VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM INTEGRAL EQ. (Cont.

)
CDEEP
HT Bombay

CE 223 I. niSlido_11_
p(U - u)dy

WEIS 11■1. ■■■ •■•

Conti CI
Surface

Streamline

Boundary layer edge

.v

• The mass inflow through surface AB = p U dy

• The mass outflow across DC = p fo u dy

• The mass leaving BC = p foh (U — u) dy

VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM INTEGRAL EQ. (Cont.)
CDEEP
IIT Bombay

• Using the linear momentum equation, CF 223 11/Slide I 2.

ZI•:, = — Drag force = — D = (p fohu2 dy + p fit U (U — u) dy) — p fon U 2 dy

• On simplification, D = p foi u (U — u) dy

• The above expression is valid for both laminar and turbulent

boundary layers
VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM INTEGRAL EQ. (Cont.)
CDEEP
IIT Bombay

CE 223 I 21/Slidei_
• If To is the boundary shear stress, which varies with
the distance x, the drag experienced by the plate over a
length x can be expressed as

D= to dx

Or, To = = = p f oh u (U — u) dy

To
• Using the definition of 0 , d =
dx p U2

• The above equation represent Von Karman's Momentum

Integral for zero pressure gradient
VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM INTEGRAL EQ. (Cont.)
CDEEP
IIT Bombay

CE 223 L22 iSlide_2_

• When the velocity profile u as a function of y is either

known or measured experimentally, the above equation can
be used to evaluate the drag experienced by the flat plate

• For a boundary layer having a pressure gradient dp/dx, Von

Karman's integral momentum equation take the form
de 1 dU To
+ (20 + St) U =
dx U dxp U2
APPLICATION OF VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM
C DEEP
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS IIT Bombay

CL 223 L 28/Slide 3

• Assume the velocity distribution in a non-dimensional form

as

- it; = f =f )

• A variety of functions for f(q) may be selected as long as u

= 0 at y = u = U at y = 6 and =
y a
au
0 at y = 6 are satisfied

• Let, f(n) = a + bri + cri2

APPLICATION OF VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM
CDEEP
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS IIT Bombay

CE 223 L 22/91(104

• The condition f = 0 for q = 0, gives the coefficient a = 0.

From the condition f = 1 at q = 1, we have
1= b + c
df
• Applying the third boundary condition —
cin
= 0 at n = 1, one

has
0 = b + 2c
• From the above equations, b = 2 and c = -1
APPLICATION OF VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM
CDEEP
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS (Cont.) IIT Bombay

CC 223 LZSySlide 5
• Hence the required function is

= f(n) = 2 T/ — 77 2
• From the definition of the momentum thickness e
2
= 10 f ( 1— f') d71 = fol (2n — 71 2 )(1 — 2n + n 2 ) dn = 15

dO 2 do
dx 15 dx

• From Karman's integral momentum equation

2 de 2 2 di5
To—
= 15 dx
APPLICATION OF VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM
CDEEP
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS (Cont.) IIT Bombay

CE 223 I aiSlicie _

• Applying Newton's law of viscosity, the wall shear can be

expressed as
µU
= E. c
To 11 ) y=0 =
, 31 )n=0 = µ
s (2 — 271) =2
• Equating the above two equations for To , we have
15 do = 15 µ dx
pU

• Or, on integration of the above equation

62
-2- = 15—u X+C p
APPLICATION OF VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM
CDEEP
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS (Cont.) IIT Bombay

CI - 223 I L o /Shdea

• The constant of integration C = 0 since the boundary layer

thickness 6 is zero at x = 0
• Therefore,

117
= 5.477 - x2
u

• In the non-dimensional form the boundary layer thickness is

expressed as

5.477
= 5.477 =
x Ux y R ex
APPLICATION OF VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM
CDEEP
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS (Cont.) IIT Bombay

CF 223 I Zi/SlideiL

3
n itU = 2/II/ =
• The wall shear T = z t
0.343 Rin
v x
5.477 FU x 2
• Therefore, the local coefficient of skin friction
3
r to 2x0.343 x u2 0.686
U2 p U2 x vx Rex

• The total drag force acting per unit width of a flat plate of
length L in the direction of flow can be obtained by
integrating the contributions of the local wall shear stress
APPLICATION OF VON-KARMAN'S MOMENTUM
CDEEP
INTEGRAL EQUATIONS (Cont.) IIT Bombay

3 CL 223 I. 28 /slide 9
• Total drag, D = Joli To (1- x dx) = fold 0.343 vv
11,
u2 dx
x
:3
p U2
„73
= 0.686 [xV(i = 0.686 r= Lz
\IV

• By definition, the coefficient of frictional drag

Cdi =
-

2
p U 2 (1, x )
=
r
1.372
= 1.372
Ret

• If the plate -Reynolds number (R eL (= UL/v) is less than

2x10 5 , the boundary layer is laminar over the entire length
of the plate and above Eq. can be applied to find the drag
force acting on it
BOUNDARY LAYER ON A FLAT PLATE
CDEEP
HT Bombay

ar 223 L2R /Slide 10

Laminar Transition Turbulent

U ■■ 101

Laminar
sub-layer

•••••■•MALIII.
------
j
Ind
4",••••••• AneMewlwIenjo•Inre olow.e.e

lit••••••-•-•• 4•••••••••••-.-

Wall shear To