Manufacturers’ Guidelines

Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.
J-System/ Recirculation Application
The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.
 Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period
5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.
Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.
Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)
 Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.
J-System/ Recirculation Application
The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)
USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)
 Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.
Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.
Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.
 Application
Aluminium phosphide is usually applied using belts, ropes, blankets, strips or sleeves, which are readily retrievable once fumigation is
complete and leave little physical residue. In surface application, the metal phosphide packages are placed on top of the stow and the
produced phosphine, which is slightly heavier than air, gradually permeates through the stow. Trench-in application is practically the
same, the only difference being that the fumigant packages are buried approximately 30 cm beneath the surface of the stow. The
advantages of using surface or trench-in methods are ease of application and lower costs. Surface and trench-in applications are
commonly encountered on ships.

J-System/ Recirculation Application

The principal drawback of the first two methods is the slow phosphine permeation through the stow. This becomes a limiting factor in
deep stows and using a recirculation system, can increase the rate of permeation and decrease the fumigation time. The fumigant
packages are placed on the surface of the stow or trenched-in and, using electric fans and pipework, the phosphine is piped from the
headspace to the tank top and released beneath the stow. This allows the phosphine to circulate through the stow and halves the
minimum fumigation time.

Available Guidelines/ Regulations

With the exception of the instructions provided by the fumigant manufacturers and the US Department of Agriculture’s (USDA)
Fumigation Handbook, there are few other guidelines dealing with in-transit fumigation. The International Maritime Solid Bulk Cargoes
Code (IMSBC) provides recommendations on fumigation of cargo holds, including in-transit, but offers no specific details of fumigation
periods or concentrations*.

Manufacturers’ Guidelines
Fumigant manufacturers provide details of the minimum application time, which is dependent on the ambient temperature. However,
often these guidelines do not apply to bulk shipments as they assume the fumigant can be uniformly applied. The rate of phosphine gas
generation slows in cooler conditions, leading to longer minimum fumigation periods.

Table 1 - A typical manufacturers’ fumigation time guidelines, assuming uniform application.

Ambient Temperature Fumigation Period

5°C Do not fumigate
5-12°C 10 days (240 hours)
12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)
16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides

recommended minimum fumigant exposure

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.
Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and countries where soybeans
are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port of origin, soybeans are
normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much longer fumigation times
than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.
Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and countries where soybeans
are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port of origin, soybeans are
normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much longer fumigation times
than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and countries where soybeans
are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port of origin, soybeans are
normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much longer fumigation times
than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.
Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and countries where soybeans
are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port of origin, soybeans are
normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much longer fumigation times
than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.
Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice
  On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

and ventilating it.

Fumigation of soybean cargo may be required because of insect infestation found at loading, compliance with contractual
specifications, or to issue a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and
countries where soybeans are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port
of origin, soybeans are normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much
longer fumigation times than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge
Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.
Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

and ventilating it.

Fumigation of soybean cargo may be required because of insect infestation found at loading, compliance with contractual
specifications, or to issue a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and
countries where soybeans are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port
of origin, soybeans are normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much
longer fumigation times than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.
Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge
Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

and ventilating it.

Fumigation of soybean cargo may be required because of insect infestation found at loading, compliance with contractual
specifications, or to issue a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and
countries where soybeans are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port
of origin, soybeans are normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much
longer fumigation times than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)
USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.
Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

and ventilating it.

Fumigation of soybean cargo may be required because of insect infestation found at loading, compliance with contractual
specifications, or to issue a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and
countries where soybeans are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port
of origin, soybeans are normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much
longer fumigation times than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.
Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.
 and ventilating it.

Fumigation of soybean cargo may be required because of insect infestation found at loading, compliance with contractual
specifications, or to issue a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and
countries where soybeans are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port
of origin, soybeans are normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much
longer fumigation times than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.
If the plUSDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.
Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge
Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.
Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
 time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

and ventilating it.

Fumigation of soybean cargo may be required because of insect infestation found at loading, compliance with contractual
specifications, or to issue a phytosanitary inspection certification. Voyage times between countries where soybeans are grown and
countries where soybeans are in demand, can range from three to six weeks. Rather than undertaking a lengthy fumigation at the port
of origin, soybeans are normally fumigated on passage. In recent months, it has become apparent that fumigators are requesting much
longer fumigation times than has previously been the case.

12-15°C 5 days (120 hours)

16-20°C 4 days (96 hours)
> 20°C 3 days (72 hours)

USDA Handbook
The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.
Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the plUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge
Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.
Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
 time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.
Click to enlarge

Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateUSDA Handbook

The most comprehensive and specific guide on in-transit fumigation of soybeans is the USDA’s Fumigation Handbook**. This provides
recommended minimum fumigant exposure times according to the depth of stow and the method of fumigation.

Table 2 - Minimum fumigation time by commodity depth (reproduced from USDA Fumigation Handbook), 18 days being a frequently
specified application period for Handymax and Panamax size ships.

Click to enlarge
Other Guidelines
No official guidelines appear to exist for Brazil. Brazilian fumigators often stipulate in-transit fumigation periods of 10 days at aluminium
phosphide concentrations of 28.5 grams per 1,000 cubic feet - significantly lower than the 45 grams per 1,000 cubic feet recommended
by the USDA. It is not clear if these shorter periods or lower doses relate to different pest profiles or previous fumigation of the cargo
whilst on shore.

Problems for Master of the Vessel

Fumigation requirements can pose problems for the Master, not just for safety reasons, but also because it may prevent him from
ventilating the cargo during the voyage. If the Master does not ventilate the cargo he is open to criticism if the surface is degraded on
arrival. Further, the Chinese courts in particular have previously found owners liable for cargo damages, which they believe are could
have been prevented by ventilation, particularly when ventilation was not carried out or there was a failure to keep a proper ventilation
record.

Recently, many US and South American fumigators have stipulated that holds must remain under fumigation for the duration of the
voyage. Further, the USDA Handbook recommends that fumigated holds remain sealed throughout.

Advice

 On most Handymax and Panamax vessels, the fumigant is possibly of limited effect if only applied to the surface of the stow,
and would be far more effective if “trenched-in”. For ships with holds deeper than 20 m, typically cape-size vessels, the use of
a recirculation system needs to be considered.

 Using a recirculation system can reduce the fumigation period on typical Handymax and Panamax ships from 18 to 9 days or
less.

 Paragraph 3.5 of the 2009 IMSBC Code, which was mandatory from January 2011, addresses (broadly) ventilation during the
voyage with 3.6 briefly addressing fumigation - which is explored in greater detail in a supplement to the Code : MSC.1 Circ
1264. At Paragraph 3.3.2.1 of that supplement it is stated that in-transit fumigation should only be carried out at the discretion
of the master. This again places a burden on the Master in making a decision, that should preferably be addressed ahead of
time in the charterparty and contract of carriage (as embodied in the Bills of Lading).

 Keeping accurate records of when the cargo was under fumigation and when it was ventilated is very important. As is the
record of any days when ventilation was not possible, either because fumigation has not been completed and / or conditions at
sea do not permit ventilation to take place.

 If the planned fumigation time allows few or no chances to ventilateanned fumigation time allows few or no chances to
ventilate on the passage, the Owners should inform all interested