Yulibeth Morales Flores

10.08.23

Political Science 2310: Dr. Sherri Mora

Page 49:

1. The five roles of the president are Chief Administrator, Chief Legislator, Chief Diplomat,

Chief of State, & Commander - In - Chief.

Chief Administrator The president is responsible for policy

implementation under the role of chief
administrator derived from Article II, Section 3
—"to take care that the laws are faithfully
executed." The president's weapon for carrying
out this role is the issuing of executive orders:
written statements that govern executive branch
activity. As chief administrator, the president
manages the executive branch of government in
addition to adopting policy.

Chief Legislator The president, as chief legislator, is responsible

for creating policy under Article II, Section 3. The
president is obligated by the Constitution to "give
to Congress information of the State of the Union
and recommend to them such measures as he
shall judge necessary and expedient."

Chief Diplomat As per the stipulations outlined in clause 2 of

section 2 of article II of the Constitution of the
United States, the President assumes the role of
the foremost representative in matters of
diplomacy for the United States.In order to
validate a formal treaty, it is essential to have the
counsel and approval of two-thirds of the senators
in attendance. The Treaty of Versailles, intended to
formally conclude World War I, serves as a
prominent example of an unrati ed treaty.
fi
 Chief Administrator The president is responsible for policy
implementation under the role of chief
administrator derived from Article II, Section 3
—"to take care that the laws are faithfully
executed." The president's weapon for carrying
out this role is the issuing of executive orders:
written statements that govern executive branch
activity. As chief administrator, the president
manages the executive branch of government in
addition to adopting policy.

Chief of State As the chief of state, the president not only

represents the nation but also serves as its
symbolic gurehead and embodiment of its values
and ideals. In this role, the president acts as a
unifying force, fostering a sense of national
identity and pride among the citizens. Additionally,
the president's position as the chief of state often
involves ceremonial duties, such as hosting
foreign leaders, attending state functions, and
participating in national celebrations. By
embodying the nation's collective identity, the
president plays a crucial role in shaping the
country's image both domestically and
internationally. Represent the national identity and
values of a country. Granting reprieves and
pardons is a crucial power vested in the hands of
executive authorities. This authority allows them
to exercise discretion and mercy in the criminal
justice system. Reprieves and pardons serve as
important tools to One important aspect of the
judicial system is the appointment of federal court
and Supreme Court judges. This process plays a
crucial role in ensuring the fair and e ective
administration of justice in the United States. The
appointment of judges is a responsibility that falls
on the President, with the advice and consent of
the Senate. This process is designed to ensure
that quali ed individuals are

Commander - In - Chief The president, in this role, exercises authority over

the armed forces of the United States and is
responsible for the appointment of military
commanders (U.S. Constitution, Article II, Section
2, Clause 2). According to Article I, Section 8 of
the United States Constitution, the President has
the prerogative to deploy military personnel to any
location, but the power to o cially declare war
rests with Congress. The legitimacy of the
president's authority to deploy military personnel
into dangerous situations without a formal
declaration of war has been subject to scrutiny on
several occasions.
fi
fi
ffi
ff
2. The War Powers Resolution prescribes a set of measures that the President is required to do.

Prior to the deployment of United States military personnel for the purpose of engaging in war

activities, it is imperative to get parliamentary authorization. It is imperative that the United

States Congress be promptly notified within a span of 48 hours after the initiation of American

military deployments to international regions. The given prompt proposes the removal of

military personnel within a designated period of sixty days, unless a formal declaration of war is

authorized by Congress.

Page 59:

1. House: Irrespective of their population, every state is guaranteed a minimum of one member

in the House of Representatives. At present, there are seven states within the United States

that possess a solitary representative in the legislative body. These states are Alaska,

Delaware, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Vermont, and Wyoming. Each member of

the organization serves a fixed term of two years, with elections being conducted at the

conclusion of each term specifically in even-numbered years. The elected representatives

fulfill their duties by representing their respective congressional districts. The process of

delineating congressional districts is carried out by the respective state legislatures. The

Constitution confers distinct authorities with the House of Representatives, such as the

ability to initiate tax legislation and to initiate impeachment proceedings.

Senate: As a policy-making institution, the Senate plays an important role in the legislative

process. Elected individuals in the Senate are appointed for a six-year term. There are 100

members in all, with two persons representing each state. Elections for one-third of Congress are
 held every two years in order to ensure stability within the legislative body. Residents of the

states that participate in senatorial elections make up the electorate of senators.The Senate has

unique powers, including the capacity to grant advise and consent in the process of ratifying

treaties and confirming presidential nominees. These acts need a two-thirds vote of the current

members. Furthermore, the Senate is in charge of conducting impeachment trials. The Senate has

a well-organized and well-built leadership structure.

2. House

Speaker of the House - Serves as the presiding o cer of the chamber

and leader of the majority party
- Decides who should be recognized to speak on
the oor on points of order(including whether a
motion or amendment is relevant to the business
at hand)
- Assign bills to committee
- Schedules or delays vote on a bill
- Appoints members of select special and
conference committees
- Controls patronage jobs and o ce space at the
Capitol

Majority Leader - Speaker’s principal assistant

- Formulates the party’s legislative program in
consultation with other party members
- Steers that program to the House
- Arranges legislative schedule with cooperation
of the party members

Minority Leader - Roughly corresponds to the legislative agenda

of the majority leaders in terms of formulating the
party’s legislative agenda
- Has no authority over scheduling legislation
- Organizes the forces of the minority party to
counter the legislative program of the majority
party
- Facilitates passage of minority party bills

Majority and Minority Whips - Assist leaders in tracking party members

- Pressure members to vote for the party line
- Ensure attendance of party members at
important role calls
- Involved in the formation of party policy and
scheduling legislation
fl
ffi
ffi
 Senate

President of the Senate - Vice President of the United States

- Sole purpose is to break a tie vote (Mike Pence
(R-IN

President Pro Tempore - Presides over the chamber when the Vice
President is absent
- Traditionally the senior senator from the majority
party (Chuck Grassley R-IA)

Majority Leader - Most powerful position in the Senate

- Chief Senate Spokesperson for the party agenda
- Manages and schedules the legislative and
executive business of the Senate
- Recognizes the rst speaker in a debateMitch
McConnell (R-KY)

Minority Leader - Same duties as majority leader, except for the

opposite party
- Represents the opposition in negotiations with
the majority leader for SenatebusinessCharles
Schumer (D-NY)

Majority and Minority Whip - Assistants to the oor leaders

- Mobilize votes within their parties on major
issues
- Often serve as acting oor leaders in the
absence of oor leaders
- Majority Whip: John Thune (R-SD)
- Minority Whip: Dick Durbin (D-Ill)
fl
fi
fl
fl
 Page 65:

1.

United States District Courts Original jurisdiction over cases involving

United States Courts of Appeals
- Federal crimes
- Civil lawsuits under federal law
- Civil cases between citizenship in amounts
greater $50,000
- Admiralty and maritime cases
- Bankruptcy cases
- The review of certain actions of federal
administrative agencies
- Others matters assigned to them by congress
- Appellate jurisdiction only
- Do not hold trials or accept new evidence
- Hear cases on appeals:
• Federal District Courts
• U.S. regulatory commissions
• Certain other federal courts

The United States Supreme Court
- Original jurisdiction over cases involving:
• Two or more states
• The federal district and a state
• Foreign ambassadors and other diplomats
• A state and a citizen of a di erent state initiated
by the state
- Appellate jurisdiction at its own discretion
- Generally follows the rule of four:
• If at least four of the nine justices want to hear a
case on appeal, the court calls up the lower
court record by issuing a writ of certiorari

2.

Judicial Restraint Judicial Activism

- Views the judiciary as the last democratic branch - View the Constitution as a living document
of government

- Relies on original intent when interpreting the - Reshape Constitutional meaning to t the needs
law and the constitution of contemporary society

- Strict constructionists - In a sense, interpret new meaning into the

Constitution
ff
fi