Module 1

Wiring accessories and illumination engineering

Cable
ICDP switch
ICTP switch
Functional switches

 One way switch

Two way switch
Intermediate switch
Knife switch
Socket outlets
Ceiling Rose
 Cover

 Base
Lamp holders

 Batten holders
Pendant or cored grip holders
Angle holders
Bracket holders
Watertight bracket holders
 FUSE

➢Fuse is a safety device used in any electrical installation, which forms the
weakest link between the supply and the load.

➢It is a short length of wire made of lead / tin /alloy of lead and tin/ zinc
having a low melting point and low ohmic losses.

➢Under normal operating conditions it is designed to carry the full load

current.

➢ If the current increases beyond this designed value due any of the reasons
mentioned above, the fuse melts (said to be blown) isolating the power
supply from the load as shown in the following figures.
CHARACTERISTICS OF FUSE MATERIAL

 The material used for fuse wires must have the following characteristics

 Low melting point

 Low ohmic losses

 High conductivity

 Lower rate of deterioration

Different types of fuses
 Re-wirable or kit -kat fuses: These fuses are simple in construction, cheap
and available up-to a current rating of 200A. They are erratic in operation
and their performance deteriorates with time.

 Plug fuse: The fuse carrier is provided with a glass window for visual
inspection of the fuse wire

 Cartridge fuse: Fuse wire usually an alloy of lead is enclosed in a strong fiber
casing. The fuse element is fastened to copper caps at the ends of the
casing. They are available up-to a voltage rating of 25kV. They are used for
protection in lighting installations and power lines.

 Miniature Cartridge fuses: These are the miniature version of the higher
rating cartridge fuses, which are extensively used in automobiles, TV sets,
and other electronic equipments.

 Transformer fuse blocks: These porcelain housed fuses are placed on

secondary of the distribution transformers for protection against short circuits
and overloads.
Contd…….
 HRC CARTRIDGE FUSE
 The high rupturing capacity or (HRC) fuse consists of a heat resistant ceramic body.
Then silver or bimetallic fuse element is welded to the end brass caps. The space
surrounding the fuse element is filled with quartz powder. This filler material absorbs
the arc energy and extinguishes it.
 When the current exceeds the rated value the element melts and vaporizes. The
vaporized silver fuses with the quartz and offers a high resistance and the arc is
extinguished.
Fuse
Contd…
MCB
Principle of operation
 MCBs are compact devices used in distribution boards for the protection
against overload and short circuit
 Overload protection is achieved by thermal trip mechanism using a
bimetallic strip
 Short circuit protection is achieved by electromagnetic trip mechanism
 MCBs are available in the range of 0.5A to 63A
 When MCB is in the ON position, current passes through a solenoid coil and
a bimetallic strip.
 When an overload condition persists for few seconds, the bimetallic strip
bends and triggers the trip mechanism
 When a short circuit occurs, the circuit should open immediately, but the
bimetallic strip does not respond quickly
 Then the solenoid attracts plunger and thus triggers the trip mechanism.
Incandescent Lamps

 Light is produced by a tiny

coil of tungsten wire that
Filament glows when it is heated by
an electrical current.
 Based on the principle of
temperature radiation
 Low cost
 Can be easily replaced
 Available upto 1500W
shortest lives
Inefficient
Construction
 Evacuated glass bulb with a fine metallic wire as filament

 Filaments – high melting point, low vapour pressure, high resistivity, low
temperature co-efficient, ductility and sufficient mechanical strength to
withstand vibrations

 Tungsten is usually used as filament – melting point is 3400 deg c

 Filament is mounted on leads that carry current

 The bulb diameter for 25W, 40W, 60W and 100W coiled coil type lamps is 60mm

 Lamp is either vacuum or filled with inert gas like Argon or Krypton with a small
percentage of nitrogen
 Vacuum reduces heat loss and hence more light output
 Filling with an inert gas reduces evaporation of the filament material
 Generally vacuum is used for low wattage lamps (15W or below) and gas filling
for high power lamps
 Sodium Vapor Lamp

Sodium vapor lamps are mainly used for street lighting. They have low
luminosity hence require glass tubes of large lengths, which makes them
quiet bulky.
 Construction:
 The lamp consists of a U shaped inner glass tube filled with neon gas at a
pressure of 10mm. It also contains a small quantity of sodium and argon
gas. The initial ionization voltage is reduced, as the ionization potential of
argon is low. Two oxide coated tungsten electrodes are sealed into the
tube at the ends. This tube is enclosed in an outer double walled vacuum
enclosure to maintain the required temperature.
 Working:
 A voltage of the order of 380- 450 volts (depending on the wattage) is
necessary to start the discharge, which is obtained from a high reactance
transformer or an autotransformer. Initially the sodium vapor lamp operates
as a low-pressure neon lamp emitting pink color. As the lamp gets heated
and reaches a temperature of 200° C the sodium deposited on the sides of
the tube walls vaporizes and radiates yellow light. It has a maximum
efficiency at 220° C. Proper mounting of the lamp is to be ensured to
prevent the sodium blackening the inner walls of the tube .A capacitor C is
used to improve the power factor.
 Mercury vapour lamp
 The mercury vapor lamp is a high intensity discharge lamp.
 It uses an arc through vaporized mercury in a high pressure tube to create
very bright light directly from it's own arc.

 Advantages:
- Good efficiency
- Color rendering is better than that of high pressure sodium street lights
- Some lamps last far longer than the 24000 hour mark, sometimes 40 years
 Color Temperature - 6800 K (clear bulb)
*Lumens per watt: 30-60
*Lamp life: 24,000 - 175,000 hours
*Available in 40-1000 W
 Common uses: large areas like parks, street lighting, high ceiling buildings,
gyms
 Lamp Construction
 Has an arc tube inside and an outer envelope.
 The inner side of the envelope has phosphor coating
 Arc tube is fabricated from quartz, with a tungsten
electrode disposed at either end.
 The tube contains a few milligrams of mercury and
an inert gas usually argon as a buffer gas to carry the
discharge while the lamp warms up, producing heat
to vaporise the mercury and bring it into the
discharge.
 An auxiliary starting electrode is placed next to one
of the main electrodes to facilitate lamp ignition.
 When the lamp is first energised the full open circuit
voltage is applied across the arc tube. The distance
between the electrodes is so large that the resulting
voltage gradient is not high enough to cause
ionisation of the gas filling. However the same
voltage is also applied between one electrode and
the auxiliary via a small resistor.
 The gap between these electrodes is much smaller,
and the voltage gradient is sufficiently high that
ionisation will occur.
 A small discharge strikes, the series resistor of 10-30kW
limiting the current flow to about one thousandth of
the normal lamp current.
 Once free electrons, ions and photons have
been produced in the arc tube it is then very
easy to strike a discharge across the main
electrodes.. The arc emits the characteristic
green, yellow and violet mercury lines and there
are also considerable amounts of invisible long-
wave ultra violet at 365nm along with a broad
range of shorter wavelengths.
 The outer envelope is filled with a nitrogen or
argon-nitrogen mixture, or occasionally with
carbon dioxide, both to prevent oxidation of the
arc tube seals and to slow the rate of
deterioration of certain phosphors.. Heat-
reflective coatings of platinum or gold are often
also applied behind the electrodes of small or
cold atmosphere lamps again to minimise heat
losses and help them run up more rapidly.
LED Lamps

 Lower energy consumption.

 Longer lifetime (50,000 to 100,000 hrs).
 Smaller size.
 Faster switching.
 Greater durability and reliability.
 Cycling.
 Dimming.
LED LAMPS