LIGHTING

Lighting is the deliberate use of light to achieve a practical or aesthetic effect. It includes the use of both
artificial light sources and Natural light.

The purpose of lighting is to:

 Ensure the safety of people.

 Ensure the safety of properties (Security Lighting).
 Provide the facility to perform visual tasks.
 Create a pleasant visual environment

 Illumination produced from a light source perpendicular to the surface:

E = I/ d2
E = illumination on surface (Iux)
I = Illumination intensity from source (cd)
d = distance from light source to surface (m).

 Illumination produced from a light source not perpendicular to the surface

Definitions and units of measurement

 Luminous intensity - candela (cd), a measurement of the magnitude of luminance or light
reflected from a surface, i.e. cd/m2.
 Luminous flux - lumen (lm), a measurement of the visible light energy emitted.
 Illuminance - Lumens per square metre (lm/m2) or lux (lx), a measure of the light falling on a
surface.
 Efficacy - efficiency of lamps in lumens per watt (lm/W).
 Luminous efficacy = Luminous flux output / Electrical power input.
 Glare index - a numerical comparison ranging from about 10 for shaded light to about 30 for an
exposed lamp. Calculated by considering the light source size, location, luminances and effect of
its surroundings.
It occurs when part of an interior is much brighter than general brightness in the interior. Have
two effects:.
-Can reduce the vision level (Disability glare).
-Can discomfort the vision (Discomfort glare).
 Lighting control objectives:
 to maximise daylight.
 to avoid unnecessary use of artificial lighting when spaces are unoccupied.

Control facilities:
 Local easily accessible manual switches or remote devices including infra-red transmitters, sonic,
ultra-sonic and telecommunication controls.
 Time switches as appropriate to occupancy.
 Photo-electric light metering switches.
 Automatic infra-red sensor switches which detect the absence or presence of occupants.

Permanent Supplementary Lighting of Interiors

Illumination of building interiors is a very important factor for designers. This will relate to user
convenience and visual impact of the building. Overall considerations fall into three categories:

A - daylighting alone, in which the window area occupies about 80% of the facades
B - permanent supplementary artificial lighting of interiors, in which the window area is about 20% of
the facades
C - permanent artificial lighting of interiors in which there are no windows.

DAYLIGHTING
The daylight received inside a building can be expressed as `the ratio of the illumination at the working
point indoors, to the total light available simultaneously outdoors'. This can also be expressed as a
percentage and it is known as the `daylight factor'.

The daylight factor includes light from:

. Sky component - light received directly from the sky
. External reflected component - light received from exterior reflecting surfaces.
. Internal reflected component - light received from internal reflecting surfaces.

If equal daylight factor contours are drawn for a room, they will indicate how daylighting falls as
distance increases from a window.
 ELECTRIC LAMPS

Filament lamps
The tungsten iodine lamp is used for floodlighting. Evaporation from the filament is controlled by the
presence of iodine vapour. The gas-filled, general-purpose filament lamp has a fine tungsten wire sealed
within a glass bulb. The wire is heated to incandescence (white heat) by the passage of an electric
current.
Discharge lamps
These do not have a filament, but produce light by excitation of a gas. When voltage is applied to the
two electrodes, ionisation occurs until a critical value is reached when current flows between them. As
the temperature rises, the mercury vaporises and electrical discharge between the main electrodes
causes light to be emitted.
Fluorescent tube
This is a low pressure variation of the mercury discharge lamp. Energised mercury atoms emit ultra-
violet radiation and a blue/green light. The tube is coated internally with a fluorescent powder which
absorbs the ultra-violet light and reradiates it as visible light.
Fluorescent tube (efficacy = 20–60 lm/W)

Fittings for lighting may be considered in three categories:

1. General utility - designed to be effective, functional and economic.
2. Special - usually provided with optical arrangements such as lenses or reflectors to give directional
lighting.
3. Decorative - designed to be aesthetically pleasing or to provide a feature, rather than to be functional.

From an optical perspective, the fitting should obscure the lamp from the discomfort of direct vision to
reduce the impact of glare.

Heat dissipation
Only a small proportion of the energy in a light fitting is converted into light. All the energy dissipated is
a measure of heat.
High levels of artificial lighting can make a significant contribution to the heating load of a building. This
may be useful in winter, but at other times it can cause an overheating problem.
 A possible solution is the use of ventilated fittings.

 Some 40-50% of the lighting heat energy can be directed through a controlled extract or
preferably recycled through a heat exchanger. Also, the cooling effect on the light fitting should
contribute to its life expectancy

The lumen method of lighting design is used to determine a lighting layout that will provide a design
maintained illuminance. It is valid if the luminaires are mounted above the working plane in a regular
pattern.
The method uses the formula: N = (E х A) ÷ (F х U х M).
N = number of lamps
E = average illuminance on the working plane (lux)
A = area of the working plane (m2)
F = flux from one lamp (lumens)
U = utilisation factor
M = maintenance factor.

The utilisation factor (U) is the ratio of the lumens received on the working plane to the total flux
output of lamps in the scheme. The maintenance factor (M) is a ratio which takes into account the light
lost due to an average expectation of dirtiness of light fittings and surfaces.
Spacing-to-height ratio (SHR) is the centre-to-centre (S) distance between adjacent luminaires to their
mounting height (H) above the working plane.