Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)

Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

American Occupation of the Philippines

A PRESENTATION OUTLINE

SUBMITTED TO:
MS. NIVEA ARANETA, LPT

SUBMITTED BY:
Abaño, Nico (REPORTER)
Gaudia, Echel (REPORTER)
Ferolino, Riza (TOPIC OUTLINE and PPT)
Mamac, Kristine (TOPIC OUTLINE and PPT)
Misah, Ahmed (REPORTER and PPT)
Mollie, James Mark (REPORTER)
Lazarte, Gere (TOPIC OUTLINE)
Saycon, Earl Jay (TOPIC OUTLINE)
Tacleon, Lorelie Mae (REPORTER)
Villo, Mark Stephen (REPORTER)
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

INTRODUCTION
The period of American colonialization of the Philippines was 48 years. It began with the cession of
the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain in 1898 and lasted until the U.S. recognition of Philippine
independence in 1946. The history of the Philippines from 1898 to 1946 is known as the American
colonial period, and began with the outbreak of the Spanish–American War in April 1898.
During American colonial rule in the Philippines, there was an increase in American immigration
Philippines.

American colonial policy in the Philippines was unique in the world of colonialism because of
the following reasons.

 The American said they would go as the Filipino could stand on their own as a fee
nation.
From the beginning, American officials did not want to hold on to the Philippines as a
colony forever.
 The Americans were kinder and more generous them other colonial powers of the same
era (Germany, Netherlands, France or Britain
The American shared power with the Filipinos in government.
 The Filipinos adopted American ways very well. No other former colony lik e its other
country as much as the Filipinos liked the united states.
 Colonial Policy is the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control
over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
American colonial government
 There were several kinds of civilian governments during the American ere.
These were the Philippine commission the American governor general together
with the people and the commonwealth of the Philippines.
Spanish American War Causes
 America had disagreement with the implementation of rules of Spain in Cuba.
 Yellow journalism accused Spain of numerous misdeeds.
February 15, 1898
 Sinking of USS Maine
 USS Maine ship exploded and killed 266 US soldiers.
 The Spanish forces were held responsible for this.
 War spread out to the different Spanish colonies.
 One of them is the Philippines

Manifest Destiny
One of the first published references to “Manifest Destiny” by John Louis O’Sullivan, Eastern
State Journal on January 29, 1846
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

Battle of Manila

Happened on May 1,1891. A battle between

Spanish and American fleets. American forces
were led by commodore George Dewey. Spanish
fleets were headed by Admiral Patricio Montojo.
Americans was won.

June 12, 1898 The Declaration of the Philippines Independence by Emilio

Aguinaldo
Emilio Aguinaldo born on March 22, 1869 in
kawit Cavite Philippines.
He achieved Independence of the Philippines
from Spain and was elected the first president
of the new republic under the Malolos
Congress. He led a revolutionary movement
against the Spanish Colonial government in
the Philippines. He cooperated with the US
during the Spanish American war but
subsequently broke with the U.S and Lea a
Guerilla campaign against U.S authorities
during the Philippines American war.

He died on February 6, 1964 at the age of 94 at the

Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City.
The government declared the mansion as a national
shrine on June 18 through the Republic Act 4039 signed
by president Diosdado Macapagal.
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

June 15, 1898 Establishment of the Anti-imperialist League

George S. Boutwell
First President of the Anti-Imperialist LeagueThe Anti-Imperialist
League was formed on June 15, 1898 to oppose U.S. annexation of
the Philippines. Prominent members of the league included author
Mark Twain, industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie, and
American Federation of Labor leader Samuel Gompers.
The American Anti-Imperialist League was an organization
established on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of
the Philippines as an insular area.

August 13,1896 – Mock Battle of Manila

The mock battle of Manila on August 13, 1898 ended
the Spanish-American war in the Philippines. The
staged battle in Manila bay was a strategy to prevent the
city from falling into the hands of the Filipino
revolutionaries. This marked the end of Spanish
colonization and started the American occupation in the
country. On August 13 Manila fell after a bloodless
“battle.” Spanish Gov. Fermín Jáudenes had secretly
arranged a surrender after a mock show of resistance to
salvage his honour. American troops were in possession of the city, but Filipino insurgents
controlled the rest of the country.
The Battle of Manila (Filipino: Labanan sa Maynila; Spanish: Batalla de Manila), sometimes
called the Mock Battle of Manila was a land engagement which took place in Manila on August
13, 1898, at the end of the Spanish–American War, four months after the decisive victory by
Commodore Dewey's Asiatic Squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay. The belligerents were
Spanish forces led by Governor-General of the Philippines Fermín Jáudenes, and American
forces led by United States Army Major General Wesley Merritt and United States Navy
Commodore George Dewey. American forces were supported by units of the Philippine
Revolutionary Army, led by Emilio Aguinaldo.

On December 21, 1898, Release of Benevolent Assimilation Proclamation

US President McKinley issued the "Benevolent assimilation proclamation", the declaration
which precipitated the war in the Philippines, and is the key to all subsequent dealings of the
Americans with the Filipinos.Benevolent assimilation refers to a policy of the United States
towards the Philippines as described in a proclamation by US President William McKinley that
was issued in a memorandum to the U.S. Secretary of War on December 21, 1898, after the
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

signing of the Treaty of paris which ended the Spanish–

American War. President McKinley's statement of
benevolent assimilation became his justification for the
annexation of Philippines. McKinley cites the intentions of
the United States not as a conqueror but one that will help
uplift the Filipino peoples.

January 23, 1899 – Inauguration of the Malolos Republic

On January 23, 1899, the First Philippine Republic,
also known as the Malolos Republic, was inaugurated
in Malolos, Bulacan with General Emilio Aguinaldo
as President.
Earlier, Aguinaldo, who had returned to the Philippines
from Hong Kong, had planned to form a Filipino
government in the wake of victories against the
Spaniards and to show the capacity of the Filipinos for
self-government. Hence, he established a Dictatorial
Government, then a Revolutionary Government.

" Excerpt from The White Man's Burden"

In February 1899, British novelist and poet Rudyard Kipling wrote a poem entitled “The
White Man’s Burden: The United States and The Philippine Islands.” In this poem, Kipling
urged the U.S. to take up the “burden” of empire, as had Britain and other European nations.
Theodore Roosevelt, soon to become vice-president and then president, described it as “rather
poor poetry, but good sense from the expansion point of view.”
Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

An incident on February 4 ,1899 , at the

San Juan bridge on the outskirts of Manila,
where a US sentry shot and killed 2 Filipino
soldiers, was used as an excuse to launch a full
scale US attack on the Filipino nationalists -
who were falsely called "insurgents." The
Minnesotans, who had acted as Manila's police
force, then became combatants against the
Philippine Republic.

On February 6, 1899, after heated debate, the

United States Congress approved the Treaty of Paris
by a two-thirds margin, 57 to 27. The following day,
President McKinley signed the treaty, and the United
States officially controlled Spain's former colonies—
Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

On February 10, 1899, the Anti-

Imperialist League's Address was ultimately
defeated in the battle of public opinion by
a new wave of politicians who successfully
advocated the virtues of American territorial
expansion in the aftermath of the Spanish-
American War and in the first years of the
20th century, although the organization lasted
until 1920.
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

On December 2, 1899, the Battle of Tirad Pass

between 60 Filipino soldiers under General Gregorio del
Pilar and more than 300 American soldiers under General
Peyton C. March took place. General Del Pilar, confidante
and right-hand man of General Emilio Aguinaldo, was
ordered to block the Yankees' advance into Tirad Pass, a
mountain gap in the Cordillera Mountains of Northern
Luzon.

On March 23, 1901, Aguinaldo's arrest in Palalan, a daring

operation headed by Gen. Frederick Funston, resulted in
Aguinaldo's capture in his covert headquarters at Palanan in
northern Luzon, putting an end to the three years of expensive
fighting. Three days ago.

FREDERICK FUNSTON

PRIMARY SOURCE

On April 19, 1901, Emilio Aguinaldo surrendered to the U.S.

and issued a proclamation calling for the rebels to lay down their arms and accept American
sovereignty. Not all did, but the insurrection had been greatly weakened. On July 4, 1902,
President Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed the Philippine Insurrection officially over.

Emilio Aguinaldo Proclamation of surrender to the

United States On 19 April 1901, Aguinaldo issued a
proclamation calling for the rebels to lay down their arms and accept
American sovereignty. Not all did, but the insurrection had been
greatly weakened. Aguinaldo was eventually captured by American
troops led by Colonel Frederick Funston on March 23, 1901.
Theodore Roosevelt proclaimed the hostilities in the Philippines over
on July 4, 1902, although guerrilla resistance continued.

Primary Source Emilio Aguinaldo, “True Version of the Philippine Revolution” (1899)
As president, Aguinaldo led the self-proclaimed Philippine Republic during the Philippine-
American War (1899-1902). In 1899 he wrote a short book outlining his perspective of U.S. –
Filipino relations. He appealed to the democratic sentiments of U.S. citizens, likening to his
movement to the American Revolution.
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

JOHN GAST'S AMERICAN PROGRESS

John Gast's "American Progress" (1872) portrays Columbia
leading Americans westward, symbolizing progress with a book
and telegraph wire. Native Americans are shown fleeing,
representing their displacement by American expansion.

EMANUEL GOTTLIEB LEUTZE'S WESTWARD THE

COURSE OF EMPIRE TAKES ITS WAY Emanuel Gottlieb
Leutze's "Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way" (1860)
glorifies manifest destiny and westward expansion, echoing John
Gast's "American Progress." It shows Americans moving from the
original thirteen states to the west, with covered wagons and
possessions. In the scene, a man shows his wife the frontier's glories,
while a boy contemplates the future.

SOME PRIMARY SOURCES ON THE PHILIPPINE - AMERICAN WAR

The incident sparked the Philippine-American War. In the Battle of Tirad Pass, General
Gregorio del Pilar fought to buy time for Aguinaldo. Del Pilar fell in battle, his body looted by
souvenir hunters. Calls for peace emerged, urging the US to recognize Philippine
independence. The White Man's Burden'' was a poem by Rudyard Kipling published in 1899.
The poem addressed the United States' shift from isolationism, a foreign policy where countries
keep to themselves, to imperialism, a foreign policy where countries expand their influence
through peace or force.

The White Man's Burden is about the colonization of the world by European and North
American powers and the appropriate attitude that it entails. The United States is an example
of colonization. In two centuries, this territory went from being controlled by indigenous
groups that lived off the land to a land characterized by an industrialized economy and the
dominance of European-derived cultural and government institutions. The poem is an
invitation for white readers to embrace the colonial project of Britain and the United States in
places like the Philippines, the Caribbean, and Africa and provides justification and
encouragement for that task. The term "white man's burden" comes from the poem titled "The
White Man's Burden: The United States and the Philippines Islands," written by Rudyard
Kipling, an English journalist and writer.

The White Man's Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) The white man's burden
apologies Kipling as an imperialist poet, Kipling exhorts the American reader and listener to
take up the enterprise of empire yet warns about the personal costs faced, endured, and paid in
building an empire; nonetheless, American imperialists understood the phrase "the white man's
burden" to justify imperial conquest as a civilizing mission that is ideologically related to the
continental expansion philosophy of manifest destiny of the early 19th century.
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

Joseph Rudyard Kipling was an English novelist, short-

story writer, poet, and journalist. He was born in British India,
which inspired much of his work. Kipling's works of fiction
include the Jungle Book duology, Kim, the Just So Stories and
many short stories, including "The Man Who Would Be King"
Born: December 30, 1865, Mumbai, India
Died: January 18, 1936 (age 70 years), London, United
Kingdom
Children: John Kipling, Josephine Kipling, Elsie Bambridge
Spouse: Caroline Starr Balestier Kipling (m. 1892–1936)

Felipe Agoncillo
A Filipino lawyer and revolutionary, failed to secure US
recognition of Philippine independence. The Mock
Battle of Manila was unnecessary, as a peace protocol
had been signed earlier. The Treaty of Paris ended the
Spanish-American War without Filipino representation.
The Philippines, a Spanish colony since 1511, resisted
European colonization. This chapter explores events
from the Treaty of Paris to the Philippine-American
War, detailing American expansionism and opinions on
annexation.

THE TREATY OF PARIS OF 1898

To enact the Protocol of Peace signed on August 12,

1898, representatives from the US and Spain met in
Paris to negotiate the end of the Spanish-American
War. The US delegation included Secretary of State
William R. Day, senators Cushman K. Davis,
William P. Frye, George Gray, and diplomat
Whitelaw Reid. The Spanish delegation comprised
Eugenio Montero Rios, Buenaventura Abarzuza, Jose
de Garnica, Wenceslao Ramirez de Villa Urrutia,
and Rafael Cerero.

PRIMARY SOURCE
President Mckinley
The Filipino's First Bath in June 1899 cover of the Judge magazine is entitled “The Filipino's
First Bath,” and features US president McKinley holding a primitive-looking Filipino and
saying “Oh, you dirty boy!” In his hand is a scrub brush marked “Education” while they wade
in the cleansing water of “Civilization.” On the riverbank are two.
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

George Dewey
Born in 1837 in the state of Vermont, was a member of the us
navy. During his term as commodore, he had been tasked to
launch at the attack against manila in the 1898 as part of us
offensive against Spain. In recognition of the triumph of Dewey
in the battle of Manila Bay, he was promoted to admiral, the
highest possible military rank in the US navy. Until this day, he
remains the only person to be awarded such rank.
Philippine Revolution of 1898
Aguinaldo's exile Aguinaldo’s alliance with the United States
against Spain the successful American attack on the Spanish
fleet in Manila The declaration of Philippine Independence the
subsequent secret negotiations leading to the cession of the
Philippines to the United States through the Treaty of Paris.

Article I
Article I of the Treaty of Paris outlines that Spain renounces any sovereignty claims and titles
to Cuba. Upon Spain's evacuation of the island, the United States is to occupy it. During this
occupation, the United States is obligated to assume and fulfill the international law obligations
arising from the fact of its occupation, specifically for the protection of life and property.
Article III
In Article III, Spain agrees to cede the Philippine Islands to the United States. The boundaries
of the cession are defined by a specific geographical line, running from west to east along the
twentieth parallel of north latitude. The described line passes through the navigable channel of
Bauchi and follows various degrees of longitude and latitude until reaching the point of
beginning. As part of the agreement, the United States agrees to pay Spain a sum of twenty
million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of ratifications of the
treaty.
Article IX
Article IX outlines the status of Spanish subjects in territories ceded by Spain. They have the
choice to stay or leave, retaining property rights. If they stay, they can continue their businesses
but must declare allegiance to Spain within a year. Congress will decide the civil and political
status of the native inhabitants in the ceded territories. Article X Article X guarantees the
inhabitants of the territories relinquished or ceded by Spain the freedom to practice their
religion without interference. This article ensures that individuals in these territories have the
right to exercise their religious beliefs without fear of persecution or restriction imposed by the
transferring authority. It reflects a commitment to religious freedom and tolerance within the
affected regions.
 Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines

Article XI
Article XI of the Treaty of Paris focuses on the legal status of Spaniards residing in territories
that Spain is ceding or relinquishing sovereignty over. According to this article, these
individuals are to be subject to the civil and criminal jurisdiction of the tribunals of the country
in which they reside. They have the right to appear before these tribunals in a manner similar
to the citizens of the host country, utilizing the same legal procedures, with the tribunals
adhering to common laws governing their competence. The passage also provides historical
context, delving into events surrounding the Treaty of Paris negotiations, debates on U.S.
imperialism, and incidents such as the San Juan Bridge incident. It notes the exclusion of
Filipino representatives from the treaty drafting process and underscores the significance of
various treaty articles, particularly Articles I, II, III, IX, X, and XVII, in influencing the fate of
Spanish residents and shedding light on the potential future for Filipinos in 1898.

PRIMARY SOURCE

THE BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION PROCLAMATION

EXECUTIVE MANSION, WASHINGTON, December 21, 1898.

The declaration which precipitated the war in the Philippines, and is the key to all subsequent
dealings of the Americans with the Filipinos.

The destruction of the Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila by the United States naval squadron
commanded by Rear-Admiral Dewey, followed by the reduction of the city and the surrender
of the Spanish forces, practically effected the conquest of the Philippine Islands and the
suspension of Spanish sovereignty therein.
With the signature of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain by their respective
plenipotentiaries at Paris, on the 10th instant, and as the result of the victories of American
arms, the future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded to the
United States. In fulfillment of the rights of sovereignty thus acquired and the responsible
obligations of government thus assumed, the actual occupation and administration of the entire
group of the Philippine Islands become immediately necessary, and the military government
heretofore maintained by the United States in the city, harbor, and bay of Manila is to be
extended with all possible dispatch to the whole of the ceded territory. ___BY WILLIAM
MCKINLEY
American Occupation of the Philippines
During the American occupation of the Philippines, significant changes occurred in the
country's political, economic, and social structures. The U.S. introduced educational reforms,
improving the education system, and English became the medium of instruction. The American
colonial government also implemented infrastructure projects and initiated economic
development. Despite these changes, there was resistance and conflict, notably during the
Philippine-American War. This period has left a lasting impact on the Philippines, influencing
its political institutions and cultural aspects. The transition to independence in 1946 marked
the end of American colonial rule in the Philippines.
Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines
Colegio de Santa Catalina de Alejandria (COSCA)
Bishop Epifanio B. Surban Street, Dumaguete City, Philippines