POLITICS AND

GOVERNMENT
DURING THE
REVOLUTIONARY
ERA
 Katipunan
01 Government

TOPICS
02 Dictatorial &
Biak-na-Bato Republic
Revolutionary
Governments of
TO BE 03 Aguinaldo
DISCUSSE 04 1st Phil Republic
D
 KATIPUNAN
In 1892 Filipinos interested in the
overthrow of Spanish rule founded an
organization following Masonic rites

GOVERNMENT
and principles to organize armed
resistance and terrorist assassinations
within a context of total secrecy. It
operated as an alternative Filipino
government complete with a
president and cabinet. When Andrés
Bonifacio assumed control over the
organization, it became much more
aggressive. The Philippine revolution
began. Filipinos ripped up their tax
and citizenship documents and
started fighting through Luzon. Emilio
Jacinto commanded Katipunan's
troops in several decisive struggle
where both sides sustained major
losses. The Katipunan movement
frightened the Spanish and their
 KKK
The Kataastaasan,
Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan, also
known as Katipunan or KKK,
was a Philippine revolutionary
society founded by anti-Spanish
colonialism Filipinos in Manila in
1892; its primary goal was to
gain independence from Spain
through a revolution.
 BIAK-NA-BATO
REPUBLIC
Emilio
Aguinaldo
In March 1897 leadership of
the revolution passed to a
young general, Emilio
Aguinaldo, who had Bonifacio
shot for alleged sedition.
Aguinaldo proved incapable of
militarily defeating the Spanish
troops, who were augmented
by Filipino mercenaries. In the
later months of 1897,
Aguinaldo’s revolutionary army
was pushed into the mountains
southeast of Manila.
PACT OF
BIAK-NA-
BATO 15, 1897, the
On December
pact of Biak-na-Bato was
proclaimed. Though its precise
terms have been a matter of
impassioned debate ever
since, the pact brought a
temporary end to the
Philippine Revolution.
Aguinaldo and other
revolutionary leaders accepted
exile in Hong Kong and
400,000 pesos, plus Spanish
promises of substantial
governmental reforms, in
return for laying down their
arms. Neither side executed
the terms of the pact in good
faith. Aguinaldo used the
money to purchase arms in
Hong Kong, and the Spanish
reneged on the promised
reforms.
Aguinaldo decided that
it was time to establish
a Filipino government. REVOLUTION
He had with him when
he arrived from
Hongkong a draft of a ARY The Dictatorial
plan prepared by
Mariano Ponce for the
establishment of a GOVERNMEN
Government lasted for
only a month, from
May 24 to June 23,
revolutionary
government: Consul
Wildman, however, T
1898. At the instance
of Mabini, Aguinaldo
delivered on June 23 a
had advised Aguinaldo
message, penned by
earlier to establish a
Mabini, giving his
dictatorial government
reasons for changing

DICTATORI
which later on could
the form of
be the nucleus of a
government to a
republican government
revolutionary one. On

AL
similar to that of the
the same day,
United States.
Aguinaldo issued a
Probably because the
decree setting up the

GOVERNM
critical times
Revolutionary
demanded a
Government.
government with a

ENT
strong executive,
Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista, Aguinaldo's
 THE
FIRST
PHILIPPIN
E
REPUBLIC
PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

(1896–98), Filipino independence struggle

that, after more than 300 years of Spanish
colonial rule, exposed the weakness of
Spanish administration but failed to evict
Spaniards from the islands. The Spanish-
American War brought Spain’s rule in the
Philippines to a close in 1898 but precipitated
the Philippine-American War, a bloody war
between Filipino revolutionaries and the U.S.
Army.
THANK YOU!