Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Method of assessment
Unit in brief
Learners study the purpose and importance of personal and business finance. They
will develop the skills and knowledge needed to understand, analyse and prepare
financial information.
Unit introduction
This unit includes aspects of both personal and business finance. Personal finance
involves the understanding of why money is important and how managing your
money can help prevent future financial difficulties. It is vital you understand the
financial decisions you will need to take throughout your life and how risk can affect
you and your choices. This unit will also give you an insight into where you can get
financial advice and support.
The business finance aspects of the unit introduce you to accounting terminology,
the purpose and importance of business accounts and the different sources of
finance available to businesses. Planning tools, such as cash flow forecasts and
break-even, will be prepared and analysed. Measuring the financial performance of a
business will require you to prepare and analyse statements of comprehensive
income and statements of financial position.
This unit will provide a foundation for a number of other finance and business units
and will help you to analyse profitability, liquidity and business efficiency. It will give
you the knowledge and understanding to manage your personal finances and will
give you a background to business finance and accounting as you progress to
employment or further training.
Summary of assessment
This unit is assessed by a written examination set by Pearson. The examination will
be two hours in length. The number of marks for the examination is 80. (Section A
contains questions on the personal finance unit content and approximately one-third
of the marks, and Section B contains questions on the business finance unit content
and approximately two-thirds of the marks).
AO3 Analyse business and personal financial information and data, demonstrating
the ability to interpret the potential impact and outcome in context Command words:
analyse, assess, discuss, evaluate Marks: ranges from 6 to 12 marks.
AO4 Evaluate how financial information and data can be used, and interrelate, in
order to justify conclusions related to business and personal finance Command
words: analyse, assess, discuss, evaluate Marks: ranges from 6 to 12 marks.
Trading would take place for goods with another form of currency.
Trading would be a way people could pay for things, such as trading cooking
lessons for driving lessons as people want to learn things that others can do.
Unit of account
Means of exchange
Legal tender
Store of value
If parents & guardians are the ones where financial education comes from, assess
the limitations this has and what can be done to improve financial education.
I believe that I would have a large amount of money saved as my parents always have a savings
account that money goes into every month.
From different stages people want different things, as a child, children want toys and
games this means that they are not in need of a lot of money and parents will
probably pay for what they need and want.
When moving up ages to around being an adolescence people at this are most
likely to want clothes and phones this implies that they are either still dependent on
their parents or have a source of income from a job or other forms of income.
As an adolescence becomes a young adult, they begin to want more practical things
such as a means of travel such as a car or motorbike, this means they will no longer
rely on their parents. This therefore implies that they will not be dependent on
anyone apart from their selves and will most likely have a job.
When someone is middle aged, they may want to buy their own home. This means
that they will most probably have a career or profession and have a potential to be
dependent on a spouse.
As a person becomes elderly, they will want to retire. This implies that they will want
to claim their pension and relax without doing anything and will be dependent on the
pension that they have saved..
Explain the financial needs of someone in the young adult life stage.
Someone at the young adult stage will need a source of income, this is because they may need to
pay for something such as a car or motorbike. Another reason why they may need a source of
income is for university fees is they are starting at university.
At an old age their finances would mainly come from their pension and would not be working as
they will be living from a pension, they downsize house to something like a bungalow to keep a
higher amount of money in their pension. As their money is limited, they would not spend a lot of
money on non-essentials.
What are the implications of some at the old age stage of their life when it comes to
finances?
Someone in the childhood stage would only be dependent on parents as they would not be old
enough to get a job. They would have a source of income such as pocket money that they would use
to buy products they want rather than need.
Compare the needs of someone in the childhood stage of their life compared with
the middle age stage.
Someone who is young needs money from their parents whereas someone who is middle aged
6|Page Teacher: Teresa George(TMG)
would want a new home. A child will need to have new toys and sweets whereas someone middle
Exam Date: Thursday 16th May
aged would want a new car or motorbike.
2024
Assess the needs and implications of someone in the childhood life stage.
Someone who is in the childhood life stage they would need everything paying for by a parent like
the clothes on their back. Children may get a form of income such as pocket money and this is most
probably their only source of income. Children would not need to worry about paying for anything
like bills as they are not old enough to be charged for it. Children when getting older may be told to
start saving like putting money away and creating a larger sum. Children will spend their money
often on none essentials such as sweets and toys whereas if they were older, they would spend it on
shopping.
This is not healthy as I have no money left over. A reason this is not healthy is because I may have
an emergency like my car breaking down, this means I would be without a car until the next month.
Assess what would happen to you if any income you have stopped
If any of your income was to stop you would have to rethink everything that you are currently
paying for. You would have to stop paying for non-essentials and focus on the bills that you need.
Also you may get put into debt if it was a large source of income, this is because you wouldn’t be
able to pay for things such as home bills or car bills.
Suggest how your expenses and income will change as you progress through your
life.
As you progress through life you will see different amounts of income if you get a promotion your
wage from your job may increase. This could therefore make you increase your expenses, and you
can do this more comfortably. There for the overall amount of expenses and income will have
increased.
- To control costs
- Remain solvent
- Avoid bankruptcy
8- | P a gGenerate
e income and savings Teacher: Teresa George(TMG)
Exam Date: Thursday 16th May
- Ser financial targets and goals
2024
- Provide insurance against loss or illness
One benefit of managing money is you will have surplus money to save this means that you will have plenty of
money in case of an emergency. A risk of not managing money is that you would be unable to pay bills; if you
cannot pay your bills then you won’t be able to live in your home due to the reason that you don’t have
enough money to pay for it. This is negative because you could end up homeless.
Another benefit is that savings can provide security, having security with your money is good because you can
buy something without having to worry about if you will have enough for other things. A risk could be that
you may have a poor credit rating so that you cannot borrow; you may need to borrow money at one point in
your life, you may want to borrow money for a mortgage, and you wouldn’t be able to due to your poor credit
and this could leave you never being able to buy a home.
A third reason managing money is a benefit is you will have a good credit rating. This is a benefit because you
will be able to get loans for different things such as a car, you may need to borrow some money to be able to
buy a car. If you have a good credit rating the banks can trust you to borrow money and pay them back. A risk
Using the benefits and risks evaluate the importance of managing personal finances.
of not managing money is you will not have any savings or security, this is a negative because if you have no
savings then you may not be able to pay for things in an emergency like if your car breaks down and you need
a certain amount of money to get it repaired without savings you would not be able to pay for your car to be
repaired. This would result in you not being able to get around.
A final reason that managing money is a benefit is that you will avoid debt. This a benefit because you will not
have to worry about things that may affect your life badly. Being debt free means that you can live
comfortably and worry free. A final risk of not managing your money is that you could get in debt, this is a
problem because you may not be able to get out of debt and will overall affect your entire finances.
Therefore, managing money can either put you in a good place financially or a bad place.
One common principle when planning personal finance is making sure you have money left over at
the end of the month to pay for things that may come unexpectedly. Another common principle is to
save money, this is so that you can have an emergency fund in case of something that can be
expensive.
I use card payments the most, this is because I can see how much money I
have left without having to count how much change I have. Another reason I
use card payments is because I can see where and when I have paid for
whatever I paid for. This is good because if I need to check where or when I
bought something I ca just go into my mobile banking app and check and this
makes managing my own personal finance a lot easier.
O N Y S C S P I Y P H K U C B J B F R H R L C S
U L H S J Z W W D R G T G Z K O G R E P D L A C
T M S T B B X D A E P O B G L U G C F M C L U P
O K A O H C S T H P K V P J X K G O S R O J Y V
N Q C R M G E N W A I R W W W W Q N N D W Q V M
S Q F E N I G G B I M R S H O K C T A O S X D F
D P M C I J R M Y D S O W E G R A A R U K H J B
I M F A W I A U C C O F B W E D Q C T A I O Q G
R L U R D A A Q H A X U H D R C K T C L F W N F
E P H D C T Y N F R H F R A H B J L I Y D K Q X
C C F S I V Q S Z D E O C A P A V E N I W I E Y
T U N V V G I P W S G T R I M U Q S O A B I E F
D A A H Y U U H C N I G E X A N U S R Q X A A K
E R L S L L S F I B E B I N W P B C T T G L C A
B S S L D M Q D E C E X S V H X Y A C P O Y A S
I Z W E K Y N D A H C P M U U H Z R E K T O V H
T T D N Q A U R L F S L G U J N E D L U U P D L
U G R Y T U D F C E G O Q T Q T D S E X K F X O
J Q N S H S R W P F D X C N G E T I Y R D T C H
A debit card is linked to your bank account. It is usually your money that you are using or
withdrawing, unless you have an overdraft, which is a type of credit linked to your account. A credit
card is a standalone account giving you access to a pre-agreed credit limit.
14 | P a g e Teacher: Teresa George(TMG)
Exam Date: Thursday 16th May
2024
Explain the benefits of using BACS as a method of payment
A benefit of using BACS is that there is a guaranteed instant payment within 2 hours, this is a benefit
because you may need the money quickly, without the fast payment time you may lose out on
opportunities therefore it is good to have such a fast payment time.
Assess the benefits & drawbacks of using cash to pay for goods and services
A benefit of using cash to pay for goods and services is that you can spend money more wisely. This is
because you can see how much cash you have left this means you can manage your money better and not
overspend. Another benefit is that you cannot be affected by a minimum spend, when there is a minimum
spend you often just spend that little bit extra to get what you want, but with cash you do not have this
problem as there is not a minimum spend with cash. A drawback of using cash is that you could lose your
money, this is a drawback because unlike using a bank account or other source of online currency your
money cannot be lost. If you lose your money then there is nothing that you can do. Another drawback is
that you may lose money, this is as cash doesn’t get an interest rate whereas when money is in a bank
account you may have an interest rate that can increase the amount you have, cash can not do this.
Scenario
Jason’s goes on holiday next week and cannot decide what payment method to use
whilst on holiday. He has £1000 in spending money.
Argue whether he should use cash, debit card or credit card to pay for goods and
services whilst on holiday.
Jason should use a debit card as his method of payment over cash or credit card, I think this for
different reasons. One reason why debit card is better than cash is that it you wont have to convert
your money into the currency used wherever Jason is going, if Jason was to use cash then he would
have to spend extra time exchanging money when he could be doing something better with his time.
Another reason that debit card is better than cash is that his money could not be lost, cash can be
15 | Plost
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Debit card does not have this issue because all your money is kept inside an account online and have
zero chance of getting lost.
A reason why Jason should use debit card over credit card is that he could overspend, and the Interest
Could you answer these questions if different methods of payment came up?
A current account is a type of bank account that keeps your money secure and helps you manage your
finances. Most banks offer a range of different current accounts as they all have different features
therefore customer can find an account that suits them.
16 | P a g e Teacher: Teresa George(TMG)
Exam Date: Thursday 16th May
2024
Common features of a current account are…
Paying money in (wages), paying money out (bills, direct debit), overdraft, Interest paid on positive
balances, interest charged on negative balances, additional extras
Account 1:
Account 3:
Misha has a well-paying career, husband and 2 teenage children. They enjoy going
on holiday abroad twice a year, have two cars and eat out often.
Assess the three account and justify which one would be suitable for Misha.
I think that the platinum account would be the best for Misha as she has two cars, as a platinum
account offers breakdown cover. This is suitable for Misha because if either of their cars were to
breakdown, they have coverage as a part of the platinum account. Another reason why it is suitable is
because they also offer worldwide travel insurance and it is stated that she goes on holiday abroad
twice a year, this means if there was something to happen to her on holiday then she would be fully
covered by the platinum account. Also, as she eats out often there is an offer apart of the platinum
account that gives you up to 15% cashback when paying on debit or credit card at a range of high
street shops and restaurants, and as she often eats out then this will benefit her. Therefore, the
platinum account would be best suited to Misha.
Scenario 2
Murray has a full-time job and lives alone. He is a part time studying a university
degree. He travels to university once a week by train and very rarely eats out. His
finances are good and has paid for his university fees with a student loan.
Assess the three accounts and justify which one would be most appropriate for
Murray.
Murray would be best suited with a student account because as he is a student the account is
designed to be in his best interest. As Murray is a student he may not have a suitable income for
himself, with the student account you can get an overdraft of up to £2000 which is ideal for a student
as they may not be able to keep his full-time job as he may need to study more than he had
previously, this would leave him needing money that could be received in an overdraft. Another
benefit of the overdraft is that there is no interest needed to be paid on them, this would mean that
Murray would only be paying back however much he originally had.
Kara is a full-time student and lives in student halls. She has no income except
for £200 a month from parents. She enjoys socialising and has a lot of friends
at university.
Assess the three accounts and justify which one would be most appropriate for Kara.
Kara like Murray would also be best suited with a student account as she has very little income, getting
only £200 a month from her parents. With a student account she wouldn’t have to worry about paying
interest back on an overdraft and this would be an ideal for her. As she doesn’t have a sustainable
source of income this student account would be ideal as there are no annual costs meaning she can use
her account free everyday. Therefore, a student account would be the best for Kara.
Accounts available:
Evaluate the different current accounts available to Yasmin and recommend which
type of current account would be best for her to open.
The ‘123 Student’ account may not be ideal as you must pay £50 into the account every
month, Yasmin may not have this amount every month as she doesn’t work at the
moment but this account could be a possibility in the future as it has perks such as Bose
headphones which she could use to listen to music while working to help her concentrate
and the rail card that would help her get to places a lot easier assuming she doesn’t drive
or get a lift.
The ‘Unwise’ account would be a terrible choice as Yasmin could have up to £4000 in
an overdraft and could very easily get her into debt and this is a concern of her parents.
Although with this account she gets a laptop when signing up for the account that she
could do her work on could be useful, also similarly to the ‘123 Student’ account they
offer a rail card that can be used to travel for free so this could benefit Yasmin. This
account could be ideal if Yasmin got a part time job because she would not have to
completely rely on her overdraft.
The next account is the ‘Student Smart’ account, this account has a low interest on credit
being only 1% this could be good for Yasmin as she wouldn’t have to pay much back on
credit. Also with this account there are two perks, they are a Food Card and breakdown
cover, with the food card Yasmin could manage her finances better as she can decide
how much to put on per day or week so she isn’t overspending.
Standard
23 | P a g e Teacher: Teresa George(TMG)
Packaged Exam Date: Thursday 16th May
2024
Basic
Describe who a basic current account would be suitable for
People who are eligible for a standard account, like people who have poor credit history.
Explain the key features of a student current account stating why these are useful for
students
One feature is online banking, this is useful for student as they have many lessons and may not be able
to go visit a bank machine. This is useful because they don’t have to waste time going to bank machines
and can study more.
A second feature is overdraft facilities is useful as they may need some extra cash one month. Having
an overdraft can give a student more freedom to do things that they need to do.
Activity 19 – Borrowing
Before we discuss the types of borrowing available. We need to see how you feel
about borrowing money.
There are negatives of spending money before you have it, like being in an overdraft if you are in an
overdraft then you may spend more than what you can afford this can lead to you being in debt.
Another negative is you may get a bad credit score if you spend money that you don’t have and you
end up paying late this can also effect you negatively. Although a positive of spending money before
you have it is that you will not miss out on opportunities that you may miss if waiting until you have
the money. Therefore, I agree that you shouldn’t spend money that you do not have as there can be
many negative effects because of it.
1. Personal loan
2. Business loan
3. Credit card
4. Overdraft
5. Mortgage
6. Payday loans
1 2
Across Down
4. Withdraw money that you don't have from a 1. Purchase an item in regular instalments. Item
current account & is suitable to meet short term remains property of the seller until all payment are
needs made.
5. Long term loan to fund the purchase of assets. 2. Borrow a set amount of money for a specific
Paid back over a long period of time (25 years). purpose. Purchase items of higher value with
6. Short term source of finance to bridge the gap regular payments
between wages. Suitable in emergencies at very 3. Goods are paid for by card. Paid at the end of a
high interest rates. set period when a statement is issued. A minimum
payment can be paid or the full amount.
This can be in any format you wish but should include at least the following:
Personal loan - an unsecured credit provided by financial institutions based on criteria like employment
history, repayment capacity, income level, profession and credit history.
Drawbacks - Interest rates can be higher than alternatives, more eligibility requirements, Fees and penalties
can be high
Business loan - a loan product offered to business owners who have a running company but require external
funds for operations.
Positives - Allow you to grow your business, you keep full control of your company, No interference from the
bank
Drawbacks - Interest rates, you can be refused, pay back with interest
Credit card - Credit cards offer you a line of credit that can be used to make purchases, balance transfers
and/or cash advances and requiring that you pay back the loan amount in the future.
Positives - Build a credit history, Rewards and cash back, Emergency funding
When it can be used - when an unexpected expense comes up and you need some time before you can pay it
off
Overdraft - allows you to borrow money using your current account, so you can spend more money than is in
Positives - An overdraft is flexible, it’s quick to arrange, there is not normally a charge for paying off the
overdraft earlier than expected
Drawbacks - Expensive way to borrow, Difficult to get out of debt, your bank can reduce or cancel your
overdraft
When can you use it - overdrafts should only be used for emergencies or as a short-term option.
Mortgage - an agreement between you and a lender that gives the lender the right to take your property if you
fail to repay the money you've borrowed plus interest.
Positives - Makes owning a home possible, Flexibility and choice, long term stability
Drawbacks – Higher interest rate, Loan balance remains higher for longer, Spend more in interest over the life
of the loan
Payday loans – a relatively small amount lent at a high rate of interest on the agreement that it will be repaid
when the borrower receives their next wages.
Drawbacks – Can be expensive, not a solution for large financial issues, They create a cycle of debt
Just when you thought you had read it all about payday loan sharks... 'I
borrowed £100 for a night out and ended up owing £19,000'
Even though he was in financial difficult, firms kept loaning him money
Many payday loan companies use tactics to encourage you to borrow from
them.
High-cost loans were transferred to his bank accounts within minutes following a
text. Loans were approved despite Danny’s overwhelming debts.
Towards the end of last year, he was offered three separate loans totalling £1,240
before he had paid off the first.
Danny, who had kept the mounting debts a secret from his family and friends, says:
‘It’s shocking how easy companies made it for me to borrow more. I was in trouble
and thought these loans would ease the stress. But it never went to plan.’
Danny, now 29, has his debts under control and is set to be clear of them by the time
he is 30.
But experts say his story highlights just how easy payday loan firms make it for
people to rack up expensive debt.
And while Wonga is no more, there are dozens of other firms popping up in its place
with even more ruthless tactics.
Some promise to put money in your account in as little as 90 seconds. Others allow
borrowers to extend their loan just by sending a text message.
The firm, based in north London, says it can send money to your account in 90
seconds and will allow customers to take out multiple loans at a time.
New customers can borrow up to £800, while those returning can get loans of up to
£1,500 over six months. Standard interest rates are 1,333 per cent but can be as
much as 1,721 per cent.
Someone borrowing £200 over six months, for example, would have to pay back more
than £386 including £186 in interest.
Another short-term lender, Oakam, also based in north London, offers borrowers
points for referring friends and for making repayments, which can be turned into cash
or vouchers.
You will also be paid £1 for every friend you invite to take out a loan through Oakam
(up to five a week).
If they apply for a loan, you will get a further £3, plus £10 if they are approved.
The firm, set up in 2006, even rewards you with points for downloading and signing up
for its mobile app.
But it charges up to 1,421 per cent interest on loans. So, if you were to borrow £800
over six months, you’d pay back £1,502.
When you have enough funds, it helps itself to a repayment. Safety Net Credit charges
80p a day per £100 borrowed.
Interest is 68.7 per cent. So, £500 borrowed for a week would cost £28 in interest. The
same overdraft would cost 70p with First Direct.
Ferratum, which was founded in Helsinki and has been operating in the UK since
2011, allows customers to apply for loans of between £50 and £1,000 by text
message which can be approved within an hour. Interest is typically charged at 1,270
pc.
A spokesman for the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) says: ‘Where we see
breaches of our rules, we have a range of powers we can use to ensure people are
being treated fairly and stop further harm. We welcome intelligence of firms failing to
comply with our requirements and we assess all evidence we receive.’
A spokesman for Safety Net Credit says it offers a cheaper alternative to overdrafts
and makes affordability checks. If the credit line becomes hard to manage it says it will
work to resolve the situation.
Frederic Nze, founder of Oakam, says the firm was set up to help those with damaged
credit histories gain access to funds and build better credit.’
Lending Stream says it makes detailed affordability checks. Ferratum did not respond
to requests for comment.
Explain whether you think it is difficult to get approved for a payday loan
I don’t think it is difficult as Danny said that it was easy to borrow more and more money, and this is
what resulted in him being in so much debt.
How long can it take to get approved for a loan via text?
90 seconds
What tactics are payday lenders using to gain more customers and get existing
customers to borrow more?
By extending how long you have to pay your loan back this is interesting more customers to borrow
from them. By doing this their existing customers are most probably having an even longer payback
term.
Generally, Credit cards have an interest rate of around 19%. What are the standard
interest rates for the firm Lending Stream?
1333%
If you borrowed £800 from Oakam how much would you have to pay back over 6
months?
£1502
Using the questions, you have answered above. Evaluate the pros and cons of
using Payday loans as a form of borrowing
A credit card as a form of borrowing is a loan where the money you spend us borrowed from the
card provider. The money you have on a credit card is not your own and must be paid back by the
end of the month. A lender will set you a credit limit and this means that there is a maximum
amount you can borrow.
A32
pro| of
P ausing
g e a credit card is that Teacher: Teresa George(TMG)
Exam Date: Thursday 16th May
A2credit
0 2card
4 is money that you don’t have that the bank loans you that you then pay interest on when you pay back. The first positive
of a credit card is that you have a period of free credit, this is a positive as it helps gain a credit score, and make it better. Another
positive is that they are widely accepted, this means that you could spend with a credit card in a lot of places. A final positive of credit
cards is that they have the ability to be used online, this means that you can spend it basically wherever you like meaning that it is
ideal. The drawbacks of credit cards are Interest can be charged if you don’t not pay your monthly fee meaning that you have to pay
Activity 23 – Borrowing Exam Question
Assess the use of a credit card as a form of borrowing.
How long would it take you to save that amount if you saved £200 a month in a
savings account that paid 1.4%
years
34 | P a g e Teacher: Teresa George(TMG)
Exam Date: Thursday 16th May
2024
How long would it take to save that amount if you achieved 9.8% return in an
investment?
years
What would you earn in the investment in the same amount of time it took you to
achieve the deposit in the savings account?
£
How much money would you have after 25 years if you doubled your contribution
each month from £200 to £400 at 9.8% in an investment?
£
Write down the amount of money you want to enable you to not have to work (retire)
£
How many years will it take to reach your goal if you save £250 a month in cash with
0% interest?
years
How many years will it take to reach your goal if you save £250 a month in a savings
account with 1.4% interest?
years
How many years will it take to reach your goal if you save £250 a month in an
investment returning 9.8% interest?
years
Assess the importance of interest rates in achieving your goals and what you need to
do to achieve your financial goals
Based on your answer above, explain your own attitude to saving and investment
(are you high or low risk?).
Investment
Evaluate which account would be most suited for Georgia in this situation
Car
Home
Travel
Pet
Pet
Ronaldo Legs
Real Madrid was the ones that insured Cristiano Ronaldo’s legs. Explain the benefits
& drawbacks of them doing this.
/20
What areas of Learning Outcome A can you identify as your strengths after playing
the quiz?
How do you plan to develop the areas you have identified to increase your
knowledge and understanding of these topics?
F T F E X K L Q P L I F E E V E N T S R T A T V
K Q X M I S T O R E O F V A L U E D L E I D F L
B B F W Y C C C A Q J W C V W U D G C D I T R R
G V U B V A F W W A I J S Z Q A L B L R V E G D
R A Y J E C N A R U S N I E F I L Q C O C J I A
O M Z D E B I T C A R D I U X G P P V G O N V W
X P P Q P S R W Q S W O P A P I Z G K N N A O O
X N E A D O L E S C E N C E P F S L S I T W O V
F E I R Y X P N J V S E T S T O T T S D R H T Z
A L P M S D A L F W I V U Y B H F B D N O L G D
W J S C K O A Q W F F G T P W M A E N A L S F Y
E D F R K W N Y R Q U H A B J I R D O T C T M H
1 2
5 6
8 9
10
Across Down
5. This is the normal account offered to customers 1. This type of borrowing can encourage
with a reasonable credit rating overspending on consumer goods
7. When these are low people are more willing to 2. This method of payment is convenient as it can
borrow money. When they are high there is more be accessed 24/7
incentive to save. 3. Third party, third party fire and theft and fully
8. Tax is not charged on interest earned in this comprehensive are types of what insurance?
type of saving or investment 4. An advantage of this type of borrowing is that it
9. At this life stage you have; fewer dependents, allows customers to spread the cost of an
may downsize and have fewer financial needs. expensive item over a long period (25 years)
10. This function of money allows us to trade 6. Prices fluctuate, and this investment is
easily and purchase items using money rather considered higher risk
than a barter system