● Documents of

the 1898
declaration of
Philippine
independence
 Group 1 presentation
Stephanie Cabulisan

Sheila Mae Angoluan

Dianne Caadiang

Jamica catallore

Chery Ann Bacuyag

Paulien Aguilan

Monica Ancheta

John Harvie Apaga

Kathrina Caraang

Kyzelle Allapitan
 Introduction
The First Philippine Republic
01 was inaugurated in Malolos,
Bulacan
Emilio Aguinaldo was
proclaimed the President
03 of the Philippine
Republic in Malolos.
Aguinaldo established the
02 Dictatorial Government in
May 1898 to show the
capacity of Filipinos for self-
government.
04 Diff. departments were
created for the division
of duties of the new
government.
“Humanity has won its battle.
Liberty now has a country”
—MARQUIS DE LAFAYETTE
 The dictatorial government
Aguinaldo decided to establish a Filipino government in the wake of his military victories.
He had a draft of a plan for the establishment of a revolutionary government, prepared by
Mariano Ponce.
Consul Wildman – advised Aguinaldo to establish a dictatorial government in which
could lead to a republican government similar to that of the united States.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista – Aguinaldo’s 1st adviser, who also told him to form a
dictatorial government.
May 24 1898 – Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing the Dictatorial
Government which nullified the orders issued under the authority of the Biak-na-Bato
Republic.
 Declaration of
Independence
June 12, 1898 – proclamation of the
independence of the Philippines at Cavite el
Viejo (Kawit).
Philippine National Flag – made in HongKong
by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and
Delfina Herboza.
June 5, 1898 – Aguinaldo issued a decree
setting aside June 12 as the day for proclamation
of Philippine Independence.
Julian Felipe – composer from Cavite, who
showed the draft of Composition entitled Marcha
Filipina Magdalo which was later changed to
Marcha Nacional Filipana.
Act of Declaration of Independence – prepared by
Ambrosio Riamzares Bautista, signed by 98 people,
however was promulgated on August 1.
Revolutionary Government
Came after 1 month of Dictatorial Government through decree
on June 23, 1898.
4 Departments were created: 1) Dept. of Foreign Affairs, Navy
and Commerce, 2) Dept. of War and Public Works, 3) Dept. of
Police and Internal Order, Justice, Education and Hygiene, and
4) Dept. of Finance, Agriculture and Manufacturing Industry.
July 15, 1898 – 1st Cabinet Appointments
*Baldomero Aguinaldo – war and public works
*Leandro Ibarra – interior
*Mariano Trias – finance
foreignaffairswasfirstofferedtoMarianoPoncebuthe declined, so it
was given to Mabini instead.
September 28 – 6 departments: Foreign Affairs, War, Interior,
Welfare, Justice & Treasury.
 Malolos Congress
Revolutionary Congress at Barasoain, Malolos September
4 - 50 delegates
September 10 - 60 delegates
Banda with
It was a conflict PasigGreat
- played the National
Britain and 13Anthem
of its Felipe
Buencamino - wrote Aguinaldo's speech
colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. In
Officers:
addition, itPresident:
is also known asPaterno
Pedro A. the United States War of
Independence
Vice and the Revolutionary
President: Benito LegardaWar
1st Secretary: Gregorio Araneta
2nd Secretary: Pablo Ocampo
Malolos congress
 Malolos constitution
● *Mabini envisioned the Congress to be an advisory body of the
President.
● *But his idea was contradicted by Congress when it opposed to
draft a constitution. Congress advanced the opinion that a modern
constitution
● *was imperative in order to secure the recognition of the Philippine
independence by foreign powers. Mabini, on the other hand argued
that a delicate task as the framing of the constitution should be
done in a peaceful and quiet mood
● *Mabini added that Congress was convoked not to frame a
constitution, but to advise the President and to give him popular
support.
*although his arguments were unassailable he was
defeated by majority under the leadership of Paterno.
*Nevertheless, Mabini submitted his Constitutional
Plane of the Philippine Republic, but Congress, for the
second time, overruled him.
*A committee to draft the constitution was created,
with Felipe G. Calderon as its mort prominent member.
the committee, under the influence of Calderon, also
set aside, but in a subtle manner, Paterno's
constitutional plan
*With the advice of Cayettano Arellano, Calderon
drew up his plans for a constitution, deriving
inspiration from the constitutions of Mexico, Belgium,
Guatemala, Costa Rica, Brazil and France.
*A few other amendments were inserted in the draft constitution before it
was sent to Aguinaldo for approval. On January 21, 1899, Aguinaldo
promulgated what is now known as the Malolos Constitution.
*The protracted discussions that characterized the Congress sessions on
the subject of whether or not Church and State should be united showed:
*Filipinos as a people, though up in arms against Catholic Spain, were not
anti-Catholic but merely anti- clerical, and second,
*many of the delegates learned from the bitter lesson of the Philippine
history in voting against the union of Church and State which, under Spain,
was the fundamental basis of Spanish colonial system.
*That decision became the cornerstone of Philippine democracy and
showed not only the nationalism and democratic orientation of those who
voted for the separation of Church and State, but also their keen sense of
history.
The constitution
 The Malolos Constitution:

Some of its characteristics:

*anchored in democratic traditions that ultimately had their roots on American

soil.

*created a Filipino State whose government was "popular, representative and

responsible"

*three distinct branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial.

*specifically provided for safeguards against abuses and individual rights not only
of the Filipinos, but also the aliens.
*The legislative powers were exercised by the Assembly of Representatives
composed of delegates elected according to law.
* To make the function of Congress constitutions
sit as a law-making body when Congress was not in
session
*The Assembly elected the President of the Republic.
*The Cabinet, composed of the Secretaries of different departments of the
government.
*administration of justice was vested in the Supreme Court
*inferior courts to be established according to law.
*Chief Justice of the Supreme Court was elected by the Assembly with the
concurrence of the President and
theCabinet.
 The most important achievements of the Malolos Congress :

1. In September 29, 1898, ratified the declaration of Philippine independence held at

Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898
2. Passage of a law that allowed the Philippines to borrow P 20 million from banks
for government expenses
3. Establishment of the Universidad Literatura de Filipinas and other schools
4. Drafting of the Philippine Constitution
5. Declaring war against the United States on June 12, 1899
 Revolutionary periodicals
The revolutionary Government founded its official organ El Heraldo de la
Revolucion, whose first number came out on September 29, 1898. Its name was
subsequently changed to Heraldo Filipino, then to Indice Official, and finally to
Graceta de Filipinas, whose last number came out on October 14,1899.These
newspaper published the official texts of the decrees of the governmentand, of
course, some news items and tagalog poems, all nationalistic in content. Most
famous of these periodicals was La Independencia,edited and partly owned by
General Antonio Luna.Its first number came out on September 3, 1898 .
Other nationalistic newspaper were La Republica Filipina, founded in
Mandaluyong by Pedro A. Paterno, whose first number came out on September
15,1898, La Libertad, which came out in June 20, 1898 under the editorship of
Clemente Jose Zulueta; Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan (The People’s Friend),
Malolos, 1898; Columnas Volantes(Fly Sheets), Lipa,Batangas,1899;La
Federacion, Kabatuan, Iloilo,1899; La Revolucion, Jaro, Iloilo,1898; Patria, Jaro,
Iloilo 1899;La Oportunidad, Tagbilaran, Bohol,1899 and few others.
 The Philippine republic
Owing to the objections of Mabini to some provisions of the constitution,
Aguinaldo did not immediately promulgate it. The Congress leaders compromised
with Mabini by agreeing to insert amendments to satisfy the President's closest
adviser. On January 21,1899,Aguinaldo finally promulgated the Constitution.
Earlier on January 2. he formulated his Cabinet as follows:
Apolinario Mabini - President of the Cabinet and Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Teodoro Sandico - Secretary of the Interior
Baldomero Aguinaldo - Secretary of War Mariano Trias - Secretary of finance
Gracio Gonzaga - Secretary of Welfare, including Public Instruction, Public Works,
Communications, Agriculture, Industry and Commerence
January 23,1899 - Philippine Republic's Inauguration at Malolos

Aguinaldo took his oath of the officer after having been informed that he had
been proclaimed President of the Republic.The Malolos Constitution was read
article by article, and the army took its oath of loyalty before the president
Aguinaldo issued a decree granting pardon to all Spanish prisoners of war who
were not members of the Spanish regular army and at the same time, granting the
Spaniards and other aliens the right to engage in business within the limits of the
Republic.
 Education
On October 24, a decree was issued outlining the curriculum of the Burgos
Institute. Higher education was provided for when, in a decree of October 19,
1898, Aguinaldo created the Literary University of the Philippines.

The first appointed president of the University was Dr. Joaquin Gonzalez. He
was succeeded by Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero, who delivered the commencement
address on September 29, 1899. The University did not live long, for the conflict
with the Americans led its faculty and students to disperse.
 Diplomatic
activities
In order to persuade the foreign Powers to
recognize Philippine independence,
Aguinaldo created diplomatic positions
abroad.

Subsequently, the diplomatic agents were

appointed:
 References
History of the Filipino People by Teodoro
Agoncillo
www.philippine-history.org/malolos-
congress.htm
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PROBLEMS
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SOLUTION
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