rooted in

factors beyond, or at least not entirely within, the control of individuals
2 the degree to which individuals perceive their behaviour to be under their own control or
under the control of external forces, such as the government
3 a branch of the social structure theories that focus on the breakdown of institutions such as
the family, school and employment in the inner city
4 a process by which a pronouncement is made on a bigger group or population on the basis
of a study of a limited number of similar cases
46 cnminology focuses especially on the nghts and needs of crime victims, national cnme
prevention strategies, transnational and community-based policing, restorative justice and
community-based punishments
1 Positivist
2 Postmodern
3 Classical
4 Radical
47 According to the theory, the traditionally lower crime rate for women could be explained by
their “second class” economic and social position
power-control
HWN =
liberal feminist
structure
radical feminist
10
CMY 1501
May/June 2013
48 Cognitive processes play an important role in appraising available aims when designing a
particular strategy Cognition involves
Thought, judgement, interpretation and understanding

CRN
Direction, persistence, effort and emotions

Goals, needs, interpretation and understanding
FERN
Needs, judgement, thought and emotions
49 Children from broken homes where both parents are missing are normally involved in deviant
activities such as
1 gangsterism
2 substance abuse
3 bullying
4 truancy
50 According to the , people can make choices about their behaviour, but these choices are
influenced by genetic and environmental factors
hedonistic principle
=
soft determinism view

WN
universal ethical principle

hard determinism view
©
UNISA 2013
_
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA U N ] SA university
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A.4. Exam Questions - Needs Converting

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UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS UNIVERSITEITSEKSAMENS

CMY1501 (490498) October/November 2017

Answer all the questions

Who 1s the father of American Criminology?

1) The erratic, overt and covert pathways

4) A limitation of victim surveys include

1) Rational Choice Theory

1) Rational choice, desire and effort

10) Components of social cognition associated with cnminal behaviour include

1) Willpower and strength of will

Social Disorgamisation theary

1) Gnmes heavily dependent in police action for tracing

1) Data mining studies

30) The Cultural Deviance theory resorts under

1) Consensus school of thought

1) interpersonal concardance of “good boy”, “mce girl” orientation

1) Social structure theories

1) Cuitural Deviance theory

1) Plausibility, generalisation, feasibility and predictability

1) rational choice ability

SLBA oda cds iEeds cha chy | Folie LE ty Pl

2. MARK LIKE THIS =» 2 MERK AS VOLG ga

ET oe Ly te ET) a Fe EET TIT CTR ee ne i Tor

£11 £22031 £43

12 cl1c2a £31 oda cBafh

1102131 cd a2 11623 £33 £41 eho cla 21 c31 cds chy Sa

sri i kil tq1 123 31 041 chy

USE ONLY AN HB PENCIL TO COMPLETE YOUR MARK READING SHEET

PLEASE DO NOT FOLD OR DAMAGE YOUR MARK READING SHEET

Write your paper code 1n these eight squares, for mstance

Fill in your initials and surname

Fill in the date of the examination

Fill in the name of the examination centre

CMY1501 ( 497050) May/June 2017

Closed book examination

Answer all the questions

It refers to the reason behind an action

It does not involve conscious deliberation and purposefulness

both offence and offender specific

Social structure theories

Social structure theones

Social learning theory

Social disorganisation theory

Social learning theory

Cultural deviance theory

Social process theories

Social structure theories

Control, supremacy & fantasy rape

The Nancy Kerrigan incident

The Najwa Petersen incident

The Eersterus vigilante incident

a heavy build and are slow moving

well developed muscles and an athletic appearance

small skeletons and weak muscles

1 Aggressive and likely to commut violent crimes

1 Emotions and thoughts that distinguish one person from another

Prenatal nsk factors

Perinatal nsk factors

better position than families disrupted by divorce

worse position than families disrupted by divorce

1. Having a shy personality

Rational choice perspective