Review

Stream of
Thoughts in IR

International Relations Theory I

Dra. Nur Azizah, M.Si.

Preview of Midterm Examination

1) Concept, Theory & Model: What are the Definition, Function & Examples
2) National Interest : Conceptual Definition & Operational Definition
3) Rational Actor Model: National Interest & Foreign Policy Alternatives
4) Free Trade & Economic Diplomacy Strategy
Paradigm

– Means a collection of beliefs shared by scientist; a

set of agreements about how problem are to be
understood.
 Thomas Kuhn’s Cycle

Normal Model
Science Drift

Paradigm Model
Change Crisis

Model
Revolution
 Note: Indicators of
Operational Definition Operational Definition
have to be measurable
Concept Variable Indicator (in numbers)

Threat toward
sovereignty
Survival
Sovereignty
Security
Threat toward
security

Automotive
Export
To get export
National market
Interest
Wealth – Food Import
economic
growth
To get natural Gas and Oil
resources Cooperation

Tourism,
National Culture Preservation of
National Culture

NATIONAL GOAL : Sovereignty (Sipadan Ligitan Territory)
POLICY ALTERNATIVES
Diplomacy w/ Malaysia
THE STEPS
Indonesia vs. Malaysia
RATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS CONCLUSION
BENEFIT COST
-Peaceful means -Too much time Not taken: The cost is
-Deadlock in negotiation that it will be time
inefficient, both
countries will less likely
to meet win-win
solution

Going to war w/ Malaysia -Possibly win the land -Collateral damage Not taken: too much
with stronger army -Expensive cost to go for war
-Possible condemnation from
international actors

Bring the case to -Possible win over land -Restrain relationship with Taken: Most rational
International Court of -Justified legally Malaysia action, to seek
Justice -Possible lost over land mediation from 3rd party
 THE STEPS
NATIONAL GOAL : Israel to protect the state from WMD by Iraq (Operation Opera 1981)

POLICY ALTERNATIVES RATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS CONCLUSION

No action taken
BENEFIT COST
-No casualties -Possibility of Iraq Less rational, security
developing nuclear weapon might be taken for
granted with Iraq’s
nuclear development

Negotiate to postpone the -All actors can have win-win -Possibility of failed Less rational,
nuclear reactor solution negotiation due to negotiation failed last
deadlock time
-The attack from Iraq can
happen during negotiation

Attack nuclear reactor -Can prevent Iraq from -There will be collateral Israel take this decision
developing nuclear weapon damage as the most rational
-Time efficiency action due to the
immediate effect
 THE STEPS

NATIONAL GOAL : Membuat Kerjasama Kereta Rel Listrik (KRL) dari Jakarta – Bandung
Indonesia vs. China
POLICY ALTERNATIVES RATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS CONCLUSION
BENEFIT COST
Kerjasama dengan China -Mendapat sponsor -Buruh dari China, Menjadi kebijakan
-Pinjaman Rp73,92T dalam memperkecil lapangan yang dipilih karena
jangka 40thn dan grace kerja benefit terbesar
period 10thn

Kerjasama dengan -Mendapat sponsor -Jepang telah memiliki Tidak menjadi

Jepang -Pinjaman Rp60,14T dalam kerjasama membangun kebijakan
jangka 40thn jalan dan budget terbatas
-Bunga pinjaman besar

Membangun KRL sendiri -Tidak bergantung dengan -Budget terbatas Tidak menjadi
negara lain -SDM belum memadai kebijakan
-Membuka lapangan kerja
The Great Debate in IR

Utopian Liberalism (Idealism) Classical Realism

Norman Angell Tucydides
-War is costly -Men are by nature evil
-Rational actor -Always conflictual
-Progressive and dynamics: 1) Modernization
Morgenthau
of State, 2) Economic Interdependence, 3)
Comparative advantage -Desire for power
Woodrow Wilson -Main actors are state
-International organization Machiaveli
-Democratic Peace theory -The end justify the means
 -cont.
Basic Assumptions
Idealism/Liberalism Realism

1. Nature of 1. Human by nature is good; 1. Human by nature are evil; greedy

peaceful. and driven by interest.
Human
2. Democracy is the solution. 2. War is the solution
2. Solution in IR
3. Unitary actor 3. International institution also actor 3. State is the unitary actor.
in IR.
4. Situation 4. Always conflictual & aggressive;
4. Rational being; cooperative & self-help; world order is anarchic.
peaceful.