Illummuton 79

-BULB
GAS FILAMENT

SUPPORT WIRES
LEAD-IN-WIRES

-BUTTON

FUSE
STEM TUBE

BASE EXHAUST TUBE

Fig. 4.15 Incandescent Lamp

an electric current is passed through a fine
Working: When
produced and the temperature of the wire
metallic wire, heat is radiate heat energy, as the
temperatures the wire
ncreases. At low heating it radiates heat as
increases due to
Emperatureof thewire temperature of the wire higher
higher the
ell as light energy. The radiated. A black body when heated
the amount of light energy energy in the visible spectrum
maximum
D6250°c emits the
 0.12. Write short notes on fluorescent lamp (S/2000)
Explain with the help of circuit diagram the construction
and working of fluorescent lamps.
Ans. Fluorescent lamp) is a light source which(works through
the action of a phosphor coating on the inside of the tube of the
lamp which emits visible light when struck by ultra-violet rays
Created through the ionization of gas-vapour within the tube.)
The efficiency of a fluorescent lamp is nearly 3-times as
great as that of an incandescent lamp.) Another advantage is that
fluorescent light can be produced in colours other than white
lamp
without a loss of efficiency.(The average life of a fluorescent
is about 4000 working hours a tubular bulb 25 mm in
The fluorescent lamp consists of
length,(with electrodes
diameter and 0.6 metre and 1.5 metres in
vapor at low pressure
sealed into the ends and filled with mercury
purposes.The inner walls
anda small amount of argon for starting
which --are
0! the tube are coated with fluorescent powders
ultra-violet rays produced in the mercury vapour
activated by the between the electrodes. The
electrons
ds a result of flow of phosphors, absorb the energy thus
powders, or
fluorescent
Produced and radiate visible light.
 (RADIO SUPPRESION)
GLOW STARTER

STARTING SWITCH

COATED TUBE WITH CHOKE

.MERCURY VAPOUR BALLAST
FILAMENT FILLING

HH
A.C. VOLTAGE

Fig. 4.16 Circuit Diagram of aFluorescent Lamp

from one
When the mains are first switched on, current flows
side of the mains, through one heatingback filament, through the
starter, the other filament, the choke and to the other side of
starter
the mains and nearly full voltage appears across the
terminals.

INSIDE COATED WITH

FLUORESCENT POWDER
TUBE FILLED WITH. FORCOLOUR AS WELL A^
ARGON GAS AND LIGHT
MERCURY VAPOR

LAMPHODER
BASE
PINS
STARTER

BALLAST
INSIDE CHANNEL

Fig. 4.17 Basic Structure of Fluorescent Tube

This causes the discharge to occur in the glow starter which
puts the electrodes directly across the mains so that filaments may
get heated and emit sufficient electrons, After 1-2 seconds, glow
starter breaks by the automatic opening of the starter contacts.
This causes the ballast choke to give a voltage "kick", which is
tube./Once
Sufficient to start the discharge between the ends of the
 Illumination 81
the discharge has started the ordinary mains voltage is
oen it going, the amount of current sufficient
lost choke. A capacitor is
ballast
being controlled by the
connected across the circuit to
improvethe power factor.
Asmall condenser is connected across the glow
starter to
reduce radio interference, and this is usually housed with the glow
starter in a small container.
odium vap
Explain the working of sodium vapour lamp with diagram (2007)
nd give its two advantages. of a sodium
Explain with asketch the principle of operation
230V A.C.
apourlamp. (S/2008)
SUPPLY
Ans. (Sodium vapour
amp has the highest CAPACITOR
heoretical luminous
CHOKE
=fficiency -andgives
monochromatic orange
yellow light which makes TRANSFOMER
objects appear as grey.) FORHEATING
Such lamps are used for THE CATHODE
street and high way
lighting.)
Construction : (A CATHODE
sodium vapour larmp
Consists of an inner bulb of. INNER
TUBE
special glass containingthe
sodium and the inert gas OUTER
TUBE
either neon or argon) (1.5
Fig. 419 Connection Diagrams ofa Sodium
mm pressure) (and is fittedFio
Vapour Lamp
with two filaments.YThis is prevent the escape
larger bulb which is evacuated to
enclosed in a included in the circuit for heating
Or heat. Asmall transformer is
the discharge.
e cathode and a choke for stabilizing
 Working : When the lamp is not in operation, the sodium is
tube.
usually in the form of solid deposited on the side walls of the
and gives red
To start_with, the discharge starts in the neon gas vaporizes and
glow. As the tube warms up the sodiumn gradually yellow light.
then ionizes, thereby producing the monochromaticminutes. Since the
The lamp gives the full lumen output after 15restart immediately
pressure of vapour is quite low the lamp will
when the power supply is momentarily interrupted.
 Explain the working of high pressure mercury vapour lamp
with the help of diagram. (2006)
Ans. (The mercury vapour lamp are high pressure gas
discharge lamps and are veryeffieient having luminous efficiency
of about 40 lumens per watt./The lamp has alife of 5000 burning
hours.These lamps are used for out door and industrial lighting.
P.F. of the lamp is 0.65)
Construction : (The mercury vapour lamp is similar in
construction to the sodium vapour lamp and consists of a
discharge envelope enclosed in an outer bulb of ordinary glass.
The discharge envelope may be of hard glass or quartz.The space
between the bulb is partially or completely evacuated to prevent
heat loss by convection fronm the inner bulb:/ The outer bulb
absorbs harmful ultra-violet rays.(The inner bulb contains argon
and a certain quantity of mercury:(The main electrodes are of
tungsten wire. Acondenser 1s Connected across the mains supply
 imprOvethe Illumination 85
to limit power factor. Choke isis used as usual with discharge
lampto the discharge
current.
METALLIC
CAP
BALLAST
CHOKE
MAIN
ELECTRODE

AUXILLARY
ELECTRODE
CONDENSER STARTING
RESISTANCE

TUBE NITH
A.C. MERCURY +
VOLTAGE ARGON FILLING
OUTER
GLASS
ENVELOPE MAIN
ELECTRODE
(EVACUATED)

Fig. 4.20 Circuit Diagram ofa Mercury Vapour Lamp

Working :When the supply isswitched on, the voltage is only
sufficient to start a small discharge between the auxiliary
electrode and the upper main electrode.This discharge makes att
o the-argon as a conductor of electricity, such that a discharge
Starts between the two main electrodes, which by-passes the high
starting resistance, and is controlled by the ballast choke, and
gives out a pale blue glow. As aresult the electrodes become hot
and the whole tube warms up, evaporating. the mercury, which
then gives out a greenish blue light As the pressure rises, the
discharge narrows to an intense arc,(the lamp requires 5 minutes
toattain full brilliancy:) eres The
 Glass tube is
-coatedinside
Ultraviolet light with phosphor.
ww.electrothin
Visible light -Mercuryand Argon
Electron -
-Filament
Electrode

Electronic Ballast

230V 50Hz Input

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