RPH 0004-52 MR. MICHAEL C.

PANGILINAN

THE 1898
DECLARATION OF
PHILIPPINE
INDEPENDENCE AND
MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION

AN RPH ISSUE
GROUP MEMBERS
TORRES, JOSEPH ANDREI
SALAS, JOEL H.
GERODIAS, MIKAELLA AROMIN
LUALHATI, JAMES C.
SUETOS, GLEN P.
SALAZAR, EIRENE GRACE

GROUP 1
BS ARCH 1-2
 OUTLINE
WHAT WE'LL DISCUSS

Introduction and Authors' Backgrounds

Historical Backgrounds of Documents
Analysis of Primary Sources
Contributions and Relevance
Conclusion
References
INTRODUCTION AND
AUTHORS'
BACKGROUND
Joseph Andrei Torres
 THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
INTRODUCTION OF PRIMARY SOURCES

Formally known as The Political

Constitution. The constitution of the First
Philippine Republic.

It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and

Felipe Buencamino

The Constitution was promulgated

on 21 January 1899.

Felipe Calderón y Roca Felipe Buencamino

INTRODUCTION OF PRIMARY SOURCES
THE 1898 DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE OF THE
PHILIPPINES
The 1898 Declaration of Independence of The
Philippines ocurred in Kawit, Cavite on 12 June
1898

It was written by Ambrosio

Rianzares Bautista
 FELIPE GONZÁLES
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

CALDERÓN Y ROCA
''Father of the Malolos Constitution"

Born on April 4 1868 at Santa Cruz de Malabon, Cavite.

He received high honors in a Bachelor of Arts degree at the
Ateneo Municipal de Manila.

Enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas and completed

his studies in 1893.

Appointed as a representative of the first district of

Paragua in the Revolutionary Congress in Malolos, Bulacan
by President Aguinaldo.

Founded two law universities, Colegio de Abogados de

Manila and Escuela de Derecho in 1899.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

FELIPE BUENCAMINO
Born on August 23, 1848 in San Miguel de Mayumo,
Bulacan.
Took up Bachelor of Arts at the University of Santo
Tomas.
Employed in the Audencia in Manila after he completed a
law degree in 1884.
Appointed fiscal and later judgeof Batanes in 1886 and
Tayabas in 1888
Fought under the Spanish Flag and became a colonel in
The Spanish Army.
Switched sides after the failed "Truce of Biak-na-Bato"
and became part of Aguinaldo's revolutionary cabinet.
 AMBROCIO
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

RANZARES BAUTISTA
"Don Bosyong"

Born on December 7 1830 in Biñan, Laguna.

Obtained a degree in law from the University of Santo

Tomas in 1865.

Practiced law in Manila and offered free legal services

to poor clients.
HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
Joel H. Salas
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Proclamation of Philippine
Independence

Proclaimed in June 12, 1898.Fortifies the

status of Philippine Islands that it is
independent, has its own sovereignty from
the colonial rule of Spain.

Provides a historical overview to justify the

need for independence.
 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Malolos Constitution
Approved by the Congress on November 29,
1898. This constitution specifically provided
laws and regulations to safeguard against
abuses, enumerated the national and
individual rights of the Filipinos and the
Aliens.

Limits the power of government against its

abuse.
TIMELINE

16th Century 19th Century July 7,1892 June 10 1896

The Beginning of Intellectuals join the The Katipunan was General Aguinaldo
Spanish Colonisation. fight for independence. founded. appoints Ambrosio
Bautista to produce an
Act of proclamation of
Independence
TIMELINE

August 1896 March 22 1897 Late 1897 April 1898

The Pugadlawin revolt The Tejeros convention Emilio Aguinaldo and The Beginning of the
started took place his generals were exiled Spanish-American War.
to Hong Kong.
TIMELINE

May 1 1898 May 19 1898 June 12 1898 June 23 1898

Spanish- American War Aguinaldo and his Philippine Revolutionary
ended temporarily. troops arrived in the Independence was Government of the
Aguinaldo had an Philippines. proclaimed. Philippines was
agreement with US established
authorities.
TIMELINE

September 15 1898
The Malolos Congress
took place.
ANALYSIS:
THE 1898
DECLARATION OF
INDEPENDENCE OF
THE PHILIPPINES
Mikaella Aromin Gerodias
 What
The 1898 Signify the end of 333 years of Spanish
Colonization

Declaration of
Where
Independence of Cavite-el-Viejo (Kawit) at the ancestral
home of Emilio Aguinaldo.

The Philippines
When
Declared around 4 to 5 in the afternoon
on the 12th day of June 1898.

Who
Commissioned and declared by Emilio
Aguinaldo and documented by
Ambrocio Rianzares Bautista.
Why
To be free of Spanish colonization
The 1898
Declaration of
How Independence of
It was proclaimed to 98 gentlemen including
an American citizen, Mr. L. M. Johnson, a
Colonel of Artillery. The unfurling of the
The Philippines
national flag was witnessed by them. The
national flag was made in Hongkong by Ms.
Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo and
Delfina Herboza. The national anthem
written by Juan Felipe. Played by San
Francisco de Malabon marching band. Sung
by Marcha Filipina Magdalo.
 THE 1898 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
OF THE PHILIPPINES
WHAT WAS
INCLUDED IN
THE DOCUMENT?
 1. Reasons Behind The Philippine Revolution

"Taking into account the fact that the people of this country are already tired of
bearing the ominous yoke of Spanish domination."

Arbitrary arrest and abuses of the Civil guards

Unjust deportations of illustrious Filipinos and
the execution of Rizal.

Execution of Gomburza
Abuses from the friars and their political dominance
Cavite mutiny of January 1872
2. The Kind Of Government Established

The document reveals the kind of government which Emilio Aguinaldo initiated in the
country at that time, which was a dictatorship.
 3. The Meanings Behind The Colors and
Symbols of The Philippine Flag
The document reveals the true meaning of our national flag-colors and symbols.

WHITE TRIANGLE BLUE,RED AND WHITE

The emblem of The Katipunan Commemorate the colors of the
United States of America Flag
SUN AND ITS EIGHT to show gratitude towards the

RAYS Americans for their

uninterested protection.
Sun - The gigantic steps the
countrymen took towards THREE STARS
progress and civilization. The archipelago's three
Eight rays - Manila, Cavite, principal islands: Luzon,
Bulacan, Pampanga, Bataan, Mindanao and Panay. These
Laguna, Nueva Ecija and islands were where the
Batangas revolution started.
ANALYSIS:
THE MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION
James Costales Lualhati
 What
Consists of the basic laws of The First
Philippine Republic.

The Malolos
Constitution
Where
It was passed at The Barasoain Church
in Malolos, Bulacan.

When
It was promulgated on 21 January 1899.

Who
It was written in Spanish by Felipe Calderón y
Roca and Felipe Buencamino.
Why
To gain international recognition that Filipinos are capable of
self rule and have their own government. To safeguard against The Malolos
abuses and address the national and individual rights of
Filipinos.
Constitution

How
The revolutionary Congress was tasked with drafting the
constitution for the Philippines. The Malolos Congress
approved of the draft Constitution on November 29, 1898. The
Malolos Constitution was formally adopted by the Malolos
Congress on January 20, 1899 and promulgated by President
Emilio Aguinaldo on January 21, 1899.
 THE MAKING OF THE

THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION
The committee responsible studied three
constitutional drafts - The Mabini Plan,
Paterno Plan, and Calderon Plan

The Mabini Plan was the Constitutional

Programme of the Philippine Republic.
The Paterno Plan was based on the Spanish
Constitution of 1868.

The Calderon Plan was based on the

constitutions of France, Belgium, Mexico,
Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Brazil.
 THE MAKING OF THE

THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION
The Calderon Plan was favored and then
submitted it to the Malolos Congress. The
members of the congress approved of it and
then forwarded it to President Aguinaldo on
November 29 1898.

President Aguinaldo returned the draft to

them on December 1, 1898 stating that the
draft can't be approved unless some
amendments were to be made.
 THE MAKING OF THE

THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

MALOLOS
CONSTITUTION

The Congress, led by Calderon, rejected the

request for amendments and waged a cold
war against Aguinaldo and Mabini.
Eventually, they came to a compromise.

The Malolos Constitution was finally

proclaimed by President Aguinaldo on
January 21, 1899.
THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

WHAT WAS
INCLUDED IN
THE DOCUMENT?
 The Preamble:

We, the Representatives of the Filipino

people, lawfully covened, in order to
establish justice, provide for common
defense, promote the general welfare, and
insure the benefits of liberty, imploring
the aid of the Sovereign Legislator of the
Universe for the attainment of these ends,
have voted, decreed, and sanctioned the
following:

UBLIC
The political association
AFTER
inos constitutes a nation,
e shall be known as the
Republic
THE
The Philippine Republic
independent
overeignty resides
PREAMBLE
y in the people.
ERNMENT
The Government of the
s popular, representative,
, and responsible, and
ise three distinct powers:
he legislative, the
and the judicial. Any two
f these three powers shall
nited in one person or
on, nor the legislative
ted in one single
N convoke the Assembly outside of the period
The State recognizes the
nd equality of all
TITLE V
THE LEGISLATIVE POWER
Article 33. Legislative power shall be exercised
by an Assembly of Representatives of the
Nation.
This Assembly shall be organized in the form
and manner determined by law.
Article 34. The Members of the Assembly shall
represent the who nation and not exclusively
the electors who elected them.
Article 35. No representative shall receive from
his electors any imperative mandate
whatsoever.
Article 36. The Assembly shall meet every year. THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC
The President of the Republic has the right to
convoke it, suspend and close its sessions, and
dissolve the same, within the periods
prescribed by law enacted by the Assembly or
by the Permanent Commission.
Article 37. The Assembly shall be open at least
three months each year, without including in
this period the time spent in its organization.
The President of the Republic shall convoke
the Assembly, not later than the 15th day of
April.
Article 38. In extraordinary cases, he may
fixed by law, as determined by the Permanent
Commission, and prolong its law-making,
provided the extended period does not exceed duly approved by him within 20 days following their
TITLE VII TITLE X
THE EXECUTIVE POWER THE JUDICIAL POWER
Article 56. The Executive Power shall be vested in the Article 77. To the Court cor
President of the Republic, who shall exercise it power to apply the laws, in
through his Department Secretaries. in all civil and criminal tria
laws shall be applied throu
Article 57. The administration of the particular without prejudice to certain
interests of towns, provinces, and of the State shall circumstances as determin
correspond, respectively, to the Popular Assembles, civil, criminal, and adminis
the Provincial Assemblies, and to the Administration be governed by one code o
in power, in accordance with the laws, and observing
the most liberal policy of decentralization and Article 78. The courts of jus
administrative autonomy. general local regulations, ex
to the laws.
Article 79. The exercise of j
TITLE VIII vested in one Supreme Cou
established by law. Their co
and other attributes shall b
14 titles, Transitory Provisions and a final
Article 58. The President of the Republic shall be creating them.
elected by absolute majority of votes by the Assembly
paragraph.
and by the special Representatives, convened in
Article 80. The Chief Justic
chamber assembles. His term of office shall be four and the Solicitor-General s
years, and may be reelected. National Assembly in conc
President of the Republic a
Article 59. The President of the Republic shall have the
right to initiate the introduction of bills equally with
101 Articles
Government, and shall be a
the Legislative and Executi
the members of the Assembly, and promulgate the
laws when duly voted and approved by the latter, and Article 81. Any citizen may
shall see to it that the same are duly executed. member exercising the Jud
committed by them in the
Article 60. The power to execute the laws shall extend
to all cases conducive to the preservation of internal
public order and to the external security of the State.
TITLE XI
Article 61. The President shall promulgate the laws PROVINCIAL AND POPU
is free and independent correspond, respectively, to the Popular Assembles, civil, criminal, a
Article 34. The Members of the Assembly shall the Provincial Assemblies, and to the Administration be governed by
Article 3. Sovereignty resides represent the who nation and not exclusively in power, in accordance with the laws, and observing
exclusively in the people. the electors who elected them. the most liberal policy of decentralization and Article 78. The c
administrative autonomy. general local reg
Table of Titles
Article 35. No representative shall receive from Articlesto the laws.
his electors any imperative mandate
TITLE II whatsoever. Article 79. The e
THE GOVERNMENT
1. The Republic
TITLE VIII
Article 36. The Assembly shall meet every year. THE PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC
1-3 vested in one Su
established by la

Republic Therepresentative,
2.is popular, Government
Article 4. The Government of the The President of the Republic has the right to
convoke it, suspend and close its sessions, and Article 58. The President of the Republic shall be
4 and other attribu
creating them.

3. threeReligion
alternative, and responsible, and dissolve the same, within the periods elected by absolute majority of votes by the Assembly 5
shall exercise distinct powers:
prescribed by law enacted by the Assembly or and by the special Representatives, convened in Article 80. The C
The
namely, the legislative,
4. Filipinos
the and Their National and
by the Permanent Commission. Individual Rights chamber assembles. His term of office shall be four 6-32
and the Solicitor
executive, and the judicial. Any two years, and may be reelected. National Assemb
or more 5. The
of these three Legislative
powers shall Power
Article 37. The Assembly shall be open at least 33-53
President of the
never be united in one person or three months each year, without including in Article 59. The President of the Republic shall have theGovernment, an
6. nor
cooperation, The Permanent Commission
the legislativethis period the time spent in its organization. 54-55
right to initiate the introduction of bills equally withthe Legislative a
power vested in one single the members of the Assembly, and promulgate the
7.
individual. The Executive Power
The President of the Republic shall convoke laws when duly voted and approved by the latter, and56-57
Article 81. Any c

8. The President of the Republic

the Assembly, not later than the 15th day of
April.
shall see to it that the same are duly executed.
58-72
member exercis
committed by th
9.
TITLE III
The Secretaries of Government
Article 38. In extraordinary cases, he may
73-76
Article 60. The power to execute the laws shall extend
to all cases conducive to the preservation of internal
10. The Judicial Power
RELIGION convoke the Assembly outside of the period 77-81
public order and to the external security of the State.
fixed by law, as determined by the Permanent TITLE XI
11.
Article Provincial
5. The State recognizes theand Popular Assemblies
Commission, and prolong its law-making, Article 61. The President shall promulgate the laws 82PROVINCIAL A
freedom and equality of all
12.as wellAdministration
religions,
provided the extended period does not exceed duly approved by him within 20 days following their
as the separation of the State
one month and provided further that such transmittal to him by the Assembly.
83-88
Article 82. The o
of the Church and the State. extensions do not take place more than twice provincial and p
13. Amendment of the Constitution
during the same legislative term. 89-90
Article 62. If within this period, the President should by their respecti
14. Constitutional Observance, Oath, and Language fail to promulgate them, he shall return them to the
91-101
Article 39. The National Assembly, jointly with Assembly with his reasons for the return, in which case
the following pr

TITLE IV the special Representatives, shall organize the Assembly may reconsider same, and it shall be The governmen
THE FILIPINOS AND THEIR committees for the organization of the presumed by a vote of at least two-thirds of the interests of the p
NATIONAL Assembly and for the election of the new members of the Assembly present in a quorum. If by their respecti
AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS President of the Republic, which shall be repassed in the manner indicated, the Government direct and popu
 1. Sovereignty to The People

Article 1. The political association of all Filipinos constitutes a nation, whose state shall be
known as the Philippine Republic

Article 2. The Philippine Republic is free and independent

Article 3. Sovereignty resides exclusively in the people.

 2. Government

Article 4. The Government of the Republic is popular, representative,

alternative, and responsible, and shall exercise three distinct powers: namely,
the legislative, the executive, and the judicial. Any two or more of these three
powers shall never be united in one person or cooperation, nor the legislative
power vested in one single individual.
 2. Government
Legislative
Article 33. Legislative power shall be exercised by an Assembly of Representatives of the
Nation.
This Assembly shall be organized in the form and manner determined by law.
Executive
Article 56. The Executive Power shall be vested in the President of the Republic, who shall
exercise it through his Department Secretaries.

Article 58. The President of the Republic shall be elected by absolute majority of votes by
the Assembly and by the special Representatives, convened in chamber assembles. His
term of office shall be four years, and may be reelected.
 2. Government
Article 73. The Council of Government is composed of one President and seven secretaries,
each of whom shall have under his charge the portfolios of Foreign Relations, Interior,
Finance, War and Marine, Public Education, Communications and Public Works, and
Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce.

Judicial
Article 77. To the Court corresponds exclusively the power to apply the laws, in the name
of the Nation, in all civil and criminal trials. The same codes of laws shall be applied
throughout the Republic, without prejudice to certain variations according to
circumstances as determined by law. In all trials, civil, criminal, and administrative, all
citizens shall be governed by one code of laws and procedure.
 3. Filipino Citizenship & Rights
Article 6. The following are Filipinos:

All persons born in the Philippine territory. A vessel of Philippine registry is considered, for
this purpose, as part of Philippine territory.

Children of a Filipino father or mother, although born outside of the Philippines.

Foreigners who have obtained certification of naturalization.

Those who, without such certificate, have acquired a domicile in any town within Philippine
territory.

It is understood that domicile is acquired by uninterrupted residence for two years in any
locality within Philippine territory, with an open abode and known occupation, and
contributing to all the taxes imposed by the Nation.

The condition of being a Filipino is lost in accordance with law.

 3. Filipino Citizenship & Rights

Article 20. Neither shall any Filipino be deprived:

1. Of the right to freely express his ideas or opinions, orally or in writing,
through the use of the press or other similar means.
2. Of the right of association for purposes of human life and which are not
contrary to public morals; and lastly
3. Of the right to send petitions to the authorities, individually or
collectively.
The right of petition shall not be exercised through any kind of armed force.
 4. Separation of State and Church

Article 5. The State recognizes the freedom and equality of all religions, as
well as the separation of the Church and the State.
 5. Language

Article 93. The use of languages spoken in the Philippines shall be optional.
Their use cannot be regulated except by virtue of law, and solely for acts of
public authority and in the courts. For these acts the Spanish language may be
used in the meantime.
The Malolos Constitution was never fully
enforced because of United States in The Treaty
of Paris of 1898, which ended the Spanish-
American War, that involved Spain selling the
Philippines to the United States for 20 million
dollars, without the Filipinos knowing about the
agreement.

Thus, The Malolos Constitution only lasted from

1899 to 1901 as The First Philippine Republic
never fully gained international recognition.
CONTRIBUTIONS AND
RELEVANCE

Glen Pasihan Suetos

 Ambrocio’s work might lack the right
names and events that have led to the
reason why he wrote and spoke these
words. Nonetheless, within these words are
the blood and sweat of the martyrs - the
sons and daughters of society, may we not
forget its significance in our country’s
history. Before our heroes achieved our
independence, they offered their talents
and wits, and put their lives at risk.
What are its contributions?

MARKED THE DATE AND LOCATION OF

THE DECLARATION

MENTIONED A FEW IMPORTANT

NAMES AND EVENTS

SPREAD AWARENESS TO OUR CULTURE AND AS

WELL AS THE ISSUES TODAY
THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
At that time, the proclamation of
our independence manifested in
the Political Constitution 1899 or
the Malolos Constitution, though it
was modeled on the constitution of
France, Belgium, and Latin
America countries. It provided the
basic law of the land, where it
assured to establish justice, provide
for common defense, promote the
general welfare, and insure the
benefits of liberty.
WERE WE COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT?
ARE WE COMPLETELY INDEPENDENT?
CONCLUSION

Eirene Grace F. Salazar

SUMMARY
Felipe Buencamino fought under the Spanish flag, progressed through the ranks, and
eventually became a colonel in the Spanish army.
Felipe switched to Bonifacio's side, became part of the revolutionary cabinet, where he
was able to author the Malolos constitution.
Ambrocio Rianzarez Bautista was a lawyer who penned the Declaration of Philippine
Independence.
Katipunan was created in response to the Spaniards' brutal treatment of Filipinos.
Gen. Aguinaldo directed Ambrosio Bautista to draft the Act of Proclamation of the
Filipino People's Independence (Philippine Declaration of Independence) on June 10,
1896.
Philippine Independence was declared a month after the war on June 12, 1898.
Following the convening of the Malolos Congress on September 15, 1898, a committee
was formed to prepare a constitution for the republic, resulting in the Malolos
Constitution, which lasted from 1899 to 1901.
SUMMARY
The proclamation of Philippine independence in 1898 marked the end of 333 years of
Spanish colonization.
The document includes the causes for the Philippine revolution.
However, the document also presents the appreciation of the country to the United
States which shows how Aguinaldo was not informed of the hidden intention of the
Americans.
The Philippine Declaration of Independence was signed by 98 individuals
On January 21 1899, The First Philippine Republic was constitutionally created along
with the proclamation of the Malolos Convention in Malolos, Bulacan.
IMAGINE
What would have happened if President Aguinaldo wasn't so cordial and trusting of
Americans?
What if Apolinario Mabini had not advised President Aguinaldo to change from
dictatorship to republic?
Would we be raising a flag other than white, blue, and red if the Filipinos did not design
the national flag inspired by the colors of the American flag?
What were the probable issues that could have risen if the Church and the State were
not separated?
What would the Malolos constitution have been if the Malolos Congress had refused to
make revisions to the constitutional draft or if they had approved either Mabini or
Paterno's draft instead of Calderon's?
 REFERENCES
https://constitutionnet.org/country/constitutional-history-philippines
https://manilastandard.net/mobile/article/297013
https://cebudailynews.inquirer.net/317660/three-important-reasons-to-remember-independence-day
https://www.nationalww2museum.org/war/articles/july-4-1946-philippines-independence
http://countrystudies.us/philippines/14.htm
https://filipino.biz.ph/history/declaration.html
https://thecorpusjuris.com/constitutions/declaration-of-independence.php
http://www.theinfolist.com/php/SummaryGet.php?FindGo=Philippine_Declaration_of_Independence
https://medium.com/@assinco/katipunan-disputes-the-tejeros-convention-1b2369f1b07d
http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/viewFile/3293/5782
https://lawphil.net/consti/consmalo.html
http://msc.edu.ph/centennial/malolos.html
history of the rep of the ph (college edition) by gregorio f. zaide & sonia m. zaide
The Malolos Constitution by George A. Malcolm Vol. 36, No. 1 (Mar., 1921), pp. 91-103
THANK YOU!
BS ARCH 1-2 GROUP 1