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I
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.
1.Ab
out
Log
ist
icI
ndu
str
y

L
ogi
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ic
san
dsu
ppl
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nt(
SCM)a
sana
reao
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sea
rchh
asb
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ett
in
g
i
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ent
io
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yle
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ati
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rov
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eli
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ome
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act
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kin
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ati
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omp
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ti
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ty
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li
ver
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ty
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anc
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ogi
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ic
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i
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ma
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ri
but
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gonag
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omp
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oma
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e.
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inc
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ti
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eme
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ft
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nt
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oug
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eme
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tur
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ogi
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rie
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ti
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eme
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n19
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o
"
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io
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eme
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ous
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ome
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ump
ti
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ni
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ti
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eme
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li
min
ater
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e
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ome
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om
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oth
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i
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ai
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les
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ol
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ith
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oma
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ert
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but
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nce
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e.
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ore
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nt
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sti
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ti
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S
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eme
nt,
aro
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pto
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ory
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e
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ti
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ter
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the
e
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asi
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ove
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edu
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on,a
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ont
rac
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abe
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eme
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nt
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asi
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adet
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tht
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cus
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dag
ent
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ran
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uys
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eon
s
hip
sev
olv
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nt
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eig
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rde
rs.

Th
ero
leo
ffr
eig
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rha
sfu
rth
ere
xpa
nde
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ndt
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avel
onga
ban
don
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spo
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str
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day
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rei
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s(F
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)
a
rer
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vic
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ych
ain
.

1
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2.Th
eor
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cal
Bac
kgr
oun
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tud
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Ai
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car
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ede
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er
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etwoo
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ora
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arg
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ans
por
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ede
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ate
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it
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Airf
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ans
por
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ome3
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romt
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is
ti
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ti
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ato
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ommo
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ndt
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io
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c
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ter
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Thec
han
gin
gre
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simp
ort
ant
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aff
ect
sev
ery
thi
ngf
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cro
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ch
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ran
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if
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ren
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ts
.

1
.
2.
1. Hi
st
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fAi
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omo
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edo
n7No
vemb
er1
91
0wh
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f
romDa
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mbu
s,Oh
io.
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ol
lo
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gye
ari
n19
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xpe
rime
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ti
onwi
tht
hemo
veme
nto
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st
wa
sst
art
ed,
andb
y19
14r
egu
lara
irs
erv
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ega
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it
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tat
es.
InGe
rma
ny,
thef
ir
sto
ff
ic
ial
air
ma
ilf
li
ght
occ
urr
edi
n19
12.
Howe
ver
,it
wasn
otu
nti
l19
25b
efo
reac
omp
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ens
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irma
ils
erv
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s
a
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l
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er7
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ir
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Air
mai
l(
CAM)
rou
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ss
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S.
Po
sta
lse
rvi
cet
ofl
yai
rma
ilb
etwe
end
esi
gna
tedp
oin
ts.

Wo
rldWa
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aus
edar
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dex
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rl
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est
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1
.
2.
2. Be
nef
it
sof
AirC
arg
o

Ai
rca
rgot
end
stoh
avewi
der
ang
eoft
hef
ol
lo
win
gbe
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it
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ran
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onso
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n
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ela
ti
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yhi
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val
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ie
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spi
tet
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chh
igh
erc
ost
wit
hse
ver
alo
fth
efo
ll
owi
ngr
eas
ons
:

 S
mal
lsh
ipme
nts
iz
e

Du
etot
hei
rco
st,
the
sec
ommo
dit
ie
ste
ndt
omo
vei
nre
lat
iv
elys
mal
ll
ots
iz
es,
whi
chma
ket
hem
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uit
abl
efo
rai
rtr
ans
por
t.Tou
sea
nex
tre
mee
xamp
le,
noo
neb
uysg
oldi
nqu
ant
it
ie
ssu
ffi
ci
ent
tof
il
la
t
wen
ty-
fo
ots
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ont
ai
ner
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il
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l
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ang
old
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ect
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oni
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phi
st
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ate
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i
ndu
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ial
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hin
erya
ndo
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gh-
val
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ie
sal
sot
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l
eri
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zea
ndwe
igh
t.

 Ti
mes
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it
iv
it
y

C
ert
ai
npr
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imes
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e.Th
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me
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uct
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ona
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if
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ose
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uct
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fe
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i
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edo
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onso
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r.

 S
ecu
rit
y

Hi
ghv
alu
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ni
ti
on,
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uir
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res
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rit
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oss
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eort
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v
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ods
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ral
l
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ton
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ast
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uta
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hemo
sts
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rewa
ytomo
vec
arg
o
f
romp
oin
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oin
t.

 C
ost
ofC
api
ta
l

Hi
gh-
val
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i
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umel
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ta
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nt
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t
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ime
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rou
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oar
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igh
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ommo
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ie
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ved
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ll
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e-d
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rea
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rk,
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hou
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rimp
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ran
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epe
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ings
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perp
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ept
i
onso
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eirr
ela
ti
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mpo
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nce
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reo
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o
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cto
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nre
lat
edt
oco
mmo
dit
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ncr
eas
ing
lyi
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uen
ces
hip
per
s'mo
dal
sel
ect
io
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oce
ss.
To
b
ett
eru
nde
rst
ande
achf
act
or,
andh
owi
tin
ter
act
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tht
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iti
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ces
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ste
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oreh
ow
t
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ti
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res
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ner
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hip
per
sdon
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t
t
ran
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rta
ti
onmo
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rea
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tth
eco
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gnme
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git
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est
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ati
on,
ont
imea
ndi
n
g
oodc
ond
it
io
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ndt
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ost
oft
het
ran
spo
rta
ti
on.

 I
nve
nto
ryc
ost

Be
cau
sea
irc
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oop
era
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ano
ff
eras
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pert
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ene
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con
sta
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ry
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eve
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ere
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ise
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ll
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uce
rtos
hips
ele
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uct
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r
c
ust
ome
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imei
nst
eado
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vin
gtoo
per
atel
arg
ewa
reh
ous
ingf
aci
l
it
ie
s.Byr
edu
cin
gin
ven
tor
y
l
eve
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afi
rmc
anf
reeu
pmo
rec
api
ta
l,r
edu
cei
nve
nto
ryh
old
ingc
ost
s,a
ndr
edu
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les
cen
cec
ost
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n
s
umma
ry,
airc
arg
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ovi
dest
heb
ene
fi
tso
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eed
,re
li
abi
l
it
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ecu
rit
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ndr
edu
cti
ono
fin
ven
tor
yco
st.

1
.
2.
3. C
hoi
ceo
fth
emo
del
 C
hoi
ceo
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inc
orp
ora
test
ot
ald
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ri
but
io
nco
st(
TDC
)fr
ame
wor
k,i
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ortt
oqu
ant
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e
e
ff
ecto
ftr
ans
por
tat
io
nde
cis
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het
ot
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ost
sofma
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uri
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ri
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gap
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uct
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e
a
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emi
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eth
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omp
ani
esc
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ximi
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ta
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i
tyb
yco
rre
ctl
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ant
if
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ndt
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ma
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ingt
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tal
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tri
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sts
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nce
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igh
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isi
bl
eco
mpo
nen
ts
o
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cha
str
ans
por
tat
io
nex
pen
se.Ac
cor
din
gly
,th
iss
ect
io
nwi
l
lpr
ese
ntt
hemo
sti
mpo
rta
nt
f
act
orsg
ove
rni
ngmo
dalc
hoi
ce,
andd
isc
ussh
owe
achf
act
oro
per
ate
san
din
ter
act
swi
tht
heo
the
rs.
Ge
ner
all
y,t
hef
ol
lo
win
gfa
cto
rsa
sha
vet
hemo
sti
nfl
uen
ceo
nmo
dal
sel
ect
io
n:

Va
lue

Hi
gh-
val
uep
rod
uct
sha
veag
rea
terp
rop
ens
it
ytob
esh
ipp
edb
yai
r.Th
esp
eedo
fai
rtr
ans
por
t
a
ll
owsc
omp
ani
est
ore
duc
eth
eirc
api
t
alt
ie
dupi
nin
-t
ran
siti
nve
nto
rya
ndp
rov
ide
sfo
rgr
eat
er
s
ecu
rit
y.

Ph
ysi
cal
Cha
rac
ter
ist
ic
s

Ex
tre
mel
ybu
lkyo
rlo
w-d
ens
it
ypr
odu
ctsa
ren
ots
uit
abl
efo
rai
rtr
ans
por
t,e
it
herb
eca
uset
hey
c
ann
otb
eac
commo
dat
edo
nana
irc
raf
tort
her
esu
lt
in
gco
stp
erp
oun
dwo
uldb
eun
eco
nomi
cal
l
yhi
gh.

Pe
ris
hab
il
it
y

Th
epe
ris
hab
il
it
yofap
rod
ucti
sani
mpo
rta
ntd
ete
rmi
nan
toft
hec
hoi
ceo
ftr
ans
por
tmo
de.
Pr
odu
ctsc
an"
per
ish
"int
ermso
fec
ono
micu
ti
li
ty(
val
ue)
,ph
ysi
cal
deg
rad
ati
on,
orb
oth
.

De
man
dpr
edi
ct
abi
l
it
y

Th
emo
rep
red
ict
abl
eth
ede
man
dfo
rap
art
ic
ula
rpr
odu
cti
sth
emo
rea
dva
ncep
lan
nin
gca
nbe
d
onea
ndt
hemo
ref
le
xib
il
it
yas
hip
perh
ast
osh
ipv
ial
esse
xpe
nsi
ve,b
uts
lowe
r,s
urf
acemo
des
.
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odu
ctswi
thl
essp
red
ict
abl
ede
man
dch
ara
cte
ris
ti
csa
ff
ordl
essf
le
xib
il
it
yint
ran
spo
rta
ti
ond
eci
si
ons
.
I
fsh
ipp
erswa
ntt
oav
oidl
osts
ell
i
ngo
ppo
rtu
nit
ie
s(c
all
eds
toc
k-o
uts
),t
heymu
ste
it
here
xpa
nd
i
nve
nto
rie
s,wh
ichi
ncr
eas
esc
arr
yin
gco
stsa
ndp
ote
nti
al
lye
xpo
sest
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omp
anyt
owr
it
e-
down
s,o
r
u
ti
li
zea
irc
arg
otor
esp
ondmo
req
uic
klyt
ode
man
dsu
rge
s.

Ge
ogr
aph
icma
rke
ttr
ans
por
tat
io
nfa
cto
rsAn
umb
ero
ffa
cto
rsu
niq
uet
opa
rti
cul
arg
eog
rap
hic
ma
rke
tsc
ans
ign
ifi
can
tl
yimp
actt
hev
iab
il
it
yofd
if
fe
ren
ttr
ans
por
top
ti
ons
.Ge
ogr
aph
icma
rke
t
c
har
act
eri
st
ic
swh
ichc
oul
daf
fe
ctt
hec
hoi
ceo
ftr
ans
por
tat
io
nmo
dei
ncl
ude
:la
cko
fmo
der
ngr
oun
d
t
ran
spo
rta
ti
oni
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
e;p
oors
ecu
rit
yco
ntr
ols
;lo
ngc
ust
omsa
ndb
rok
era
gec
ycl
es;h
ars
hor
u
nus
ualt
err
ain
;an
ddi
st
anc
efr
oms
eap
ort
s,a
irp
ort
sorr
ailh
ead
s.Th
eex
ist
enc
eofa
nyo
neo
ra
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omb
ina
ti
ono
fth
esef
act
orsl
i
mit
str
ans
por
top
ti
onsa
ndc
ant
her
efo
rema
ter
ial
l
yaf
fe
ctmo
dal
cho
ice
.

Al
so,ma
rke
tswi
ths
har
pdi
rec
ti
ona
limb
ala
nce
sina
irc
arg
ode
man
dca
nha
veu
niq
uea
nd
s
ust
ai
neda
irl
i
ftp
ric
ingd
ist
ort
io
ns.
Con
sid
er,
fore
xamp
le,
thef
act
tha
twe
stb
oun
dtr
aff
ica
ndy
iel
dsi
n
mo
stt
ran
spa
cif
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lt
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oun
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san
dra
tes
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the
rwo
rds
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ersf
ly
f
romt
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S.t
oAs
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nor
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kea
dva
nta
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fth
elu
cra
ti
ver
etu
rnt
ri
p.Ac
cor
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gly
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eai
rl
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es
o
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ers
tee
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sc
oun
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sit
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i
ght
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ack
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ric
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anu
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ie
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ich
o
the
rwi
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uldn
otmo
veb
yai
r.

Mo
stf
rei
ght
tra
ff
ici
sno
tca
pti
vet
oon
emo
deo
rth
eot
her
,bu
tra
the
rco
uldu
see
it
hera
iro
r
s
urf
acet
ran
spo
rta
ti
ond
epe
ndi
ngo
nth
eco
st-
spe
ed-
rel
i
abi
l
it
y-
se
cur
it
ytr
ade
off
sdi
sc
uss
ede
arl
i
er.
Of
c
our
se,
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llo
fth
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ant
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ie
d.Mo
reo
ver
,in
div
idu
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hoi
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ren
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ys
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rou
nde
dinq
uan
ti
ta
ti
vea
nal
ysi
sofa
lt
ern
ati
vet
ran
spo
rta
ti
onp
rod
uct
s.Bu
tifs
hip
per
sat
te
mptt
o
q
uan
ti
fyt
het
rad
eof
fsb
etwe
end
if
fe
ren
ttr
ans
por
top
ti
ons
,an
dift
hec
ommo
dit
ie
sar
eno
tca
pti
vet
oa
p
art
ic
ula
rmo
de,
the
nat
ot
ald
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ri
but
io
nco
sta
nal
ysi
sca
nbeap
owe
rfu
lde
cis
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kin
gto
ol.
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ci
ng
o
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ine
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i
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hea
per(
bywe
igh
t)t
hens
hip
pin
ggo
odsb
yai
rcr
aft
.

I
nad
dit
io
n,c
ont
ai
ner
shi
pca
pac
it
y,wi
the
nha
nce
dre
fri
ger
ati
ona
ndc
li
mat
eco
ntr
ola
men
it
ie
s,
c
ont
in
uest
ogr
ow,
imp
rov
ingt
her
eli
abi
l
it
yis
sue
san
dre
duc
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ran
sit
ti
meo
fgo
ods
hip
ped
.Th
eset
wo
f
act
orsa
rep
utt
in
gpr
ess
ureo
nth
eai
rca
rgoi
ndu
str
y.Onaf
ina
lno
te,
kee
pinmi
ndt
hat"
jus
tint
ime
"
ma
nuf
act
uri
ngd
oesn
oti
mme
dia
tel
yimp
lyt
hei
nvo
lve
men
tofa
irs
hip
men
ts.
Alli
tme
ansi
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att
he
p
rod
uct
io
nofap
rod
uct
wil
lbet
ime
dtoa
ll
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ort
heo
pti
mumt
ran
spo
rtmo
det
ode
li
vert
hep
rod
uct
to
t
hec
ons
ign
eea
tth
ede
sig
nat
edd
eli
ver
yda
tea
ndt
ime
.

1
.
2.
4. Ai
rCa
rgoBu
sin
essMo
del
s

Th
erea
res
eve
ral
bus
ine
ssmo
del
sus
edi
nth
eai
rca
rgoi
ndu
str
y:t
hep
red
omi
nan
ton
esi
ncl
ude
t
hea
ll
car
goc
arr
ier
s,t
hei
nt
egr
ato
rs(
ope
rat
orst
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eli
verc
arg
ofr
omp
oin
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oin
tra
the
rth
an
a
irp
ort
toa
irp
ort
)
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ll
yon
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arg
oca
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ers
,ormi
xedc
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ier
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ato
per
ateaf
le
eto
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ass
eng
era
nd
f
rei
ght
era
irc
raf
t.I
tisb
usi
nes
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urs
uin
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our
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romp
ubl
i
she
dIATAf
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ing
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ot
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ric
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ort
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iat
io
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s$8
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il
li
oni
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arto
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omp
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l
li
on
me
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cto
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eig
ht.
Thed
isc
uss
ionb
elo
wwi
l
lde
scr
ibee
acho
fth
eseb
usi
nes
smo
del
s.

Al
lca
rgo

Th
eal
l
-ca
rgoc
arr
ier
sop
era
tead
edi
cat
edf
le
eto
ffr
eig
hte
rai
rcr
aft
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mee
xamp
leso
fal
lca
rgo
c
arr
ier
sar
eCa
rgo
luxa
ndAt
l
asAi
r.Th
esec
arr
ier
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ldo
mde
ald
ire
ctl
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thi
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vi
dua
lsh
ipp
ers
,an
d
i
nst
eadt
ypi
cal
l
ywo
rkwi
thi
nt
erme
dia
rie
sca
ll
edf
rei
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rde
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orwa
rde
rsc
ons
oli
dat
ema
ny
s
mal
lsh
ipme
ntsf
romt
hei
rcu
sto
mer
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top
all
ets
iz
elo
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nes
sen
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uyi
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acewh
ole
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e
f
romt
hea
irc
arr
ier
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dse
ll
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gre
tai
ltot
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mer
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arg
o
c
arr
ier
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te
nwi
l
len
teri
nt
olo
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t
ermc
ont
rac
ts
,wh
ichp
rov
ides
omes
tab
il
it
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ema
nd.
The
sel
ong
-
t
ermc
ont
rac
tsp
rov
idee
con
omi
eso
fsc
alef
ort
hea
irl
i
nese
nab
li
ngt
hemt
olo
werp
urc
has
ingp
ric
ean
d
h
edg
eag
ain
stp
ric
eun
cer
tai
nt
y.

Be
ll
yca
rgoc
arr
ier
s

Be
ll
yca
rgoc
arr
ier
sar
epa
sse
nge
r-o
nlya
irl
i
nest
hat
car
ryc
arg
oint
heh
old
sof
the
ira
irc
raf
tasa
n
a
ddi
ti
ona
lre
ven
ues
tre
am.
Bet
wee
n40a
nd5
0%o
fgl
oba
lai
rf
rei
ght
ismo
veda
sbe
ll
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rgo
.Be
ll
yca
rgo
i
sla
rge
lya
cco
mmo
dat
edb
yth
eun
rel
at
edma
rke
tde
man
dof
pas
sen
gera
irt
ran
spo
rtma
kin
git
dif
fi
cul
t
f
ora
irl
i
nest
oma
tchs
upp
lya
ndc
apa
cit
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thd
ema
nd.
Howe
ver
,fo
rth
ebe
ll
yca
rgoo
nlyc
arr
ier
s,s
inc
e
t
hei
rca
pac
it
yisf
ixe
dan
dde
man
disu
nre
lat
ed,
fl
uct
uat
io
nsi
nsu
ppl
yte
ndt
obel
esso
fani
ss
ue,
and
h
aveal
owma
rgi
nalc
ost
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tca
npr
ovi
dewe
lco
mei
ncr
eme
nta
lre
ven
uet
oin
cre
asep
rof
it
abi
l
it
yon
ma
rgi
nal
fl
ig
hts
.

I
nte
gra
tor
s(d
oort
odo
or)

Th
ein
teg
rat
ors
,al
sok
nowna
sex
pre
ssc
arr
ier
sar
efi
rmst
hat
pro
vid
edo
or-
t
o-d
oors
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uch
a
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dDHL
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comme
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ase
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ode
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hel
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evi
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ono
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uid
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riv
enb
yno
w
f
ami
l
iarn
ame
sli
keAl
i
bab
aan
dAma
zon
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pre
ssa
ndAma
zonAi
rha
vef
le
etso
ffr
eig
hte
rso
f50
a
irc
raf
tea
ch,
ast
oni
shi
ngg
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hinas
mal
lpe
rio
doft
ime
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nyo
fth
esef
ir
mso
per
ated
edi
cat
eda
ll
c
arg
oai
rcr
aft
,de
li
ver
yve
hic
les
,an
dca
rgoh
ubs
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eco
stf
ore
xpr
esss
erv
ice
sismu
chh
igh
ert
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or
o
the
rmo
deso
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ans
por
tat
io
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isi
sbe
cau
set
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arr
iert
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cal
l
yown
san
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era
test
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e
nti
ret
ran
spo
rta
ti
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etwo
rkf
roma
irc
raf
tan
dde
li
ver
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bs(
bot
hgr
oun
dan
dai
r)a
ndt
he
d
own
str
eamt
ran
spo
rta
ti
onn
etwo
rkt
ode
li
vert
hec
arg
otoi
tsf
ina
lde
sti
nat
io
n.

C
omb
ina
ti
onc
arr
ier
s

C
omb
ina
ti
onc
arr
ier
sfl
ybo
thp
ass
eng
era
ndf
rei
ght
era
irc
raf
t.L
iket
hea
ll
-c
arg
oca
rri
ers
,
c
omb
ina
ti
onc
arr
ier
swo
rka
lmo
ste
xcl
usi
vel
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thf
rei
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rst
opr
ovi
det
hep
ick
upa
nd
d
eli
ver
yse
rvi
cet
oth
eul
t
ima
tec
ust
ome
r.Ai
rl
in
ess
ucha
sLu
fth
ans
a,KL
M/Ai
rFr
anc
e,C
ath
ayPa
cif
ic
Ai
rwa
ys,
andKo
rea
nAi
rop
era
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le
etso
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ass
eng
era
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edi
cat
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arg
oai
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aft
anda
ret
her
efo
re
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ons
ide
redc
omb
ina
ti
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ier
s.C
omb
ina
ti
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arr
ier
sca
nea
rnu
ptoo
ne-
hal
foft
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ossr
eve
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s
f
romc
arg
oons
omer
out
es.
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.
2.
5. Ke
yTr
end
sint
heAi
rCa
rgo

E-
comme
rceGr
owt
h

Th
eex
plo
siv
egr
owt
hofe
-c
omme
rceo
vert
hel
ast1
0ye
arsh
asg
rea
tl
yin
cre
ase
dth
ede
man
dfo
r
a
irc
arg
o.Th
isd
ema
ndi
spr
oje
cte
dtog
rowa
t20p
erc
ento
vert
hen
extf
iv
eye
ars
.Th
ish
ighl
eve
lof
a
cti
vi
tyi
nec
omme
rceh
asp
rov
ide
dth
ein
teg
rat
ede
xpr
essc
arr
ier
swi
thaf
ast
erg
rowt
hra
tet
hant
he
o
ver
alla
irc
arg
ogr
owt
hra
te.
Thei
nt
egr
ate
dex
pre
ssc
arr
ier
sgr
ewa
tar
ateo
f11
.
5pe
rce
nti
n20
17,
wh
ere
ast
hewo
rlda
irc
arg
otr
aff
icg
rew1
0pe
rce
nt.
Ofc
our
se,
thi
sty
peo
fgr
owt
hsi
gna
lso
ppo
rtu
nit
y
wh
icho
ft
enl
ead
ston
ewe
ntr
ant
s.I
nth
eca
seo
fe-
comme
rce
,th
ene
wen
tra
ntc
hal
l
eng
ingF
edExa
nd
UPSi
sAma
zonAi
r.Ama
zon
'sd
eepp
ock
etsa
ndp
rov
ena
bil
i
tyt
oin
nov
ateh
asl
edt
oani
mpr
ess
ive
n
ati
onwi
den
etwo
rko
f14ma
rke
tss
erv
edb
yco
ntr
act
edf
rei
ght
era
irc
raf
tca
rry
ingAma
zonp
ack
age
s.I
n
2
019
,iti
scl
eart
hatwea
res
ti
lli
nth
eea
rlyc
hap
ter
soft
hee
-c
omme
rces
tor
yan
dit
simp
act
sona
ir
c
arg
o,b
uts
ofa
r,t
hei
mpa
cth
asc
lea
rlyb
eenp
osi
ti
vea
ndr
esu
lt
edi
nal
arg
erma
rke
tfo
rth
ein
dus
try
's
s
erv
ice
s.

Te
mpe
rat
ureC
ont
rol
l
edGo
ods–Pe
ris
hab
leF
ood
san
dPh
arma
ceu
ti
cal
s

Ai
rca
rgoi
spa
rti
cul
arl
yus
efu
lwh
enp
eri
sha
bil
i
tyi
sani
ss
uea
ndwh
eres
tri
ctt
emp
era
tur
e
c
ont
rol
sar
ere
qui
red
.Ac
cor
din
gly
,ai
rca
rgoi
sbe
inge
mpl
oye
dmo
rei
nth
etr
ans
por
tat
io
nofi
te
ms
s
ucha
sfr
eshf
ood
san
dph
arma
ceu
ti
cal
s.I
nre
cen
tye
ars
,de
man
dfo
rfr
eshf
ood
sha
sbe
eno
nth
eri
se
i
nde
vel
ope
dco
unt
ri
es.Th
isi
sdr
ive
nno
ton
lyb
ytr
end
sto
war
dhe
alt
hi
erl
i
fes
tyl
es,b
uta
lsob
y
p
opu
lat
io
nin
cre
ase
san
dhi
ghe
rpe
rso
nal
inc
ome
s.Al
ongwi
thi
mpr
ove
dsu
ppl
ych
ain
san
din
nov
ati
ve
t
ech
nol
ogi
es,a
irc
arg
oha
sbe
ene
ff
ect
i
vei
nse
rvi
ngt
heg
rowi
ngma
rke
tfo
rfr
eshf
ood
.Th
ish
as
i
ncl
ude
dth
ede
vel
opme
nto
fsp
eci
al
iz
eds
hip
pin
gco
nta
ine
rs,
rea
lt
imet
emp
era
tur
emo
nit
ori
ngd
evi
ces
a
ndp
urp
ose
-bu
il
tai
rca
rgof
aci
l
it
ie
s.F
urt
her
,fr
eshf
oodd
eli
ver
iest
oin
div
idu
alc
ons
ume
rad
dre
sse
s
v
iae
-c
omme
rcec
han
nel
sha
veb
rou
ght
mor
ein
ves
tme
nti
nt
oth
ese
cto
ran
dmo
red
ema
ndf
ora
irc
arg
o
s
erv
ice
s.Th
ehe
alt
hca
ren
eed
sofa
nag
ingg
lob
alp
opu
lat
io
nar
eal
sod
riv
inga
irc
arg
ode
man
dle
adi
ng
t
oad
dit
io
nalr
equ
ire
men
tsb
yus
ers
.Ea
rlyi
nth
e21
stc
ent
uryi
twa
sbe
comi
nga
ppa
ren
tth
ata
irc
arg
o
wa
slo
sin
gsi
gni
fi
can
tma
rke
tsh
arei
nth
ein
ter
nat
io
nalc
arr
iag
eofp
har
mac
eut
ic
alst
oth
eoc
ean
c
arr
ier
s,p
rima
ril
ydu
etop
oort
emp
era
tur
eco
ntr
olo
vert
hev
ari
ouss
ect
orso
fou
rco
olc
hai
n.

Br
uss
elsAi
rpo
rtr
eco
gni
zedt
hi
san
din
it
ia
tedac
ommi
tme
ntt
oph
armaq
ual
i
tywi
tht
hei
rai
rl
in
e
a
ndh
and
li
ngp
art
ner
s.S
ucc
ess
ful
dev
elo
pme
ntd
rov
eane
vol
ut
io
nof
pro
ces
san
dst
and
ard
swh
ichwa
s
r
eco
gni
zeda
nda
dop
tedb
yIATA.
Cer
ti
fi
cat
io
nisn
owo
ff
ere
dgl
oba
ll
ybyI
ATA,
wit
hov
er1
60c
omp
ani
es
c
ert
if
ie
datd
if
fe
ren
tlo
cat
io
ns.
Someo
fAC
I-
NA'
sme
mbe
rai
rpo
rtsi
nth
eU.
S.a
ndC
ana
daa
rea
mon
g
t
hos
ece
rti
fi
edo
rgo
ingt
hro
ught
hep
roc
ess
.Th
ece
rti
fi
cat
io
npr
oce
ssi
sar
duo
usa
nde
xpe
nsi
veb
uti
sa
"
to
ol"wh
ichc
anb
eva
lua
blep
res
umi
ngt
her
eisaf
it
wit
hei
th
ery
ourc
urr
ent
orp
ros
pec
ti
vea
irc
arr
ier
c
ust
ome
rba
se.
Ifn
oth
inge
lse
,it
isat
reme
ndo
uso
ppo
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nit
ytog
eti
nvo
lve
dwi
tht
hek
eyc
omp
one
nts
o
fyo
ura
irp
ort
commu
nit
y.

3
.5Gl
oba
lTr
ade

L
ibe
ral
i
zat
io
noft
ran
spo
rta
ti
ona
ndo
the
rre
gul
at
io
nsh
ase
nab
ledg
lob
alt
rad
etop
rol
i
fer
ate
.
Op
ens
kie
s,a
irl
i
nea
ll
ia
nce
san
dre
lax
eda
irl
i
neo
wne
rsh
ipr
ule
sha
veb
ene
fi
te
dth
eai
rca
rgoi
ndu
str
y
b
ypr
ovi
di
ngb
ett
era
cce
sst
oma
rke
tswh
il
eal
l
owi
ngf
ore
con
omi
eso
fsc
ale
.Inr
ece
nty
ear
s,s
ome
wo
rldl
ead
ersh
aveq
ues
ti
one
dth
eva
lueo
fgl
oba
li
zat
io
nci
ti
ngn
ega
ti
vei
mpa
ctso
nemp
loy
men
tan
d
e
con
omi
esi
nth
eirh
omec
oun
tri
es.I
nNo
rthAme
ric
a,t
heNo
rthAme
ric
anF
reeTr
adeAg
ree
men
t
(
NAF
TA)
wasr
ene
got
ia
tedi
n20
18l
ead
ingt
oth
eUn
it
edS
tat
es-
Mex
ico
-Ca
nad
aAg
ree
men
t(US
MCA)
.

Th
eUn
it
edS
tat
esa
ndo
the
rco
unt
ri
esh
avea
lsoi
mpo
seds
anc
ti
onsa
ndt
ari
ff
sons
ele
cte
d
c
oun
tri
esa
ndi
ndu
str
iest
oac
hie
veas
tat
edg
oalo
fen
din
gun
fai
rtr
adep
rac
ti
ces
.Wh
il
eth
e
a
ppr
opr
iat
ene
ssa
ndn
ece
ssi
tyo
fth
esec
han
gest
oin
ter
nat
i
ona
ltr
adea
gre
eme
ntsc
anb
ede
bat
ed,
the
re
a
rec
ert
ai
nl
yimp
act
stot
hea
irc
arg
oin
dus
try–e
spe
cia
ll
yift
hen
ewt
rad
een
vir
onme
ntsl
eadt
o
p
rot
ect
io
nis
tre
gime
s.Th
eon
goi
nge
xpe
rie
nce
sbe
twe
ent
heUn
it
edKi
ngd
oma
ndt
heEu
rop
eanUn
ion
o
verBr
exi
tar
eani
ndi
cat
io
noft
hec
omp
lex
it
yan
dpo
ten
ti
aln
ega
ti
vec
ons
equ
enc
eso
fun
win
din
g
d
eca
des
-ol
din
ter
nat
io
nalt
rad
eag
ree
men
ts.
Fro
mana
irc
arg
ope
rsp
ect
iv
e,a
nyr
est
ri
ct
io
nst
ogl
oba
l
t
rad
ewi
l
lli
kel
ybev
iewe
dne
gat
iv
elywi
t
hth
esp
eci
fi
cco
nse
que
nce
sbe
ingu
nkn
own
,bu
tun
dou
bte
dly
f
arr
eac
hin
g.

Eme
rgi
ngTe
chn
olo
gy:
Blo
ckc
hai
n

Bl
ock
cha
ini
sas
ecu
red
ece
ntr
ali
zedp
eer
-t
o-
pee
rne
two
rkwh
erea
llo
fth
est
ake
hol
der
sca
nvi
ew
a
nds
har
eda
ta.
Thi
nko
fit
asat
ypeo
fda
tab
ase
.Un
li
kel
ega
cyEl
ect
ron
icDa
taI
nte
rch
ang
e(EDI
)sy
ste
ms
t
hata
re1
6ce
ntr
ali
zed
,th
ere
for
egi
vi
ngp
owe
rtot
heo
wne
roft
hed
ata
,bl
ock
cha
ini
sde
cen
tra
li
zed
.
Bl
ock
cha
inv
eri
fi
est
ran
sac
ti
onsa
ndp
rov
ide
sah
ist
oryo
ftr
ans
act
io
nst
oen
sur
eth
att
hed
atah
asn
ot
b
eena
lt
ere
d.Th
ere
for
e,Bl
ock
cha
int
ech
nol
ogyc
anb
eus
edt
ose
nds
ecu
red
igi
ta
ldo
cume
nta
ti
on(
suc
h
a
sai
rwa
ybi
l
ls,
andl
et
te
rso
fcr
edi
t)
.

Th
ebe
nef
it
sofb
loc
kch
aint
ech
nol
ogya
ret
hee
li
min
ati
ono
fre
dun
dan
tda
taa
nde
nha
nce
d
v
isi
bi
li
tya
ndt
ran
spa
ren
cyf
ora
lls
tak
eho
lde
rs.
Ina
ddi
ti
on,
thed
atas
tor
edi
nbl
ock
cha
insc
anb
eus
ed
t
opr
ovi
der
eal
ti
mea
nal
yt
ic
s.Th
eus
ean
dap
pli
cab
il
it
yofb
loc
kch
ain
swi
tha
via
ti
oni
sst
il
lbe
ingh
otl
y
d
eba
ted
.Ina
ddi
ti
ont
oth
eob
vio
usb
ene
fi
tso
fbe
inga
blet
ose
nda
nds
ecu
red
igi
ta
ldo
cume
nts
b
loc
kch
ain
sco
ulda
lsob
eus
edi
nma
int
ena
nceo
per
ati
onst
odi
gi
ti
zema
int
ena
ncel
ogs
,pr
ovi
dea
n
u
nbr
oke
nch
aino
fev
eryp
art
ona
nai
rcr
aft
andp
rov
idet
rac
eab
il
it
yof
whoh
and
ledt
hep
art
.Th
erea
re
h
ighe
xpe
cta
ti
onso
nth
epo
ssi
bl
eus
eso
fbl
ock
cha
inb
utt
her
ear
est
il
lma
nyu
nan
swe
redq
ues
ti
ons
.

Eme
rgi
ngTe
chn
olo
gy:
Dro
nes

Ad
van
ceme
ntsi
nUn
man
nedAe
ria
lVe
hic
le(
i
.e
.dr
one
)te
chn
olo
gyh
aven
atu
rala
ppl
i
cat
io
nst
oth
e
a
irc
arg
oin
dus
try
.Tr
ans
por
ti
ngp
rod
uct
san
dpa
cka
gesv
iad
ron
esc
lea
rlye
nta
il
sle
ssr
iskt
han
t
ran
spo
rti
ngp
eop
lea
ndt
her
ear
eimme
dia
tec
omme
rci
ala
ppl
i
cat
io
nsi
nth
efo
rmo
fe-
comme
rce
s
hip
men
ts.
Comp
ani
esl
i
keAma
zon
,Al
pha
bet
(Go
ogl
e'
spa
ren
tco
mpa
ny)
,Ch
ina
'sJ
D.
co
man
dnu
mer
ous
s
tar
t-
upsa
rec
urr
ent
l
yde
vel
opi
nga
ndt
est
in
gdr
one
s.Th
esec
omp
ani
esa
rep
art
ic
ula
rlyo
pti
mis
ti
cth
at
u
sin
gdr
onet
ech
nol
ogyi
nre
mot
elo
cat
io
nsa
ndu
rba
nen
vir
onme
ntsc
anh
elpo
ver
comei
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
e
c
ons
tra
int
swh
ichc
hal
l
eng
eef
fi
ci
entd
eli
ver
ies
.Go
ver
nme
ntsi
nNo
rthAme
ric
aco
nti
nuet
ogr
app
le
wi
tht
hea
ppr
opr
iat
efo
rmo
fre
gul
at
in
gth
isb
urg
eon
ingi
ndu
str
y,b
utt
hi
sap
pea
rst
obeat
emp
ora
ry
o
bst
acl
e–e
spe
cia
ll
yaso
the
rco
unt
ri
esa
lre
adya
ll
owl
i
ber
alu
seo
fdr
one
s.I
nSp
rin
g20
19,
Alp
hab
et'
s
Wi
ngsAv
iat
io
ndi
vi
si
onr
ece
ive
dth
efi
rstU.
S.a
uth
ori
zat
io
ntoo
per
ateaf
le
eto
fdr
one
sfo
rco
nsu
mer
-
g
ood
sde
li
ver
ies
,st
art
in
ginar
ura
lar
eao
fVi
rgi
ni
a.F
orl
arg
erme
tro
pol
i
tana
rea
s,t
her
ear
eob
vio
us
a
irs
pac
eis
sue
s.

1
.
3.Ne
edf
ort
heS
tud
y

To
day
,th
eef
fi
ci
ent
fre
igh
tdi
st
ri
but
io
nisv
it
alt
oth
eec
ono
myo
fan
yco
unt
rya
ndi
sar
gua
blyt
he
mo
sti
mpo
rta
ntf
unc
ti
oni
nso
cie
tyt
oda
y.Al
loft
hek
eye
leme
ntso
famo
der
nec
ono
mys
ucha
she
alt
h,
e
duc
ati
on,
lawa
ndo
rde
rco
uldn
otb
ede
li
ver
edwi
th
outc
oste
ff
ect
iv
etr
ans
por
t.Th
ein
dus
try
'sp
ivo
tal
r
ole
,cr
uci
al
lyr
equ
isi
ti
one
dtot
hed
ail
yfu
nct
io
noft
heg
ene
ralme
rca
nti
l
een
vir
onme
nt,i
s
u
nsu
rpr
isi
ngl
yil
l
ust
rat
edi
nsu
mma
ti
onb
yth
ein
dus
tri
esF
IATAs
hor
tha
nd,a
sth
e"Ar
chi
te
ctso
f
Tr
ans
por
t"
.Af
rei
ghtb
usi
nes
sth
ati
sino
per
ati
onh
asg
oti
tsc
ycl
eofb
ooma
ndr
ece
ss.
The
sea
ret
he
p
eri
odswh
ent
heb
usi
nes
sisd
oin
gwe
lla
nda
dve
rse
ly,
res
pec
ti
vel
y.J
ustl
i
kea
nyb
usi
nes
s,t
hef
rei
ght
f
orwa
rdi
ngi
ndu
str
yal
soh
asg
otas
har
eofi
tso
wnc
hal
l
eng
es.
The
sea
reo
bst
acl
est
hath
amp
ert
he
s
moo
thr
unn
ingo
fth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngi
ndu
str
y.S
omeo
fth
ech
all
eng
esc
omp
let
el
yst
if
let
he
o
per
ati
onso
faf
rei
ghti
ndu
str
ywh
ichf
orc
esi
ttowi
ndu
pan
dgoo
uto
fbu
sin
ess
.Awe
llo
rga
niz
ed
f
rei
ghti
ndu
str
ysh
oul
dan
ti
ci
pat
esu
chc
hal
l
eng
esa
ndh
aves
tra
teg
iesi
npl
acet
oco
mba
tth
emwh
en
t
heyo
ccu
r.
 Af
rei
ght4f
orwa
rdi
ngi
ndu
str
yth
atwa
it
sfo
rsu
chc
hal
l
eng
est
oma
nif
estt
hems
elv
esb
efo
re
ma
kin
gad
equ
atep
rep
ara
ti
onsi
sco
ntr
ibu
ti
ngt
oit
sownf
ai
lu
re.Me
cha
nis
msn
eedt
obei
npl
acet
o
c
ove
ran
yun
for
ese
ene
ven
tst
hat
mayt
endt
ocr
ipp
let
heb
usi
nes
s.Mo
reo
vert
hen
atu
reo
fth
ein
dus
try
h
asc
han
gedv
ast
l
yov
ert
hep
astc
ent
ury
.Th
eor
igi
nalf
unc
ti
ono
ffr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rswa
stoc
ont
act
v
ari
ousc
arr
ier
s,p
rov
idea
dvi
ceo
ndo
cume
ntsa
ndc
ust
omsr
equ
ire
men
tan
dpr
ovi
deac
ont
act
bet
wee
n
c
ust
ome
ran
dth
eco
rre
spo
nde
nta
gen
ttok
eept
hei
rcu
sto
mera
dvi
sedu
ponc
urr
ente
ven
tst
hatma
y
a
ff
ectt
het
ran
spo
rta
ndt
hemo
veme
nto
fgo
odswh
il
stt
hef
orwa
rde
rst
il
lma
int
ai
nst
hes
ame
r
esp
ons
ibi
l
it
ie
s,t
heg
lob
ali
zat
i
ona
ndt
hee
xpa
nsi
ono
fla
rgef
ir
msme
anst
hatmo
stc
omp
ani
esh
avea
wo
rld
wid
epr
ese
nce
,an
dsoi
ntu
rnt
hec
orr
esp
ond
enta
gen
tha
sbe
ene
ff
ect
iv
elyn
ull
i
fie
d,wi
th
c
omp
ani
esc
ommu
nic
ati
ngb
etwe
ens
tri
ngso
fdi
ff
ere
ntb
ran
che
s.

C
urr
ent
l
yth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngi
ndu
str
yfa
cest
hep
rob
lemso
faf
rag
men
teds
tru
ctu
re,
i
nef
fi
ci
enc
yofr
ela
teds
erv
ice
s,h
igho
per
ati
ngc
ost
s,a
ndl
owv
olu
me.
Thi
sisb
eca
usei
nca
rry
ingo
ut
t
hei
rop
era
ti
ons
,fr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsn
oto
nlyd
epe
ndo
not
herr
ela
teds
erv
ice
sbu
tal
sou
ses
ubs
tan
ti
al
f
ore
igne
xch
ang
eint
hep
roc
ure
men
tofs
erv
ice
s,b
ook
ing
sfo
rca
rgos
pac
ean
dde
cid
ingo
nsh
ipp
ing
l
i
nes
,ai
rl
in
eso
rra
il
way
stob
eus
ed.
The
rea
rema
nyf
rei
ght
for
war
din
gco
mpa
nie
sint
hec
oun
trywi
th
f
ourme
mbe
raf
fi
li
at
eda
sso
cia
ti
ons
.Th
isf
rag
men
tedi
ndu
str
yha
stwot
ie
rsi
e.f
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsa
nd
c
ust
omb
rok
erso
rag
ent
san
diso
per
ati
ngi
nav
eryc
omp
eti
ti
vee
nvi
ron
men
t.Ho
wev
er,t
hei
r
c
ont
ri
but
io
nan
dgr
owt
hpo
ten
ti
ala
rel
i
mit
edd
uet
oth
elo
wle
velo
fpr
ofe
ssi
ona
li
sm,
ano
n-u
nif
orm
t
ari
ffs
tru
ctu
rea
ndh
ighs
taf
ftu
rno
ver
.

Op
era
ti
ona
lef
fi
ci
enc
yoft
hef
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rde
pen
dso
not
hers
erv
ice
s,s
ucha
sgo
od
f
rei
ght
con
tai
nerf
aci
l
it
ie
san
dha
ula
ges
yst
em,
inl
andc
lea
ran
ced
epo
ts(
I
CD)
,i
nl
andt
ermi
nal
s,a
irp
ort
s
a
nds
eap
ort
s.Th
ein
dus
trya
lsod
epe
ndso
nth
epa
rti
ci
pat
io
nofa
llt
hep
art
ie
sint
het
ran
spo
rta
nd
l
ogi
st
ic
sch
aina
swe
lla
sth
ein
for
mat
io
nte
chn
olo
gie
ssu
cha
sel
ect
ron
icd
atai
nt
erc
han
ges(
EDI
)
.Th
e
r
esp
ons
eti
meo
fth
eEDIs
yst
ema
tce
rta
inp
ort
sisv
erys
lowa
ndi
tta
kesa
ppr
oxi
mat
el
ybe
twe
en1
2
h
our
sto1
1/2d
aysf
orat
ran
sac
ti
ont
obec
omp
let
ed.

Th
eop
era
ti
ona
lco
stso
ffr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rswi
l
lbei
ncr
eas
eds
ign
ifi
can
tl
y.Th
esea
ddi
ti
ona
lco
sts
wi
l
lbep
ass
edd
ownt
oth
een
dus
erss
ucha
s5e
xpo
rte
rs,
imp
ort
ersa
ndp
ote
nti
ali
nve
sto
rs.
Hav
inga
ll
t
hes
efa
cto
rsi
nmi
ndt
hep
res
ents
tud
ywa
spl
ann
edt
oan
aly
zet
her
oleo
ffr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsa
ndt
he
p
rob
lemsf
ace
dbyt
hemi
nin
ter
nat
io
nal
bus
ine
ss.

1
.
4.I
mpo
rta
nceo
fth
est
udy

I
nth
emo
der
nbu
sin
esswo
rld
,ea
cha
nde
ver
yna
ti
ond
eal
swi
thf
ore
ignc
oun
tryt
oea
rnmo
re
f
ore
igne
xch
ang
eth
rou
ght
hei
rex
por
tac
ti
vi
ti
es.
Bas
ic
all
y,ac
oun
try
'se
con
omi
cpo
sit
io
nisd
ete
rmi
ned
b
ase
dont
hatc
oun
try
'sBa
lan
ceo
fPa
yme
nt(
BOP)
,Gr
ossDo
mes
ti
cPr
odu
ct(
GDP)a
ndGr
ossNa
ti
ona
l
Pr
odu
ct(
GNP)
.Al
lov
ert
hewo
rldd
if
fe
ren
tty
peo
fcu
rre
ncys
yst
emg
oin
gona
nde
achc
oun
tryf
ol
lo
w
d
if
fe
ren
tcu
rre
ncyn
amea
ndme
cha
nis
m.Ac
oun
try
'sp
urc
has
ingp
owe
rof
acu
rre
ncyd
if
fe
rsf
romo
ne
a
not
her
,re
aso
nise
achc
oun
tryf
ol
lo
wdi
ff
ere
ntGo
ldRe
ser
veRa
ti
o(GRR)s
yst
em.
Wit
hth
isGRRwe
c
oul
dde
ter
min
eei
th
ert
hec
oun
tryi
sde
vel
ope
dco
unt
ry/
dev
elo
pin
gco
unt
ry/l
essd
eve
lop
ingc
oun
try
o
rpo
orc
oun
try
.Th
ust
hec
urr
enc
yva
lued
if
fe
ren
ti
at
io
nisa
lsoa
nimp
ort
ant/i
nfl
uen
cin
gfa
cto
rfo
r
i
nt
ern
ati
ona
lbu
sin
essi
nal
lco
unt
ri
es.

Re
cen
tl
yint
hef
ie
ldo
fLo
gis
ti
csa
ndS
upp
lyC
hai
nMa
nag
eme
nt(
SCM)
,de
vel
opme
nti
sve
ry
h
igh
,so
mewi
der
ang
eofs
cop
ean
dop
por
tun
it
ie
sar
eav
ail
abl
eint
hes
tud
yan
dth
ebu
sin
essa
rea
.Th
e
l
at
estt
ren
dal
lth
eyo
ungp
ers
ona
li
ti
esg
eth
ighl
eve
lawa
ren
essr
ela
tedt
oMu
lt
iNa
ti
ona
lCo
rpo
rat
e
(
MNC
),Bu
sin
essPr
oce
ssOu
tso
urc
ing(
BPO)
,Ca
llC
ent
ers
,So
ft
war
eex
por
tan
dpe
cul
i
ari
nt
ern
ati
ona
l
b
usi
nes
sar
eal
i
keL
ogi
st
ic
sse
rvi
cep
rov
ide
rs,
Int
ern
ati
ona
lFr
eig
htF
orwa
rde
rs,
Car
goAg
ent
,Cu
sto
ms
Br
oke
r,Bu
yin
gHo
use
,Co
nta
ine
rAg
ent
.Sh
ipp
ingAg
ent
,Li
nera
ndC
lea
rin
g&F
orwa
rdi
ngAg
ent
/CHA
e
tc.

Th
epr
ese
nts
tud
ysh
owst
hei
mpo
rta
nceo
ffo
rwa
rdi
ngb
usi
nes
sint
hei
nt
ern
ati
ona
llo
gis
ti
cs
.
Wi
tht
her
oleo
ffr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rs,
wec
ana
cce
sst
hei
nve
stme
nto
ppo
rtu
nit
ie
s,o
per
ati
ngs
tra
teg
ieso
f
d
if
fe
ren
tco
mpa
nie
s,t
heg
rowt
hop
por
tun
it
ie
sinb
otht
heo
cea
nan
dai
rfr
eig
htma
rke
tan
dth
eva
rio
us
c
hal
l
eng
est
hat
for
war
din
gpe
opl
efa
cei
nda
ytod
ayo
per
ati
onsi
nth
ein
ter
nat
io
nal
fre
igh
tfo
rwa
rdi
ng
e
nvi
ron
men
t.S
oan
yre
sea
rch
erc
ans
tud
yre
lat
edt
opi
cst
oLi
nero
per
ati
ons
,Sh
ipp
ingAg
ent
s,Bu
yin
g
Ag
enc
y,S
ea/
AirPo
rt,
IATA(
I
nte
rna
ti
ona
lAi
rTr
ans
por
tAs
soc
iat
io
n)Ag
ent
,I
nla
ndC
ont
ai
nerDe
pot
(
ICD)
,
C
ont
ai
nerF
rei
ghtS
tat
io
n(C
FS)
,
Spe
cia
lEc
ono
micZ
one
s(
SEZ
),Ex
por
t6Pr
oce
ssi
ngZ
one
s(
EPZ
),l
at
est
C
ont
ai
nerC
orp
ora
ti
ono
fIn
dia(
CONC
OR)
,gr
owi
ngOn
li
neRe
tai
lBu
sin
essa
ndt
hei
rSu
ppl
yCh
ain
S
tra
teg
y,Ec
omme
rceL
ogi
st
ic
san
dab
outt
heEDIi
mpl
eme
nta
ti
oni
npo
rtc
ust
omso
ff
ic
eet
c.I
tma
ybe
u
sef
ult
oou
rMi
ni
st
ryo
fCo
mme
rcef
orn
ewp
oli
cyf
ormu
lat
io
nan
dbu
ddi
nge
ntr
epr
ene
urso
f
i
nt
ern
ati
ona
ltr
ade
.

C
HAPTER2

Re
vie
wof
Lit
era
tur
ean
dRe
sea
rchDe
sig
n

2
.1
.Re
vie
wof
Lit
era
tur
e
 F
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
ngi
sav
it
alp
arto
fin
ter
nat
io
nalt
rad
eac
ti
vi
ty
.Fr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsa
cto
n
b
eha
lfo
fex
por
ter
sina
rra
ngi
ngt
ran
spo
rta
ti
ons
erv
ice
s.Mo
stf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsh
and
leb
otho
cea
n
a
nda
irt
ran
spo
rta
ti
on,
butu
sua
ll
yins
epa
rat
ede
par
tme
nts
.Th
eya
ref
ami
l
iarwi
tht
hei
mpo
rtr
ule
s
a
ndr
egu
lat
io
ns,
andd
ocu
men
tsc
onn
ect
edwi
thf
ore
ignt
rad
e.Re
vie
woft
hel
i
ter
atu
resi
stos
tud
yan
d
ma
nag
eth
esu
ppl
ych
ains
ucht
hatg
ood
sar
riv
eont
imeo
nth
eli
mit
edr
eso
urc
esa
ndv
ari
ous
o
per
ati
ona
lco
nst
rai
nt
sonp
and
emi
c.

 Ya
nli
ngXu(
202
1)
,e
xami
nedt
hei
mpa
cto
fth
eCOVI
D-1
9vi
ruso
nth
etr
ans
por
tat
io
nan
dlo
gis
ti
cs
s
ect
ori
nCh
inawi
thq
uan
ti
ta
ti
veme
tho
dof
res
ear
chd
esi
gn,
alo
ngwi
thp
rima
ryd
atac
oll
ect
io
n.
Th
eex
pla
nat
oryv
ari
abl
ehe
rei
sth
eCOVI
D-1
9vi
rus
,wh
ere
as,
thed
epe
nde
ntv
ari
abl
esa
rea
ir
f
rei
ght
,oc
eanf
rei
ght
,an
dla
ndf
rei
ght
.Th
eda
taa
nal
ysi
ste
chn
iqu
eus
edi
sth
eSt
ruc
tur
al
Eq
uat
io
nMo
del
l
ing(
SEM)
ana
lys
is
,co
mpr
isi
ngo
fth
eCo
nfi
rma
tor
yFa
cto
rAn
aly
sis(
CFA)
and
t
hep
atha
sse
ssme
ntme
tho
d.As
tru
ctu
reds
urv
eyq
ues
ti
onn
air
ewa
sal
sou
sed
,an
dth
esu
rve
y
q
ues
ti
onn
air
esc
alewa
sse
tfr
oms
tro
ngl
yag
reet
odi
sag
rees
tro
ngl
y.Th
efi
ndi
ngsr
eve
ale
dth
at
t
hee
ff
ecto
fCOVI
D-1
9ona
irf
rei
ghti
sst
at
is
ti
cal
l
yne
gat
iv
ean
dsi
gni
fi
can
t.Mo
reo
ver
,th
e
i
mpa
cto
fCOVI
D-1
9onl
andf
rei
ght
iss
tat
is
ti
cal
l
yne
gat
iv
ean
dsi
gni
fi
can
t,wh
ere
ast
hee
ff
ect
of
C
OVI
D-1
9iss
tat
is
ti
cal
l
yin
sig
nif
ic
anti
nth
eco
nte
xto
foc
eanf
rei
ght
,pa
rti
cul
arl
ydu
rin
gth
e
p
eri
odo
fth
eCOVI
D-1
9pa
nde
mic
.Th
ere
for
e,k
eep
ingt
hes
ere
sul
t
sinc
ons
ide
rat
io
n,
p
oli
cyma
ker
sca
nen
han
cet
hei
rsu
ppo
rt,
soa
stoi
ncr
eas
eth
epe
rfo
rma
nceo
fth
elo
gis
ti
csa
nd
t
ran
spo
rta
ti
ons
ect
ori
nCh
ina
.

 Ta
psaS
uda
n(2
021
)ex
ami
nedt
hatp
and
emi
cha
sex
pos
edmo
stI
ndi
anf
ir
mst
ose
ver
esu
ppl
y
c
hai
ndi
sru
pti
ons(
SCDs
)du
etou
ndi
sc
ove
reds
upp
lyc
hai
nvu
lne
rab
il
it
ie
s.Th
est
udyr
eve
ale
d
t
hatma
nyI
ndi
anf
ir
msh
avee
xpe
rie
nce
dma
jord
isr
upt
io
nsi
ntr
ans
por
tat
io
nan
dlo
gis
ti
cs
s
erv
ice
s,i
ncl
udi
ngi
mpa
cto
ntr
ans
por
tat
io
nan
dlo
gis
ti
csd
ata
,ti
med
ela
ys,a
ndc
arg
o
c
anc
ell
at
io
nsd
uet
ocr
amp
edf
rei
ghtc
apa
cit
y,r
est
ri
ct
edc
irc
ula
ti
on,
clo
sur
eofp
ort
s,a
nds
low
c
ust
omsc
lea
ran
ces
.Th
ish
asa
lsoi
mpa
cte
dad
ver
sel
yth
epr
odu
cti
ona
ndt
ran
spo
rt
c
ons
ign
men
tsi
ncl
udi
ngl
ogi
st
ic
sse
rvi
cesa
ndl
edt
ode
lay
san
dre
rou
ti
ngt
ofi
nalc
ons
ume
rs.
Wi
tht
heg
rad
ualr
emo
valo
fre
str
ict
io
ns,
fi
rmsa
rema
kin
gco
nce
rte
def
fo
rtst
ore
cov
erf
rom
S
CDs
;ho
wev
er,
wit
hwe
aka
ppl
i
cat
io
nso
fro
bus
tTIa
ndAL
S,t
heS
CRi
sre
lat
iv
elyv
erys
low.
Th
ere
for
e,weo
ff
ere
dan
ew mo
delf
ora
ddr
ess
ingt
heS
CDsu
sin
gro
bus
tin
tel
l
ige
nce
t
ran
spo
rta
ti
ons
yst
emsa
ndAL
S.
2
.2
.Re
sea
rchGa
p

Ne
arl
ysi
mil
ara
rti
cl
eha
sbe
enr
evi
ewe
donf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
ngi
nco
vid1
9pa
nde
mic
.Re
gar
din
g
f
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
ng,
thea
reao
fac
ade
micr
ese
arc
hma
jor
lyf
ocu
sedo
nth
eMo
der
npa
nde
micl
ogi
st
ic
s
me
tho
ds:
howi
the
lpst
oen
han
cet
hes
erv
icei
ndu
str
y,r
eve
rsel
ogi
st
ic
sast
hemo
sti
mpo
rta
ntf
act
ort
o
b
eco
nce
ntr
ate
dino
nli
ner
eta
il
,lo
gis
ti
csa
spe
rfo
rma
nceme
asu
reme
nts
yst
emf
ort
hec
ont
in
ual
r
eve
nueg
rowt
hinma
nuf
act
uri
ngf
ie
ld,
cro
ssc
ult
ura
llo
gis
ti
cs
,po
rtp
erf
orma
nce
sond
if
fe
ren
tan
gle
s
a
ndv
ari
oust
opi
csb
ase
dont
hei
deal
ogi
st
ic
sass
tra
teg
icc
omp
one
nt.
Wit
hre
gar
dtof
rei
ght
for
war
din
g,
t
hel
i
ter
atu
rewa
sfo
cus
edo
nth
e39i
mpa
cto
fe-
boo
kin
gona
irt
ic
ket
in
g,C
RMp
rac
ti
cesi
nth
efr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rdi
ngi
ndu
str
y,p
ortp
erf
orma
nceo
fCl
ear
inga
ndf
orwa
rdi
nga
gen
ts,a
tt
it
udeo
ffr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rde
rs,ma
nuf
act
ure
r'
sch
oic
eofs
erv
ice
s,h
ori
zon
talc
oll
abo
rat
io
nofi
nt
ern
ati
ona
lfr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rde
rsa
ndc
ont
ai
nerc
arr
iers
ele
cti
ond
eci
si
ons
.

S
eve
ralr
ese
arc
hesa
ddr
ess
edt
hep
rob
lemsf
ace
dbyr
oadt
ran
spo
rte
rsd
uet
oco
nge
sti
on,
i
nef
fi
ci
entv
ehi
cl
ean
dro
utep
lan
nin
g,p
rob
lemsi
nfr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngi
ndu
str
ywi
thr
efe
ren
cet
ose
a
t
ran
spo
rta
ti
on,c
ust
ome
r'
sop
ini
ont
owa
rdsp
rob
lemsf
ace
dbyf
orwa
rde
rsi
nth
eex
por
tin
dus
try
,
f
eat
ure
sofr
out
in
gan
dsc
hed
uli
ngp
rob
lemsi
nai
rfr
eig
hti
ndu
str
yan
dsoo
n.Th
oug
hth
erea
rea
s
ma
nyr
evi
ewsi
nth
efi
el
doff
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
nga
ndl
ogi
st
ic
s,t
hec
onc
epto
fpr
obl
emsf
ace
dbyf
rei
ght
f
orwa
rde
rsr
olei
sno
tye
tont
hel
i
ter
atu
re.S
oth
epr
ese
nts
tud
yisf
ocu
sedo
nth
ero
leo
ffr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rde
rsa
ndt
hep
rob
lemf
ace
dbyt
hemi
nin
ter
nat
io
nal
log
ist
ic
s.

2
.3
.Pr
obl
emS
tat
eme
nt

F
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
nga
ndc
ont
rac
tlo
gis
ti
csc
ont
in
uest
obeag
rowt
hin
dus
try
.Th
oug
hsu
chg
rowt
his
e
xpe
cte
dtos
lows
ome
wha
t(f
romah
igho
f3p
erc
ent
ove
rth
epa
stf
iv
eye
arst
oab
out
1.
5pe
rce
nti
nth
e
n
eart
erm)
,t
hatr
atewi
l
lst
il
lli
kel
you
tpa
cet
hato
fgl
oba
lGDP—ag
oods
it
uat
io
ntob
ein
,co
nsi
der
ing
c
urr
ente
con
omi
cci
rcu
mst
anc
es.Ev
ens
o,f
rei
ghta
ndl
ogi
st
ic
sco
mpa
nie
swi
l
lne
edt
ode
alwi
th
n
ume
rou
sis
sue
sint
hey
ear
sah
ead
.Fo
rex
amp
le,
ast
rad
ero
ute
sbe
comemo
rec
omp
eti
ti
vea
nda
s
f
rei
ghtr
ate
sfa
ll
,th
ein
dus
try
'st
rad
it
io
nalb
arg
ain
ingp
owe
rwi
thi
tss
hip
per
s—v
olu
me—wi
l
lbe
c
hal
l
eng
ed.
Onei
mpo
rta
nts
tra
teg
ytoc
oun
tert
hi
sch
all
eng
eist
ous
eba
lan
ces
hee
tst
ren
gtht
oac
qui
re
n
ich
epl
aye
rsi
nimp
ort
ant
tra
der
out
esa
ndg
eog
rap
hie
s,e
spe
cia
ll
yine
mer
gin
gma
rke
ts.

An
oth
erk
eyt
ogr
owt
han
dpr
ofi
ta
bil
i
tywi
l
lbet
hea
bil
i
tyt
oan
aly
zec
ust
ome
rs'
nee
dsa
ndt
hen
r
esp
ondq
uic
klywi
thd
if
fe
ren
ti
at
eda
nda
dva
nce
dlo
gis
ti
css
olu
ti
ons
.Th
atwi
l
lre
qui
reb
ett
erI
Tto
olst
o
i
mpr
ovei
nt
ern
alp
roc
esse
ff
ic
ien
cya
ndt
oge
ner
atea
nal
yse
sth
atr
esu
lti
nde
epe
run
der
sta
ndi
ngo
f
c
ust
ome
rs'i
ndu
str
iesa
ndb
usi
nes
spr
oce
sse
s.Ac
cor
din
gtoab
usi
nes
sre
sea
rch
,wh
icha
nal
yze
d
c
orp
ora
tep
erf
orma
ncei
nth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
nga
ndc
ont
rac
tlo
gis
ti
csi
ndu
str
yfr
om2
020t
o20
21,
hig
h
p
erf
orme
rso
wet
hei
rsu
cce
sst
oac
omb
ina
ti
ono
ffa
cto
rs:d
omi
nan
ceo
verp
rof
it
abl
etr
adel
ane
s;6
3
s
tra
teg
icg
rowt
hink
eye
mer
gin
gma
rke
ts;
andb
usi
nes
smo
del
ssu
ppo
rte
dbyo
per
ati
ona
lex
cel
l
enc
e
a
ndd
esi
gne
dtod
eve
lope
xpe
rti
sei
ncu
sto
mer
s'i
ndu
str
ieswh
il
eemp
owe
rin
gth
osec
ust
ome
rswi
th
g
rea
teri
nfo
rma
ti
ona
ndb
ett
ers
erv
icea
tth
esa
met
ime

2
.4
.Sc
opeo
fth
eSt
udy

Th
isi
nve
sti
gat
io
nisc
arr
iedo
uta
sac
ases
tud
yinwh
icha
nav
iat
io
nse
rvi
cep
rov
ide
ran
dlo
gis
ti
cs
c
omp
anywa
sth
ema
inf
ocu
sofs
tud
y.Wi
tht
hec
urr
ent
glo
bal
env
iro
nme
nta
mid
stt
hei
nt
rod
uct
io
nof
C
OVI
D-1
9,t
hec
omp
anyc
ope
swi
tht
hec
urr
ent
wor
ldwi
des
tru
ggl
ewi
tht
hea
cqu
isi
ti
ono
fpa
rtsa
ndt
he
p
rov
isi
ono
fse
rvi
cesd
uet
oth
ese
ver
elyt
amp
ere
dle
adt
ime
s.

2
.4
.1
.I
nde
pen
den
tan
dDe
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
s

Ani
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
blei
son
e"t
hat
inf
lue
nce
sth
ede
pen
den
tva
ria
blei
nei
th
erp
osi
ti
vewa
yor
n
ega
ti
vewa
y"(
Cav
anae
tal
.20
01a
ndS
eka
ran1
992
).
Dep
end
ent
var
iab
lesa
ret
heo
nest
hat
areo
bse
rve
d
a
ndme
asu
redi
nre
spo
nset
oth
ein
dep
end
entv
ari
abl
e.Th
ein
dep
end
enta
ndt
hed
epe
nde
ntv
ari
abl
es
a
rel
i
ste
dbe
low

I
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
s

 C
ust
ome
remp
owe
rme
nt(
CE)

 De
man
dVa
lue

 De
man
dQu
ant
it
y

 L
eadTi
me

 Ma
ter
ial
han
dli
ng

 Pr
odu
cti
onQu
ali
ty

De
pen
den
tva
ria
ble

C
ust
ome
rSa
ti
sf
act
io
n(ES
)

Da
taC
oll
ect
io
nMe
tho
ds
 Th
iswo
rkd
ivi
dedi
nt
otwot
ype
sof
dat
aco
ll
ect
io
nme
tho
dswh
icha
rec
oll
ect
edf
orc
ond
uct
in
g
t
her
ese
arc
h

 Pr
ima
ryd
ata

 S
eco
nda
ryd
ata

Pr
ima
ryDa
ta

Pr
ima
ryd
atar
epr
ese
nt'
f
irs
t-
han
d'r
awd
atas
tru
ctu
rest
hath
aven
oth
ada
nyt
ypeo
f
me
ani
ngf
uli
nt
erp
ret
at
io
n(Ha
ir,
Bus
han
dOr
ti
nau
,20
06)
.Ac
cor
din
gtoBu
rnsa
ndBu
sh(
200
6),
pri
mar
y
d
atai
sde
vel
ope
dorc
oll
ect
ede
spe
cia
ll
yfo
rth
epr
obl
emo
nha
nd.
Pri
mar
yda
tad
oesn
ota
ctu
all
yex
ist
u
nti
li
ti
sge
ner
ate
dth
rou
ght
hep
roc
essa
spa
rto
fth
eco
nsu
lt
anc
yord
iss
ert
at
io
norp
roj
ec
t,Ha
ire
tal
.
,
(
200
6)

Pr
ima
ryd
ataa
remo
rea
ccu
rat
ean
dre
lev
antt
hans
eco
nda
ryd
atab
eca
usei
tismo
res
imp
le,
r
eli
abl
ean
dth
eus
edo
ffi
xedr
esp
ons
equ
est
io
nst
hat
canr
edu
cedt
hev
ari
abi
l
it
yint
her
esu
ltt
hat
mig
ht
c
aus
ebyv
ari
esa
mon
gth
ein
ter
vie
wer
s.Pr
ima
ryd
atai
scl
ose
lyr
ela
tedt
oan
dha
simp
li
cat
io
nfo
rth
e
me
tho
dsa
ndt
ech
niq
ueso
fda
tac
oll
ect
io
n.F
ore
xamp
le,
pri
mar
yda
tawi
l
lof
te
nbec
oll
ect
edt
hro
ugh
v
ari
oust
ech
niq
uess
ucha
sin
ter
vie
win
g,o
bse
rva
ti
ona
nds
urv
eyq
ues
ti
onn
air
e,Ha
ire
tal
.
,(
200
7)
.

I
nth
iss
tud
y,s
urv
eyq
ues
ti
onn
air
eist
hemo
sts
uit
abl
eme
tho
dtob
eus
edt
oco
ll
ectp
rima
ry
d
atat
hata
rer
ele
van
ttoe
mot
io
nali
nt
el
li
gen
ceo
fth
ecu
sto
mero
nth
eai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngma
rke
t.
S
tud
yus
edo
nli
nes
urv
eyq
ues
ti
onn
air
ean
dha
nd-
i
n-h
ands
urv
eyq
ues
ti
onn
air
e.Th
eun
der
lyi
ng
r
eas
ono
fus
ingo
nli
nes
urv
eyq
ues
ti
onn
air
etoc
oll
ect
pri
mar
yda
tai
stot
akea
dva
nta
geo
fth
ein
cre
ase
d
u
sedo
nin
ter
net
inv
ari
ouss
egme
nto
femp
loy
eei
nth
elo
gis
ti
csi
ndu
str
ywh
ichp
oss
ibl
yno
tre
ach
abl
e
t
hro
ugho
the
rch
ann
els(
Car
oli
nea
ndBa
rry
,20
02)
.On
li
nes
urv
eyq
ues
ti
onn
air
eisr
ela
ti
vel
yqu
icki
n
c
oll
ect
in
gda
taa
sco
mpa
ret
oot
hera
ppr
oac
hess
ucha
sin
ter
vie
wan
dob
ser
vat
io
n.Th
isme
tho
disb
ein
g
u
seda
sit
hel
pst
hes
urv
eyt
obec
omp
let
edi
nae
asya
ndc
ost
eff
ic
ien
twa
y.Mo
reo
ver
,th
eda
tao
bta
ine
d
i
sor
igi
nala
sitwa
sob
tai
nedd
ire
ctl
yfr
omt
het
arg
ets
amp
les
.Ab
out1
50s
etso
fqu
est
io
nna
irewe
re
d
ist
ri
but
edb
yha
ndt
oth
eemp
loy
eeo
fCo
mpa
nya
ndt
hes
amp
lesn
eedt
ofi
l
lint
heq
ues
ti
onn
air
ean
d
r
etu
rni
ti
mme
dia
tel
yaf
te
rth
eyh
avea
nswe
red
.Th
esa
mpl
esq
ues
ti
onn
air
eswe
rec
hos
eni
nco
ll
ect
in
g
p
rima
ryd
ata
.Th
equ
est
io
nna
ire
swe
red
ist
ri
but
edt
ore
spo
nde
ntst
hro
ughf
acet
ofa
ce.
Thi
sme
tho
dof
d
ist
ri
but
io
nisa
nef
fe
cti
vewa
ytoc
oll
ectd
ataf
romal
arg
esa
mpl
eofwo
rki
ngp
eop
lewi
th
inas
hor
t
p
eri
odo
fti
me.

S
eco
nda
ryDa
ta
 S
eco
nda
ryd
atai
sda
tat
hata
reg
ath
ere
dan
dre
cor
dedb
yso
meo
nee
lsep
rio
rto(
andf
ort
he
p
urp
ose
sot
hert
han
)th
ecu
rre
ntp
roj
ec
t.S
eco
nda
ryd
atau
sua
ll
yar
ehi
st
ori
cala
nda
lre
adya
sse
mbl
ed
(
Zi
kmu
nd,
Bab
in,
Car
ran
dGr
if
fi
n,2
010
).Th
epr
ima
rya
dva
nta
geo
fse
con
dar
yda
tai
sth
eira
vai
l
abi
l
it
y.
Th
ist
ypeo
fda
tar
equ
ire
dve
ryl
i
tt
let
imet
oob
tai
n,e
asyt
ofi
nda
ndl
esse
xpe
nsi
vet
hana
cqu
iri
ng
p
rima
ryd
ata
.

F
ort
hi
sst
udy
stu
dy,
mos
tof
thes
eco
nda
ryd
atawa
sob
tai
nedu
sin
gbo
oksa
ndi
nt
ern
et.
Lot
ofe
-
j
our
nal
sfr
omd
if
fe
ren
ton
li
ned
ata
bas
esu
sedt
oco
ll
ect
dat
a.On
li
ned
ata
bas
ess
ucha
sEl
sev
ier
,Sc
ien
ce
Di
rec
t,
SAGEPu
bli
cat
io
ns,
Hin
dawi
Pub
li
cat
io
n,S
tud
yIn
diap
ubl
i
cat
io
nan
dEme
ral
d-
Si
ght
doh
elp
edf
or
b
ett
eru
nde
rst
and
ingo
nth
iss
tud
yto
pic
.So
mee
xamp
leo
fe-
j
our
nal
sth
atu
sedt
osu
ppo
rtt
hi
s
s
tud
yst
udywa
sIn
ter
nat
io
nalJ
our
nalo
fMa
rke
ti
ngS
tud
ies
,So
cia
lSc
ien
ce,J
our
nalo
fIn
ter
nat
io
nal
Bu
sin
essa
ndMa
nag
eme
nta
ndJ
our
nal
ofI
nte
rna
ti
ona
lJo
urn
alo
fBu
sin
ess
.

S
amp
li
ngDe
sig
n

S
amp
les
iz
eist
het
ot
aln
umb
ero
fre
spo
nde
ntso
rta
rge
tst
obes
tud
iedi
nth
iss
tud
y(Ma
lho
tra
a
ndPe
ter
son
,20
06)
.I
nth
isr
ese
arc
h,1
20s
etso
fqu
est
io
nna
irewe
red
ist
ri
but
edt
oth
elo
gis
ti
cemp
loy
ees
o
fth
eco
mpa
nyb
eca
usee
mpl
oye
esi
zes
mal
li
nth
eco
nce
rn

Ta
rge
tPo
pul
at
io
n

Ta
rge
tpo
pul
at
io
nist
hewh
oleg
rou
pwe
rep
eop
lesi
nt
ere
ste
dons
amed
esi
ret
odr
awa
c
onc
lus
ion(
Hit
zi
g,2
009
).
Int
hi
swo
rk,
thet
arg
etp
opu
lat
io
nwi
l
lfo
cuso
nth
epo
ten
ti
alo
femp
loy
eesa
nd
c
ust
ome
rso
fth
eca
rgoi
ndu
str
y.Th
ere
aso
ntoc
hoo
sea
irf
rei
ght
for
war
din
gpr
ovi
dera
gai
nstc
han
ges
a
ndt
hed
eci
si
onso
fth
ema
rke
twi
l
lde
ter
min
edo
nth
eva
lueo
fth
eco
mpa
nya
ndf
act
ort
heys
upp
ort
in
g.
Th
equ
est
io
nna
irewa
sdi
st
ri
but
edt
oth
ecu
sto
mera
nde
mpl
oye
eso
fth
eai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ng
c
omp
any
.Th
ere
spo
nde
ntsn
eedt
ofi
l
lupt
heq
ues
ti
onn
air
eimme
dia
tel
yan
dre
tur
nth
equ
est
io
nna
ire
wi
th
outmi
ss
inga
nyq
ues
ti
ons
.On
cea
llt
he1
20s
etso
fqu
est
io
nna
irewe
ref
ull
yan
swe
rbyt
he
r
esp
ond
ent
s,
thep
roc
esso
fga
the
rin
gda
tas
top
sfo
rda
tak
eyi
n.

S
amp
li
ngF
ramea
ndS
amp
li
ngL
oca
ti
on

Ac
cor
din
gtoZ
ikmu
nd(
201
0)
,as
amp
li
ngf
ramei
sth
eli
sto
fel
eme
ntswh
eres
amp
lema
ybe
c
oll
ect
ed.
Howe
ver
,sa
mpl
i
ngf
ramewa
sno
tre
lev
anti
nth
iswo
rkb
eca
usen
onp
rob
abi
l
it
ysa
mpl
i
ng
h
aveb
eena
ppl
i
edi
nth
isr
ese
arc
h.Th
esa
mpl
i
ngl
oca
ti
oni
sfo
cus
edi
ndi
ff
ere
ntp
art
soft
heI
ndi
a.Th
e
r
eas
ont
och
oos
eth
isc
omp
anya
sit
ise
asyt
odi
st
ri
but
esu
rve
yqu
est
io
nna
iret
oemp
loy
ees
.Be
sid
est
hat
,
i
ti
sve
ryc
onv
eni
ent
fore
mpl
oye
esa
sth
eya
reg
ooda
tat
ti
tu
dest
osh
aret
hei
nfo
rma
ti
on.
S
amp
li
ngTe
chn
iqu
e

S
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
uei
same
tho
dus
edt
ose
lec
tas
amp
lef
romp
opu
lat
io
n(S
aun
der
,Le
wisa
nd
Th
orn
hil
l
,20
09)
.I
tca
nbed
ivi
dedi
nt
otwoma
ins
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
ueswh
icha
rep
rob
abi
l
it
ysa
mpl
i
ng
a
ndn
on-
pro
bab
il
it
ysa
mpl
i
ng.
Int
hi
swo
rk,
nonp
rob
abi
l
it
ysa
mpl
i
ngi
sbe
ingu
sedb
eca
uset
her
eisn
o
s
amp
li
ngf
rame
.No
npr
oba
bil
i
tys
amp
li
ngi
san
ypr
oce
ssi
nwh
iche
leme
ntsd
ono
tha
vee
qua
lch
anc
es
o
fbe
ings
ele
cte
dinas
amp
le.I
nno
n-p
rob
abi
l
it
ysa
mpl
i
ng,s
amp
les
ele
cte
dba
sedo
nth
eba
siso
f
c
onv
eni
enc
ean
dpe
rso
nalj
udg
eme
nt.
Int
hi
sre
sea
rch
,co
nve
nie
nces
amp
li
nga
nds
nowb
alls
amp
li
ng
me
tho
dwe
reu
sed
.

Ase
mpl
oye
eoft
hec
onc
erni
sea
syt
oac
ces
s,i
tisag
rea
tch
anc
etoa
ppr
oac
hla
rgen
umb
ero
f
p
ote
nti
alr
esp
ond
ent
ssu
cce
ssf
ull
y.Qu
est
io
nna
irewi
l
lbed
ist
ri
but
edi
nsu
rve
ypa
per
.Th
ere
aso
nof
u
sin
gco
nve
nie
nces
amp
li
ngi
sbe
cau
sei
ti
sco
ste
ff
ic
ien
tan
dsa
vet
ime
.Be
sid
est
hat
,sn
owb
all
samp
li
ng
i
sbe
ingu
sedi
nth
iss
tud
ybe
cau
set
hei
ni
ti
alr
esp
ond
ent
sid
ent
if
yad
dit
io
nal
res
pon
den
ts(
Orc
her
,20
05)
.
Th
iswo
rkd
ist
ri
but
equ
est
io
nna
iret
oemp
loy
eeso
nat
tr
ibu
tesi
nfl
uen
cin
gth
eco
mmi
tme
nta
ndq
ual
i
ty
o
fwo
rko
nemp
loy
eef
romn
eve
rle
avi
ngt
hec
omp
anya
ndt
oimp
rov
eth
ewo
rkp
erf
orma
nce
.

Da
taAn
aly
sis

Af
te
rda
tac
oll
ect
io
n,t
heq
ues
ti
onn
air
ewa
sch
eck
edf
orc
omp
let
ene
ss.
Thes
tat
is
ti
calp
ack
age
f
ors
oci
als
ci
enc
eSPS
SVe
rsi
on2
3.
0wa
sus
edf
orp
roc
ess
inga
nda
nal
yzi
ngp
rima
ryd
ata
.Th
efo
ll
owi
ng
s
tat
is
ti
cal
too
lswe
reu
sedf
ort
hea
nal
ysi
sof
dat
a.

Pe
rce
nta
gea
nal
ysi
s

C
onf
ir
mat
oryt
est
ana
lys
is

T-
tes
t

2
.1
0.L
imi
ta
ti
ono
fth
est
udy

Th
ere
sea
rchc
ond
uct
edi
nth
iss
tud
ywa
sdo
ner
emo
tel
yfo
rth
emo
stp
art
.Ast
hes
tud
y
d
emo
nst
rat
es,
thec
urr
entp
and
emi
csi
tu
ati
oni
squ
it
ecr
it
ic
all
ead
ingt
odi
ff
ic
ult
ie
sinb
ein
gons
it
efo
r
p
hys
ic
ale
xami
nat
io
noft
hewo
rke
nvi
ron
men
t.Th
eda
tac
oll
ect
edwa
sdo
nemo
stl
yre
mot
el
ywh
ich
l
i
mit
edt
heme
tho
dso
fda
tac
oll
ect
io
ntod
ocu
men
tre
vie
wsa
ndo
bse
rva
ti
ons
.
 C
hap
ter3

Pr
ofi
l
eof
thes
ele
cte
dOr
gan
iza
ti
ona
ndr
esp
ond
ent
s

3
.1
.Ov
erv
iewo
fAi
rFr
eig
htF
orwa
rde
r

AnAi
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rorf
orwa
rde
r,a
lsok
nowna
saf
orwa
rdi
nga
gen
t,i
sap
ers
ono
ra
c
omp
anyt
hat
org
ani
zess
hip
men
tsf
ori
ndi
vi
dua
ls/
cor
por
ati
onst
oge
tgo
odsf
romt
hema
nuf
act
ure
ror
p
rod
uce
rtoama
rke
t,c
ust
ome
rorf
ina
lpo
into
fdi
st
ri
but
io
n.F
orwa
rde
rsc
ont
rac
twi
thac
arr
iert
o
mo
vet
heg
ood
s.Af
orwa
rde
rdo
esn
otmo
vet
heg
ood
sbu
tac
tsa
sane
xpe
rti
nth
elo
gis
ti
csn
etwo
rk.
A
f
orwa
rde
rco
ntr
act
swi
thc
arr
ier
stomo
vec
arg
ora
ngi
ngf
romr
awa
gri
cul
t
ura
lpr
odu
ctst
o
ma
nuf
act
ure
dgo
ods
.

F
rei
ghtc
anb
ebo
oke
donav
ari
et
yofs
hip
pin
gpr
ovi
der
s.I
nte
rna
ti
ona
lfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rs
t
ypi
cal
l
yha
ndl
ein
ter
nat
io
nal
shi
pme
nts
.In
ter
nat
io
nal
fre
igh
tfo
rwa
rde
rsh
avea
ddi
ti
ona
lex
per
ti
sei
n
p
rep
ari
nga
ndp
roc
ess
ingc
ust
omsa
ndo
the
rdo
cume
nta
ti
ona
ndp
erf
ormi
nga
cti
vi
ti
esp
ert
ai
ni
ngt
o
i
nt
ern
ati
ona
lsh
ipme
nts
.In
for
mat
io
nty
pic
all
yre
vie
wedb
yaf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rin
clu
dest
he
c
omme
rci
ali
nvo
ice
,sh
ipp
er'
sex
por
tde
cla
rat
io
n,b
il
lofl
adi
nga
ndo
the
rdo
cume
ntsr
equ
ire
dbyt
he
c
arr
iero
rco
unt
ryo
fex
por
t,i
mpo
rt,
and
/ort
ran
ssh
ipme
nt.

3
.2
.Co
nce
pto
fAi
rFr
eig
htF
orwa
rdi
ng

Ai
rFr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngi
sas
erv
iceu
sedb
yco
mpa
nie
sth
atd
eal
ini
nt
ern
ati
ona
lormu
lt
i-
n
ati
ona
limp
orta
nde
xpo
rt.
Whi
l
eth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rdo
esn
'ta
ctu
all
ymo
vet
hef
rei
ghti
ts
elf
,i
tac
ts
a
sani
nt
erme
dia
ryb
etwe
ent
hec
li
ent
andv
ari
oust
ran
spo
rta
ti
ons
erv
ice
s.S
end
ingp
rod
uct
sfr
omo
ne
i
nt
ern
ati
ona
lde
sti
nat
io
ntoa
not
herc
ani
nvo
lveamu
lt
it
udeo
fca
rri
ers
,re
qui
reme
ntsa
ndl
ega
li
ti
es.
A
f
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
ngs
erv
iceh
and
lest
hec
ons
ide
rab
lel
ogi
st
ic
soft
hi
sta
skf
ort
hec
li
ent
,re
li
evi
ngwh
at
wo
uldo
the
rwi
seb
eaf
ormi
dab
leb
urd
en.
Fre
igh
tfo
rwa
rdi
ngs
erv
ice
sgu
ara
nte
eth
atp
rod
uct
swi
l
lge
t
t
oth
epr
ope
rde
sti
nat
io
nbya
nag
ree
dup
ond
ate
,an
ding
oodc
ond
it
io
n.

3
.3
.Co
mpo
nen
tof
theAi
rFr
eig
htF
orwa
rde
r

Th
ema
inc
omp
one
ntso
ffr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
nga
ret
ran
spo
rta
ti
onl
ogi
st
ic
s,wa
reh
ous
elo
gis
ti
cs
,
c
ust
omsd
uti
es,
app
rov
alsa
ndp
ermi
tsr
equ
ire
dfo
rimp
ort
in
gth
eca
rgoa
ndc
arg
oin
sur
anc
e.To
day
,
t
heF
rei
ghtF
orwa
rde
rof
fe
rsh
igh
lys
oph
ist
ic
ate
dsu
ppl
ych
ains
olu
ti
onso
fwh
ichp
all
eta
nd
wa
reh
ous
ingl
ogi
st
ic
sop
era
ti
onsf
orma
nin
teg
ral
par
t.Th
eses
yst
emsa
rec
ommo
nlyr
efe
rre
dtot
oda
y
a
sei
th
erTh
irdPa
rty(
3PL
)orF
our
thPa
rty(
4PL
)lo
gis
ti
css
olu
ti
onsd
epe
nde
ntu
pont
hep
erc
ent
ageo
f
t
hewo
rkt
hep
rov
ide
rre
tai
nsi
n-
hou
seo
rsu
bco
ntr
act
s.

3
.4
.Ro
leso
fAi
rFr
eig
htF
orwa
rde
rs

Ge
ner
all
yth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsc
ons
oli
dat
ean
das
semb
les
mal
lsh
ipme
ntsi
nt
ofu
lll
oad
san
d
d
isp
ers
eth
em.Th
eyo
per
atea
sei
th
era
iro
rsu
rfa
cef
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rs.I
nte
rna
ti
ona
lfr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rde
rsa
lsop
erf
orman
umb
ero
fimp
ort
antt
ask
svi
z,n
ego
ti
at
era
teq
uot
at
io
nswi
thwa
tera
nd
o
the
rin
ter
nat
io
nalc
arr
ier
s,c
har
terv
ess
elsa
nda
lsob
ooks
pac
e,p
ayf
rei
ghtc
har
geso
nbe
hal
foft
he
s
hip
per
,pr
ovi
det
rac
inga
nde
xpe
dit
in
gse
rvi
ces
,co
ntr
actf
ori
nl
andt
ran
spo
rta
ti
one
tc.
The
yge
ner
ate
t
hei
rin
comeo
nth
edi
ff
ere
nti
alb
etwe
ent
hel
ess
-t
han
-l
oadr
ate
san
dth
efu
ll
-l
oadr
ate
san
dal
sot
he
i
nco
mec
anc
omef
romf
eesf
orc
omp
let
in
gdo
cume
ntsa
ndc
ommi
ss
ion
sfr
omc
arr
ier
s.
 Ty
pic
alj
obr
oleo
fFr
eig
htF
orwa
rde
rTr
adi
ti
ona
ll
y,t
her
oleo
fth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rwa
ssi
mpl
eto
u
nde
rta
ket
ran
spo
rta
ti
ono
nbe
hal
fofe
xpo
rti
ngc
omp
ani
es.
Howe
ver
,th
eymu
stn
owp
rov
ideawh
ole
r
ang
eof
add
it
io
nal
ser
vic
est
oke
epu
pwi
tht
hec
omp
eti
ti
on.
Att
heb
egi
nni
ngo
fas
ale
,th
eyc
anp
rov
ide
t
hee
xpo
rte
rwi
thaq
uot
at
io
non
:

F
rei
ght
cos
ts

Po
rtc
har
ges

C
ons
ula
rfe
es

C
ost
ofs
pec
ial
doc
ume
nta
ti
on

I
nsu
ran
cec
ost

F
rei
ght
for
war
der
'sf
ees
.

Th
isi
nfo
rma
ti
onc
anb
eus
edi
nth
epr
epa
rat
io
nofa
nac
cur
atep
ric
equ
ota
ti
ont
ofo
rei
gn
c
ust
ome
rs.
Att
hes
hip
per
'sr
equ
est
,f
rei
ght
for
war
der
sca
nma
ket
hea
ctu
ala
rra
nge
men
tsa
ndp
rov
ide
t
hen
ece
ssa
rys
erv
ice
sfo
rex
ped
it
in
gth
esh
ipme
ntt
oit
sov
ers
easd
est
in
ati
on.
Thi
sca
nin
clu
de:

 Bo
oki
ngs
pac
ewi
tht
hec
arr
ier

 C
omp
let
in
gex
por
tdo
cume
nta
ti
on

 Ar
ran
gin
gfo
rca
rgoi
nsu
ran
ce

 Ad
vis
ingf
orc
arg
oin
sur
anc
e

 Ad
vis
ingo
nfo
rei
gni
mpo
rtr
egu
lat
io
ns

 Pr
ovi
di
ngg
uid
anc
eonp
ack
agi
ng,
mar
kin
gan
dla
bel
i
ng

 Ex
por
tcl
ear
anc
e.

 Ar
ran
gin
gfo
rpr
odu
ctst
obep
ack
eda
ndc
ont
ai
ner
ize
dat
thee
xpo
rte
r'
sre
que
st.

S
ele
cti
onc
rit
eri
ains
ele
cti
ngaf
rei
ght
for
war
derS
hip
per
s/Ex
por
ter
sea
chh
avet
hei
rownn
eed
s
t
oco
nsi
derwh
ens
ele
cti
ngaf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
r,a
ndt
hef
ol
lo
win
gar
eso
mef
act
orst
obet
ake
nin
to
a
cco
untwh
ens
ele
cti
ngaf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
r.I
t'
simp
ort
antt
olo
okf
oraf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rth
ati
s
a
ccr
edi
t
ed.
The
ymu
sth
aveal
i
cen
sef
romt
heF
ede
ralMa
rit
imeC
ommi
ss
ioni
nor
dert
oha
ndl
eoc
ean
f
rei
ght
.Fr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rst
hath
and
lea
irf
rei
ghtmu
stb
ere
gis
ter
edwi
tht
heI
nte
rna
ti
ona
lAi
r
Tr
ans
por
tAs
soc
iat
io
n(I
ATA)
.

Th
esh
ipp
ers
hou
ldd
ete
rmi
newh
eth
ert
hef
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
risf
ina
nci
al
lys
tab
le.
Hec
anr
equ
est
c
red
itr
efe
ren
cesa
ndc
onf
ir
m.Th
esh
ipp
erc
oul
dal
soc
ons
ultf
rei
ghtc
omp
ani
est
ose
ewh
eth
ert
he
f
rei
ght
for
war
derh
asag
oodp
ayme
ntr
eco
rd.
Ift
hef
rei
ght
for
war
deri
sal
arg
eco
mpa
ny,
shi
ppe
rco
uld
s
eewh
eth
eri
tisl
i
ste
dont
heNe
wYo
rkS
toc
kEx
cha
ngeo
rth
eNAS
DAQa
ndr
equ
estac
opyo
fth
eir
a
nnu
alr
epo
rt.
Thes
hip
perc
oul
das
kth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rfo
rre
fer
enc
esf
romi
tsc
ust
ome
rs,
andt
hen
c
allt
hos
ecu
sto
mer
stoa
ska
bou
tth
eirs
ati
sf
act
io
nwi
tht
hes
erv
icep
rov
ide
d.Hec
oul
das
kth
efr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rde
rdi
rec
tl
y,o
rit
scu
sto
mer
s,i
fth
efo
rwa
rde
rha
s54k
nowl
edg
ean
dex
per
ien
cewi
thy
our
c
omp
any
'sp
rod
uct
,yo
urp
ref
err
edmo
deo
ftr
ans
por
tat
io
n,a
ndt
hed
est
in
ati
onc
oun
try
.Th
esh
ipp
er
s
hou
ldf
indo
utwh
eth
ert
hef
orwa
rde
risl
arg
een
oug
htome
ety
ourc
omp
any
'se
xpo
rti
ngn
eed
s.

Dot
heyh
avea
nof
fi
cei
nth
ede
sti
nat
io
nma
rke
t?

Dot
heyh
avean
etwo
rko
fag
ent
sab
roa
d?

Dot
hei
rof
fi
cesa
nda
gen
tsh
avet
hea
bil
i
tyt
oco
mmu
nic
ateo
nli
ne?

Dot
heyh
avewa
reh
ous
efa
cil
i
ti
es,
inc
asey
oun
eedt
hat
ser
vic
e?

Dot
heyh
aves
uff
ic
ien
tst
af
ftoma
nag
eth
evo
lumea
ndn
eed
sofy
oure
xpo
rti
ngc
omp
any
?Dot
hey
h
avei
nsu
ran
cea
gai
nst
err
orsa
ndo
mis
si
ons
?

Ar
eth
eywi
l
li
ngt
ota
ket
hen
ece
ssa
ryt
imet
oex
pla
int
het
ermsa
ndp
roc
edu
resi
nawa
yth
aty
ouc
an
c
lea
rlyu
nde
rst
and
?

Th
eco
sto
fus
ingt
hef
rei
ght
for
war
der
sse
rvi
cess
hou
ldb
ein
qui
red
.

 Ho
wdot
heyc
har
gef
ort
hei
rse
rvi
ces
?

 Dot
heyc
har
get
hee
xpo
rte
raf
ixe
dfe
epl
usr
eimb
urs
abl
eex
pen
ses
?

 Dot
heyc
har
get
hef
rei
ghtc
omp
anyap
erc
ent
ageo
fth
eco
sto
ffr
eig
ht?oHo
wmu
chd
oth
ey
c
har
gef
orp
ack
inga
ndd
ocu
men
tat
io
n?

3
.5
.Re
spo
nde
nto
fth
ean
aly
sis

F
rei
ghtF
orwa
rde
rpl
aysd
if
fe
ren
tro
lesi
nsh
ipp
ingp
roc
essF
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsa
rea
n
i
mpo
rta
ntp
arto
fag
lob
als
upp
lyc
hai
nsy
ste
m.Th
eya
ret
heo
uts
our
cedt
rad
ema
nag
ersf
ort
he
s
hip
pin
gan
dde
li
ver
yofg
ood
s.F
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsh
aver
ela
ti
ons
hip
swi
ths
hip
per
sal
lar
oun
dth
e
wo
rld
.Th
eya
lsou
nde
rst
andt
hec
ust
omsp
roc
edu
resf
orp
ass
ingp
rod
uct
sth
rou
ghi
nt
ern
ati
ona
l
b
ord
ers
.Fr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsh
avema
nyd
if
fe
ren
tro
lesi
nth
esh
ipp
ingp
roc
ess
.

3
.5
.1
.Ai
rFr
eig
htBr
oke
r

Ai
rFr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsa
ref
ir
sta
ndf
ore
mos
tfr
eig
htb
rok
ers
.Th
eyn
ego
ti
at
ewi
tht
ruc
kin
g,
s
hip
pin
gora
via
ti
onf
ir
mst
ofi
ndas
uit
abl
epr
ice
.Th
ent
heys
pea
kwi
tht
hec
ust
ome
r,a
ddi
ngama
rk-
u
pfo
rth
eirs
erv
ice
s.F
orar
egu
larc
ust
ome
rwi
thma
nyl
oad
sofma
ter
ial
,t
hema
rk-
upp
erl
oadwi
l
lbe
l
esst
hanf
orc
ust
ome
rswh
ose
ndo
neo
rtwos
hip
men
tsa
nnu
all
y.I
nte
rna
ti
ona
lsh
ipme
ntst
hat
inv
olv
e
s
eas
hip
pin
gan
dtr
uck
inga
lsoe
arnap
remi
umf
ort
hef
orwa
rde
r.

3
.5
.2
.Su
ppl
yCh
ainMa
nag
er

Ai
rFr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsa
rea
lsoa
ssu
mes
omeo
fth
edu
ti
eso
fas
upp
lyc
hai
nma
nag
er.
The
yca
n
c
ont
actt
hef
act
ory
,ge
tth
epr
odu
cti
ons
che
dul
ean
dar
ran
gef
ort
hep
ick
upo
fgo
ods
.Fo
rle
ss-
t
han
-
c
ont
ai
nerl
oad(
LCL
)sh
ipme
nts
,th
eyc
ons
oli
dat
eth
ego
odswi
tha
not
herc
ont
ai
nert
omo
ste
ff
ic
ien
tl
y
s
hipt
hema
ter
ial
.Th
efo
rwa
rde
rca
nal
sog
ivea
nup
-t
o-
dat
ede
li
ver
ysc
hed
ulea
ndc
ommu
nic
atewi
th
a
nen
dbu
yero
rpo
int
ofd
eli
ver
ytol
ett
hemk
nowwh
ent
oex
pec
tth
ego
ods

3
.5
.3
.Cu
sto
msAg
ent

Ma
nyf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rss
erv
easc
ust
omsa
gen
tsf
ort
hei
rcl
i
ent
s.Th
eyh
elpt
opr
epa
rea
llo
f
t
hef
rei
ght
doc
ume
nts
,in
clu
din
gth
epa
cki
ngl
i
st,
doc
kre
cei
pt
,bi
l
lofl
adi
ng,
pro
duc
tin
voi
ce,
ins
ura
nce
c
ert
if
ic
ate
,ce
rti
fi
cat
eof
ori
gi
nan
dsp
eci
alc
ust
omsi
nvo
ice
s.Th
esed
ocu
men
tsa
ret
hens
ubmi
tt
edt
oth
e
U.
S.C
ust
omsS
erv
ice
.Ift
her
ear
ean
yad
dit
io
nali
ss
ues
,su
cha
sani
nsp
ect
io
norq
uar
ant
in
e,t
heywi
l
l
a
lsowo
rkwi
tht
heg
ove
rnme
nta
gen
cyt
ore
sol
vet
hep
rob
lem.

3
.5
.4
.Tr
adeAd
vis
er

Ai
rFr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsc
ans
erv
easi
nfo
rma
lad
vis
erso
nin
ter
nat
io
nal
orn
ati
ona
ltr
aded
eal
s.
Th
eyh
avee
xpe
rie
nces
hip
pin
gma
nyl
oad
sof
goo
dsa
ndh
aves
eene
ver
yty
peo
fpr
obl
emt
hat
cana
ris
e.
Th
eyma
ysu
gge
stt
haty
ouh
ireat
hi
rd-
par
tyq
ual
i
tyc
ont
rolf
ir
mtoa
nal
yzet
heg
ood
sbe
for
ean
y
t
ran
sfe
rof
fun
dso
ccu
rs.
Thi
sca
nsa
vemu
chh
ear
tac
hei
nth
efu
tur
eif
theg
ood
sar
eno
tasp
romi
sed
.

3
.5
.5
.Fr
eig
htF
orwa
rde
rasa
nEx
por
tAg
ent

Af
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rac
tsa
sth
eex
por
ter
'sa
gen
tan
dpe
rfo
rmsv
ari
ousf
unc
ti
onsi
nvo
lve
din
f
ore
ignt
rad
e.Af
rei
ght
for
war
derc
ang
ivea
dvi
ceo
nho
wth
ego
odss
hou
ldb
epa
cka
geda
ndt
hema
rks
a
ndl
abe
lst
hata
rer
equ
ire
d,a
ndc
anma
kea
rra
nge
men
tst
oha
vet
heg
ood
spa
cka
geda
ndp
lac
edi
n
c
ont
ai
ner
sfo
rex
por
t.Th
eyc
ont
rac
tsp
acewi
tho
cea
n,a
ir,
andl
andf
rei
ght
comp
ani
eso
nth
eex
por
ter
's
b
eha
lf
,t
otr
ans
por
tth
ego
odst
oth
eird
est
in
ati
ona
bro
ad.
The
yca
nar
ran
gef
ors
tor
agei
nawa
reh
ous
eif
n
ece
ssa
ry,
whi
l
eth
ego
odsa
rei
ntr
ans
it
,an
dco
ntr
acti
nsu
ran
cet
opr
ote
ctt
hec
arg
owh
il
eint
ran
sit
.
F
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsc
ano
bta
inc
red
itf
romt
hed
if
fe
ren
tse
rvi
cep
rov
ide
rsi
nvo
lve
dint
hee
xpo
rt
p
roc
ess
,an
dth
enc
oll
ectmo
neyf
romt
hee
xpo
rte
rtop
ayt
hes
ese
rvi
cep
rov
ide
rso
nbe
hal
foft
he
e
xpo
rte
r.

F
rei
ght
for
war
der
sca
nad
vis
eex
por
ter
sre
gar
din
gle
tt
erso
fcr
edi
toro
the
rba
nki
ngd
ocu
men
ts
f
orc
oll
ect
in
gont
hee
xpo
rts
ale
.Th
eyp
rep
aret
hed
ocu
men
tat
io
nre
qui
redf
ore
xpo
rti
ng,
ando
bta
int
he
n
ece
ssa
rya
uth
ori
zat
io
nsa
cco
rdi
ngt
oU.
S.
gov
ern
men
tre
gul
at
io
nso
nex
por
ts.
The
yca
npr
ovi
dea
dvi
ce
o
nth
epe
rmi
ts
,li
cen
ses
,in
spe
cti
ons
,an
dot
herd
ocu
men
tsa
ndp
roc
eed
ing
sth
ata
rer
equ
ire
dac
cor
din
g
t
oth
eimp
ort
lawsi
nth
eco
unt
ryo
fde
sti
nat
io
n.An
dth
eyh
elpwi
thc
ust
omsc
lea
ran
cei
nth
eco
unt
ryo
f
d
est
in
ati
on,
wor
kin
gwi
thac
ust
omsb
rok
er.

Pr
odu
ctPr
epa
rat
io
n

F
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsu
nde
rst
andt
hed
if
fe
ren
tty
peso
fpa
cka
gin
gan
dco
nta
ine
rsb
ests
uit
edf
or
y
ours
hip
men
t.Th
eyk
nowt
hema
rki
ngsa
ndl
abe
lst
hep
rod
uct
sne
edi
nor
dert
oge
tth
rou
ghc
ust
oms
a
ndb
eab
let
oen
tert
hec
oun
tryo
fde
sti
nat
io
n,a
ndt
ome
ett
her
equ
ire
men
tso
fth
edi
ff
ere
ntf
reet
rad
e
a
gre
eme
nts
,ino
rde
rtot
akea
dva
nta
geo
fdu
ty-
fr
eet
rea
tme
nta
sap
pli
cab
le.Wh
ent
hes
hip
men
tis
r
ela
ti
vel
yla
rge
,itwi
l
lmo
stl
i
kel
ybet
ran
spo
rte
dinac
ont
ai
nerb
ysh
ip,
whe
rei
tisp
oss
ibl
etos
har
e
s
pac
ewi
tho
the
rex
por
ter
s.Th
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rkn
owsh
owt
ose
cur
eth
eca
rgoa
gai
nstc
han
gesi
n
t
emp
era
tur
e,v
ibr
ati
ons
,an
dimp
act
sth
atr
esu
ltwh
ent
hec
arg
oisl
oad
eda
ndu
nlo
ade
d.I
nth
ema
jor
it
y
o
fca
ses
,in
sur
anc
edo
esn
otc
ove
rda
mag
est
hata
red
uet
oin
ade
qua
tep
ack
ing
,an
diti
sth
ere
for
e
i
mpo
rta
ntt
oco
unt
ont
hee
xpe
rie
nceo
fpa
cki
ngp
rof
ess
ion
als
.

F
rei
ght
Cha
rge
s

F
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsh
aveat
hor
oug
hkn
owl
edg
eofo
cea
nfr
eig
htc
omp
ani
esa
ndt
hei
rre
lat
iv
e
s
tre
ngt
hsa
ndwe
akn
ess
es.
The
rea
reh
und
red
sof
oce
anf
rei
ght
comp
ani
esa
ndi
tco
uldb
eth
att
her
ear
e
o
nlyaf
ewwi
thb
est
con
dit
io
nst
oca
rryy
ours
pec
if
icC
ost
Ben
efi
tsPr
odu
ctPr
epa
rat
io
nFr
eig
htc
har
ges
Do
cume
nta
ti
onp
rod
uctf
romy
ouro
rig
int
oit
sde
sti
nat
io
n,wi
th
int
het
ime
fra
mer
equ
ire
dan
data
n
a
dva
nta
geo
usc
ost
.Th
ead
vic
eof
afr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rwi
l
lbev
eryv
alu
abl
einma
kin
gth
atd
ete
rmi
nat
io
n.
Ma
nyf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsh
avea
mpl
ekn
owl
edg
ean
dex
per
ien
cewi
tha
ir,o
cea
n,a
ndl
andf
rei
ght
c
omp
ani
es,
suc
hasa
irl
i
nes
,tr
uck
ingc
omp
ani
es,
andr
ail
roa
ds,
sot
heyc
ano
ff
erac
omp
let
ese
rvi
ce,
f
romy
ourp
lac
eof
pro
duc
ti
ono
rsa
let
oth
ecu
sto
mera
bro
ad.

I
nma
nyc
ase
s,a
nex
por
terh
ast
och
oos
ebe
twe
ena
ir,
oce
an,
andl
andf
rei
ght
,orac
omb
ina
ti
on.
Th
emo
deo
ftr
ans
por
tat
io
nyo
uch
oos
ewi
l
lde
pen
dont
het
ypeo
fpr
odu
cty
oua
res
hip
pin
g,t
he
t
ime
fra
mey
ouh
avef
ord
eli
ver
y,a
ndt
hec
ost
.Oc
eanf
rei
ghtwo
uldn
orma
ll
ybel
essc
ost
l
yth
ana
ir
f
rei
ght
,bu
tyo
uha
vet
oco
nsi
dert
hea
mou
nto
fti
mei
twi
l
lta
kef
ory
ourp
rod
uct
tor
eac
hth
ecu
sto
mer
.
Wh
enp
ayme
ntc
ond
it
io
nsd
epe
ndo
nth
eda
teo
fde
li
ver
y,t
het
imef
act
orc
ana
ff
ect
thee
xpo
rte
r'
sca
sh
f
lo
w.Af
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rca
nhe
lpt
hee
xpo
rte
rev
alu
atet
hep
rosa
ndc
onso
fth
edi
ff
ere
ntmo
deso
f
t
ran
spo
rta
ti
on,
pro
vid
inga
nes
ti
mat
eof
del
i
ver
yti
mesa
ndc
ost
s.

Do
cume
nta
ti
on

Wh
eng
ood
sar
etr
ans
por
tedi
nt
ern
ati
ona
ll
y,p
ack
agi
nga
ndd
ocu
men
tat
io
nar
ecr
it
ic
alt
oth
e
e
xpo
rtp
roc
ess
.On
eoft
hema
ind
if
fe
ren
cesb
etwe
ens
ell
i
ngi
nsi
det
hec
oun
trya
nde
xpo
rti
ngi
sth
e
d
ocu
men
tat
io
nre
qui
red
.Ex
por
tdo
cume
nta
ti
onr
equ
ire
men
tsa
rev
erys
pec
if
ic
.Ami
ss
ingd
ocu
men
tor
o
net
hati
sno
tco
rre
ctl
yfi
l
ledo
utc
and
ela
yth
esh
ipme
nti
ncu
sto
mso
rins
omeo
the
rpo
inta
lon
gth
e
wa
y.F
rei
ght
for
war
der
sar
efa
mil
i
arwi
tht
hed
ocu
men
tat
io
nre
qui
reme
ntsa
ndc
ana
dvi
set
hee
xpo
rte
r,
a
nde
venp
rep
aret
hed
ocu
men
tst
hata
rer
equ
ire
d,i
nor
dert
oen
sur
eane
xpe
dit
io
uss
hip
men
t.Wh
en
t
heo
rde
risr
ead
ytob
esh
ipp
ed,
thef
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rca
nre
vie
wth
ele
tt
ero
fcr
edi
t,
thec
omme
rci
al
i
nvo
ice
,an
dth
epa
cki
ngl
i
stt
oen
sur
eth
ate
ver
yth
ingi
sino
rde
r,a
ndc
anp
rep
aret
heb
il
lofl
adi
nga
nd
a
nyo
the
rsp
eci
ald
ocu
men
tat
io
nth
atma
yber
equ
ire
d,d
epe
ndi
ngo
nth
epr
odu
ctb
ein
gsh
ipp
ed.
And
a
ft
ert
hes
hip
men
t,t
hef
rei
ght
for
war
derc
ans
enda
llt
hed
ocu
men
tat
io
ndi
rec
tl
ytot
hec
ust
ome
r,o
rth
e
c
ust
ome
r'
sba
nkt
hat
isg
oin
gtop
ayf
ort
hei
mpo
rto
nth
ecu
sto
mer
'sa
cco
unt
.

C
ost
Est
ima
tes

Af
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rca
npr
ovi
det
hee
xpo
rte
rwi
tha
nes
ti
mat
eoft
hec
ost
sin
vol
vedi
nth
e
e
xpo
rti
ngp
roc
ess
.Th
ise
sti
mat
eisv
eryi
mpo
rta
ntwh
ent
hee
xpo
rte
rqu
ote
sap
ric
etoac
ust
ome
r
a
bro
ad,
bec
aus
eth
epr
icemu
stb
esu
ffi
ci
ent
toc
ove
ral
lt
hec
ost
sre
lat
edt
oth
ede
li
ver
yof
thep
rod
uct
to
i
tsd
est
in
ati
on.
The
ref
ore
,itma
ybea
dva
nta
geo
ust
oco
nsu
ltaf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rbe
for
ene
got
ia
ti
ngt
he
p
ric
e,i
nor
dert
oge
taq
uot
efo
rth
efr
eig
htc
ost
s,p
ort
cos
ts
,in
sur
anc
eco
sts
,cu
sto
msf
ees
,ch
arg
esf
or
s
pec
ial
doc
ume
nta
ti
on,
andt
hef
rei
ght
for
war
der
sfe
es.

F
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rswo
rko
nth
eba
siso
faf
eet
heyc
har
get
hee
xpo
rte
r,wh
ichn
orma
ll
y
c
ons
is
tso
fana
gre
ed-
upo
namo
untp
lusc
har
gesf
ord
ocu
men
tat
io
n.F
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsa
lsoc
oll
ecta
p
erc
ent
ageo
fth
efr
eig
htt
heyc
ont
rac
twi
tht
ran
spo
rta
ti
onc
omp
ani
es.
Onc
ewh
ent
hef
orwa
rde
rha
ve
a
nes
ti
mat
eofa
llt
hec
ost
sin
vol
vedi
nde
li
ver
ings
hip
per
'sp
rod
uct
tot
hec
ust
ome
rab
roa
d,f
orwa
rde
rs
a
rei
nap
osi
ti
ont
oqu
oteaf
ina
lpr
icet
oth
ecu
sto
mer
,an
dift
hei
rqu
otei
sac
cep
teda
ndt
hec
ust
ome
r
s
end
sth
ema
nor
der
,fo
rwa
rde
rca
npr
epa
ret
hep
rof
ormai
nvo
ice
,wi
thac
omp
let
ebr
eak
downo
fal
l
t
hec
omp
one
ntso
fth
eamo
unt
bil
l
ed.

C
HAPTER4

Da
taAn
aly
sisa
ndI
nte
rpr
eta
ti
on

4
.1
.I
ntr
odu
cti
on

An
aly
sisa
ndi
nt
erp
ret
at
io
nar
ece
ntr
als
tep
sint
hes
tud
ypr
oce
ss.
Thea
imo
fth
ean
aly
sisi
sto
o
rga
niz
e,c
las
si
fya
ndt
hen
,su
mma
riz
eth
eco
ll
ect
edd
atas
oth
att
heyc
anb
ebe
tt
erc
omp
reh
end
eda
nd
i
nt
erp
ret
edt
ogi
vea
nswe
rst
oth
equ
est
io
nst
hat
tri
gge
redt
her
ese
arc
h.I
nte
rpr
eta
ti
oni
sth
ese
arc
hfo
r
t
heb
roa
derme
ani
ngo
ffi
ndi
ngs
.An
aly
sisi
sno
tfu
lfi
l
ledwi
th
outi
nt
erp
ret
at
io
n;a
ndi
nt
erp
ret
at
io
n
c
ann
otp
roc
eedwi
th
outa
nal
ysi
s.S
o,b
otha
rei
nt
erd
epe
nde
nt.
Int
hi
sch
apt
erad
eta
il
eda
nal
ysi
soft
he
c
oll
ect
edd
atah
asb
eena
tt
emp
teda
spe
rth
eob
jec
ti
vess
tat
ede
arl
i
er.
Hyp
oth
ese
swe
rea
lsot
est
edb
ase
d
o
nth
efi
ndi
ngso
fth
est
udy
,in
ter
pre
tat
io
nsa
ndc
onc
lus
ion
sdr
awn
.Int
hi
sch
apt
ert
hef
ol
lo
win
g
s
tat
is
ti
cal
tec
hni
que
sfo
rth
ean
aly
siso
fth
eda
tag
ath
ere
dfo
rth
epr
ese
nts
tud
yvi
z.
,De
scr
ipt
iv
ean
aly
sis
a
ndI
nfe
ren
ti
als
tat
is
ti
cse
tc.

4
.2
.De
scr
ipt
iv
eAn
aly
siso
fSa
mpl
e

Pe
rce
nta
gea
nal
ysi
siso
neo
fth
est
at
is
ti
calme
asu
resu
sedt
ode
scr
ibet
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
soft
he
s
amp
leo
rpo
pul
at
io
nint
ot
al
it
y.Pe
rce
nta
gea
nal
ysi
sin
vol
vesc
omp
uti
ngme
asu
reso
fva
ria
ble
sse
lec
ted
o
fth
est
udya
ndi
tsf
ind
ingwi
l
lgi
vee
asyi
nt
erp
ret
at
io
nfo
rth
ere
ade
r.Th
efr
equ
enc
iesp
roc
edu
re
p
rov
ide
sst
at
is
ti
csa
ndg
rap
hic
ald
isp
lay
sth
ata
reu
sef
ulf
ord
esc
rib
ingma
nyt
ype
sofv
ari
abl
es.
Fora
f
ir
stl
ooka
tou
rda
ta,
thef
req
uen
cie
sba
sedo
npe
rce
nta
gea
reag
oodp
lac
etos
tar
t.

Th
efr
equ
enc
iesr
epo
rtc
anb
esu
ppr
ess
edwh
enav
ari
abl
eha
sma
nyd
ist
in
ctv
alu
es.
Asi
mpl
e
b
arc
har
tisu
sedt
ore
pre
sen
tsd
atai
nvo
lvi
ngo
nlyo
nev
ari
abl
ecl
ass
if
ie
dons
pat
ia
l,q
uan
ti
ta
ti
veo
r
t
emp
ora
lba
sis
.Ins
imp
leb
arc
har
t,wema
keb
arso
feq
ual
wid
thb
utv
ari
abl
ele
ngt
h,i
.
e.t
hema
gni
tu
de
o
faq
uan
ti
tyi
sre
pre
sen
tedb
yth
ehe
igh
torl
eng
tho
fth
eba
rs.
Api
ech
art
(orac
irc
lec
har
t)i
sac
irc
ula
r
s
tat
is
ti
cal
gra
phi
c,wh
ichi
sdi
vi
dedi
nt
osl
i
cest
oil
l
ust
rat
enu
mer
ica
lpr
opo
rti
on.
Inap
iec
har
t,t
hea
rc
l
eng
tho
fea
chs
li
ce(
andc
ons
equ
ent
l
yit
sce
ntr
ala
ngl
ean
dar
ea)
,i
spr
opo
rti
ona
ltot
heq
uan
ti
tyi
t
r
epr
ese
nts
.

4
.2
.1
.De
man
dWi
seAn
aly
sis

Th
efo
ll
owi
ngt
abl
ede
scr
ibet
hatt
heDe
man
dwi
sec
las
si
fi
cat
io
noft
heBu
sin
essf
ora
irf
rei
ght
f
orwa
rdi
ngo
fth
ego
odso
nit
sva
luei
nth
ean
aly
siso
fth
eai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngma
rke
tdu
rin
gco
vid1
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4
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4.Ma
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Th
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Ta
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4.Ma
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4
.1
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Ta
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sdu
rin
gimp
ort

Th
efr
eig
htf
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rde
rsd
ealwi
thd
if
fe
ren
tty
peso
fgo
odsi
nth
eira
irf
rei
ghtt
ran
spo
rta
ti
on
d
uri
ngc
ovi
d19p
and
emi
c.Th
emo
deo
ftr
ans
por
tat
io
ndi
ff
erswi
tht
hen
atu
reo
fgo
ods
.Th
edi
ff
ere
nt
t
ype
sof
car
goh
and
ledb
yth
eop
era
tor
sdu
rin
gex
por
tar
ede
pic
tedb
elo
w

Ta
ble4
.2
.2
:An
aly
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peo
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oye
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rImp
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ovi
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9pa
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mic

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arg
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re F
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essF
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ent
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ris
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ood
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F
romt
hea
bov
eta
blei
ti
scl
eart
hat
mos
t(6
7%)
oft
hea
irf
rei
ght
log
ist
ico
per
ato
rso
pin
edt
hat
the
e
ngi
nee
rin
ggo
odsa
remo
ref
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
edb
yex
por
ter
sint
hei
nt
ern
ati
ona
lca
rgos
hip
men
twh
il
e
3
3%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntso
pin
edf
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
ed.
Maj
ori
ty(
85
%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sst
at
edt
hat
theg
arme
nt
/
tex
ti
leg
ood
sar
emo
ref
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
edb
yth
eex
por
ter
sdu
rin
gin
ter
nat
io
nal
car
gos
hip
men
t,wh
il
e
1
5%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntso
pin
edf
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
ed.
Mor
eth
anh
alf(
56
%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sst
at
edt
hatt
he
a
gri
cul
t
ura
lgo
odsa
ref
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
edb
yth
eop
era
tor
sdu
rin
gex
por
ts,
whi
l
e44
%of
ther
esp
ond
ent
s
o
pin
eda
ver
agef
req
uen
cy.
Mor
eth
anh
alf(
56
%)o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntsi
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
hep
har
mac
eut
ic
al
g
ood
sar
eha
ndl
edb
yth
emo
nana
ver
agef
req
uen
cy,
whi
l
e44
%of
theo
per
ato
rsi
ndi
cat
edl
essf
req
uen
tl
y
e
xpo
rte
d.I
ti
sob
ser
vedt
hat
mos
t(5
9%)
oft
heo
per
ato
rsa
reh
and
li
nga
uto
mot
iv
ego
odsf
req
uen
tl
ywh
en
h
and
li
nge
xpo
rtc
arg
owh
il
e41
%of
the8
6re
spo
nde
ntss
tat
edmo
ref
req
uen
t.

Mo
st(
67
%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sop
ine
dth
atF
MCGg
ood
sar
eha
ndl
edb
yth
emo
nana
ver
age
f
req
uen
cy,wh
il
e31
%oft
heo
per
ato
rsi
ndi
cat
edl
essf
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uen
tan
dth
ere
mai
ni
ng2
%oft
heo
per
ato
rs
o
pin
edf
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
ed.
Iti
scl
eart
hatmo
st(
63
%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sar
eha
ndl
i
ngc
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ume
rdu
rab
les
o
nana
ver
agef
req
uen
cy,
whi
l
e24
%of
theo
per
ato
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ndi
cat
edl
essf
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uen
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ere
mai
ni
ng1
3%o
fth
e
o
per
ato
rss
tat
edf
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
ed.
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imu
m(3
5%)
oft
heo
per
ato
rss
tat
edt
hat
thef
ooda
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eve
rag
es
a
reh
and
ledl
essf
req
uen
tl
ywh
enh
and
li
nge
xpo
rtc
arg
o,wh
il
e,3
2%o
fft
heo
per
ato
rsa
reh
and
li
ngo
nan
a
ver
ageb
asi
san
dth
ere
mai
ni
ng3
3%o
fth
eop
era
tor
sst
at
edf
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
ed.
Maj
ori
ty(
91
%)o
fth
e
o
per
ato
rss
tat
edn
otf
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
i
ngc
hemi
cal
san
dfe
rti
l
ize
rswh
enh
and
li
nge
xpo
rtc
arg
oan
d9%o
f
t
heo
per
ato
rss
tat
edl
essf
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
ed.
Fin
all
y,mo
ret
hanh
alf(
53
%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sst
at
edt
hat
t
heya
ref
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
i
ngp
eri
sha
bleg
ood
s,wh
il
e45
%oft
hemo
pin
edo
nana
ver
ageb
asi
san
dth
e
r
ema
ini
ng2
%oft
heo
per
ato
rss
tat
edmo
ref
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
ed.
Tos
umu
p,i
tisc
lea
rth
atmo
st(
67
%)o
f
t
hel
ogi
st
ico
per
ato
rso
pin
edt
hat
the
yha
ndl
edt
hee
ngi
nee
rin
ggo
odsmo
ref
req
uen
tl
ydu
rin
gex
por
tof
i
nt
ern
ati
ona
lca
rgos
hip
men
t.

Ma
jor
it
y(8
5%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sst
at
edt
hatt
heyh
and
ledg
arme
nt/t
ext
il
ego
odsa
remo
re
f
req
uen
tl
ydu
rin
gex
por
ter
s.Mo
ret
hanh
alf(
56
%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sst
at
edt
hat
the
yha
ndl
eda
gri
cul
t
ura
l
g
ood
sfr
equ
ent
l
ydu
rin
gex
por
ts.Mo
ret
hanh
alf(
56
%)o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntsi
ndi
cat
edt
hatt
he
p
har
mac
eut
ic
alg
ood
sar
eha
ndl
edb
yth
emo
nana
ver
agef
req
uen
cy,
mos
t(5
9%)
oft
heo
per
ato
rsh
ave
h
and
leda
uto
mot
iv
ego
odsf
req
uen
tl
ydu
rin
gca
rgoe
xpo
rts
.Mo
st(
67
%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sop
ine
dth
atF
MCG
g
ood
sar
eha
ndl
edb
yth
emo
nana
ver
agef
req
uen
cy,
mos
t(6
3%)
oft
heo
per
ato
rsa
reh
and
li
ngc
ons
ume
r
d
ura
ble
sona
nav
era
gef
req
uen
cy,
Max
imu
m(3
5%)
oft
heo
per
ato
rss
tat
edt
hatt
hef
ooda
ndb
eve
rag
es
a
reh
and
ledl
essf
req
uen
tl
ywh
enh
and
li
nge
xpo
rtc
arg
o.Ma
jor
it
y(9
1%)o
fth
eop
era
tor
sst
at
edn
ot
f
req
uen
tl
yha
ndl
i
ngc
hemi
cal
san
dfe
rti
l
ize
rswh
enh
and
li
nge
xpo
rtc
arg
o.F
ina
ll
y,mo
ret
hanh
alf(
53
%)
o
fth
eop
era
tor
sst
at
edt
hat
the
yar
efr
equ
ent
l
yha
ndl
i
ngp
eri
sha
bleg
ood
s.
 C
HAPTER5

F
INDI
NDS&REC
OMMEDATI
ONS

5
.1
.I
ntr
odu
cti
on

Th
eAi
rFr
eig
htF
orwa
rdi
ngma
rke
tiss
tro
ngl
yaf
fe
cte
dbyt
hec
ovi
d19p
and
emi
casi
tth
emo
st
p
rod
uct
iv
ean
dth
emo
stv
ers
ati
l
esh
ipme
ntp
roc
ess
.Lo
gis
ti
csc
ons
ti
tu
test
hemo
sti
mpo
rta
nta
nd
i
ndi
spe
nsi
bl
efa
cto
rina
nye
con
omy
.Th
eiru
niq
uen
essr
end
ersi
tpr
act
ic
all
yimp
oss
ibl
etos
ubs
ti
tu
te
t
hemwi
tha
nyo
the
rfa
cto
r,h
owe
veri
mpo
rta
nti
tmi
ght
be,
asn
oth
ingc
anma
tcht
hev
ari
ousf
act
orsi
n
wo
rki
ngo
utu
npr
ece
den
tedma
rve
lsa
tti
mes
.He
nce
,lo
gis
ti
csi
ndu
str
yint
hewo
rldh
asc
omet
ocl
ai
m
"
apa
ramo
unt
imp
ort
anc
eino
rga
niz
ingo
fsh
ipme
ntp
roc
esso
fth
ego
ods
.Th
elo
gis
ti
csf
act
orc
omp
ris
es
s
kil
l
s,t
ran
spo
rta
ti
ont
ype
,co
mpe
ti
ti
ver
ate
sen
shr
ine
dinap
art
ic
ula
ror
gan
iza
ti
on.

F
urt
her
,th
edi
ff
ere
ncei
nth
ele
vel
ofe
con
omi
cde
vel
opme
nto
fth
eco
unt
ri
esi
sla
rge
lyar
efl
ect
io
n
o
fdi
ff
ere
nce
sint
heq
ual
i
tyo
flo
gis
ti
cs
.Th
eke
yel
eme
nti
nth
isp
rop
osi
ti
oni
sth
atv
alu
es,
att
it
ude
s
g
ene
ral
ori
ent
at
io
nan
dqu
ali
t
yof
thep
eop
leo
fac
oun
tryd
ete
rmi
nei
tse
con
omi
cde
vel
opme
nt.
Log
ist
ic
s
i
sac
ont
in
uou
spr
oce
sst
oen
sur
eth
ede
vel
opme
nto
fpr
odu
ctc
omp
ete
nci
es,
dyn
ami
cs
,mo
ti
vat
io
nan
d
e
ff
ect
iv
ene
ssi
nas
yst
ema
ti
can
dpl
ann
edma
nne
r.Th
eid
eao
flo
gis
ti
csi
sga
ini
ngwi
des
pre
adc
urr
enc
y
i
nIn
diaa
swe
lla
sse
ver
alo
the
rde
vel
opi
ngc
oun
tri
eso
fth
ewo
rld
.So
mep
urs
uei
tli
keZ
eal
ot
s,wh
il
e
c
urt
ai
not
her
sse
eit
ast
hec
urr
ent
fadi
nma
nag
eme
ntc
irc
le
s,wh
ichmu
stb
epu
rsu
edt
oke
epu
pwi
th
t
heJ
one
ses
.Ye
t,t
her
ear
ecu
rta
ino
the
rswh
ose
eitwi
t
hou
tri
ghtc
yni
ci
sm.Bu
tsi
ncei
deai
sst
il
l
e
vol
vi
nga
ndt
aki
ngs
hap
e,i
ti
sno
tfa
irt
ode
li
mit
it
ssc
opea
ndc
ove
rag
e.

Th
eLo
gis
ti
csmo
veme
nti
nsh
ipme
nti
ndu
str
yisg
rad
ual
l
ybu
il
di
nga
hea
d.Ama
jor
it
yoft
he
i
ndu
str
iesh
aves
etu
pse
par
atel
ogi
st
ic
sde
par
tme
ntswi
th
inad
eca
deo
ffu
nct
io
nin
g;L
ogi
st
ic
sins
ome
r
egi
onsh
aveg
ain
edc
ert
ai
ncr
edi
ta
blea
chi
eve
men
ts.Th
ebl
ank
etc
rit
ic
is
moft
hee
xis
ti
ngl
ogi
st
ic
s
f
unc
ti
onc
ann
otb
eju
sti
fi
ed.
Howe
ver
,it
ist
ruet
hat
log
ist
ic
sfu
nct
io
nin
ginama
jor
it
yoft
hei
ndu
str
ies
i
sfa
rfr
oms
ati
sf
act
ory
.Th
erea
rea
lsoc
ase
sofs
oft
war
ein
dus
try
,al
ongwi
tht
rai
ni
ng;
cer
tai
not
her
a
cti
vi
ti
esl
i
kema
npo
werp
lan
nin
gan
dpe
rfo
rma
ncea
ppr
ais
alh
aveb
eeni
nt
rod
uce
d.Ye
t,af
ewo
the
r
i
ndu
str
iesh
avema
der
api
dst
ri
desa
sfa
rast
hei
nt
rod
uct
io
nof
newl
ogi
st
ic
sac
ti
vi
ti
esa
nds
ub-
sys
tems
,
s
ucha
ssy
ste
mat
ici
ndu
cti
on,q
ual
i
tyc
irc
lesa
nds
taf
fme
eti
ngsa
rec
onc
ern
ed.Be
sid
esi
nt
rod
uci
ng
t
hes
esy
ste
ms,
someb
ank
sha
vea
lsot
ake
nsi
gni
fi
can
tef
fo
rtsi
npe
rfe
cti
ngc
ert
ai
nsy
ste
msl
i
ket
rai
ni
ng
a
ndp
erf
orma
ncea
ppr
ais
alo
fth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rs.
Nev
ert
hel
ess
,th
erei
sawi
des
pre
adf
eel
i
ngi
n
l
ogi
st
ici
ndu
str
yth
att
her
ear
enos
uff
ic
ien
tpa
yof
ffr
omt
hel
ogi
st
ic
sfu
nct
io
nsa
nds
yst
ema
tth
e
o
per
ati
ona
lle
vel
arer
egu
lat
edt
ole
vel
ofr
it
ual
s.
 Th
elo
gis
ti
csi
ndu
str
yfa
cese
nor
mou
snu
mbe
rofa
dva
nta
geo
us.
Att
hes
amet
ime
,th
eya
lso
p
oss
esf
asc
ina
ti
nga
ven
uesf
ort
hep
ros
pec
ti
ved
eve
lop
men
t.C
ust
ome
rsa
ti
sf
act
io
nisap
rima
ryc
onc
ern
o
fth
elo
gis
ti
csa
nds
upp
lyc
hai
nma
nag
eme
ntt
eami
nth
epr
odu
ctg
rowt
h.Th
esu
ppl
ych
ainp
ref
ers
e
con
omi
cin
dep
end
enc
ean
dpr
ope
ror
gan
iza
ti
ons
tat
ust
ode
vot
eth
eira
bil
i
ti
est
oin
cre
asee
ff
ic
ien
cya
s
we
lla
sor
gan
iza
ti
ona
lef
fi
ci
enc
y.Th
epr
odu
cti
vi
tya
nds
erv
ice
soft
ran
spo
rta
ti
oni
ndu
str
yis
p
rop
ort
io
nat
etot
heo
rga
niz
ati
ona
lde
vel
opme
nt,p
rod
uctd
eve
lop
men
tan
dth
eirt
ot
ale
ff
ic
ien
cyi
n
p
rod
uct
io
nan
dse
rvi
ces
.

I
nre
cen
tye
ars
,th
elo
gis
ti
csi
ndu
str
yha
sun
der
gon
eag
rea
tma
nyc
han
gesd
uri
ngc
ovi
d19
p
and
emi
c.L
ogi
st
ic
sCo
mpa
nie
sar
ein
cre
asi
ngi
nnu
mbe
r,a
ndwi
the
achn
ewb
ran
chb
ein
gop
ene
d
mo
ren
umb
ero
fpe
rso
nsa
son
li
nes
erv
ice
s.I
tl
ead
sust
ost
udyt
hei
rle
vel
ofc
oor
din
ati
ont
owa
rdsl
eve
l
o
fsa
ti
sf
act
io
noft
hec
ust
ome
rsi
nth
ein
dus
tri
es.
Ther
evi
ewo
fpe
rti
nen
tli
te
rat
ures
howe
dth
ata
ir
f
rei
ght
for
war
din
gma
rke
tha
sbe
ens
tud
iede
xte
nsi
vel
yinr
ela
ti
ont
odi
ff
ere
ntv
ari
abl
es.
But
muc
hof
it
h
asd
oneo
nth
ein
dus
tri
als
etu
p;h
enc
eth
erei
sla
ckc
lea
rcu
tin
for
mat
io
nont
hes
oci
oec
ono
mic
s
ust
ai
nab
il
it
yint
hep
and
emi
cpe
rio
d.

Th
epr
ese
ntr
ese
arc
hisc
arr
iedo
utwi
tht
hef
ol
lo
win
gob
jec
ti
ves
.

 Tof
indt
hes
ign
ifi
can
tdi
ff
ere
nceb
etwe
eno
per
ati
ngv
ari
abl
eswi
thr
ega
rdt
o
d
ema
nd.

 Tof
indt
hea
sso
cia
ti
onb
etwe
enl
ogi
st
ic
sfe
atu
resa
ndc
ust
ome
rsa
ti
sf
act
io
n
d
uri
ngt
hec
ovi
d19p
and
emi
c.

 Tof
indt
hemo
sts
ign
ifi
can
tfa
cto
rto
war
dsh
ipme
ntp
roc
essd
uri
ngC
ovi
d19
p
and
emi
c.

 Tof
indt
hef
act
ori
nfl
uen
ceC
ust
ome
remp
owe
rme
ntt
owa
rdss
hip
men
t
s
ati
sf
act
io
ndu
rin
gth
epa
nde
mic
.

 Tof
indt
her
ela
ti
ons
hipb
etwe
enf
act
orst
owa
rdsc
ust
ome
remp
owe
rme
nti
n
s
hip
meme
ntp
roc
essd
uri
ngc
ovi
d19p
and
emi
c.

 Tof
indt
her
ela
ti
ons
hipb
etwe
enc
ust
ome
remp
owe
rme
nta
nds
ati
sf
act
io
n.

Th
ede
scr
ipt
iv
ere
sea
rchd
esi
gnh
asb
eena
ppl
i
edf
ort
hep
res
ent
stu
dy.
Thee
mpl
oye
eso
fth
e
v
ari
ousa
irf
rei
ght
for
war
der
sint
heI
ndi
aha
veb
eens
ele
cte
dfo
rth
epr
ese
nts
tud
yisd
oneb
ysa
mpl
i
ng
t
ech
niq
ue.
Thed
atah
aveb
eenc
oll
ect
edf
rom1
20e
mpl
oye
est
hro
ughs
tru
ctu
redq
ues
ti
onn
air
e.I
nor
der
t
oac
comp
li
sht
heo
bje
cti
ves
,pe
rce
nta
gea
nal
ysi
s,ma
nan
dt-
t
est
hav
ebe
ene
mpl
oye
d.

5
.2
.Su
mma
ryo
ffi
ndi
ngs

5
.2
.1
.Fi
ndi
ngo
nDe
man
dVa
ria
ble
s

 De
man
dva
luea
nal
ysi
sst
at
edt
hat
77(
64
.1%
)re
spo
nde
ntsp
rov
ide
dhi
ghv
alu
eona
sai
rfr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rdi
ngo
fth
ego
odso
nit
san
aly
siso
fth
eai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngma
rke
tdu
rin
gco
vid1
9
p
and
emi
cre
spo
nde
ntsa
nd4
3(
35
.9
%)a
rer
esp
ond
ent
sra
tedl
owa
irf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
ngo
fth
e
g
ood
sdu
rin
gco
vid1
9pa
nde
mic.

 De
man
dQu
ant
it
yan
aly
sist
hat
tha
t43(
35
.9
%)o
fth
eai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsh
ass
hip
pedb
etwe
en
2
5-3
5to
neso
fth
epr
odu
ctq
uan
ti
ty
,22
(1
8.
3%
)oft
hea
irf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsh
ass
hip
pedb
elo
w25
t
one
soft
hep
rod
uctq
uan
ti
ty
,35
(2
9.
1%
)oft
hea
irf
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsh
ass
hip
pedb
etwe
en3
5-4
5
t
one
soft
hep
rod
uct
qua
nti
tya
nd2
0(1
6.
7%
)oft
hea
irf
rei
ght
for
war
der
sha
ssh
ipp
eda
bov
e45o
f
t
hep
rod
uct
qua
nti
ty
.

 Th
ele
adt
imea
nal
ysi
sst
at
edt
hat9
7(
80.
3%
)ha
sle
sse
rle
adt
imef
ort
hed
eli
ver
yfo
rsh
ipp
ed
g
ood
sdu
rin
gco
vid1
9pa
nde
mica
nd2
3(
19
.7
%)h
asl
owl
eadt
imef
ort
hed
eli
ver
yoft
heg
ood
s
d
uri
ngc
ovi
d19p
and
emi
cdu
etor
edu
cti
oni
nai
rtr
ans
por
tat
io
ns.

 Ma
ter
ial
han
dli
nga
ndQu
ali
tyC
ont
rol
ana
lys
ist
hat
20.
3%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
nts
tat
edt
hat
qua
li
tyo
f
t
hes
hip
men
tan
dma
ter
ialh
and
li
nga
slo
wdu
rin
gco
vid-
19p
and
emi
can
d48
.9
%oft
he
r
esp
ond
ent
sta
tedt
hat
qua
li
tyo
fth
esh
ipme
nta
ndma
ter
ial
han
dli
nga
smo
der
ated
uri
ngc
ovi
d-
1
9pa
nde
mica
ndf
ina
ll
y31
.
8oft
her
esp
ond
ents
tat
edt
hatq
ual
i
tyo
fth
esh
ipme
nta
ndma
ter
ial
h
and
li
nga
slo
wdu
rin
gco
vid-
19p
and
emi
c

 Pr
odu
cti
onc
han
gesa
ndDo
cume
ntC
lea
ran
ceAn
aly
sist
hatt
he1
8.
3%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntsr
ate
s
t
heo
pin
iono
nth
epr
odu
cti
onc
han
gesa
ndd
ocu
men
tcl
ear
anc
easl
owd
uri
ngc
ovi
d-1
9
p
and
emi
can
d42
.5%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntsr
ate
sth
eop
ini
ono
nth
epr
odu
cti
onc
han
gesa
nd
 d
ocu
men
tcl
ear
anc
easl
owd
uri
ngc
ovi
d-1
9pa
nde
mic
,49
.3
%oft
her
esp
ond
ent
sra
test
he
o
pin
iono
nth
epr
odu
cti
onc
han
gesa
ndd
ocu
men
tcl
ear
anc
easl
owd
uri
ngc
ovi
d-1
9pa
nde
mic

 Th
ele
velo
fco
ord
ina
ti
ona
nal
ysi
sde
scr
ibe
sth
att
hat7
0.
9%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
nts
p
rov
ide
sth
eop
ini
ono
nle
velo
fco
ord
ina
ti
ono
fth
esh
ipp
ingp
roc
essb
yai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
r
d
uri
ngc
ovi
d-1
9pa
nde
mica
slo
wan
d20
.8
%oft
her
esp
ond
ent
spr
ovi
dest
heo
pin
iono
nle
vel
of
c
oor
din
ati
ono
fth
esh
ipp
ingp
roc
essb
yai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rdu
rin
gco
vid-
19p
and
emi
cas
me
diu
man
dfi
nal
l
y8.
3%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntsp
rov
ide
sth
eop
ini
ono
nle
vel
ofc
oor
din
ati
ono
fth
e
s
hip
pin
gpr
oce
ssb
yai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rdu
rin
gco
vid-
1
9pa
nde
mica
slo
w.

 L
eve
lofS
ati
sf
act
io
nde
scr
ibe
sth
at2
0.
8%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntsp
rov
ide
sth
e
o
pin
iono
nle
vel
ofs
ati
sf
act
io
nof
thes
hip
pin
gpr
oce
ssb
yai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rdu
rin
gco
vid-
19
p
and
emi
casl
owa
nd6
2.
5%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntsp
rov
ide
sth
eop
ini
ono
nle
vel
ofs
ati
sf
act
io
nof
the
s
hip
pin
gpr
oce
ssb
yai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rdu
rin
gco
vid-
1
9pa
nde
mica
sme
diu
man
dfi
nal
l
y
1
6.
7%o
fth
ere
spo
nde
ntsp
rov
ide
sth
eop
ini
ono
nle
vel
ofs
ati
sf
act
io
noft
hes
hip
pin
gpr
oce
ssb
y
a
irf
rei
ght
for
war
derd
uri
ngc
ovi
d-1
9pa
nde
mica
slo
w.

5
.2
.2
.Fi
ndi
ngso
nCu
sto
merEmp
owe
rme
nt

Th
ere
sul
t
sin
dic
atet
hat
48.
5%o
fCu
sto
merh
avemo
der
atel
eve
lofs
erv
ices
ati
sf
act
io
n,2
6.
3%o
f
c
ust
ome
rha
veh
ighl
eve
lofs
hip
pin
gbe
nef
it
san
d25
.1%o
fcu
sto
merh
avel
owl
eve
lofb
ene
fi
tsd
uri
ng
c
ovi
d-
19p
and
emi
c.

5
.2
.3F
ind
ing
sof
lev
elo
fCu
sto
mers
ati
sf
act
io
n

Th
ere
sul
t
ssh
owt
hat4
6.
8%o
fcu
sto
mer
sha
vemo
der
atel
eve
lofs
ati
sf
act
io
n,2
7.
1%o
f
c
ust
ome
rsh
aveh
ighl
eve
lofs
ati
sf
act
io
nan
d26
.1%o
fcu
sto
mer
sha
vel
owl
eve
lofs
ati
sf
act
io
ndu
rin
g
c
ovi
d-
19p
and
emi
c.

5
.2
.4.
Fi
ndi
ngso
ndi
ff
ere
nceb
etwe
enS
ati
sf
act
io
nso
fth
ecu
sto
mer
s–Tt
est
ana
lys
is

Th
et-
val
uef
org
end
era
ndp
owe
ris2
.3
91wh
icha
res
ign
ifi
can
tatf
iv
epe
rce
ntl
eve
l
i
ndi
cat
in
gth
att
her
eisas
ign
ifi
can
tdi
ff
ere
nceb
etwe
enC
ust
ome
rSa
ti
sf
act
io
nan
dde
man
dvl
aue
.Th
et-
v
alu
efo
rge
nde
ran
dkn
owl
edg
eis2
.4
09wh
icha
res
ign
ifi
can
tat
fiv
epe
rce
ntl
eve
lin
dic
ati
ngt
hat
the
re
i
sas
ign
ifi
can
tdi
ff
ere
nceb
etwe
enC
ust
ome
rSa
ti
sf
act
io
nan
dde
man
dqu
ant
it
y.Th
et-
val
uef
org
end
er
a
nds
elfe
ste
emi
s3.
68
2wh
icha
res
ign
ifi
can
tato
nep
erc
entl
eve
lin
dic
ati
ngt
hatt
her
eisas
ign
ifi
can
t
d
if
fe
ren
ceb
etwe
enC
ust
ome
rSa
ti
sf
act
io
nan
dse
lfe
ste
em.
Thet
-
val
uef
orC
ust
ome
rSa
ti
sf
act
io
nan
d
l
eadt
imei
s2.
62
4wh
icha
res
ign
ifi
can
tato
nep
erc
entl
eve
lin
dic
ati
ngt
hatt
her
eisas
ign
ifi
can
t
d
if
fe
ren
ceb
etwe
enC
ust
ome
rSa
ti
sf
act
io
nan
dcu
sto
mcl
ear
anc
e.

5
.3
.Re
comme
nda
ti
ons

Th
efi
ndi
ngo
fth
epr
ese
nts
tud
ysu
gge
stss
eve
rala
ven
uesf
orf
utu
rer
ese
arc
h.F
utu
re
r
ese
arc
hco
uldf
urt
heri
mpr
ovet
hef
rei
ght
for
war
din
gin
dus
tryi
sin
dee
dimp
ort
ant
.

I
den
ti
fyt
hed
ema
nda
nds
upp
lyc
ond
it
io
noft
hema
rke
tonar
egu
larb
asi
sbyc
ond
uct
in
gap
eri
odi
c
ma
rke
tst
udyt
ode
ter
min
ecu
sto
mers
erv
icel
eve
ls.
Est
abl
i
shg
oodC
ust
ome
rRe
lat
io
nsh
ipMa
nag
eme
nt
t
ech
niq
uesa
sit
hel
pst
ore
tai
nth
ecu
sto
mer
san
dat
thes
amet
imea
tt
rac
tpr
osp
ect
iv
ecl
i
ent
s.

Pr
ovi
deMa
rke
ti
ngDe
vel
opme
ntAs
si
st
anc
efo
rth
esh
ipp
erswh
oha
vet
hep
ote
nti
ali
nma
nuf
act
uri
ng
c
ommo
dit
ie
sbu
tdon
oth
avema
rke
ti
ngc
omp
ete
nce
.

Ap
artf
romo
bta
ini
ngme
mbe
rsh
ipc
ert
if
ic
ate
san
dli
cen
ses
,th
eco
mpa
nie
ssh
oul
dha
veg
oodc
o-
o
rdi
nat
io
nwi
tht
hei
nt
ern
ati
ona
llo
gis
ti
csi
nst
it
ut
io
nst
oav
ailt
hef
ir
sth
andi
nfo
rma
ti
ono
rcu
rre
nt
l
ogi
st
ic
sma
rke
tsc
ena
rioa
rou
ndt
heg
lob
e.

Go
ods
tor
agea
ndWa
reh
ous
ingf
aci
l
it
ie
sar
ees
sen
ti
alt
oth
egr
owt
hof
thel
ogi
st
ic
sin
dus
try
.Wi
tht
he
i
ncr
eas
eint
het
ran
spo
rta
ti
ono
fpe
ris
hab
lep
rod
uct
s,a
gen
cie
sas
soc
iat
edwi
thl
ogi
st
ic
swi
l
lha
vet
ogi
ve
al
oto
fimp
ort
anc
etoe
nha
nci
ngt
heWa
reh
ous
ingf
aci
l
it
ie
s.Wa
reh
ous
ingwi
l
lal
son
eedt
ogot
oth
ene
xt
l
eve
lta
kin
gin
toa
cco
untt
hec
han
gin
gdy
nami
cso
fJI
Tma
nuf
act
uri
ng,g
lob
alp
roc
ure
men
tan
dne
w
mo
del
sof
sal
esa
ndd
ist
ri
but
io
n.

Th
ego
ver
nme
ntma
yli
qui
dat
eth
epr
oce
dur
alf
orma
li
ti
esi
nvo
lve
dine
xpo
rt/i
mpo
rts
.In
for
mat
io
n
Te
chn
olo
gys
upp
ort
mayb
ein
cre
ase
dtoi
nfu
sec
onf
id
enc
eamo
ngt
hei
mpo
rte
rsa
nde
xpo
rte
rs.

Th
ein
dus
trywi
she
sth
epa
rti
ci
pat
io
nofa
llt
hep
art
ie
sint
het
ran
spo
rta
ndl
ogi
st
ic
sch
aina
swe
lla
s
t
hei
nfo
rma
ti
ont
ech
nol
ogi
ess
ucha
sel
ect
ron
icd
atai
nt
erc
han
ge(
EDI
)us
eda
tse
a/a
irp
ort
s.Qu
ick
c
lea
ran
cea
ndp
roc
ess
ingo
fbi
l
lsc
oul
dbed
onemo
ree
ff
ic
ien
tl
ydu
rin
gpe
aks
eas
onwi
tha
ddi
ti
ona
l
wo
rkf
orc
ean
den
han
ceme
nto
fEDI
.Th
efu
llt
ran
spa
ren
cyo
fin
comi
ngg
ood
s(EDI
)wi
thd
eta
il
sof
c
ont
ai
nern
umb
ersa
nda
rri
val
dat
ese
nab
lesa
nop
ti
mal
pre
-pl
ann
inga
tth
edi
st
ri
but
io
nce
nte
rs.
Ge
ner
alPa
cke
tRa
dioS
erv
ice(
GPRS
)ca
nbei
nt
rod
uce
dbo
thb
yth
eCu
sto
msa
nda
lsot
hef
rei
ght
f
orwa
rde
rst
olo
cat
eth
eco
nta
ine
rsa
swe
lla
sth
epo
sit
io
n.Ad
equ
atet
rai
ni
ngc
anb
egi
vent
oth
efr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rde
rso
nGe
ner
alPa
cke
tRa
dioS
erv
ice(
GPRS
)sy
ste
man
dit
sap
pli
cat
io
nan
dad
van
tag
eso
fth
e
s
ame
.

Tr
ack&t
rac
ete
chn
iqu
esa
ndt
ech
nol
ogy(
GPRS
)ca
nbeu
sedt
omo
nit
ors
hip
men
tsa
ndg
ood
s.Wi
th
in
t
rac
k&t
rac
e,t
her
ear
ese
ver
alh
ard
war
ean
dso
ft
war
eso
lut
io
nsp
rov
idi
nga
cce
sst
o:(
i
)th
elo
cat
io
nof
t
hes
hip
men
ts,
(i
i)
thep
roc
essf
lo
w,(
i
ii
)t
hes
tat
uso
rst
ora
gec
ond
it
io
nso
fsh
ipme
nts
,t
her
ebyi
ncr
eas
ing
t
hep
ers
ona
li
zat
io
nef
fe
ctt
owa
rdst
hec
ust
ome
rs.

An
yde
layi
nve
sse
lvo
yag
eorc
arg
opl
anet
akeo
ff
,ca
nce
ll
at
io
nofv
oya
ge/
tr
ip,n
ona
vai
l
abi
l
it
yof
s
pac
efo
rth
eca
rgor
ece
ive
dca
nbef
oun
dea
rli
eri
fev
ery
thi
ngi
sup
dat
edo
nli
ne,
whi
l
eth
eco
nsi
gnme
nt
c
oul
dbee
ff
ic
ien
tl
ypl
ann
edi
nana
lt
ern
atewa
y.

I
den
ti
fyt
hec
ont
ai
ner
sth
ata
rri
vel
oad
edb
uth
ast
hep
rob
lemo
fre
pos
it
io
nin
git
emp
ty.
Car
goc
anb
e
p
lan
nedf
ors
uchd
est
in
ati
ons
,sot
hat
fre
igh
tra
tec
oul
dben
ego
ti
at
ed.
.

Pr
omo
tep
rof
ess
ion
ali
smi
nth
ein
dus
tryt
hro
ughi
nt
egr
ate
dtr
ain
inga
ndq
ual
i
fic
ati
onr
equ
ire
men
ts.
Th
eco
urs
emo
dul
ean
dth
ecl
ass
esd
eli
ver
anc
eca
nev
enb
est
ren
gth
enwi
tht
hel
ect
ure
sofi
ndu
str
y
e
xpe
rie
nce
dpe
opl
ewi
tht
hewo
rldc
las
sex
amp
lesi
nth
eSu
ppl
yCh
ainI
ndu
str
y.Th
usma
kin
gfr
eig
ht
f
orwa
rde
rsa
sin
for
mat
io
nhu
bswi
ths
upe
rio
rkn
owl
edg
eini
nt
ern
ati
ona
llo
gis
ti
cal
pro
ces
ses
.

Th
eef
fo
rtst
oco
mba
tco
rru
pti
ona
nde
rad
ica
teb
ure
auc
rat
icr
edt
ape
sbyr
ele
van
tGo
ver
nme
nt
a
gen
cie
san
damo
ngf
rei
ght
for
war
der
ssh
oul
dbee
nha
nce
d.

Th
ego
ver
nme
nts
hou
ldp
romo
tet
heu
sag
eoft
hev
ari
ousf
reec
omme
rci
alz
one
sint
hec
oun
tryf
or
v
alu
e-a
dde
dan
dtr
ans
hip
men
tac
ti
vi
ti
es,e
spe
cia
ll
yfo
rin
dus
tri
esu
nde
rli
cen
sedma
nuf
act
uri
ng
wa
reh
ous
ean
dfr
eei
ndu
str
ial
zon
es.

Th
emo
std
ese
rvi
ngv
ari
abl
esc
ons
ide
redi
sla
cko
fmo
ti
vat
io
nbyt
heGo
ver
nme
nt'
sfl
exi
bi
li
ty
e
xpe
cte
dtoa
vai
lta
xre
li
eft
oin
cre
aset
hei
rpe
rfo
rma
ncei
nth
elo
gis
ti
cma
rke
tan
dtoa
chi
eveb
ett
er
p
rof
it
s.
Itwi
l
lhe
lpt
hef
rei
ght
for
war
der
stoq
uot
eac
omp
eti
ti
vep
ric
ingt
oth
eire
ndma
rke
t.

Th
eFr
eig
htF
orwa
rde
rse
xpe
ctmo
rea
ssi
st
anc
esu
cha
sfu
nds
,lo
anf
roms
pec
ial
i
zedb
ank
s,c
red
it
f
aci
l
it
ie
sdi
rec
tl
yfr
oms
tat
eown
edb
ank
s.Th
eya
lsoe
xpe
ctt
oav
ail
int
ere
str
ates
ubs
idi
esa
ndt
ore
duc
e
r
iska
ndb
ala
nci
ngg
rowt
hint
hema
rke
t.

Th
eGo
ver
nme
nts
hou
ldi
nt
rod
ucei
nce
nti
ves
che
mest
oen
cou
rag
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rst
oin
ten
siv
ely
p
romo
tes
hip
pin
gar
ran
geme
ntsi
nex
por
ti
ngC
IFa
ndi
mpo
rti
ngF
OB.

Do
mes
ti
cfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsmi
ghth
avemo
rel
oca
lad
van
tag
eth
ana
nin
ter
nat
io
nalo
ne.
The
yca
n
f
indt
hei
rownn
ich
ema
rke
tan
dta
rge
tcl
i
ent
sth
ere
bye
nla
rgi
ngt
hes
erv
icec
ont
ent
,soi
sth
e
i
nt
ern
ati
ona
lco
mpa
nie
ses
tab
li
sht
hei
rownb
ran
che
sine
xpo
rtp
ote
nti
alc
oun
tri
es.

Th
ePo
rta
uth
ori
ti
esa
ndt
heC
ust
omse
xec
uti
vesc
ant
rea
tth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsi
nap
res
ti
gi
ouswa
y
b
eca
uset
heya
ret
her
eals
our
cet
oen
han
cet
hee
xpo
rta
ndi
mpo
rtt
her
ebyo
ure
con
omywi
l
lbe
i
mpr
ove
d.

I
nsu
ran
cea
gen
tsd
ono
tpr
ovi
dec
ust
omi
zeds
erv
iceo
ncet
hei
rpo
li
cyi
sso
ldr
ath
ert
heya
dop
tca
ll
ous
a
tt
it
udet
owa
rdst
hep
oli
cyh
old
ersa
ndt
heyb
eco
met
ot
al
lyi
ndi
ff
ere
nt.S
o,t
hef
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
ng
c
omp
ani
ess
hou
lds
hak
eha
ndswi
thi
nsu
ran
cep
eop
lewh
oar
ewi
tha
bil
i
ty,
int
egr
it
yan
dst
and
ing
.

5
.3I
mpl
i
cat
io
nso
fth
eSt
udy

I
nth
iss
tud
y,weh
aves
oug
htt
ore
spo
ndt
oan
umb
ero
fre
sea
rchq
ues
ti
onsr
ela
tedt
oth
ele
vel
of
a
war
ene
sst
owa
rdsv
ari
ousl
ogi
st
ic
sin
sti
tu
ti
onsa
ndt
heme
mbe
rsh
ipc
ert
if
ic
ate
sth
atf
orwa
rde
rsh
ave
,
f
req
uen
cyi
nse
lec
ti
ono
fli
ner
/sh
ipp
ingc
omp
anys
erv
ice
s,t
ype
sofc
ont
ai
ner
s,p
ref
err
edp
lac
efo
r
c
arg
ost
uff
ing
,mo
deo
fpa
yme
nt,Mu
lt
imo
dalt
ran
spo
rto
per
ati
ons
,pr
obl
emsi
nin
ter
nat
io
nalf
rei
ght
f
orwa
rdi
nge
nvi
ron
men
tan
dint
hes
tud
yar
eaa
ndt
ypi
calr
oleo
ffr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsi
nth
e
i
nt
ern
ati
ona
llo
gis
ti
csc
hai
n.

I
nch
apt
erf
our
,al
lt
hes
eva
ria
ble
sar
ean
aly
zedwi
tht
her
esp
ons
esf
romt
hef
rei
ght
for
war
der
sin
t
hes
tud
yar
ea.
Inc
hap
terf
iv
e,f
ind
ing
sfr
omt
her
ese
arc
han
aly
sisa
nds
ugg
est
io
nsf
ort
hef
urt
her
e
nha
nce
men
toft
hei
ndu
str
yar
egi
ven
.He
reweh
avec
omewi
ths
omeo
fth
est
udy
'si
mpl
i
cat
io
nsf
or
p
rac
ti
ce,a
nds
omeo
fth
edi
rec
ti
onsf
orf
utu
rer
ese
arc
hth
ats
temf
romt
hep
roj
ec
t.Th
efi
rstma
jor
p
rac
ti
cal
con
tri
but
io
noft
hep
res
ent
res
ear
chi
sth
ati
tpr
ovi
dest
hep
oss
ibl
eso
lut
io
nsf
ort
her
eal
ti
me
p
rob
lemsi
nth
efr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
nge
nvi
ron
men
tre
lat
edt
ova
rio
usf
act
orsl
i
ket
hef
ina
nci
ala
spe
cts
a
nd i
nsu
ran
cec
omp
ani
es,r
eli
abi
l
it
yofs
hip
pin
gag
ent
s,I
CD/
CFSo
per
ati
ons
,is
sue
swi
th
s
hip
per
s/c
ons
ign
eesa
ndPo
rtAu
tho
rit
ie
s/Ai
rca
rri
er.

Wi
tht
hef
ore
sai
dso
lut
io
nsi
mpl
eme
nte
d,t
hes
erv
icee
ff
ic
ien
cyo
ffr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsc
oul
d
i
mpr
ovet
oag
rea
tere
xte
nta
ndt
hep
erc
ept
io
nofEx
por
ter
s/I
mpo
rte
rst
owa
rdst
hei
rlo
gis
ti
css
erv
ice
c
oul
dex
cel
.Th
ese
con
dimp
ort
anti
mpl
i
cat
io
noft
hes
tud
yde
riv
esf
romo
urf
ind
ingi
stop
romo
te
p
rof
ess
ion
ali
sm i
nth
ein
dus
tryt
hro
ughi
nt
egr
ate
dtr
ain
inga
ndq
ual
i
fic
ati
onr
equ
ire
men
ts,
e
nha
nce
men
tint
hes
erv
iceq
ual
i
tyd
eli
ver
anc
ebywo
rki
ngt
owa
rdst
he
 Th
efi
nali
mpl
i
cat
io
noft
hes
tud
yist
oth
ebu
ddi
nge
ntr
epr
ene
ursi
nth
efi
el
dofl
ogi
st
ic
san
d
f
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
ngt
oun
der
sta
ndt
het
ypi
calr
oleo
ffr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rsa
ndv
alu
ead
deds
erv
ice
e
xpe
cta
ti
onsf
romt
hec
ust
ome
r'
ssi
de.
Wit
hth
epr
ese
nts
tud
yth
eyc
anb
ett
eru
nde
rst
andt
hep
rob
lems
t
heyc
oul
dfa
cei
nth
ein
ter
nat
i
ona
lar
enaa
ndt
hev
ari
ouswa
yst
oov
erc
omet
hem.

S
cop
efo
rFu
tur
eRe
sea
rch

Al
t
hou
ghb
otht
hep
rac
ti
ti
one
rsa
ndt
hea
cad
emi
ci
ansa
rei
ncr
eas
ing
lya
war
eoft
hei
mpo
rta
nceo
f
l
ogi
st
ic
san
dsu
ppl
ych
ain
,th
efi
el
diss
ti
llu
nde
rpe
net
rat
eda
sfa
rasr
ese
arc
hisc
onc
ern
ed.I
tis
i
mpo
rta
ntt
opr
ior
it
iz
ere
sea
rcha
ndd
eve
lop
men
tsot
hatv
ari
ouswe
akn
ess
esi
nth
ein
dus
tryc
oul
dbe
i
den
ti
fi
eda
ndi
mpr
ove
d.I
tma
yev
ene
nco
ura
get
heu
seo
fin
dig
eno
ust
ech
nol
ogywh
ichc
oul
dma
ket
he
i
ndu
str
ymo
rec
ost2
07c
omp
eti
ti
vea
ndb
rin
gimp
rov
eme
nti
nse
rvi
cesd
uet
oth
eus
eofb
ett
era
nd
mo
res
tre
aml
i
neds
erv
ice
s.He
ncet
heb
roa
dre
sea
rchi
nth
efi
el
dma
yel
i
min
atei
nef
fi
ci
enc
iesa
ndb
rin
g
I
ndi
anl
ogi
st
ic
sonp
arwi
thg
lob
alp
rac
ti
ces
.

Th
esi
l
verl
i
nin
gist
hatt
hef
rei
ghtf
orwa
rdi
ngi
ndu
str
y,e
spe
cia
ll
yre
lat
edt
oth
eEXI
Mtr
ade
,is
e
xte
nsi
vel
yaf
fe
cte
ddu
etop
oori
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
ean
dot
heri
ss
ues
.Ho
wev
er,
onc
eani
nt
egr
ate
dap
pro
ach
i
sad
opt
ed,t
hes
tre
aml
i
nin
goft
hes
upp
lyc
hai
npr
oce
ss,i
nte
rmso
fco
st,r
out
ean
dcu
sto
ms,wi
l
l
b
eco
mee
ff
ect
iv
e.F
rei
ght
for
war
din
gco
mpa
nie
sar
edi
ver
sif
yi
ngi
nt
oth
efa
st-
gro
win
glo
gis
ti
csb
usi
nes
s
a
nda
red
ive
rgi
ngf
romt
hei
rtr
adi
ti
ona
lac
ti
vi
ti
est
oad
apti
nt
oan
ewa
vat
ar.
Opp
ort
uni
ti
esa
reg
alo
re
a
ndi
t'
st
imet
oma
ket
hemo
sto
fbe
ingt
he"
tr
ave
lag
ent
s"o
fth
eca
rgoi
ndu
str
y.

An
yre
sea
rch
eri
nth
isf
ie
ldc
oul
dwo
rko
nFu
tur
eof
con
tra
ctl
ogi
st
ic
sinf
rei
ght
for
war
din
gin
dus
try
,
Po
sit
iv
ean
dne
gat
iv
eas
pec
tsf
ace
dbyt
hef
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rswi
tht
hei
rFo
rei
gnAg
ent
s,Pe
rfo
rma
nce
e
ff
ic
ien
cyo
fdo
mes
ti
cfo
rwa
rde
rsi
nlo
cala
read
esp
it
eofi
nfr
ast
ruc
tur
alp
rob
lems
,Fu
tur
eoff
rei
ght
f
orwa
rdi
ngwi
thr
esp
ect
toE-
comme
rcel
ogi
st
ic
sinI
ndi
a,Wa
yst
oimp
rov
eth
eor
gan
iza
ti
ona
lef
fi
ci
enc
y
i
nfr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngc
omp
ani
es,
eff
ect
iv
ene
sso
fCRMp
rac
ti
cesi
nfr
eig
htf
orwa
rdi
ngc
omp
ani
es
 C
onc
lus
ion

I
nth
isa
nal
ysi
s,C
ust
ome
rha
vemo
der
atel
eve
lofe
mpo
wer
men
tonu
sin
gai
rfr
eig
htma
rke
t
o
nma
jorf
act
orswh
ichr
epr
ese
nte
dmo
sto
fth
eemp
owe
rme
ntp
rac
ti
cesf
ol
lo
wedb
ylo
gis
ti
css
ect
or.
An
e
mpl
oye
ede
vel
opsas
ens
eofb
elo
ngi
nga
ndf
eel
sre
spo
nsi
bl
efo
ror
gan
iza
ti
ona
lef
fe
cti
ven
essd
uri
ng
c
ovi
d19p
and
emi
c.Th
use
mpo
wer
men
tbe
nef
it
sin
div
idu
ala
ndo
rga
niz
ati
on.
Thes
tud
yco
ntr
ibu
test
o
e
mpo
wer
men
tli
te
rat
ureb
yde
vel
opi
nga
ndv
ali
dat
in
gamo
del
toi
mpr
ovet
hes
ati
sf
act
io
nofe
mpl
oye
es
i
nth
epa
rti
cul
arl
ogi
st
ici
ndu
str
y.Th
efi
ndi
ngsp
rov
ideu
sef
uli
nfo
rma
ti
ont
oth
epo
li
cyma
ker
sint
he
l
ogi
st
ic
sde
par
tme
nti
nva
rio
usI
ndu
str
ies
.

I
nad
dit
io
ntot
hi
s,t
hef
ind
ing
soft
hep
res
enti
nve
sti
gat
io
nca
npl
ayac
ent
ralr
olea
spl
ann
ed
c
han
gee
ff
ort
sar
ede
sig
neda
ndc
arr
iedo
uti
nth
elo
gis
ti
cin
dus
trye
nha
nci
ngt
hema
rke
t.Th
ecu
sto
mer
e
mpo
wer
men
tan
dsa
ti
sf
act
io
nqu
est
io
nna
irec
anb
eus
edt
oob
tai
nco
nti
nuo
usf
eed
bac
kfr
om
e
mpl
oye
esr
ega
rdi
ngt
hec
ond
it
io
nso
fth
eor
gan
iza
ti
oni
nth
epa
nde
mic
.Th
efi
ndi
ngso
fth
est
udyg
ive
q
uan
ti
ta
ti
ves
upp
ortf
ort
hen
eedo
ffl
exi
bl
ede
li
ver
yofg
ood
sma
ter
ial
swi
ths
pec
ialc
ons
ide
rat
io
non
u
nde
sir
abl
ewo
rke
nvi
ron
men
ts. Th
ere
sul
t
soft
hea
nal
ysi
soft
hed
atai
ndi
cat
eth
ats
eve
ral
r
ela
ti
ons
hip
sex
ist
bet
wee
nsh
ipp
ings
tyl
esa
nda
cti
vi
ti
eso
fth
elo
gis
ti
cin
dus
tri
esi
nth
epa
nde
mic
.
Bo
oks

Al
anEd
war
dBr
anc
h,(
200
7)
,El
eme
ntso
fSh
ipp
ing
.Ro
ntl
edg
epu
bli
cat
io
ns,
8the
dit
io
n.

Al
anRu
sht
on,(
200
6),Th
eha
ndb
ooko
fLo
gis
ti
csa
ndDi
st
ri
but
io
nMa
nag
eme
nt.Ko
ganPa
ge
Pu
bli
cat
io
ns,
3rdEd
it
io
n.

C
li
ff
ordF
.Ly
nch
,(1
997
),
Log
ist
ic
sOu
tso
urc
ing
-AMa
nag
eme
ntg
uid
e.C
oun
cil
ofL
ogi
st
ic
sMa
nag
eme
nt.

Ev
ans
,R.
andDa
nks
,A.
T.
,(
19
98)
,St
rat
egi
cSu
ppl
yCh
ainMa
nag
eme
nt:
Cre
ati
ngS
har
eho
lde
rva
lueb
y
a
li
ni
ngs
upp
lyi
ngc
hai
nst
rat
egywi
thb
usi
nes
sst
rat
egy
,Ga
tt
orn
a,J
.(e
d.)
,St
rat
egi
cSu
ppl
yCh
ain
Al
l
ign
men
t,Go
wer
,18
-37
.

Gr
ant
,D.
,La
mba
rd,D.
,St
ock
,J.
,an
dEl
l
ara
m,L
.,(
200
6),F
und
ame
nta
lso
flo
gis
ti
csMa
nag
eme
nt.
Mc
Gra
w-Hi
l
lHi
ghe
rEd
uca
ti
on.
Ja
cgu
dynL
ynn
.,(
200
6),S
tar
tyo
uro
wnf
rei
ghtb
rok
era
geb
usi
nes
s.
En
tre
pre
neu
rPr
ess
,2n
dEd
it
io
n.

J
ame
sSt
ock
,Do
ugl
asL
amb
ert
.
,(
200
0),
Str
ate
gicL
ogi
st
ic
sMa
nag
eme
nt.
McGr
aw-
Hil
l4t
hEd
it
io
n.

Ko
net
hD.
Wei
ss
.,
(2
002
),
Bui
l
din
gani
mpo
rte
xpo
rtb
usi
nes
s.Wi
l
eyp
ubl
i
cat
io
ns,
3rde
dit
io
n.

Ko
tha
ri.
C.
R.
,(
200
4),Re
sea
rchMe
tho
dol
ogy-Me
tho
ds&Te
chn
iqu
es,Ne
wAg
eIn
ter
nat
io
nal(
P)L
td.
,
p
ubl
i
she
rs,
sec
onde
dit
io
n.

L
ync
h,C
.F.
,(
200
2),
3PL:
Thes
tat
eof
out
sou
rci
ng.
Log
ist
ic
sMa
nag
eme
nt,
PP.
7
47-
75
0.

Ma
danBi
rl
a.
,(
200
5),
Fed
exDe
li
ver
ies
:Th
ewo
rld
'sl
ead
ings
hip
pin
gco
mpa
nyk
eep
sin
nov
ati
nga
nd
o
utp
erf
ormi
ngt
hec
omp
eti
t
ion
.Wi
l
eyPu
bli
cat
io
n.Mi
cha
elB.S
tro
h.,(
200
7)
,Ap
rac
ti
calg
uid
eto
t
ran
spo
rta
ti
ona
ndl
ogi
st
ic
s.L
ogi
st
ic
sne
two
rkp
ubl
i
cat
io
n,2n
ded
it
io
n.

S
etu
ram,
S.
,(
19
99)
,Co
rpo
rat
ePr
ofi
l
ibi
l
it
yan
dSu
ppl
yCh
ain
.In:
Gat
to
rna
,J.
(e
d.)
,St
rat
egi
cSu
ppl
yCh
ain
Al
l
ign
men
t,Go
wer
,18
-37
.

Th
oma
sB.
Gut
hri
e.
,(
200
7)
,Fr
eig
htBr
oke
rsHa
ndb
ook
.Gu
thr
ieTr
ans
por
tat
io
nco
nsu
lt
ant
spr
ess
.

Vr
at,P.
,(
19
99)
,Su
ppl
yCh
ainMa
nag
eme
nti
nIn
dia
:Pr
obl
emsa
ndC
hal
l
eng
es.I
n:S
aha
y,B.
S.(
ed.
)
,
S
upp
lyC
hai
nMa
nag
eme
ntf
orGl
oba
lCo
mpe
ti
ti
ven
ess
,Ma
cmi
l
lan
,pp
.7
7-
93.

J
our
nal
s

K.
Bag
yal
aks
hmia
ndR.
Kar
thi
ka.
,(
202
0),
Ast
udyo
nth
ein
flu
enc
ingf
act
orsf
ore
xpo
rte
rsi
nch
oic
eof
s
ele
cti
ngt
hef
rei
ghtf
orwa
rde
rsd
uri
ngc
ovi
d19p
and
emi
c.I
nte
rna
ti
ona
lJo
urn
alo
fMu
lt
id
isc
ipl
i
nar
y
Re
sea
rcha
ndDe
vel
opme
nt,
2(4
),
198
-2
00.

Ga
tt
orn
a,J
.
,Og
uli
n,R.
,a
ndS
ele
n,W.
,(
201
5)
,AnEmp
iri
cal
inv
est
ig
ati
ono
f3r
dan
d4t
hpa
rtyl
ogi
st
ic
s
p
rov
ide
rpr
act
ic
esi
nAu
str
ali
a.L
ogi
st
ic
sAs
soc
iat
io
nof
Aus
tra
li
a,1
7-1
8.

Go
rda
n,B.
H.
,(
202
0),
Thec
han
gin
gfa
ceo
fth
irdp
art
ylo
gis
ti
csd
uri
ngc
ovi
d-1
9pa
nde
mic.
Sup
plyC
hai
n
Ma
nag
eme
ntr
evi
ew,
Ree
dBu
sin
essi
nfo
rma
ti
on.

J
in-
Lon
gLu
.,(
201
3)
,I
nve
sti
gat
in
gCr
it
ic
alF
act
orsTh
atI
nfl
uen
ceS
hip
per
s'a
ndI
nte
rna
ti
ona
lFr
eig
ht
F
orwa
rde
rs'P
ref
ere
nce
sinC
arr
ierS
ele
cti
onu
sin
gIn
teg
rat
edHi
era
rch
ica
lIn
for
mat
io
nIn
teg
rat
io
n
Ap
pro
ach
.Jo
urn
alOf
Mar
ineS
cie
nceAn
dTe
chn
olo
gy,
21(
2)
,1
82-
19
0.

Mi
n,S
.an
dMe
ntz
er,J
.
T(2
008
),Th
ero
leo
fma
rke
ti
ngi
nSu
ppl
yCh
ainMa
nag
eme
nt,I
nte
rna
ti
ona
l
J
our
nal
ofPh
ysi
cal
Dis
tri
but
io
nan
dlo
gis
ti
csma
nag
eme
nt,
30(
9)
,7
66-
78
7.
 Ap
pen
dix
-Qu
est
io
nna
ire

De
arRe
spo
nde
nt,

Th
isq
ues
ti
onn
air
eisp
rep
are
dre
gar
din
gana
cti
vi
tyr
ela
tedt
oMBAp
rog
rama
tonaa
nal
ysi
s

o
fth
eai
rfr
eig
htf
orwa
rde
rma
rke
tdu
rin
gco
vid1
9pa
nde
mic
.Th
eob
jec
ti
veo
fth
ere
sea
rchi
sto

u
nde
rst
andt
hep
hen
ome
na,
tre
nds&o
the
rfa
cto
rst
hat
con
tri
but
eto
war
dss
hip
men
tof
thep
rod
uct
.Th
e

a
nal
ysi
sas
sur
esy
out
hat
thea
nal
ysi
s/y
ourr
esp
ons
e/o
pin
ions
hal
lbek
ept
hig
hlyc
onf
id
ent
ia
l&s
hal
l

o
nlyb
eus
edf
ort
hec
urr
entwo
rk.Is
hal
lbeh
igh
lyg
rat
ef
uli
fyo
uco
ulds
par
eaf
ewmi
nut
est
o

c
omp
let
eth
equ
est
io
nna
ire
.

1
. De
man
dVa
luef
orS
hip
pin
gdu
rin
gco
vid-
19p
and
emi
conAi
rFr
eig
hto
n

a
. Hi
gh

b
.Lo
w

2
. De
man
dQu
ant
it
yof
theS
hip
pin
gdu
rin
gCo
vid-
19p
and
emi
c

a
. Be
low2
5To
nes

b
.Be
twe
en2
5-3
5To
nes

c
. Be
twe
en3
6-5
0To
nes

d
.Ab
ove5
0To
nes

3
.Le
adt
imef
orS
hip
pin
gdu
rin
gco
vid-
19p
and
emi
c

a
.Hi
gh

b
.Lo
w
 4
. Ma
ter
ial
Han
dli
nga
ndQu
ali
tyC
ont
rol
ons
hip
men
tdu
rin
gco
vid-
19p
and
emi
c

a
. Hi
gh

b
.Mo
der
ate

c
.Lo
w

5
. Pr
odu
cti
onc
han
gesa
ndDo
cume
ntC
lea
ran
ced
uri
ngC
ovi
d-1
9Pa
nde
mic

a
.Lo
w

b
.Hi
gh

c
. Mo
der
ate

6
.Le
vel
oft
heC
oor
din
ati
oni
nsh
ipme
ntd
uri
ngC
ovi
d-1
9pa
nde
mic

a
.Lo
w

b
.Mo
der
ate

c
. Hi
gh

7
.Le
vel
ofS
ati
sf
act
io
ndu
rin
gCo
vid-
19Pa
nde
mic

a
.Lo
w

b
.Mo
der
ate

c
. Hi
gh

S
ect
io
n2:
Cus
tome
rSa
ti
sf
act
io
n

S
I. S
erv
icePr
ovi
ded S
tro
ngl
y Di
sag
ree
d Ne
it
hera
gre
e Ag
re S
tro
ngl
y

No d
isa
gre
e o
rDi
sag
ree e d
isa
gre
e
1 Do
cume
nta
ti
on

2 Po
stS
hip
men
tPr
oce
ss

3 C
ust
omC
lea
ran
ce

4 C
lai
ms

5 Re
lea
sin
gof
shi
pme
ntDo
cume
nts
.

6 C
red
itTe
rms

7 C
omp
eti
ti
veRa
tes

9 F
lex
ibi
l
it
yinwo
rki
ngh
our
s

1
0 F
ocu
ses o
n mo
re me
nto
rin
g

p
rog
rams

1
1 S
tre
ssRe
duc
ti
onPr
ogr
am

1
2 Be
tt
erC
oor
din
ati
ona
mon
gCo

wo
rke
rs

1
3 S
ala
ryS
tru
ctu
rea
ndp
erf
orma
nce

i
nce
nti
vess
tru
ctu
rea
reg
ood

S
ect
io
n3:
Typ
eso
fCa
rgoOp
era
tedf
orI
mpo
rta
ndEx
por
t

S
I. C
arg
o S
tro
ngl
y Di
sag
r Ne
it
her Ag
rSt
ron
gly

No d
isa
gre
e e
ed a
gre
e o
ree d
isa
gre
e

Di
sag
ree
1 En
gin
eer
ingg
ood
s

2 Ga
rme
ntso
rTe
xti
l
e

3 Ag
ric
ult
ureg
ood
s

4 Ph
arma
ceu
ti
cal
s

5 Au
tomo
ti
ves

6 F
MCG

7 C
ons
ume
rDu
rab
les

8 F
ooda
ndBe
ver
age
s

9 C
hemi
cal
san
dPe
ris
hab
leg
ood
s