TABLE OF

CONTENT
Artificial lighting is defined as an illumination
produced by an electrical process, or the
burning of fuel (thefreedictionary.com)
 The goal of lighting is to create an efficient and pleasing interior.

Lighting levels should be adequate for efficient seeing of the particular

task involved.

 Lighting equipment should be unobtrusive, but not necessarily invisible.

 Lighting must have the proper quality as discussed previously .

The entire lighting design must be accomplished efficiently in terms of

capital and energy resources, the former determined principally by life-
cycle costs and the latter by operating energy costs and resource-energy
usage.
The type of lighting chosen for a building is closely linked to other decisions
made about the building, such as the basic plan shape, the type and extent of
windows and type of heating.

The main functions of artificial lighting can be summarized as follows:

i.To provide enough light for people to carry out a particular activity;
ii.To provide enough light for people to move about with ease and safety;
iii.To display the features of the building in a manner suitable for its character
and purpose.
- Easy to control (on and off) by using switch.
- Illumination level can be controlled (dimmer).
- Can be used 24 hours.
- The design of interiors is more flexible.
- The colour of light is more variety.
- High maintenance cost.

- The used of too many colors in lighting will

lead to confusion.

- High cost of electricity.

Luminous Efficacy

The ability of a lamp to convert electrical energy to

light energy is measured by its efficacy which is given
by the following formula:

Luminous efficacy = Luminous flux output

Electrical power input
UNIT : lumens/watt (lm/W).
Life

The luminous efficacy of a lamp decreases with time and

for a discharge lamp it may fall by as much as 50% before
the lamp fails. The manufacturer usually determines the
nominal of a lamp by considering the failure rate of a
particular model of lamp combined with its fall in light
output. In a large installation it is economically desirable
that all the lamps should be replaced at the same time on a
specified maintenance schedule.
Colour Temperature

•The qualities of light emitted by heated objects depend

upon the temperature of the radiating object and this fact
can be used to describe the colour of light. A theoretically
perfect radiator, called a black body’, is used as the
‘

standard for comparison.

Colour Rendering

•The colour appearance of a surface is affected by the

quality of light from the source. Colour rendering is the
ability of a light source to reveal the colour appearance of
surfaces. This ability is measured by comparing the
appearance of objects under the light source with their
appearance under a reference source such as daylight.
• In choosing which light source to use for a
particular installation, several criteria should be
considered.
1. Amount of Illimunance Desired 7. Cost
2. Types of activities/space require 8. Efficacy, Life, Lumen
3. Consistency and Reliability of Supply Depreciation
Voltage 9. Control
4. Ambient Temperature and Humidity 10. Energy-Saving Devices
11. Lamp Life
5. Air Conditioning Load
12. Colour Temperature
6. Colour Rendition
 • The widespread use of electric lighting
began with the invention of the first
practical incandescent lamp by Thomas
Edison and Joseph Swan in the nineteenth
century.
Incandescent • There are two main artificial sources of
lamp
architectural lighting:
1. Incandescent Lamp
2. Discharge Lamp
TYPES OF LAMP
 Light is produced in an incandescent lamp by heating a thin metal wire
to very high temperatures (around 2200°C), causing it to incandesce or
glow.

 The wire is called a filament and the incandescence is a result of the

filament's resistance to the flow of electrical current.

 Filaments are almost universally made from Tungsten - is as efficient in

converting electrical energy into light on the basis of life and cost.
 Tungsten has four important characteristics : a high melting point,
low evaporation, high strength – (ductile), and desirable radiation
characteristics.
 The most common filament letter designations are straight (s),
coiled (c), coiled coil (cc) and ribbon or flat (r). Cc are most efficient
and widely used.
 The enclosure or glass envelope around the filament is called the
bulb and serves two primary functions.
 First, the enclosure keeps air (more importantly, oxygen) away from the
filament. When the filament is exposed to air, evaporation occurs very
rapidly.

 Secondly, the enclosure maintains a constant environment for the filament

to retard the evaporation of Tungsten. The enclosure filled with an inert gas
such as argon and nitrogen, and comes in variety of shapes and sizes.

 The two most common finishes are etched glass and applied silica powder.
i. Etched glass is known as 'inside-frosted' or simply 'frosted‘.
ii. Applied silica powder, called 'soft-white'
• Lumen maintenance - Light output decreases slowly with lamp life as the bulb
blackens

• Color - White with a large yellow-red component and therefore highly flattering to the
skin.

• Surroundings - Incandescent lamps are not affected by external heat, cold, or

humidity.

• Lamp efficiency - Since incandescent lamps produce light as a by-product of heat,

they are inherently inefficient.

• Operating Voltage - dependent on the voltage at the lamp

The base provides the electrical connection to the filament. There are eight
types of bases:
(1) screw (7) bayonet
(2)screw with ring contacts (three-way) (8) Prong
(3) skirted screw
(4) bi-post
(5) pre-focus
(6) disc
Advantages
1.Low cost Disadvantages
2.instant start and restart 1.low efficacy : a large number of
3.simple inexpensive dimming
fixtures, high maintenance costs,
and large heat gain
4.simple compact installation requiring
2.short lamp life: high
5.no accessories
replacement labor cost
6.cheap fixtures
3.critical voltage sensitivity :
7.focusability as a point source expensive circuit design
8.high power factor
9.life independent of number of starts
10.good color
 When electric current is passed through a low pressure gas, the electrons
flowing between the two electrodes collide with gas atoms, temporarily
increasing their energy.

 These atoms quickly decay to their stable state, releasing photons of

ultraviolet radiation.

 Phosphor coatings on the inside of the bulb absorb most of this energy and
re-radiate it as visible light.
The typical fluorescent lamp comprises a cylindrical glass tube sealed at
both ends. Inside the tube is coated with phosphors.
Contains a mixture of an inert gas, generally argon, and low-pressure
mercury vapor.
A cathode, built into each end, supplies the electrons to start and maintain
the mercury arc, or gaseous discharge
The short-wave ultraviolet, which is produced by the mercury arc, is absorbed
by the phosphors. Finally, the phosphors radiate visible light.
The standard fluorescent tube has a diameter of 38mm and a length of 0.6, .9,1.2, 1.5, 1.8 or 2.4
metres. Available in both circular form as well as compact fluorescents utilising folded tubes of much
smaller diameter.

The fluorescent lamp requires three elements or components to produce visible light:

i.Electrodes (Cathodes)

Electrodes are the electron-emitting devices. Two types of cathodes are in current use - hot cathode
and cold cathode. The hot cathode is a coiled coil or a triple-coiled tungsten filament coated with an
alkaline earth oxide that emits electrons when heated. The electrons are boiled off the cathode at
about 900°C. The cold cathodes are subjected to higher voltage, releasing electrons at about 150°C.
Cold Cathode lamps are used in special application such as neon signs and can be bent into different
shapes.
ii. Gases

A small quantity of mercury droplets are placed in the fluorescent tube and the mercury vaporises at a
very low pressure. The current flowing through the vapour causes the vapour to radiate energy
produce ultraviolet region of the spectrum (253.7nm). The lamp also contains a small amount of a
highly purified rare gas. Argon and argon-neon are the most common, but krypton is sometimes
used.

iii. Phosphor

This is the chemical coating on the inside wall of the tube or enclosure. When the phosphor is excited
by ultraviolet radiation at 253.7nm, the phosphor produces visible light by fluorescence. That is,
visible light from a fluorescent lamp is produced by the action of ultraviolet energy on the
phosphor coating on the inside surface of the tube or enclosure.
Characteristics – Fluorescent Lamps

•Lamp Life
The lamp life of a standard fluorescent tube is greatly dependent on the
burning hours per start.

•Effect of Temperature
The temperature of the coolest point on the lamp bulb wall determines the
lamp’s mercury vapor pressure, which in turn determines the lamp lumen
output, wattage, and color.

•Voltage effects
Voltage either above or below rating adversely affects life, unlike the effect of
low voltage on the incandescent lamp.
Characteristics – Fluorescent Lamps

• Lumen Maintenance
Lumen output of a fluorescent tube decreases rapidly during the first 100h of
burning and thereafter much more slowly.

• Luminous Efficacy (lm/W)

The design efficacy of a fluorescent lamp depends on operating current and the
phosphors utilized. The range of efficacy for standard lamps is 40 to 85
lm/W, including ballast losses in the wattage figure.
Characteristics – Fluorescent Lamps

• High-Frequency Operation
Operation of fluorescent lamps at frequencies above 60Hz has may beneficial
effects efficacy increases dramatically

• Ballast
All gaseous discharge sources require a device called a ballast. Just as
ballast gives stability to a ship, this electrical device assists in stable
operation of a amp. Gaseous discharge lamps are referred to as "zero
resistance" or "negative resistance" elements. As the additives inside the
arc tube ionize, the resistance inside the arc tube decreases. This will cause
the resistance to approach zero while the current approaches infinity.
Advantages Fluorescent Lamp

Energy efficiency - CFLs generally use less power

Lifespan - The average rated life of a CFL is between 8 and 15 times that of
incandescents. CFLs typically have a rated lifespan of between 6,000 and
15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps - have a lifespan of 750 hours or
1,000 hours
Efficacy and efficiency – The luminous efficacy of tubular fluorescent lamp
is several times better than that of the incandescent lamp.
Low running cost - The lower running cost arising from their long life and
high efficacy.
Less maintenance – compare with incandescent lamp
Disadvantage of Fluorescent Lamp

 The initial cost of flouresencent lamp is higher than incandesencent lamp.

 High-intensity discharge (HID) lamps are designed to emit a great deal of
light from a compact, long-life light source. Often used for indoor and
outdoor light.
 Most HID lamps approximate a point source of light - excellent sources for
spot lighting equipment such as track lights, display lights, and stadium
lights.
 HID lamps are generally energy efficient, producing 50 to 100 lumens per
watt.
 Magnetic ballasts are generally used for most HID lamps, although
electronic ballasts are becoming increasingly popular.
 Ballasts can be bulky, heavy, and noisy, but some types can be mounted
remotely from the luminaire. HID lamps can get quite hot and generally
should be protected from direct touch.

 HID lamps require time to warm up; they get progressively brighter over
several minutes until reaching full light output.
• Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are presently limited in color and efficiency,
making them still too costly to serve as general-purpose light sources.
• This is expected to change as technological growth in this source
progresses.
• However, LED lamps can be used in specialty applications, including signs
and display lighting. Systems employing red, green, and blue LED lamps
can be used to create changing color washes. At present, the most common
architectural application of LED lamps is in exit signs.
• Automotive and sign lighting applications, including traffic signals, are
multiplying rapidly.
THE METHODS TO ACHIEVE EFFECTIVE LIGHTING CONTROL IN THE BUILDING
Timer Control
•Timers are set to switch off lighting for periods of known inactivity
•Ex: set lamps to switch off at the end of working day (5.30pm)
Daylight Control
•Lights will be switched on or off, or dimmed according to the level of daylight
detected in a room
Occupation Control
•By using sensors which detect noise or movement in such area.
•Ex: sensors turn lighting on when someone is in the area and off again after a
time delay when there’s nobody in that area
Local Switching
•Possible to switch on lights only in the part of the room which being occupied.
•live lighting control in the building.
 LUMINAIRE
A luminaire is any device that includes a lampholder and the means of
electrification and support for that device. Lighting fixtures are luminaires that
are permanently attached to a building. In other words, a table lamp is a
luminaire but not a fixture.

Luminaires are characterized by the manner in which light is distributed:

i. Direct
ii. Semi direct
iii. General Diffuse
iv. Direct - Indirect
v. Semi Indirect
vi. Indirect
Styles Of Luminaire

1) Recessed Luminaires

1) Recessed Luminaires
2) Ceiling-Mounted Luminaires
2) Ceiling-Mounted Luminaires (con’t)
3) Track-Mounted Luminaires
4) Wall-Mounted Luminaires
5) Portable Luminaires (Tabletop)
6) Pendant Luminaires
Effect Of Luminaire

Specific luminous patterns have a consistent and definable effect on an

occupants' subjective impression of a space.

Designers can use these patterns to create spaces which are appropriate for the
intended use. Each pattern reveals its opposite as well: for example, to make a
space seem more public, a designer can look at the criteria for making a space
seem private and do the opposite.
 Spaciousness / Confinement
 Visual Clarity / Haziness
 Relaxation / Activation
 Private/ Public
Light Output Ratio

One system is to classify luminaries by the proportion of the total light from
the luminaire emitted into the upper and lower hemispheres formed by a
plane through the middle of the lamp filament.

These classifications are as follows:

Light output Ratio

LOR = Total light output of luminaire

Light output of its lamp(s)
Light Output Ratio (Con’t)

Downward Light output Ratio

DLOR = Light output of luminaire downwards

Light output of its lamp(s)

Upward Light output Ratio

ULOR = Light output of luminaire upwards

Light output of its lamp(s)

So that,
LOR = DLOR + ULOR
 INTEGRATED DESIGN OF
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING AND
DAYLIGHTING - PSALI
INTEGRATED DESIGN OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING AND DAYLIGHTING -
PSALI

PSALI is an abbreviation for permanent supplementary artificial lighting of

interiors.

PSALI is a system of combined daylighting and artificial lighting where parts of

an interior are lit for the whole time by artificial light, which is designed to
balance and blend with the daylight.

The advantages of PSALI

1. Allows the use of deeper room plans.

2. Save energy because lower heat losses.
The Principle Of PSALI
To achieve an appropriate blend of lighting of the following factors should be
considered.

i. Distribution of Light
The total illumination should gradually increase towards the windows. Can be
determined by choosing a final illumination curve, and then subtracting average
daylight values.

ii. Choice of Lamps

The lamps chosen for the artificial lighting should match the natural light in colour
appearance. The fluorescent lamps with colour temperatures in the range 4000 – 6500
K are usually employed for PSALI.
iii. Switching
Controlling the artificial lighting with photo-electric cells which sense changing daylight
daylight levels and switch lights on and off as necessary.
Lighting Coordination

Design the lighting system to best integrate with daylight and provide
controls for high-performance, comfortable, and energy-efficient lighting.

1) Lighting strategy that integrates with daylight

Make daylight integration part of lighting design from the beginning.

- For buildings primarily occupied during the daytime (schools, retail) that do
not have tasks requiring higher illuminance at night, design the electric
lighting to supplement daylight.
Choose a task/ambient strategy for easy integration with daylighting
-Daylighting can provide required ambient lighting for most operating hours.
-Provide user-controllable task lights (to assure that task illuminance
requirements are met at all locations when supplemental lighting is necessary)

•Use direct/indirect lighting to avoid glare and match daylight distribution

- Direct/indirect lighting keeps the brightest light sources out of view, and is a
good pair with daylight spatial distribution.
- A direct/indirect system will generally be more efficient at providing task
illuminance than an indirect system.
Balance the light in a deep room
-Use walls or partitions with high-reflectance, light-colored surfaces

Organize fixture layout to match daylighting distribution

- To ensure adequate illumination, group fixtures by areas of similar
daylight availability (e.g., in rows parallel to window wall)
2) Choose the right hardware

• Use 32-Watt T8 tri-phosphor fluorescent lamps and dimming ballasts

- Fluorescent lighting is the source of choice for both dimming and switching
applications, because it can be efficiently dimmed over a wide range without
changes in color and can be turned on and off virtually instantaneously.

• Try to match the cool color temperature of daylight

- For best color temperature pairing with daylight, specify fluorescent lamps
with a minimum color temperature of 4100K.
• Avoid lamps that do not dim well

- Don’t specify 34-watt T12 lamp if planning to use dimming controls, because
they do not dim reliably.
- Most HID sources (metal halide, high pressure sodium and mercury vapor)
are not appropriate for dimming applications because they suffer color shifts as
they dim and have a more limited dimming range.

• Choose energy-efficient hardware

- No matter what the lighting strategy, always choose the most cost-effective
lighting technologies and the most effective controls available within the design
budget
3) Maximize visual comfort

• Follow recommended practice guidelines regarding glare from

downlights.
- To minimize direct glare, electric lighting should generally have a minimum
Visual Comfort Probability (VCP) of 80% for computer-based tasks and 70%
for other office tasks.

• Keep ambient lighting low for computer screens

- If computers are present, ambient lighting should not exceed 300 lx , but
make sure that usercontrolled task lighting is available for hard copy tasks.
• Keep lamp reflectance out of computer screens
- Limit the potential for reflected glare from ceiling lights in computer screens.

• Watch ceiling brightness with computers

- Indirect or direct/indirect lighting is good for VDT users.
- In open plan areas, VDT workspaces benefit from lower, uniform lighting.
• Use lighting strategies to balance window glare if anticipated
- Keep luminance of interior surfaces high to balance window brightness if there
are no architectural modifiers such as shading devices or elements to filter
daylight.
-A slight wall or ceiling wash towards the back of the space (farthest area from
window) is generally effective.

• Lighting quality comes before energy efficiency

- Don’t reduce occupant comfort or satisfaction for highter energy savings.
- An occupant’s productivity is far more expensive than the used energy.
4) Coordination

• Flag potential conflicts early

- Such as furniture or colors that will interfere
with light distribution, poor location or
access for electrical rooms, and crowded
ceiling plenums.
- Pick bright surround colors.
-Keep ceilings and walls as bright as possible.

• Balance window glare with well-placed lighting

- Slightly raise the luminance of walls and ceiling
regions away from the windows, to soften the
contrast between the two.
- This is especially important in deeper spaces.