MGA

GUNITA NG
HIMAGSIKAN
PRESENTOR:
CELMAR,MARK JOCEN
CRUZ, ERLYNJADE
 Emilio Aguinaldo y
Famy
Emilio Aguinaldo was born on and
March 22, 1869 in Cawit, Cavite Cit
Philippines. Nicknamed Miong, Aguinaldo
was the seventh of eight children. His
father, Carlos Aguinaldo y Jamir, was the
town mayor or gobernadorcillo of Old
Cavite.
Emilio's mother was Trinidad Famy y Valero.
His parents were of Chinese and Tagalog
descent. His father, Carlos, died when
Aguinaldo was just nine years old.
Widowed, his mother, Trinidad sent him to
attend public school in Manila.
Emilio Aguinaldo
He attended San Juan de Letrán
College in Manila but due to a cholera
outbreak,
Aguinaldo returned home to Kawit, where he
developed a growing awareness of Filipino frustration with
Spanish colonial rule. In August 1896 he was mayor of Cavite
Viejo (present-day Kawit; adjacent to Cavite city) and was the
local leader of the Katipunan, a revolutionary society that fought
bitterly and successfully against the Spanish.
Emilio Aguinaldo
In December 1897 he signed an agreement called the Pact
of Biac-na-Bató with the Spanish governor general. Aguinaldo
agreed to leave the Philippines and to remain permanently in
exile on condition of a substantial financial reward from Spain
coupled with the promise of liberal reforms. While first in Hong
Kong and then in Singapore, he made arrangements with
representatives of the American consulates and of Commodore
George Dewey to return to the Philippines to assist the United
States in the war against Spain.
Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan
Aguinaldo scribbled a lot in his old age. Between 1928 and 1946,
he produced in long hand the first volume of his memoirs,
"Mga Gunita ng Himagsikan (1964)" translated from the original
Tagalog as "Memoirs of the Revolution (1967)". In his preface,
Aguinaldo said that the memoirs were based on a diary he kept,
documents he preserved, and family lore gathered from his
elders.

The second volume covered the presumption of the Philippine

Revolution against Spain and the Philippine- American War.
Aguinaldo wanted to correct history by making reference to the
historian's confused accounts on the begining of the revolution.
Revolutionary and Political Career
● Philippine Revolution and Battles
● Battle of Imus
● Twin Battles of Binakayan-Dalahican
● Battle of Zapote Bridge
● Spanish Cavite offensive and the Battle of
Perez Dasmariñas
● Tejeros Convention and the Execution of Bonifacio
● Retreat to Montalban
● Biak-na-Bato
● Return to the Philippines and Declaration
of Independence
 Katipunan
and the
Philippine Revolution
Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution
In 1894, Andres Bonifacio himself inducted Emilio Aguinaldo into the Katipunan, a
secret anti-colonial organization. The Katipunan called for the ouster of Spain from
the Philippines, by armed force if necessary. In 1896, after the Spanish executed
the voice of Filipino independence, Jose Rizal, the Katipunan started their
revolution. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo married his first wife - Hilaria del Rosario, who
would tend to wounded soldiers through her Hijas de la Revolucion (Daughters of
the Revolution) organization.
While many of the Katipunan rebel bands were ill-trained and had to retreat in the
face of Spanish forces, Aguinaldo's troops were able to out-fight the colonial
troops even in pitched battle. Aguinaldo's men drove the Spanish from Cavite.
However, they came into conflict with Bonifacio, who had declared himself
president of the Philippine Republic, and his supporters.
Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution
In March of 1897, the two Katipunan factions met in Tejeros for an
election. The assembly elected Aguinaldo president in a possibly
fraudulent poll, much to the irritation of Andres Bonifacio. He refused to
recognize Aguinaldo's government; in response, Aguinaldo had him
arrested two months later. Bonifacio and his younger brother were
charged with sedition and treason and were executed on May 10, 1897,
on Aguinaldo's orders.
This internal dissent seems to have weakened the Cavite Katipunan
movement. In June of 1897, Spanish troops defeated Aguinaldo's forces
and retook Cavite. The rebel government regrouped in Biyak na Bato, a
mountain town in Bulacan Province, central Luzon, to the northeast of
Manila.
Katipunan and the Philippine Revolution
Aguinaldo and his rebels came under intense pressure from the Spanish and had
to negotiate a surrender later that same year. In mid-December, 1897, Aguinaldo
and his government ministers agreed to dissolve the rebel government and go into
exile in Hong Kong. In return, they received legal amnesty and an indemnity of
800,000 Mexican dollars (the standard currency of the Spanish Empire). An
additional $900,000 would indemnify the revolutionaries who stayed in the
Philippines; in return for surrendering their weapons, they were granted amnesty
and the Spanish government promised reforms.
On December 23, Emilio Aguinaldo and other rebel officials arrived in British Hong
Kong, where the first indemnity payment of $400,000 was waiting for them.
Despite the amnesty agreement, the Spanish authorities began to arrest real or
suspected Katipunan supporters in the Philippines, prompting a renewal of rebel
activity.
Independence
From Spain
Independence From Spain
Eager to fight for the cause of Philippine independence, in 1895
Aguinaldo took up with a secret society of revolutionaries headed
by fellow lodge member Andres Bonifacio. When a rival faction
executed Bonifacio in 1897, Aguinaldo assumed total leadership of
the revolution against Spain. By December 1897, Aguinaldo had
managed to reach the Truce of Biak-na-Bato with Spain. He and
his rebels agreed to a surrendering of arms and accepted exile to
Hong Kong in exchange for amnesty, indemnity and liberal reform.
However, neither side kept up their end of the bargain.
Independence From Spain
The Spanish government did not deliver in full all that was
promised, and the rebels did not truly surrender arms. In fact,
Aguinaldo's revolutionaries used some of Spain's financial
compensation to purchase additional arms for the resistance. From
Hong Kong, Aguinaldo also made arrangements to assist
Americans fighting against Spain in the Spanish-American War. As
neither peace nor independence had been achieved, in 1898
Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines to resume his rebellion
against Spanish rule.
Independence From Spain
Back in Cavite, Aguinaldo forcibly set up a provisional
dictatorship. After meeting with the Malolos Congress and drafting
a constitution for a new republic, on June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo at
last declared Philippine independence. Announced from his
hometown of Kawit, Aguinaldo's proclamation put an end to four
centuries of Philippine oppression under Spanish Colonial rule. In
January of the following year, dressed in a white suit at Barasoain
Church in Malolos City, Aguinaldo was sworn in as the first
president of the new, self-governed Philippine republic.
 Philippine-

American War
Philippine-American War
Just two weeks after Aguinaldo's inauguration, an American
sentry killed a Philippine soldier stationed at the San Juan Bridge,
in a gesture of resistance against the newfound Philippine
independence. On February 4, 1899, the Philippine-American War
exploded into action. Aguinaldo's revolutionaries quickly resorted
to guerilla tactics, resulting in one of the bloodiest wars in
American history, but in little direct progress for Aguinaldo and his
cause.
Concerning the apparent futility of his efforts in war, Aguinaldo said,
"I saw my own soldiers die without affecting future events."
Philippine-American War
After three years at war, Aguinaldo was captured by American
General Frederick Funston on March 23, 1901. After swearing an
oath of allegiance to the United States, on April 19, 1901,
Aguinaldo officially declared peace with the United States. By this
time, the United States was ready to support limited Philippine
independence. It wasn't until 1946 that the Philippines would have
absolute control of its own sovereignty.
Philippine-American War
Aguinaldo retreated to a private life as a farmer but never forgot
the men who fought alongside him. In their honor, he would later
establish the Veterans of the Revolution, an organization that
arranged their pensions, as well as affordable payment plans for
land purchases.
Aguinaldo took another stab at politics when he ran for
presidency in 1935 against Manuel Quezon but lost. In 1950 he
became a presidential advisor on the Council of State.
World War II
World War II and Collaboration
Emilio Aguinaldo continued to be an outspoken advocate of
independence for the Philippines. His organization, the
Asociacion de los Veteranos de la Revolucion(Association of
Revolutionary Veterans), worked to ensure that former rebel
fighters had access to land and pensions.
His first wife, Hilario, died in 1921. Aguinaldo married for a second
time in 1930 at the age of 61. His new bride was the 49-year-old
Maria Agoncillo, niece of a prominent diplomat.
World War II and Collaboration
In 1935, the Philippine Commonwealth held its first elections after
decades of American rule. Then aged 66, Aguinaldo ran for president
but was soundly defeated by Manuel Quezon.
When Japan seized the Philippines during World War II, Aguinaldo
cooperated with the occupation. He joined the Japanese-sponsored
Council of State and made speeches urging an end to Filipino and
American opposition to the Japanese occupiers. After the US recaptured
the Philippines in 1945, the septuagenarian Emilio Aguinaldo was
arrested and imprisoned as a collaborator. However, he was quickly
pardoned and released, and his reputation was not too severely tarnished
by this war-time indiscretion.
Post-World War II Era
Aguinaldo was appointed to the Council of State again in 1950, this
time by President Elpidio Quirino. He served one term before returning
to his work on behalf of veterans.
In 1962, President Diosdado Macapagal asserted pride in Philippine
independence from the United States in a highly symbolic gesture; he
moved the celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12,
the date of Aguinaldo's declaration of the First Philippine Republic.
Aguinaldo himself joined in the festivities, although he was 92 years
old and rather frail. The following year, before his final hospitalization,
Aguinaldo donated his home to the government as a museum.
Aguinaldo as President
Aguinaldo as President
Emilio Aguinaldo was officially inaugurated as the first president and dictator of the
Philippine Republic in January of 1899. Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini headed the new
cabinet. However, the United States did not recognize this new independent Filipino
government. President William McKinley offered as one reason the specious American goal
of "Christianizing" the (largely Roman Catholic) people of the Philippines.
Indeed, although Aguinaldo and other Filipino leaders were unaware of it initially, Spain had
handed over direct control of the Philippines to the United States in return for $20 million, as
agreed in the Treaty of Paris. Despite rumored promises of independence made by US
military officers eager for Filipino help in the war, the Philippine Republic was not to be a free
state. It had simply acquired a new colonial master.
To commemorate the United States's most substantial foray into the imperial game, in 1899
the British author Rudyard Kipling wrote "The White Man's Burden," a poem extolling
American power over "Your new-caught, sullen peoples / Half-devil, and half-child."
Emilio Aguinaldo’s Death

Emilio Aguinaldo died of a heart attack at

Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon City,
Philippines, on February 6, 1964, at the age of 94.
His private land and mansion, which he had donated
the prior year, continue to serve as a shrine to both
the revolution for Philippine independence and the
revolutionary himself.