Sof

tSt
art
er–Pr
inc
ipl
eandWor
king
As
ofts
tar
teri
sanydev
icewh
ichc
ont
rol
sth
eac
cel
erat
ionofanel
ect
ricmot
orbymeansof
c
ont
rol
li
ngt
heappl
iedv
olt
age.

Nowl
etush
aveabr
iefr
ecal
loft
heneedf
orh
avi
ngas
tar
terf
oranymot
or.

AnI
nduc
tionmot
orh
ast
heabi
li
tyt
osel
fst
artowi
ngt
oth
eint
erac
tionbet
weent
her
otat
ing
mag
net
icf
iel
dfl
uxandt
her
otorwi
ndi
ngf
lux
,caus
ingah
ighr
otorc
urr
entast
orquei
s
i
ncr
eas
ed.Asar
esul
tth
est
atordr
awsh
ighc
urr
entandbyt
het
imet
hemot
orr
eac
hest
o
f
ulls
peed,al
arg
eamountofc
urr
ent(
great
ert
hant
her
atedc
urr
ent
)isdr
awnandt
hisc
an
c
aus
eheat
ingupoft
hemot
or,ev
ent
ual
lydamag
ingi
t.Topr
eventt
his
,mot
ors
tar
ter
sar
e
needed.

Mot
ors
tar
tingc
anbei
n3way
s

o Appl
yingf
ulll
oadv
olt
ageati
nter
val
soft
ime:
Dir
ectOnLi
neSt
art
ing
o Appl
yingr
educ
edv
olt
ageg
radual
ly:
StarDel
taSt
art
erandSof
tst
art
er
o Appl
yingpar
twi
ndi
ngs
tar
ting
:Aut
otr
ans
for
mers
tar
ter

Def
ini
ngSof
tSt
art
ing

Nowl
etuss
hif
tourpar
tic
ularat
tent
iont
osof
tst
art
ing
.

I
ntec
hni
calt
erms
,as
ofts
tar
teri
sanydev
icewh
ichr
educ
est
het
orqueappl
iedt
oth
e
el
ect
ricmot
or.I
tgener
all
ycons
ist
sofs
oli
dst
atedev
icesl
iket
hyr
ist
orst
ocont
rolt
he
appl
icat
ionofs
uppl
yvol
tag
etot
hemot
or.
Thes
tar
terwor
ksont
hef
actt
hatt
het
orq
uei
s
pr
opor
tionalt
oth
esquar
eoft
hes
tar
tingc
urr
ent
,wh
ichi
ntur
nispr
opor
tionalt
oth
e
appl
iedv
olt
age.
Thust
het
orqueandt
hec
urr
entc
anbeadj
ust
edbyr
educ
ingt
hev
olt
ageat
t
het
imeofs
tar
tingt
hemot
or.

Th
erec
anbet
wot
ypesofc
ont
rolus
ings
ofts
tar
ter
:

OpenCont
rol
:As
tar
tvol
tag
eisappl
iedwi
tht
ime,i
rres
pec
tiv
eoft
hec
urr
entdr
awnort
he
s
peedoft
hemot
or.
Foreac
hph
aset
woSCRsar
econnec
tedbac
ktobac
kandt
heSCRsar
e
c
onduc
tedi
nit
ial
lyatadel
ayof1
80deg
reesdur
ingt
her
espec
tiv
ehal
fwav
ecy
cles(
for
wh
icheac
hSCR c
onduc
ts)
.Th
isdel
ayi
sreduc
edg
radual
lywi
tht
imeunt
ilt
heappl
ied
v
olt
ager
ampsupt
oth
eful
lsuppl
yvol
tag
e.Th
isi
sal
soknownasTi
meVol
tag
eRamp
Sy
stem.
Thi
smet
hodi
snotr
elev
antasi
tdoes
n’tac
tual
lyc
ont
rolt
hemot
orac
cel
erat
ion.
 Cl
osedLoopCont
rol
:Anyoft
hemot
orout
putc
har
act
eri
sti
csl
iket
hec
urr
entdr
awnort
he
s
peedi
smoni
tor
edandt
hes
tar
tingv
olt
agei
smodi
fi
edac
cor
ding
lyt
ogett
her
equi
red
r
espons
e. 
Thec
urr
enti
neac
hph
asei
smoni
tor
edandi
fitex
ceedsac
ert
ains
etpoi
nt,t
he
t
imev
olt
ager
ampi
shal
ted.

Th
usbas
icpr
inc
ipl
eofs
ofts
tar
teri
sbyc
ont
rol
li
ngt
hec
onduc
tionang
leoft
heSCRst
he
appl
icat
ionofs
uppl
yvol
tag
ecanbec
ont
rol
led.

2Component
sofabas
ics
ofts
tar
ter

o Powers
wit
ches
 li
keSCRswh
ichneedt
obeph
asec
ont
rol
leds
ucht
hatt
heyar
e
appl
iedf
oreac
hpar
toft
hec
ycl
e.Fora3ph
asemot
or,t
woSCRsar
econnec
tedbac
kto
bac
kforeac
hph
ase.
Thes
wit
chi
ngdev
icesneedt
ober
atedatl
eas
tth
reet
imesmor
eth
an
t
hel
inev
olt
age.

o Cont
rolLogi
c us
ingPI
Dcont
rol
ler
sorMi
croc
ont
rol
ler
soranyot
herl
ogi
ctoc
ont
rol
t
heappl
icat
ionofg
atev
olt
aget
oth
eSCR,
i.
e.t
ocont
rolt
hef
iri
ngang
leofSCRsi
nor
dert
o
maket
heSCRc
onduc
tatt
her
equi
redpar
toft
hes
uppl
yvol
tag
ecy
cle.

Wor
kingEx
ampl
eofEl
ect
roni
cSof
tSt
artSy
stemf
or3ph
asei
nduc
tionmot
or

Th
esy
stemc
ons
ist
soft
hef
oll
owi
ngc
omponent
s.

o Twobac
ktobac
kSCRsf
oreac
hph
ase,
i.
e.6SCRsi
ntot
al.
o Cont
rolLog
icc
irc
uit
ryi
nfor
moft
woc
ompar
ator
s-LM324andLM339t
opr
oduc
eth
e
l
evelandt
her
ampv
olt
ageandanopt
o-i
sol
atort
ocont
rolt
heappl
icat
ionofg
atev
olt
age
t
oth
eeac
hSCRi
neac
hph
ase.

Apowers
uppl
yci
rcui
tryt
opr
ovi
det
her
equi
reddcs
uppl
yvol
tag
e.
 Bl
ockDi
agr
am showi
ngEl
ect
roni
cSof
tSt
artSy
stem f
or3phaseI
nduct
ion
Mot
orby
 Edgef
xKi
ts
Th
elev
elv
olt
agei
sgener
atedus
ingt
hec
ompar
atorLM324wh
osei
nver
tingt
ermi
nali
sfed
us
ingaf
ixedv
olt
ages
our
ceandt
henoni
nver
tingt
ermi
nali
sfedt
hroug
hac
apac
itor
c
onnec
tedt
oth
ecol
lec
torofanNPN t
rans
ist
or.Th
ech
arg
inganddi
sch
arg
ingoft
he
c
apac
itorc
aus
est
heout
putoft
hec
ompar
atort
och
ang
eac
cor
ding
lyandt
hev
olt
agel
evel
t
och
ang
efr
omh
ight
olow.
Thi
sout
putl
evelv
olt
agei
sappl
iedt
oth
enoni
nver
tingt
ermi
nal
ofanot
herc
ompar
atorLM339wh
osei
nver
tingt
ermi
nali
sfedus
ingar
ampv
olt
age.Th
is
r
ampv
olt
agei
spr
oduc
edus
inganot
herc
ompar
atorLM339wh
ichc
ompar
est
hepul
sat
ing
DCv
olt
ageappl
iedati
tsi
nver
tingt
ermi
nalt
oth
epur
eDCv
olt
ageati
tsnoni
nver
ting
t
ermi
nalandg
ener
atesaz
erov
olt
ager
efer
enc
esi
gnalwh
ichi
sconv
ert
edt
oar
amps
ignal
byt
hec
har
ginganddi
sch
arg
ingofael
ect
rol
ytec
apac
itor
.

Th
e3rd 
compar
atorLM339pr
oduc
esaHi
ghpul
sewi
dths
ignalf
orev
eryh
ighl
evelv
olt
age,
wh
ichdec
reas
esg
radual
lyast
hel
evelv
olt
ager
educ
es.
Thi
ssi
gnali
sinv
ert
edandappl
ied
t
oth
eOpt
ois
olat
or,
whi
chpr
ovi
desg
atepul
sest
oth
eSCRs
.Asv
olt
agel
evelf
all
s,t
hepul
se
wi
dthoft
heOpt
ois
olat
ori
ncr
eas
esandmor
eth
epul
sewi
dth
,les
seri
sth
edel
ayand
g
radual
lyt
heSCRi
str
igg
eredwi
thoutanydel
ay.Th
usbyc
ont
rol
li
ngt
hedur
ati
onbet
ween
t
hepul
sesordel
aybet
weenappl
icat
ionsofpul
ses
,th
efi
ri
ngang
leofSCRi
scont
rol
ledand
t
heappl
icat
ionofs
uppl
ycur
renti
scont
rol
led,
thusc
ont
rol
li
ngt
hemot
orout
putt
orq
ue.
 Th
ewh
olepr
oces
sisac
tual
lyanopenl
oopc
ont
rols
yst
emwh
eret
het
imeofappl
icat
ionof
g
atet
rig
ger
ingpul
sest
oeac
hSCRi
scont
rol
ledbas
edont
heh
owear
liert
her
ampv
olt
age
dec
reas
esf
romt
hel
evelv
olt
age.

Adv
ant
agesofSof
tSt
art

Nowt
hatweh
avel
ear
ntabouth
owanel
ect
roni
csof
tst
arts
yst
em wor
ks,l
etusr
ecol
lec
t
f
ewr
eas
onswh
yiti
spr
efer
redov
erot
hermet
hods
.

o I
mpr
ovedEf
fic
ienc
y:Th
eef
fic
ienc
yofs
ofts
tar
ters
yst
emus
ings
oli
dst
ates
wit
ches
i
smor
eowi
ngt
oth
elowons
tat
evol
tag
e.
o Cont
rol
led s
tar
tup:Th
est
art
ing c
urr
entc
an be c
ont
rol
led s
moot
hlybyeas
ily
al
ter
ingt
hes
tar
tingv
olt
ageandt
hisens
uress
moot
hst
art
ingoft
hemot
orwi
thoutanyj
erks
.
o Cont
rol
ledac
cel
erat
ion:
Mot
orac
cel
erat
ioni
scont
rol
leds
moot
hly
.
o LowCos
tands
ize:
Thi
sisens
uredwi
tht
heus
eofs
oli
dst
ates
wit
ches
.