Name:Shanthraj Selvaraj Guide :Prof.

Ramya I M
USN:1EW17CS133

I
MAGEFORGERYDETECTI
ONUSI
NGMACHI
NELEARNI
NG

Abst
ract
-Thei
nfor
mat
ioni
sshar
ed pr
oofi
ncour
tofl
aw.I
magemani
pul
ati
oni
s
i
nfor
m ofi
mages t
hrough newspaper
s, anyt
ypeofoper
ati
ont
hati
sper
for
medon
magazi
nes,i
nter
net
,orsci
ent
if
icj
our
nal
s. di
git
ali
magesbyusi
nganysof
twar
e,i
tis
Duet
osof
twar
eli
kePhot
oshop,GI
MP,and al
so r
efer
red as i
mage edi
ti
ng. I
mage
Cor
al Dr
aw,i
t becomes v
ery har
d t
o f
orger
yist
he t
echni
que t
o modi
fyt
he
di
ff
erent
iat
e bet
ween or
igi
nali
mage and cont
entofani
magewhi
chcont
radi
ctswi
th
t
amper
ed i
mage.Tr
adi
ti
onalmet
hodsf
or some f
act happened i
n past
.Image
i
mage f
orger
y det
ect
ion most
ly use t
amper
ingi
sat
ypeofi
magef
orger
ywhi
ch
handcr
aft
edf
eat
ures.Thepr
obl
em wi
tht
he r
epl
acessomecont
entofan i
magewi
th
t
radi
ti
onal appr
oaches of det
ect
ion of new cont
ent
.Ift
henew cont
enti
scopi
ed
i
mage t
amper
ing i
sthat most of t
he f
rom t
hesamei
magei
tsel
ftheni
tiscal
l
ed
met
hods can i
dent
if
y a speci
fi
cty
pe of copy
-mov
e t
amper
ing and i
fthe new
t
amper
ingbyi
dent
if
yingacer
tai
nfeat
ures cont
enti
scopi
edf
rom di
ff
erenti
maget
hen
i
nimage.I
nthi
s paper
,we use i
mage i
tis cal
l
ed i
mage spl
i
cing.The i
mage
dat
aset
.The CNN al
gor
it
hm i
s used t
o mani
pul
ati
ondet
ect
ionappr
oachescanbe
pr
edi
ctt
hei
magei
sfor
gedornot
. cl
assi
fi
edi
ntot
wo:
(i)Act
iveand(
ii
)Passi
ve.
I
n act
iveappr
oach,addi
ti
onali
nfor
mat
ion
Key
wor
ds-CNNal
gor
it
hm,
ImageDat
aset
.
(
suchasdi
git
alwat
ermar
k)i
sembeddedi
n
t
he i
mage dur
ing t
he i
mage acqui
sit
ion
st
ageoratsomel
aterst
agebyaut
hor
ized
I
. I
ntr
oduct
ion
per
son.
Nowaday
s,i
mages pl
ay a v
italr
olei
n
sev
eralf
iel
dsl
i
kemedi
cal
,educat
ion,
digi
tal Theact
iveappr
oachusest
hisembedded
f
orensi
cs,spor
ts,sci
ent
if
icr
esear
ch,news i
nfor
mat
ionf
ormani
pul
ati
ondet
ect
ion.The
medi
a,et
c.andt
heyar
eusedasoneoft
he passi
veappr
oachesdonotdependont
he
mai
n sour
ces of i
nfor
mat
ion. Due t
o addi
ti
onali
nfor
mat
ionf
orf
orger
ydet
ect
ion.
sof
twar
eli
kePhot
oshop,GI
MP,Cor
alDr
aw These appr
oaches ar
e al
so r
efer
red as
andandr
oidappl
i
cat
ionsl
i
kephot
ohacker
, “
bli
nd appr
oaches”ast
heappr
oachesdo
i
tisv
eryeasyt
ocr
eat
eaf
orgedi
mage.The notuseaddi
ti
onali
nfor
mat
ionf
orf
orger
y
genui
nenessofi
magebecomesv
erycr
uci
al det
ect
ion.Thepassi
veappr
oachesext
ract
i
nthecaseswher
ethei
magei
susedasa t
hef
eat
uresf
rom t
hei
mageanduset
hese

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3950994

f
eat
uresf
orf
orger
ydet
ect
ion.Thepassi
ve t
amper
ingoper
ati
onsi
sofgr
eati
mpor
tance.
appr
oachescanbecl
assi
fi
ed hef
orger
y Passi
vedi
git
ali
maget
amper
ingdet
ect
ion
t
ypei
ndependentappr
oachesai
mtodet
ect ai
msatv
eri
fyi
ngt
heaut
hent
ici
tyofdi
git
al
ot
herf
orger
iessuchascompr
essi
onand i
mageswi
thoutanyapr
iorknowl
edgeon
r
esampl
i
ng.Passi
vef
orger
yty
pedependent t
he or
igi
nali
mages. Ther
e ar
evar
ious
appr
oaches f
orf
orger
ydet
ect
ion can be met
hods pr
oposed i
nthi
sfi
l
ed i
nrecent
cat
egor
ized i
nto:(
i) copy
-mov
e and (
ii
) y
ear
s.I
nthi
spaper
,wepr
esentanov
erv
iew
spl
i
cing.Thei
mageswhi
char
emani
pul
ated oft
hesemet
hodsi
nthr
eel
evel
s,t
hati
slow
byt
heset
woappr
oachesar
ever
yhar
dto l
evel
, mi
ddl
e l
evel
, and hi
gh l
evel i
n
i
dent
if
ybyhuman.Ther
efor
e,i
tbecomes semant
ic sense.The mai
nideas oft
he
v
eryessent
ialt
odet
ectt
heset
woki
ndsof pr
oposed appr
oaches ateach l
evelar
e
f
orger
iesandal
soi
twi
l
lbeusef
ulf
ordi
git
al descr
ibedi
ndet
ail
,andsomecomment
sar
e
i
mage f
orensi
cs. Unl
i
ke act
ive i
mage gi
ven.
f
orger
y appr
oaches, e.
g., wat
ermar
king,
passi
vet
echni
ques ar
e mor
e usef
ul,but
t
heyar
emor
echal
l
engi
ng.Wangetal
.[1] I
II
. Obj
ect
ives
usedt
het
amper
ingcl
uesf
orcl
assi
fi
cat
ion Onl
i
ner
evi
ewshav
egr
eati
mpactont
oday
’s
of passi
ve appr
oaches f
or t
amper
ing busi
nessandcommer
ce.Deci
sionmaki
ng
det
ect
ion.Gener
all
ydi
git
alf
orger
ydoesn'
t f
orpur
chase ofonl
i
ne pr
oduct
s most
ly
l
eav
eanyv
isualcl
uesofwhati
stamper
ed depends on r
evi
ews gi
ven by t
he user
s.
wi
thbuti
tmaychangesomest
ati
sti
csofan Hence,oppor
tuni
sti
cindi
vi
dual
sorgr
oups
i
mage and based on t
his bel
i
eft
hese t
ryt
omani
pul
atepr
oductr
evi
ewsf
ort
hei
r
t
echni
ques wor
k on an i
mage. Some owni
nter
est
s.Hencet
hepr
edi
cti
onoft
he
copy
mov
e det
ect
ion appr
oaches ar
e r
evi
ews as f
ake orgenui
ne hel
ps t
he e-
ev
aluat
edbyChr
ist
lei
netal
.[2]andsome commer
ce compani
es f
ort
hei
rbusi
ness
cut
-past
e det
ect
ion t
echni
ques ar
e management
.
ev
aluat
edbyZambpgl
ouetal
.[3]
.Incont
ext
oft
hisf
act
,di
ff
erenti
mage t
amper
ing
det
ect
ionappr
oacheshav
ebeensuggest
ed 1.Pr
obl
em Def
ini
ti
on (
Exi
ti
ng
byr
esear
cher
s. Sy
stem)
Tr
adi
ti
onalwor
ksoni
magef
orger
y
I
I. Li
ter
atur
eSur
vey det
ect
ion ar
e most
ly based on
Di
git
ali
magescanbeeasi
l
ytamper
edwi
th ext
ract
ingsi
mpl
efeat
urest
hatar
e
i
mage edi
ti
ng t
ool
s. The det
ect
ion of speci
fi
c f
or det
ect
ing some

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3950994

 par
ti
cul
art
ypeoff
orger
y.Recent
ly,
wor
ksonf
orger
ydet
ect
ionbasedon
neur
alnet
wor
kshav
epr
ovedt
obe
v
ery ef
fi
ci
ent i
n det
ect
ing i
mage V. Bl
ockDi
agr
am
f
orger
y.

2.Pr
oposedSy
stem
I
nthi
spr
ojectwear
ecl
assi
fyi
ngf
orgedand
r
eali
mages.Wear
eusi
ngt
hei
magedat
aset
i
nthi
spr
oject
.Thei
magesar
etr
ainedusi
ng
CNNal
gor
it
hm.TheCNNal
gor
it
hm i
sused
t
opr
edi
ctt
hei
magei
sfor
gedornot
. 1.Wor
king

We use a Machi
ne Lear
ning
I
V. Sy
stem Ar
chi
tect
ure t
echnol
ogyf
ort
hepr
edi
cti
onoft
he
i
mage i
sfor
ged orgenui
ne.The
I
nthepr
ojectweuseadat
asetofi
mages.
Thedat
asetofi
magesi
sconv
ert
edt
ocsv GUIi
s used i
nthi
s pr
ojectf
or

f
ormat
.Thent
hedat
aseti
spr
epr
ocessed accessi
ng t
he pr
oject f
or t
he
andCNN al
gor
it
hm i
sappl
i
ed.Thei
mages pr
edi
cti
on.Thusoncet
hepr
ojecti
s
cl
assi
fi
cat
ioni
sdone.
Final
l
ythei
magei
s r
unusi
ngGUIt
hei
magei
sfor
ged
f
orgedornoti
spr
edi
cted. ornoti
spr
edi
cted.

2.Al
gor
it
hm

Conv
olut
ionalneur
alnet
wor
ks ar
e deep
ar
ti
fi
cialneur
alnet
wor
ks t
hat ar
e used
pr
imar
il
ytocl
assi
fyi
mages,
clust
ert
hem by
si
mil
ari
ty,and per
for
m obj
ectr
ecogni
ti
on
wi
thi
nscenes.Theconv
ent
ionalt
echni
ques
ofneur
alnet
wor
ksar
enotv
eryr
eli
abl
efor
i
magepr
ocessi
ngast
heyr
equi
ret
hei
nput

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3950994

i
mages i
n r
educed r
esol
uti
on pi
eces. bel
ow.
Wher
easCNN’
sov
ercomet
hel
i
mit
ati
onsof
t
heseconv
ent
ionalt
echni
ques.CNN’
shav
e
t
hei
rneur
ons whi
ch ar
e or
gani
zed i
na
si
mil
arwayast
heneur
onsar
rangedi
nthe
f
ront
al l
obe of t
he br
ain, whi
ch i
s
r
esponsi
blef
orv
isual
sti
mul
ipr
ocessi
ng.

3.
Har
dwar
erequi
rement
s:
Thenasshownbel
owt
het
rai
ningi
s
Comput
er Lapt
op/
Deskt
op happeni
ngf
ort
hemachi
ne.
RAM 1GB
ROM 32GB.

4.
Sof
twar
erequi
rement
s:

Oper
ati
ngSy
stem Wi
ndows10 Theasshownbel
owcl
i
ckonpr
edi
ct
Technol
ogy Machi
neLear
ning but
tont
hent
hepr
edi
cti
onst
art
swi
th
i
nputi
magesel
ect
ionf
rom t
hesy
stem
UI GUI
pat
hfort
hepr
edi
cti
on.
I
DLE Py
thon3.
7or
hi
gher
.

5.
Resul
ts

TheGUIi
susedt
oaccesst
hepr
oject
.
Tr
ainbut
toni
susedt
otr
aint
hemachi
ne.
Pr
edi
ctbut
ton i
s used t
o pr
edi
ctt
he
i
mageasf
orgedorgenui
neasshown

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3950994

 and I
mpl
ement
ati
ons.Dev
elop a wor
king
Fi
nal
l
yresul
tisdi
spl
ayedasf
orgedor modelandRecor
dobser
vat
ionsbasedon

genui
nei
mageasshownbel
ow t
hedat
aset
.Mor
ecl
eari
mageshav
etobe
usedi
nthedat
asetf
orext
ract
ingt
hei
mage
f
eat
ures.

8.Ref
erences
[
1]W.Wang,J.Dong,andT.Tan,“
Asur
vey
ofpassi
vei
maget
amper
ingdet
ect
ion,
”in
I
nter
nat
ional Wor
kshop on Di
git
al
Wat
ermar
king,
pp.308–322,
Spr
inger
,2009.

[
2]V.Chr
ist
lei
n,C.Ri
ess,
J.Jor
dan,
C.Ri
ess,
and E.Angel
opoul
ou,“
An ev
aluat
ion of
popul
ar copy
-mov
e f
orger
y det
ect
ion
appr
oaches,
” I
EEE Tr
ansact
ions on
6.
Concl
usi
on i
nfor
mat
ionf
orensi
csandsecur
it
y,v
ol.7,
no.
I
nthi
s paper
,we hav
e pr
oposed a CNN 6,
pp.1841–1854,
2012.
al
gor
it
hm f
ort
hepr
edi
cti
on.Thedat
asetof
i
magesi
susedt
ocl
assi
fyt
hef
orgedand [
3]M.Zampogl
ou,S.Papadopoul
os,andY.

genui
ne i
mages.Hence i
ts an accur
ate Kompat
siar
is, “
Lar
gescal
e ev
aluat
ion of

met
hodofpr
edi
cti
on.Fr
om t
hispr
oject
,we spl
i
cing l
ocal
i
zat
ion al
gor
it
hms f
or web

concl
ude t
hatt
he t
radi
ti
onalmet
hodsdo i ”Mul
mages, ti
medi
aTool
sandAppl
i
cat
ions,

notwor
krel
i
abl
yacr
ossv
ari
oust
amper
ing v
ol.76,
no.4,
pp.4801–4834,
2017.

met
hods.I
nst
ead,t
heDeepLear
ningbased [
4]A.J.Fr
idr
ich,B.D.Soukal
,and A.J.
met
hodshav
eshownt
obeabl
etol
ear
n Lukáš,“
Det
ect
ionofcopy
mov
efor
ger
yin
abst
ractandcompl
exf
eat
ures,r
equi
redf
or di
git
ali
mages,
”ini
nPr
oceedi
ngsofDi
git
al
i
dent
if
icat
ion of t
amper
ed r
egi
ons, For
ensi
cResear
chWor
kshop,
Cit
eseer
,2003.
aut
omat
ical
l
y.
[
5]W.Chen,Y.Q.Shi
,andW.Su,“
Image
spl
i
cing det
ect
ion usi
ng 2d phase
7.FUTUREENHANCEMENTS congr
uency and st
ati
sti
calmoment
s of
Det
ail
ed r
esear
ch about t
he al
gor
it
hmi
c char
act
eri
sti
c f
unct
ion,
” i
n Secur
it
y,
st
epsandi
mpl
ement
ati
onswhi
chi
ncl
udes St
eganogr
aphy
, and Wat
ermar
king of
t
he dat
asetcr
eat
ion,dat
a pr
epr
ocessi
ng Mul
ti
medi
a Cont
ent
s I
X, v
ol. 6505, p.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3950994

65050R,
Int
ernat
ionalSoci
etyf
orOpt
icsand
Phot
oni
cs,
2007.

[
6]M.K.JohnsonandH.Far
id,“
Exposi
ng
di
git
al f
orger
ies by det
ect
ing
i
nconsi
stenci
esi
nli
ght
ing,
”inPr
oceedi
ngs
oft
he 7t
h wor
kshop on Mul
ti
medi
a and
secur
it
y,pp.1–10,
ACM,
2005.

[
7]M.K.JohnsonandH.Far
id,“
Exposi
ng
di
git
al f
orger
ies i
n compl
ex l
i
ght
ing
env
ironment
s,” I
EEE Tr
ansact
ions on
I
nfor
mat
ionFor
ensi
csandSecur
it
y,v
ol.2,
no.3,
pp.450–461,
2007.

[
8]A.C.PopescuandH.Far
id,“
Stat
ist
ical
t
ool
sfordi
git
alf
orensi
cs,
”ini
nter
nat
ional
wor
kshop on i
nfor
mat
ion hi
ding, pp.
128–147,
Spr
inger
,2004.

Electronic copy available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3950994