THE HOPED COORDINATION N.

E SERIES/0711614882

THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA

PRESIDENT’S OFFICE
REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT

N.E ADVANCED SECONDARY SCHOOLS JOINT SERIES

BIOLOGY 2 MARKING SCHEME
SERIES 2

1. (a). (i) - Bryophytes develop cuticle which enable them to prevent desiccation
- Bryophytes develop roots and vascular system for water uptake, movement and
translocation of food
- Bryophytes develop the reproductive structure called archegonia within which the
zygote development occur.Archegonia protects the delicate zygote from dessication
- Bryophytes develop pollen tube which is used to prevent water dependence of them
during sexual reproduction.Pollen tube carry sperms to female reproductive organs for
fertilization ( any 3 points 1 mark each)
(ii) Liverwots and mosses are known as amphibians of plant world because they require
water for fertilization and reproduction.Sperms must swim to the archegonia for fertilization,thus
during swimming they need water medium.Therefore mosses and liverworts are adapted to
release sperms only when water is available ( 3 marks)
(iii) Liverwots and ferns are said to be poorly adapted to life on the land because:
 Their sexual reproduction is dependent on water since they involves swimming of
sperms
 Their gametophyte Thallus is susceptible to dessication
 Plants are often relatively intolerant to high light intensity
(any 2 points, 2 marks 1 mark each)

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(b). (i) Potato blight disease

( 1 mark)

(ii)
Name of organism → Phytophthora infestans
( 1 mark)

Kingdom of organism → Protoctista

( 1 mark)

Phylum of organism → Oomycota

( 1 mark)

(iii) Adaptations of phytophthora

 Has ability to form cyst during unfavourable conditions to ensure its survival
 Has high reproduction rate to ensure continuation
 Has Haustoria that increase surface area for penetration and absorption of
plant nutrients
 Has spores that withstand adverse conditions such that they germinate
( 4 marks 1 per each)

(iv) Methods of controlling potato blight that I would advice Mr Jacob to use in order to

Prevent potato blight disease that attacked his potatoes are as follows:

 New plantings must not be made in soil known to have carried the disease
previously since the organism can survive up to one year in the soil
 All infected parts of the plant should be destroyed before lifting the tubers by
using different methods such as burning and spraying with the corrosive
solutions such as sulphuric acid.This is because tubers can be infected from
decaying stems and aerial parts
 Since organism can overwinter in the un-lifted tubers, care must be taken to
ensure that all tubers are lifted in an infected field
 Accurate monitoring and meteorological conditions coupled with early
warning system for farmers can help to decide when spraying should be
carried out
 Care must be taken to ensure that no infected tubers are planted

( 4 marks 1.5 each)

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2. (a). The rock temperature is uncontrolled while that of the man is regulated so as to maintain
body temperature. ( 2 marks)
Man use the following mechanism to regulate his body temperature
 Sweating
 Decreasing metabolic rate
 Behavioural mechanism
 Vasodilation ( atleast three pts 4 marks)
(b). (i) Yes Kidney is the major excretory and osmoregulatory organ in mammals because has
the following functions
 Removal of metabolic waste products
 Regulation of water content of body fluids
 Regulation of the PH of the body fluids
 Regulation of the chemical composition of the body fluids by removing
substances which are in excess
 Water balance ( any 4 pts 1.5 marks each)

(ii) Ornithine cycle

Urea is the nitrogenous waste product on humans and other land living mammals.The body is
unable to store the excess amino acids taken in the diet.Those not needed for protein synthesis
or making sugar must be removed by the process called deamination.The process of urea
formation occurs in the urea cycle called ORNITHINE cycle.Ornithine cycle involves the
following stages
 Formation of Carbamoyl Phosphate
Ammonia from deamination and carbondioxide from respiration in solution
form (ammonia and bicarbonate respectively) reacts to form Carbamoyl
Phosphate by the help of the Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase enzyme
 Synthesis of Citrulline
Carbamoyl phosphate reacts with ORNITHINE to form citrulline.This is helped by
Citrulline synthetase enzyme
 Synthesis of arginine-succinate
Citrulline combines with the amine group of aspartate by condensation reaction
to form arginine-succinate.This is catalyzed by arginine-succinate enzyme
 Cleavage of argininosuccinate
Arginine-succinate is broken down to arginine by the enzyme arginino-succinase
 Cleavage of arginine
Arginine is broken down into Urea and Ornithine by arginase enzyme.Urea is
transported to the kidney for excretion and ornithine restarts the cycle
( 8 marks)

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3. (a). (i) This is because when an organism having unknown genotype is test-crossed with a
homozygous dominant organism all the offsprings will show the dominant characteristics in
phenotype as shown below ( 1 mark)
Let T represents dominant allele
t represents reccesive allele
test cross phenotypes homozygous dominant × homozygous dominant
test cross genotypes ( 2n) TT TT
meiosis

gametes (n)
T T T T

random fertilization

offspring genotypes TT TT TT TT

offsprings phenotypes all are tall ( 1.5 mark)

test cross phenotypes homozygous dominant × heterozygous

test cross genotypes ( 2n) TT Tt
meiosis

gametes (n)
T T T t

random fertilization

offspring genotypes TT Tt TT Tt

( 1⁄2 homozygous and 1⁄2 heterozygous )

offsprings phenotypes all are tall ( 1.5 mark)

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(ii) Generally cell biology studies have revealed that, the hereditary materials are located in
the nucleus.This is supported by the following evidences:
 Universal occurance of nucleus
Nucleus is the centre of all life processes.Since heredity is the one of the
life processes, therefore indicates that nucleus is the part of the cell which
contains hereditary materials. ( 2 marks)
 Evidence from fertilization
During fertilization, nucleus of female and male gametes fuse to form
zygote.Then later the zygote develops to the individual organism with
various characteristics that are derived from parents.This shows that fused
nucleus has hereditary materials from parents ( 2 marks)

 Evidence of nuclear division

in sexual reproducing organisms, the gamete formation involves
meiosis.One of the significances of Meiosis is to bring about genetic
variations.This implies that genetic materials are found in nucleus ( 2 mks)
(b). The F1 phenotypes shows that purple flowers and short stem are dominant and redflowers
and long stem are recessive.The approximate ratio of 1 : 1 : 1 : 1 in dihybrid crosses suggests that
the two genes controlling the characteristics of flowers are not linked and four alleles are
situated on different pair of chromosomes.
Let P represents purple flowers
p represent red flowers
S represent short stem ( 2 marks)
s represent long stem
since the parental stocks were both homozygous for both characters.Thus the F1 genotypes must
be PpSs
Test cross phenotypes purple flower short stem × red flowers long stem
Test cross genotype (2n) PPSS × ppss

meiosis
gamete (n) PS Ps pS ps
random fertilization
offspring genotypes ps PpSs Ppss ppSs ppss
( 6 marks)
Offsprings phenotypes 1 purple flower, short stem : 1 purple, flower long stem : 1 red

Flower, short stem : 1 red flower, long stem ( 2 marks)

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4. (a). (i) The possible causes of the seed dormancy are as follows:
 Immaturity of the embro
This is the one among the intrinsic factors which causes the seed
dormancy, however in its dormant stage , seed remains viable while
waiting the embryo to mature fully ( 1.5 marks)
 Hardness of the testa and the presence of inhibitors
The hardness of the testa and the presence of the growth inhibitors
collectively restricts emergence of the radicle and plumule.Hardness of the
seed coat hinders the permeability of oxygen and water to the embro
.This inturn prevents the seed to germinate hence seed remains dormant .
( 1.5 marks)
The following are the ways to prevent the seed dormancy
 Soaking the seeds in water.
This is done in order to soften the seed coat and removes the inhibitors
( 1.5 marks)
 Mechanical scrarification
This is the process of weakening the hardness of the seed coat to allow
entry of water and oxygen ( 1.5 marks)
 Partial digestion ( extra)
It occur in intestine of animals such as ruminants.It naturally enhance
breaking of seed dormancy by softening hard seed coat and removing
germination inhibitors from seed coat as seed pass through their gut

(ii) Annual plants such as bean and maize exhibit the sigmoid growth pattern because they
have the limited growth.This pattern of growth is said to be limited because organism cease to
grow after maturity.During the growth there is the negative growth or senescence before death
( 3 marks)

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The diagram below shows sigmoid growth pattern

Dry mass (g)

50
Final decrease in
weight or senescence
Initial decreas in weight to respiration
Due to respiration of stored food
30 In seed

20

10

0 5 10 15 20 25

TIME ( WEEKS ) ( 1 mark)

(b). (i) Growth pattern in arthropods

Arthropods such as cockroaches exhibit the type of limited growth called
discontinuous.Arthropods often moult periodically because their hard inelastic exoskeleton does
not expand to allow growth.Moulting is the process of shedding exoskeleton in arthropods.Two
hormones called Juvenile ( neotonin) and ecdysone hormones are important to control moulting
process.The ecdysone hormones are produced in first thoracic segment called prothoracic gland.
Juvenile hormone is produced in the region behind the brain called corpus allatum
If Juvenile hormone is present in high concentration larva moults.Lastly moulting is followed by a
sharp increase in the body size often before the exoskeleton hardens and limits the growth
( 4 marks)

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4th moult

45 3rd moult
length (cm)

35 2nd moult adult

1st mou ( 2 marks)

25 lt

15

10 20 30 40 50

Time ( days)

(ii) The cell undergoing metaphase will be identified using the property that Chromosomes are joined
by centromere and then Chromosomes arrange/ line themselves at the equator of the spindles( 4 marks)

5. (a). (i) Mechanism of development of webbed toes by Lamarckism

According to Lamarckism, the constant spreading of the toe bones and the skin between them
in order to swim insearch for food or escape from predators gave the rise of webbed toes in
aquatic birds.
This occurred when food become scarce on land so ducks were forced to search food in
water.Ducks tried to stretch their toes become stretched to achieve the maximum and efficient
swimming.This acquired characteristic was inherited throughout generations.This means that
original ducks had their feet adapted for walking and looking for food on land.( 4 marks)
(ii) Mechanism of development of webbed toes by Darwinism
According to Darwinism, initially there was the existence of both webbed and non webbed
ducks.Due to scaricity of food on land, they inhabited the aquatic habitat in search of
food.Because non webbed ducks were poor adapted for swimming, thus they selected
disadvantagely over webbed ducks.Therefore webbed toes become abundant and continue to
reproduce hence non webbed ducks wiped out of the environment while webbed ducks become
abundant ( 4 marks)

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(b). (i)
 Purpose of inbreeding
Elimination of undesirable traits ( 2 marks)
 Purpose of outbreeding
To introduce new traits that are missing in the gene pool ( 2 marks)
To dilute the effect of inbreeding by reducing the concentration of undesirable
traits

(c). challenges of fossil records

 Chance that organism become fossilized is very slow.
This is because they are soft bodied and die in conditions that are not
favourable for fossilization
 Most of fossils have been destroyed through erosion and tectonic movements
 Most fossils are fragmentary such that they contain small disconnected items
 Some evolutionary changes occur in the population at limits of the ecological
ranges ( 8 marks , 2 marks each)

6. (a). (i) The process occurred in 6 (a) above is primary ecological succession ( 1 mark)
(ii) At the beggining there was no the vegetation cover.As time goes, vegetations were
found to emerge from the bare land.Then after the community colonize the habitat and become
abundant in the habitat.
Primary ecological succession is observed when the community emerge on the habitat that
initial was not occupied by vegetations.This process starts with colonization by early colonizers
such as lichens and mosses then followed by colonization by the increasingly demand plants like
short and tall grasses.The figure below show primary ecological succession (5 marks)

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(b). (i)
 Some of the energy is used to carry out physical and metabolic
processes.These activities includes Movement, respiration, and growth
which also converts stored energy into heat
 Physiological processes such as digestion and assimilation are not 100%
efficient, thus some of the energy remains interlocked in molecules of
undigested food remains
 Not all parts of the comsumed organism are edible.For example ,In fruit
plant it is only a small part of energy is contained in edible parts of fruits
that will be passed to the consumer ( 3 marks, 1 mark each)

(ii) Two types of ecological niche are Fundamental niche and realized niche ( 1 mark)
 Realized niche is the part of the niche which is occupied by species
WHILE
Fundamental niche is the part of the niche which is occupied by
environmental conditions for the existence of the organisms excluding
the influence of interspecific competition and predation ( 2 marks)
 Fundamental niche is smaller than realized niche
WHILE
Realized niche is smaller than fundamental niche ( 2 marks)
(iii) Competitive exclusion principle states that “ only one species in the community can
occupy a given ecological niche “ (2 marks)
On paramecia species which are paramecia Aurelia and paramecia caudatum.
When they will be raised in separate beakers (different habitats) will survive
But if they will put in the same beaker(same habitat) with a limited source of food,
P.aurelia will actually compete out P.caudatum leading to death of
P.caudatum.Although P. Aurelia survived but its population will be reduced due to
competition with P.caudatum.
The ability of P.aurelia to survive is attributed by being small in size, faster
reproductive rates and greater efficiency of obtaining food (4 marks)

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