NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

RAIPUR
Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India

LAB RECORD
Optical Communication Lab

PALAK SINGH
Roll No: 20116905
SEMESTER: VIITH

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO: DR. BIJAYANANDA PATNAIK

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
ENGINEERING

1
 INDEX
NAME OF
EXPERIMENT PAGE FACULTY DATE OF
THE REMARKS
NO. NO. SIGNATUE SUBMISSION
EXPERIMENT

Design and
analysis of
1 Optical Fiber 03-07
using Opti
system Software
Setup of Analog
2 and Digital link 08-10
in Optisystem
To plot the V-I
characteristics
of
3.a PIN diode for 11-15
laser sources of
different
wavelengths.
To plot the P-I
(Power-Current)
characteristics
3.b of a PIN diode 16-19
for laser sources
of different
wavelengths.
To plot the BER
(Bit Error Rate)
vs LASER
Power graph for
4 20-26
fiber optics and
Free Space
Optics (FSO)
channels
To design the 4-
channel WDM
5 system and 27-30
analysis using
optisystem
To measure to
the numerical
6 31-33
aperture (NA)
of the fiber.

2
 To measure and
study the
7 frequency 34-37
modulation of
the fiber.

3
EXPERIMENT V

Aim: To design the 4-channel WDM system and analysis using optisystem.
Software Used: Opti system 7.0
Theory: Wavelength division multiplexing, WDM, is a technology that increases
bandwidth by allowing different data streams at different frequencies to be sent
simultaneously over a single optical fiber network. In this way, WDM
maximizes the usefulness of fiber and helps optimize network investments.

The foundation of WDM lies in the ability to send different data types over fiber
networks in the form of light. Using a fiber optic cable as a “single lane road” is
wasteful. Instead, by allowing different light channels, each with a unique
wavelength, to be sent simultaneously over an optical fiber network as a multi-
lane highway, a single virtual fiber network is created. Signals at WDM
wavelengths are independent from each other.

In this way WDM increases the bandwidth and maximizes the usefulness of fiber,
expanding capacity without building new infrastructure. Fiber rental or purchase
represents a significant share of networking costs so using an existing fiber to
transport multiple traffic channels can generate substantial savings.

Procedure:
1. Make the necessary connections according to the circuit diagram.
2. Set the laser power at 3 dbm and wavelength of 4 channels as 1549 nm,
1550 nm, 1551 nm, 1552 nm.
3. Analyze BER versus LASER Power for Fiber Optics channel.
4. Analyze BER versus LASER Power for Free Space Optics channel.

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Circuit Diagram:

Observation Table:

Distance BER 1 BER 2 BER 3 BER4

50 0 0 0 0
70 0 0 0 0
90 1.17E-296 0 0 1.907E-278
100 5.22E-123 1.18E-147 2.59E-128 3.34E-137
120 1.29E-24 5.61E-27 3.64E-25 6.74E-22
125 3.32E-16 6.28E-18 2.17E-16 3.38E-15
132 4.8E-9 2.27E-9 1.28E-9 1.55E-9
135 2.41E-7 1.84E-8 3.93E-8 9.83E-7
140 3.17E-5 4.81E-6 8.83E-6 8.37E-5

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Plots:

BER-1

BER-1 vs Distance
BER -2

BER-2 vs Distance

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 BER -3

BER-3 vs Distance
BER -4

BER-4 vs Distance
Results:
We have successfully designed the 4 channel WDM system in the optisystem and
have analysed the BER vs Distance plot for all the four channels respectively.

Conclusion:
It is evident from the observations and plots that the BER increases with the
increase in distance and we have successfully multiplexed the 4 channel wdm
system.

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EXPERIMENT VI

Aim: The objective of this experiment is to measure to the Numerical Aperture

(NA) of the fiber.
Software Used: ST2502 trainer with supply cord, Sine wave generator/pulse
generator, emitter circuits, detector circuits, comparator circuits, amplifiers,
CRO, patch cables, BNC cables, fiber optic cable,power supply, Numerical
aperture measurement jig, etc.
Theory: Numerical aperture refers to the maximum angle at which the light
incident on the fiber end is totally internally reflected and is transmitted properly
along the fiber. The cone formed by the rotation of this angle along the axis of
the fiber is the cone of acceptance of the fiber. The light ray should strike the
fiber end within its cone of acceptance else it is refracted out of the fiber.

It is very important that the optical source should be properly aligned with the
cable and the distance from the launched point & cable be properly selected to
ensure that the maximum amount of optical power is transferred to the cable.

Procedure:
(i). Connect power supply to the board
(ii). Connect the frequency generator's 1 KHz sine wave output to input of emitter
1 circuit. Adjust its amplitude at 5 V p-p.
(iii). Connect one end of fiber cable to the output socket of emitter 1 circuit and
the other end to the Numerical aperture measurement jig. Hold the white screen
facing the fibre such that its cut face is perpendicular to the axis of the fibre.
(iv). Hold the white screen with 4 concentric circles ( 10,15,20 & 25mm diameter
)vertically at a suitable distance to make the red spot from the fiber coincide with
10 mm circle.
(v). Record the distance of screen from the fiber end L and note the diameter W of
the spot.
(vi). Compute the numerical aperture from the formula given below
𝑊
𝑁. 𝐴. = = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
√4𝐿 + 𝑊
(vii). Vary the distance between in screen and fiber optic cable and make it
coincide max with one of the concentric circles. Note its distance.
(viii). Tabulate the various distances and diameter of the circles made on the
white screen and compute the numerical aperture from the formula given above.

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Circuit Diagram:

32
Observation Table:

W/2 𝑾
L (cm) W (mm) 𝜽 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟏 ( ) N.A. =SIN 𝜽
(mm) 𝟐𝑳
1.5 10 5 18.43 0.32
1.8 15 7.5 22.61 0.38
2.4 20 10 22.61 0.38
3.1 25 12.5 21.96 0.37

Result: The Numerical aperture of the fiber as calculated from the

observation table is 0.36 (average NA).

Conclusion: The N.A, recorded in the manufacturer's data sheet is 0.5 typical. The
variation in the observation is due to fiber being under filled. The acceptance angle
is given by 2 sin θ.

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EXPERIMENT VII

Aim: To study Frequency Modulation (FM)

Software Used: ST2502 Fiber Optics Trainer with supply cord, power supply,
optical fiber cable.
Theory: In the traditional form of FM, the carrier frequency is changed or
modulated by the amplitude of the analog signal. In a fiber optic system this is
not feasible since both our light sources, the LED, and the LASER, are fixed
frequency devices. In fiber optic systems, FM is achieved by using the original
analog input signal to vary the frequency of a train of digital pulses.

This is achieved by a circuit called Voltage Controlled Oscillator usually

abbreviated as VCO. The digital pulses are communicated through the optic fiber
and squared up at the receiver by a comparator in the same way as it was in
amplitude modulation system.

At this point we convert the digital train back to the original analog signal by
means of the Phase Locked Loop Detector (PLL). The PLL circuit performs a
very simple function. It monitors an incoming signal and produces a DC voltage
output. If the input frequency increases, the DC voltage increases. If the
frequency decreases, the DC voltage decreases. In this way the original analog
signal is recovered. The output of the PLL contains any unwanted frequency
components. These are removed by a Low Pass Filter and then finally the signal
is amplified to the desired level.

Procedure:

1. Connect power supply to the board.

2. Ensure that all switched faults are OFF.
3. Make the following connections as shown in the diagram:
 Connect Function generator 1khz sinewave signal to
frequency modulator input.
 Frequency modulator output t p 2 to the emitter 1 input at 1 p 5.
 Connect the optic fiber between the emitter 1 circuit and
the detector 1 circuit.
 Detector 1 output t p 10 to comparator I input at t p 14.
 Comparator l output t p 15 to the PLL detector input at t p 23.
 PLL detector output at t p 26 to the low pass filter 1 input at t p
19
 Low Pass Filter 1 output t p 20 to AC Amplifier 1 input at t p 27

34
4. Switch emitter 1's driver to digital mode. This ensures that fast changing
digital signal applied to the drivers input causes the emitter LED to switch
quickly between ON & OFF states.
5. Turn the 1KHz preset in the function generator block to fully
anticlockwise (zero amplitude) position.
6. Switch ON the power supply.
7. Monitor the output of the voltage-controlled oscillators (VCO) in the
frequency modulator block t p 2 Note that the frequency of this digital
signal is at present constant, since the modulating 1 KHz sinewave has
zero amplitude.
8. Examine the output of Detector 1 (t.p. 10 and check that the transmitted
digital pulses are successfully detected at the receiver
9. With the help of dual trace oscilloscope monitor both inputs to
comparator 1. Now adjust the bias 1 preset until the bias input at t p 13 is
halfway between the top and bottom of the square wave on t.p. 14. You
will remember that the function of the comparator is to clean up the
square wave after its transmission through the fiber optic link.
10.The output of comparator 1 drives the input of the PLL detector which
produces a signal whose average level is proportional to the frequency of
the digital stream. This average level is then extracted by low pass filter
1, and amplified by A.C. Amplifier 1 to produce the original analog signal
at the amplifiers output t p 28. Examine t p 28 and note that the output
voltage is zero. This is expected since there is currently no modulating
voltage at the transmitter.
11.While monitoring the input to the frequency modulator block t p 1 and
the output from A.C. Amplifier 1 t.p. 28 turn the 1 KHz preset to its fully
clockwise maximum amplitude) position. Note that the modulating 1KHz
signal now appears at the amplifiers output. If necessary, adjust the
amplifiers gain adjust 1 preset until the two monitored signal are equal in
amplitude.
12.To fully understand how this frequency modulation transmitter / receiver
system works, examine the inputs and outputs of all functional blocks
within the system, using an oscilloscope.

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Circuit Diagrams:

Block Diagram

Connection Diagram

36
Observations:

Result and Conclusion: We have studied Frequency Modulation (FM) using fiber
optic link and ST2502 Fiber Optics Trainer and observed the waveforms.

37