Electrical Installation

1. What is installation?
➢ the act of installing or the state of being installed
➢Something installed for use; particularly, a complete mechanical apparatus fixed in position
for use: a heating installation
➢A military camp, post or base
➢A work of art requiring construction or elaborate setting up at its exhibition site
❑ The definition of an installation is the act of putting something in, a device that stays in one
place, a military base, or an art piece that often involves building and different types of
materials.
What is Electrical Installation?
o It is an assembly of components that allows you to reliably and safely use electrical power
around your home.
o It’s the construction or installation of electrical wiring and the permanent attachment or
installation of electrical products in or on any structure that is not an electrical product by
itself.
o It also means the maintenance or repair of installed electrical wiring & permanently
attached electrical products.
Why electrical installation is important?
o Residential electrical maintenance is vital for the safety of home &
family.
o It ensures the longevity of household appliances
o A properly installed electrical s/m will ensure that all areas are safe
for the residents.
o It can also help prevent fires, as well as hazard.
 CHAPTER 1
ILLUMINATION AND LIGHTING SCHEMES

Prepared by Daniel A.
 Chapter 1: Illumination
Contents
❖ Lighting
❖ Lighting terminologies and laws
❖ Artificial light source and their types
❖ Lighting scheme and their types
❖ Illumination design and calculation
 1.1 Introduction
* The goal of artificial lighting is to create a visual environment that best
fulfills the functions intended, such as work, recreation, or rest.

* A good visual environment allows us to focus on the information of

interest, without the destruction of competing non relevant information
called visional noise.

* Visual noise can be excessive brightness or glare, background of

dominant pattern, reflections competing with
the image, etc.

* Visual comfort results when we are able to receive visual information

that we instinctively and or consciously want to have.

* We should know what to light and what not to light and to what level we
have to light.

* Furthermore; lighting should be energy efficient and maintainable.

➢ Light is defined as the radiant energy from a hot body, which produces the visual
sensation upon the human eye.
➢ In general, light is an electromagnetic radiation such as radio waves, x-rays etc.

➢ We can classify electromagnetic waves as

• visible (e.g. daylight, radiations from candles)

• invisible waves (e.g. x-rays, gamma rays, radio waves).

➢ Illumination refers to the provision of sufficient Lighting.
1.2 Terms used in Illumination:
1)Phase angle(Ө): When two lines lying in the same plane meet at a point, the angle formed is
called phase angle.

• It is measured in radians

• Ө = Arc/radius = l/r
2) Solid angle(ω): It is the angle subtended by the partial surface area of a sphere at its
centre.
▪It is measured in steradians and equal to the ratio of area of the surface to the square of
radius of sphere,
ω = area of surface/ square of radius = A/ r2 steradians
3) Luminous Flux(φ): unit lumens

 This is a measure of the flow or amount of light emitted from a

source.

 It is the rate of energy radiation in the form of light waves.

 Is the time rate of flow light.
φ = Q/ t

4) Luminous Intensity (I):

 This is a measure of the power of a light source.

I=φ/ω
 It is measured in candela
Where,

 (ω) - the solid angle is measured in Steradians

 Total angle of a sphere in Steradians, = 4πr2 / r2 = 4π Steradians

 Where r is the distance between the area and the point.
5) Illuminance (intensity of illumination) (E) :
◦ This is a measure of the amount of light falling on a surface. It is also referred
to as illumination.

◦ is measured in lux.

E = φ/A
6) Luminous efficiency (k):
◦ A measure of unit lumens per watt (lm/W). It can be thought of as the
‘efficiency’ of the light source.
5) Luminance (L): The measure of brightness of a surface.

L = I/A
6) Coefficient of utilization:-

▪ a factor showing the ratio of the lumens reaching on the working plane to the total lumens
generated by the source.

▪ It depends on:-

➢ the dimension of the room to be illuminated,

➢ the reflectance of the walls, ceilings, and floors,
➢ the lamp output of reflectors and diffusers used and
➢ the position of the lamp.
7) Maintenance Factor:
* The light obtained from a light source may be affected by
variables due to dire (obstacles, terrible), ageing of the lamp, e.t.c. The
maintenance factor (MF) takes in to account such effects.
1.2.1 Illumination Laws
There are two major laws.

1.Inverse square law:

The illumination of a surface is inversely

proportional to the square of distance between
source & surface.
*Let, E1 be the illumination on surface A1,
E2 be the illumination on surface A2,

*Since exactly the same luminous flux falls on A1

& A2 we can have the relation,

φ = E1A1= E2A2

E2 = E1A1/A2 = E1 (d1/d2)2

i.e., E ~ 1/d2, where d is the perpendicular

distance from the light source.
2. Cosine law

Ey = IcosӨ/h2

=I/ h2 at point y Ө = 0

This method allows us to calculate the illuminance

with one or more lamps or with reflection from
surroundings.

cosӨ = h/d, d = h/cosӨ

➢Thus illumination depends not only on the
perpendicular distance from the light source but
also on the angle that the light falls on the area to
be illuminated.
Example: A 250W sodium-vapor street lamp
emits a light of 22,500 cd and is situated 8m
above the road. Calculate the illuminance.

a) Directly below the lamp

b) At a horizontal distance along the road of

6m
Soln:
Given I=22,500 cd,h=8m ,ox=6m,d= 10m

a) E= I*cosӨ/h2 but cosӨ=1 because Ө=0

E= 22,500*1/64=351.56 lm/m2
b) Ex=I*cosӨ/d2 and cosӨ=h/d=8/10=0.8

Ex=22,500*0.8/100=180 lm/m2
1.3 Artificial Light source and their types:
▪ Light is a form of energy, which is radiated or sent out from a source in a waveform.
▪ When an electric current passes through a fine metallic wire, heat is produced and
the temperature of the wire increases.

▪ At low temperature the wire radiates heat energy. As the temperature of the wire
increases due to heating, it radiates heat as well as light energy

▪ Generally, electric lamps can be classified in to:

➢ Incandescent lamps
➢ Discharge lamps
a) Incandescent lamps
* Consists of a glass globe completely evacuated or gas filled and a fine wire
known as filament.

* The filament of modern lamps are normally made of tungsten since this
material has a high melting point(3400°C) and can be manufactured in the
form of suitably thin wire.

* The materials, which can be used as a filament are; carbon, osmium, tantalum
and tungsten. These metals are selected due to their high melting points.
There are two types of incandescent lamps:

Vacuum lamps :

* air is evacuated from the glass bulb to prevent

oxidation.

* operates only up to around 20000 c.

Gas-filled:

* the glass bulb is filled with inert gases(Ne or Ar).

This enables the filament to operate at a higher
temperature without undue deterioration due to the
evaporation, which tends to take place in a vacuum.
 * operates up to around 2500 c.

* in gas-filled lamps, the bulb is so bright that it is given

opaque coating internally.

✓The light output of incandescent lamps is about 10 to 15 lm/W.

✓The average lifetime of incandescent lamps is about 2000 hours when
operating at rated voltage.

✓Incandescent lamps suffer from two disadvantages;

- Low efficiency and

- Colored light.
b) Discharge lamps
* light is produced by the passage of an electric current through a
vapor or gas.

* Gases are normally pure conductors at atmospheric pressure, but

applications suitable voltage called, ignition voltage, across the
electrodes can result in a discharge through the gas, which is
accompanied by electromagnetic radiation.

* The wave length of the radiation depends on the gas, its pressure
and the metal vapor used in the lamp.

* The color of the light emitted depends on the type of gas used.
The color obtained from some of the gases and vapors
commonly employed are listed below.
● High pressure mercury vapor lamps:
* It consists of a quartz tube containing mercury at high pressure
and a little argon gas to assist starting.

*There are two main electrodes and auxiliary electrode connected

through a high resistance.

*The auxiliary electrode is used to start the discharge. A choke is

provided to limit a current to a safe value.

*A capacitor is connected in parallel to the lamp to improve its

power factor.
* The initial discharge takes place in the argon gas between
the auxiliary (starting) electrode and main electrode close
to it.
* This causes the main electrode to heat up and the main
discharge between the main electrodes takes place.
* The high pressure mercury vapor lamp has an efficiency
of about 40 -50lm/W they are manufactured in 250 and
400W ratings for use on 220 -250v a.c. supply mains.
* Their application is mainly for industrial and street
lighting, commercial and display lighting.
Fluorescent lamp (Low pressure mercury vapor lamps):

* These lamps work on the phenomenon called fluorescence.

* Certain materials, such as calcium phosphate, emit visible light
whenever they absorb ultra-violet light.

* They contain a glass tube filled with mercury vapor and inert gas.
* Low -pressure mercury vapor lamps:
▪ consists of glass tube filled with mercury vapor at low pressure.
▪ is provided with two electrodes coated with electron emissive material.
▪ the inner wall of the tube is coated with fluorescent powder which
transforms ultraviolet radiation in to visible radiation or light.
Low- pressure mercury vapor lamp consists of:
▪ glass tube filled with mercury vapor at low pressure.
▪ two electrodes coated with electron emissive material.
▪ the inner wall of the tube is coated with fluorescent
powder which transforms Ultraviolet radiation in to visible
radiation or light.
* The light output of a fluorescent lamp is 70 lm/w
and has an average life of about 7500 hrs.
▪ When the supply is switched ON with the starter switch, s, closed; a current flows
through the Inductor, L, and through the lamp electrodes.

▪ The initial current heats the lamp electrodes in readiness for striking the lamp.
▪ The starting switch is now opened making a sudden interruption in the
current flowing through the inductor and so causing a high voltage to be
momentarily induced.

▪ This voltage starts a discharge between the two lamp electrodes and the current
rapidly rises to a value determined mainly by the inductance of the inductor.

▪ The starter left open while the lamp is lighting; the electrodes maintain their
operating temperature as long as they continue to pass the discharge current.

▪ Due to the inductor, the lamp current lags the supply voltage (at approximately
0.5 PF) thus, a capacitor, C, is usually connected between the lamp
terminals to improve the overall power factor to an acceptable value.
Starters
* Three methods are commonly available for starting the discharge in a fluorescent
tube:

1.Thermal type starter:

* has two contacts mounted on bi-metal strips.

* a small heating coil being fitted very close to the bi-metal strips but with no
electrical contact between them .

* The contacts are normally closed so that the main supply is first switched ON and
the full heating current passes through the lamp electrodes.
▪ The current also flows through the starter heater and so
warms the bi-metal strips.
▪ After a short period of time, the bi-metal strips warm
sufficiently to bend and open the contacts, thus striking the
lamp.
▪ As long as the lamp remains lighting, current flows
through the starter heater keeping the contacts
apart.
▪ A small capacitor is often connected in parallel with
the starter switch contacts to suppress radio interference.
 2. Glow type start
✓consists of a small bulb filled with inert gas (Argon, helium)
✓contain two contacts, one of which is mounted on a bi-metal strip.
✓The contacts are normally open so that when the main supply is firs switched on
full main voltage is applied to the starter contacts.
✓This causes a glow discharge, which warms the bi-metal strip making it to bend
and close the starter contacts.

*Cont…
✓The closing of the starter contacts allows full heating current to pass through the
lamp electrodes and also extinguish the glow discharge.
✓After a short time, the bi-metal strip cools sufficiently to open the circuit thus
striking the lamp.
✓As long as the lamp remains alight, the voltage applied to the starter is insufficient to
initiate a glow discharge and so the starter contacts remains open until the next
starting operation.

*Cont…
a) Contacts open, causing arc to strike between electrodes
(b) Glow discharge between bimetal contacts
(c) Bimetal heated; contacts close, bimetal then cools
*Cont…
* Quick type start or Instant type start
➢achieved by the use of autotransformer and an earthed metal strip
in close proximity to the tube.
➢When the supply is switched on, mains voltage appears across the
end of the tube, and the small part of the winding at each end of the
transformer energizes the filaments, which heat up.
➢ The difference in potential between the electrodes and the earthed
strip causes ionization, which spreads along the tube.
* Stroboscopic Effect
❖The disadvantage of fluorescent lamp is that, as the alternating
discharge current passes through zero twice every cycle, the
light produced tend to flicker at twice of main frequency.
❖machinery rotating at certain speed may appear to be
stationary or moving more slowly than it really is. This is
known as the stroboscopic effect.
▪ A good lighting system should produce:
o uniform illumination of not less than the required
value.
o It should be free from glare and hard shadows.
In fact attempt should be made to have quality of light as close to
day light as possible.
The interior lighting schemes may be classified as: -
1. Direct light: - the most commonly used type of lighting scheme.
* If proper reflector is used more than 90% of total light flux is
made to fall directly on the working plane.
* Though it is more efficient but causes hard shadows and glare.
* It is mainly used for industrial and general out-door lighting.
 * cont..

2. Semi-direct lighting: - in this lighting scheme 60-90% of the total

light flux is made to fall down wards directly with the help of semi-direct
reflectors.
* The remaining light is used to illuminate the ceiling and walls.
* Such a lighting scheme is best suited to rooms with high ceiling where there
is a high level of uniformity of illumination is desired. Besides, this scheme
avoids glare, it also improves the efficiency of the system with
reference to the working plane.
 * Cont…
3. Semi indirect lighting: - the total light flux of 60-90% is thrown up wards to
the ceiling for reflection and the rest reaches the working plane
directly except for some absorption by the bowl.
* This lighting scheme has soft shadows and is glare free.
* It is mainly used for indoor decoration purpose.
4. Indirect lighting scheme: - in this scheme more than
90% of total light flux is thrown upwards the ceiling for
diffused reflection by using inverted or bowl reflector.
* The light thus thrown towards ceiling is reflected back on
working plane.
* The ceiling thus acts as an indirect light source and glare
is reduced to minimum.
* It is particularly used where shadows are to be necessarily
removed.
* It is used for decoration purpose in cinemas, theatres and
hotels etc. and in areas where troublesome shadows are
produced if direct light in lighting is employed.
5.General lighting: - in this scheme lamps made of diffusing
glass are used, which gives nearly equal illumination in all
directions.
 * Design of lighting schemes

The lighting scheme should be such that it may provide:

I. Adequate illumination
II. Light distribution all over the working plane as uniform as possible
III. Light of suitable color.
IV. Avoid glare and hard shadows as far as possible
 * Cont…
* In designing a good lighting scheme which fulfills the above requirements, we
have to consider:
i. The intensity of illumination required
ii. The selection of the required lamps and fittings
iii. The size of the room
iv. The conditions under which the illumination is used etc.
The following are some of the conditions that should be considered when the
illuminations are used:
 * Utilization Factor (ηβ)
 the whole light radiated by the lamps doesn’t reach the working
plane. The ratio of lumens reaching the working plane to the total light
given out by the lamp or lamps, when the installation is new, is known
as utilization factor or coefficient of utilization. The value of utilization
factor depends upon :
i) The mounting height of lamps
ii) Area to be illuminated
iii) Type of lighting scheme
iv) Color of the surrounding, etc.
Spacing Luminaries:- correct spacing is of great importance to
provide uniform illumination over the whole area.
* The ratio of the horizontal spacing between rows to the height of
the luminaries above the working plane, called space to height ratio,
depends quite on luminous output, type of lighting scheme and
on the extent of candlepower distribution curve of the luminaries.
* Mounting height is largely governed by the type of the building and type of
lighting scheme employed
Color of Surrounding Walls: - the illumination in a room depends upon the
light reflected from walls and ceilings. White walls and ceilings reflect more
light as compared to colored ones.
 * Maintenance Factor
* Maintenance Factor - as we are to continue to use the installation, the
illumination produced considerably decreases due to ageing of the lamps and
accumulation of dusts on the lamps, reflectors, ceiling and walls.
* Its value is more if there is much as the ageing problem increases, etc. The
value is mostly ranges between 0.8 and 1.
* The other term used is depreciation factor, which is merely the inverse of the
maintenance factor. Its value is more than unity.
1.5 Illumination design and calculation
* In order to estimate the number and the type of light fittings required to suit
a particular environment,
* it is necessary to know what level of luminance is required,
* the area to be illuminated, the maintenance factor and the coefficient of
utilization, and the efficiency of the lamps to be used.
* A number of methods have been employed for lighting calculations among
which may be mentioned:
1. Watts per square meter method
2. Lumen or Light flux method
 * Watts per Square Meter method

* Watts per Square Meter method: - applicable for rough

calculations.
* It consists in making an allowance of watts per square
meter of area to be illuminated accordingly to the
illumination desired on the assumption of the average
figure of an overall efficiency of the system.
* According to NEC 220- standard illumination is about 3
watt per ft2.
Example: - A house has an external dimension of 30ft by 50ft. If an 80w
fluorescent lamps, and 220V supply is used, determine the size of the service
wire and the number of lamps required.
Solution:
* A = 30ft X 50ft = 1500ft2
* Total wattage required = 1500 X 3w = 4500w ⇒ 4.5Kw
* No of lamps required = 4.5Kw/80w = 56.1 ⇒ 56 lamps - each 80w
* Current carrying capacity = 4.5Kw/220V = 20.5A
* Therefore, the size of the cable will be conductor if there is no any
correction factor.
 * Lumen or Light flux method
* Lumen or Light flux method: - it is the most advisable method to be used.
* Lumens' reaching the working plane is calculated as:
Worked examples
*THANK YOU !