1.

Electrical Welding:
a. Arc Welding:

 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): Also known as stick welding, SMAW
employs a consumable electrode coated in flux. The electric arc forms
between the electrode and the workpiece, creating intense heat and
molten metal, which solidifies to form the weld joint.
 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW/MIG): GMAW utilizes a continuous solid
wire electrode fed through a welding gun, along with a shielding gas (such
as argon or CO2). The electric arc forms between the wire and the
workpiece, melting them and creating a weld pool.
 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW/TIG): TIG welding uses a non-
consumable tungsten electrode and a filler rod. The arc forms between the
tungsten electrode and the workpiece. A separate filler rod, if needed, is
melted into the weld joint.
 Flux-Cored Arc Welding (FCAW): FCAW employs a tubular wire electrode
with flux inside. The electric arc forms between the electrode and the
workpiece, creating a shielded environment. This method is useful for
outdoor welding where wind can blow away shielding gases.

b. Resistance Welding:

 Spot Welding: In spot welding, two or more metal sheets are pressed
together, and an electric current passes through the contact points,
melting them and creating a spot weld.
 Seam Welding: Seam welding is a continuous process where the wheel-
shaped electrode rolls along the joint, creating a series of overlapping spot
welds to form a seam.
 Projection Welding: Projection welding uses specially designed electrodes
to concentrate the welding current into small spots, useful for welding
nuts, bolts, or other projections onto metal parts.
2. Gas Flames:
a. Oxy-Acetylene Welding:

 Oxy-acetylene welding uses a mixture of oxygen and acetylene gases. The

torch combines these gases and ignites them to create a high-temperature
flame, capable of melting various metals. It's versatile and used for both
cutting and welding operations.

3. Plasma Arc:
a. Plasma Arc Welding (PAW):

 Plasma welding employs a constricted arc within a focused stream of

ionized gas (plasma). The high-temperature plasma melts the workpieces,
and a shielding gas protects the molten metal from atmospheric
contamination. PAW offers high precision and control, making it suitable
for intricate welding tasks.

4. Laser Beam:
a. Laser Beam Welding (LBW):

 LBW uses a highly focused laser beam to melt the materials, creating a
narrow, deep weld. It's a non-contact process, providing exceptional
precision and minimal heat-affected zones. LBW is often used in high-tech
industries for delicate and precise welding.

5. Electron Beam:
a. Electron Beam Welding (EBW):

 EBW employs a focused beam of high-velocity electrons to melt the

materials. This process occurs in a vacuum, eliminating the need for
shielding gases. EBW produces deep, narrow welds with minimal
distortion, making it ideal for welding high-strength materials in aerospace
and other critical applications.
6. Friction:
a. Friction Welding:

 Friction welding methods involve rotating or vibrating one component

against another under pressure. This friction generates heat, causing the
materials to become plastic and fuse together when pressure is applied.
Friction welding is advantageous for joining dissimilar materials and
producing high-strength welds.

7. Ultrasound:
a. Ultrasonic Welding:

 Ultrasonic welding uses high-frequency mechanical vibrations (ultrasound)

to create heat at the joint interface. The parts to be welded are placed
under pressure, and the ultrasonic vibrations generate localized heat,
melting the materials and forming a bond. It's commonly used for plastics
and other lightweight materials.

Each welding method has specific advantages and applications, and the
choice of technique depends on factors such as material properties, joint
geometry, required quality, and production efficiency. Proper selection of
the welding process is crucial to achieving high-quality and reliable welds
in various industries.