Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin • Gregorio Zaide identified the cry as having • 500 members of the KKK, gathered

of the KKK, gathered in the

• The 19th-century Spanish colony experienced
a significant event known as the " Cry of
Rebellion".
• In August 1896 Philippines Declared a
rebellion against the Spanish.
• Teodoro Agoncillo emphasized the event when
Bonifacio tore the cedula before the
Katipuneros.
• Emilio Aguinaldo Commissioned a "Himno de
Balintawak" to inspired the renewed struggle
after the pact of Biak na Bato failed.
happened in Balintawak on August 26, 1896,
while Teodoro Agoncillo put in Pugad Lawin on
August 23, 1896, according to a statement by
Pio Valenzuela.
• Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion,
and Ramon Villegas claimed the tower.
The two primary Sources are the Accounts of
Guillermo Mangsakay and Pio Valenzuela.
Guillermo Mangsakay
house of Apolinio Samson on August 22, 1896.
• Pugad Lawin was a storehouse of Juan Ramon,
son of Melchora Aquino over a thousand
members of the KKK gathered to discuss
whether or not the revolution should start on
August 29, 1896

• On August 26, 1896, a big meeting was held in

Difference Dates and Places of the Cry
• Guardia Civil, Lt. Olegario Diaz, Identifies
their cry which happened in Balintawak on
August 25, 1896.
• Teodoro Kalaw, A Filipino historian, marked
the place to be in Kangkong, Balintawak, on the
last week of August 1896.
• Santiago Alvarez, in Katipunero and son of
Mariano Alvarez, leader of the Magdiwang
faction in Cavite, put the cry in Bahay Toro in
Quezon City on August 24, 1896.
• Pio Valenzuela, who knows Katipunero and
has been privy to many events concerning the
Katipunero, states that the cry happened in
Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896.
Balintawak Apolonio Samson's house in
Caloocan.
• At 9 o'clock on August 26, the meeting was
opened by Andres Bonifacio and Emilio Jacinto
to discuss the rebellion.
• Bonifacio intensely and convincing the speech
members of the KKK destroyed their cedulas to
symbolize their defiance and severance from the
Spaniards.
Pio Valenzuela
• Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Procopio
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, and Agueda del
Rosario while Pio Valenzuela himself arrived at
the said place the next day.
TOPIC 1: THE PHILIPPINE
CONSTRUCTION ( 1898 MALOLOS
CONSTRUCTION, 1935 CONSTITUTION,
1973 AND 1987)
Evolution of Philippine Constitution - defined
as a set of fundamental principles or established
precedents according to which state or other
organization is governed.
1897: Constitution of Biak na Bato - The
Constitution of Biak-na-Bato was the
provisionary Constitution of the Philippine
Republic during the Philippine Revolution, and
was promulgated by the Philippine
Revolutionary Government on November 1,
1897.
The Republic of Biak-na-Bato was the second
revolutionary republican government led by
Emilio Aguinaldo during the Philippine
Revolution that referred to itself as the Republic
of the Philippines.
GOVERNMENT
PRIMARY SOURCE: PREAMBLE OF THE
BIAK NA BATO
 Philippine Republic has been the end
sought by the Revolution in the existing
war, begun on the 24th of August, 1896.
 By the power delegated by the Filipino
people, interpreting faithfully their
desires and ambitions, we the
representatives of the Revolution, in a
meeting at Biac-na-bato, November 1,
1897 unanimously adopted the
following articles for the constitution of
the State.
THE BIAK NA BATO ALSO OUTLINED
BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS SUCH AS:
Freedom of Religion
Freedom of Press
Right to Education
To end the clashes between Filipino and
Spaniards, Pedro Paterno volunteered to act as
negotiator.
nilagdaan ang Kasunduan ng Biak-na-
Bato.
Kasunduan sa Biak-na-Bato na
naglalaman ng mga sumusunod:
1. Pagpapatapon kay Aguinaldo at sa iba
pang matatapang na lider ng rebolusyon
sa Hong Kong.
2. Pagbayad ng Espanya ng Php 800,000
sa mga rebolusyonaryo.
3. Php 400,000.00 Mexican Pesos-sa
pag-alis ni Emilio Aguinaldo sa bansa.
4. Php 200,000.00 Mexican Pesos-kapag
higit sa 700 ang bilang ng mga armas na
isusuko.
5. Php 200,000.00 Mexican Pesos -
kapag inawit ang Te Deum o awit ng
pasasalamat at kapag naipahayag na ng
Gobernador Heneral ang
pangkalahatang amnestiya.
6. Pagbayad ng Espanya ng Php 900,000
sa mga sibilyan na nagdusa sa
himagsikan.
7. Pagsuko ni Aguinaldo pati na ng mga
armas ng hukbo.

Position Name PACT OF BIAK NA BATO

President Emilio Aguinaldo The pact was signed in San Miguel, Bulacan,
Vice-President Mariano Trías  Isuko nila Aguinaldo ang Rebolusyong
Filipino sa mga Kastila in the house of Pablo Tecson, a Philippine
Secretary of Foreign Antonio Montenegro
 Disyembre 15, 1897- nagpatawag ng revolutionary captain who served as brigadier
Affairs
Secretary of War Emiliano Riego de negosasyon si Gobernador Heneral general in the 'Brigada Del Pilar' (military
Dios Primo de Rivera sa pangkat ni Emilio troop) of General Gregorio del Pilar during the
Secretary of the Isabelo Artacho Aguinaldo kung saan namagitan si Revolution.
Interior
Pedro Paterno. Sa negosasyon na
Secretary of the Baldomero Aguinaldo
Treasury naganap ay nakipagkasundo si
Aguinaldo sa mga mananakop na
1899 ALOLOS CONSTITUTION
 After the signing of the truce, the
Filipino revolutionary leaders accepted a
payment from Spain and went to exile in
Hong Kong.
 The newly reformed Philippine
revolutionary forces reverted to the
control of Aguinaldo, and the Philippine
Declaration of Independence was issued
on June 12, 1898, together with several
decrees that formed the First Philippine
Republic.
 The Malolos Congress was elected,
which selected a commission to draw up
a draft constitution on September 17,
1898, which was composed of wealthy
and educated men.
 The document they came up with,
approved by the Congress on 2
November 1898 and promulgated by
Aguinaldo on 21 January 1899, was
titled "The Political Constitution of
1899" and was written in Spanish.
 The document was patterned after the
Spanish Constitution of 1812, with
influences from the charters of Belgium,
Mexico, Brazil, Nicaragua, Costa Rica
and Guatemala and the French
Constitution of 1793.
 Father of Malolos constitution - Felipe
Calderon
PRIMARY SOURCE: PREAMBLE OF THE
POLITICAL CONSTITUTION OF 1899
 The 27 articles of Title IV detail the
natural rights and popular sovereignty of
Filipinos, the enumeration of which does
not imply the prohibition of any other
rights not expressly stated Title.
 BARASOAIN CHURCH, MALOLOS -
The church where the constitution was
ratified.
 Title III. Article V. also declares that the
State recognizes the freedom and
equality of all beliefs, as well as the
separation of Church and State.
 Title II. Article 4 The form of
government is to be popular.
representative, alternative, and
responsible, and shall exercise three
PRIMARY SOURCE: PREAMBLE OF THE
distinct powers, namely: legislative,
1935 COMMONWEALTH
executive, and judicial.
 The 1899 Malolos Constitution was
never enforced due to the ongoing war.
1935: THE COMMONWEALTH
CONSTITUTION
 It is worth mentioning that after the
Treaty of Paris, the Philippines was
subject to the power of the United States
of America, effectively the new
colonizers of the country. From 1898 to
1901, the Philippines will be placed
under a military government, until a
civil government will be put into place.
TWO ACTS OF UNITED STATES
1. Philippine Organic Act of 1902
2. Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916,
commonly referred to as "Jones Law”,
which modified the structure of the
Philippine government.
 In 1982, The bill was opposed by then
Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and
consequently, rejected by the Philippine
Senate.
 By 1934, another law, the
TydingsMcDuffie Act, also known as
the Philippine Independence Act, was
passed by the United States Congress on
30 July 1934, with Claro M. Recto
unanimously elected as president.
 The constitution created the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, an
administrative body that governed the
Philippines from 1935 to 1946.
 Draft of the constitution was approved
by the constitutional convention on 8
February 1935 and ratified by then US
President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 25
March 1935. Elections were held in
September 1935 and Manuel L. Quezon
was elected President of the
Commonwealth.
 Afterward, upon liberation, the
Philippines was declared an independent
republic on 4 July 1946.
1973: CONSTITUTIONAL
AUTHORITARIANISM
 In 1965, Ferdinand E. Marcos was
elected president, and in 1967.
 The convention began formally on 1
June 1971, with former President
ATTEMPTS TO AMEND OR CHANGE
Carlos P. Garcia being elected as
THE 1987 CONSTITUTION
convention president.
 His opponent in the snap elections,
Benigno Aquino Jr.'s widow,
Corazon Aquino, was installed as
president on 25 February 1986.
1987: CONSTITUTION AFTER MARTIAL
LAW
 President Corazon Aquino's government
had three options regarding the
constitution: revert to the 1935
Constitution, retain the 1973
Constitution and be granted the power to
make reforms, or start anew and break
from the "vestiges of a disgraced
dictatorship."
 In March 1986, President Aquino
proclaimed a transitional constitution.
 In 1986, a constitutional convention was
created
 The new constitution was officially
adopted on 2 February 1987
 The legislative power resides in a
Congress divided into two Houses: the
Senate and the House of Representatives
 The Constitution also established three
independent Constitutional
Commissions, namely: the Civil Service
Commission, a central agency in charge
of government personnel; the
Commission on Elections, mandated to
enforce and administer all election laws
and regulations; and the Commission on
Audit.
 The 1987 Constitution provides for three
ways by which the Constitution can be
amended
 The 1987 Constitution, starting with the
presidency of Fidel V. Ramos who
succeeded Corazon Aquino
 The first attempt was in 1995, when then
Secretary of National Security Council
Jose Almonte drafted a constitution
 The second effort happened in 1997,
when a group called PIRMA, hoped to
gather signatures from voters to change
the constitution through a people's
initiative
 The succeeding president, JOSEPH
EJERCITO ESTRADA
 The administration of the succeeding
president , BENIGNO AQUINO III.
 In an upsurge of populism, President
Rodrigo Duterte won the 2016
presidential elections
 On 7 December 2016, President Duterte
signed an executive order creating a
consultative committee to review the
1987 Constitution.
TOPIC 2: AGRARIAN REFORM POLICY
POLICIES ON AGRARIAN REFORM -
Agrarian reform is essentially the rectification of
the whole system of agriculture, an important
aspect of the Philippine economy.
LANDOWNERSHIP IN THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER SPAIN
Pueblo Agriculture System - Rural communities,
often dispersed and scattered in nature, were
organized into a pueblo and given land to
cultivate.
Encomienda System - Where Filipinos worked
and paid their tributes to the encomendero.
Hacienda System - It developed in the beginning
of the 19th century. The Spanish government
implemented policies that would fast track the
entry of the colony into the capitalist world
LANDOWNERSHIP IN THE PHILIPPINES
UNDER THE AMERICANS
The Philippine Bill of 1902 - Provided
regulations on the disposal of public lands. A
private individual may own 16 hectares of land
while corporate landholders may have 1,024
hectares.
Act No. 496 or the Land Registration Act -
Introduced the Torrens system.
Homestead Program - Was introduced, allowing
a tenant to enter into an agricultural business by
acquiring a farm of at least 16 hectares. This
program, however, was limited to areas in
Northern Luzon and Mindanao
The system introduced by the Americans
enabled more lands to be placed under tenancy,
and led to widespread peasant uprisings, such as
the Colorum and Sakdal Uprising in Luzon.
Colorum Uprising - Uprising in Tayug,
Pangasinan against the Americans and
haciendero. It was led by Pedro Calosa on
January 11, 1931.
Sakdal Uprising - A peasant rebellion in Central
Luzon. Lasted for two days, ( May 2-3, 1935).
Social Justice Program
National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) -
Assign public defenders to assist peasants in
court battles for their rights to the land.
Court of Industrial Relations - Exercise
jurisdiction over disagreements arising from
landowner-tenant relationship.
National Land Settlement Administration
(NLSA) - Continuation of the homestead
program
MANUEL L. QUEZON
President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the
"Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing
social unrest in Central Luzon.
POST-WAR INTERVENTIONS TOWARD
AGRARIAN REFORM
 The administration of President Roxas
passed Republic Act No. 34 to establish
a 70-30 sharing arrangement between
tenant and landlord, respectively, and
reduced the interest of landowners' loans
to tenants at six percent or less.
 Under the term of President Elpidio
Quirino, the Land Settlement
Development Corporation
(LASEDECO) was established.
 LASEDECO- was established to
accelerate and expand the peasant
resettlement program of the government.
 NARRA - to resettle dissidents and
landless farmers.
 A major stride in land reform arrived
during the term of President Diosdado
Macapagal through the Agricultural
Land Reform Code (Republic Act No.
3844).
AGRARIAN REFORM EFFORT'S UNDER
MARCO'S
 President Marcos declared martial law
in 1972
 Presidential Decree No. 27, or the Code
of Agrarian Reform of the Philippines,
became the core of agraria reform
during Marcos regime.
POST-1986 AGRARIAN REFORM
 The overthrow of Marcos and the 1987
Constitution resulted to a renewed
interest and attention to agrarian reform,
as President Corazon Aquino envisioned
agrarian reform to be the centerpiece of
her administration's social legislation.
 President Aquino issued Presidential
Proclamation 131 and Executive Order
229 on July 22, 1987, which outlined
her land reform program, which
included sugar lands.
 In 1988, with the backing of Aquino, the
new Congress of the Philippines passed
Republic Act No 6657, also known as
the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law (CARL)
 By 1996, the Department of Agrarian
Reform (DAR) distributed only 58.25%
of the total area target to be covered by
the program.
TOPIC 3: TAXATION
EVOLUTION OF PHILIPPINE TAXATION
 taxation is a reality that all citizens must
contend with, for the primary reason that
governments raise revenue from the
people they govern to be able to
function fully.
TAXATION IN SPANISH PHILIPPINES
 16 – 60 years old are obligate to to pay
the tribute that cost 8 reales or 1 peso
every year.
 OTHER MEANS OF PAYMENT –
(trading like gold, rice, abaka and etc.)
 Polo y Servicio also known as Force
Labor
  Males were required to provide labor for established to create more revenue for
40 days a year (reduced to 15 days a the government.
year in 1884).
TAXATION DURING THE
 The polos will be called prestación
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD
personal (personal services) by the
second half of the 19th century  Income tax rates were increased in 1936,
 Primary Source: Mariano Herbosa adding a surtax rate on individual net
Writes to Rizal About Taxes Source: incomes i excess of 10,000 pesos.
Mariano Herbosa to Jose Rizal,  In 1937, the cedula tax was abolished,
Calamba, 29 August 1888 Letters which appeared to be a progressive
Between Rizal and Family Members move
(Manila: National Heroes Commission,  In 1940 a residence tax was imposed on
1964), 239-241. every citizen aged 1 years old and on
TAXATION UNDER THE AMERICANS every corporation.
 In 1939, the Commonwealth
 The Americans who acquired the government drafted the National Interna
Philippines aimed to make the economy Revenue Code.
self-sufficient by running the
government with the smallest possible
sum of revenue and create surplus in the
budget.
 From 1898 to 1903, the Americans
followed the Spanish system of taxation
with some modifications, noting that the
system introduced by the Spaniards
were outdated and regressive.
 In 1907, provinces were authorized to
double the fee for the cedula to support
the construction and maintenance of
roads.
 In 1913, the Underwood-Simmons
Tariff Act was passed.
 In 1914, an income tax was introduced,
in 1919, an inheritance tax was created,
and in 1932, national lottery was