LYNNHI

GGI
NS

S219377421

PGEF402

DRDOHNUBI
A

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Se
gre
gat
ioni
nSout
hAf
ri
cai
sat
opi
ctha
tca
nbei
nfi
ni
tel
ydi
scus
seda
ndde
bat
eda
mong
c
iti
zens
.Int
hise
ssa
yIwi
l
lbedi
scus
singmyf
indi
ngsont
hebe
ginni
ngofs
egr
ega
tionmor
e
s
pec
if
ic
all
yint
hee
duc
ati
ons
yst
ema
swe
lla
sthel
ogi
candbe
li
efst
hatwe
rebr
ought
f
orwa
rdbyt
hepol
i
tic
iansdur
ingt
hist
ime
.

EDUCATI
ONATTHEBEGI
NNI
NGOFSEGREGATI
ONI
NSOUTHAFRI
CA

Fi
rst
ly,
whe
nwel
ooka
tthebe
ginni
ngoft
hes
egr
ega
tionpe
riod,
acc
ordi
ngt
o(Pa
mChr
ist
ie,
1982)“
1948i
svi
ewe
dasac
ruc
ial
yea
rint
hehi
stor
yofSout
hAf
ri
caa
nd,
mor
ees
pec
ial
l
y,i
n
t
hehi
stor
yoft
hebl
ackpe
opl
eoft
hatc
ount
ry.I
ntha
tye
art
heNa
tiona
li
stGov
ernme
ntof
DrD.F.Ma
lanc
amei
ntopowe
r.Oneoft
hek
eys
tone
sofi
tspol
i
tic
alpol
i
cywa
stha
tof
a
par
the
id,ort
hee
nfor
ceds
egr
ega
tionofbl
acka
ndwhi
tepe
opl
eofSout
hAf
ri
cai
nto
di
ff
ere
nta
rea
s”t
hispe
riodi
nSout
hAf
ri
caIbe
li
evewa
simpor
tantbe
caus
ewi
tht
he
i
mpl
eme
nta
tionofpol
ari
sat
ionofr
ace
s,a
utoma
tic
all
ythee
duc
ati
ons
yst
em woul
dbe
s
igni
fi
cant
lya
ffe
cte
dbyt
hisa
swe
ll
.Ac
cor
dingt
oci
tat
ion“
wit
hthec
omi
ngt
opowe
roft
he
ne
wNa
tiona
lPa
rtyi
n1948,r
aci
aldi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nbl
acke
duc
ati
onwa
sac
cel
era
teda
nd
c
ulmi
nat
edi
nthepa
ssi
ngoft
heBa
ntue
duc
ati
onAc
tof1953”
.Inmyopi
ni
on,
thede
cis
ion
t
ocr
eat
eapol
ari
sede
duc
ati
ons
yst
em wa
sana
cti
nte
nde
dtoc
rea
teane
wsoc
iet
ywhe
re
bl
ackpe
opl
ewe
rel
esse
duc
ate
dtha
nwhi
tes
.Ifbl
acke
duc
ati
onwa
sle
ssr
esour
cef
ula
nd
oppor
tuni
sti
c,i
nev
ita
blyt
hei
rfut
urewoul
dbei
nli
newi
tht
hegoa
lst
hatt
hea
par
the
id
gov
ernme
ntha
dfort
hec
ount
ryi
nthe1900s
.

CHRI
STI
ANNATI
ONALEDUCATI
ONI
NSOUTHAFRI
CA

Ac
cor
dingt
o(He
xha
m)“
Thei
deaofCNEwa
sfi
rsti
ntr
oduc
edi
ntoSout
hAf
ri
cabyS.
J.du
Toi
t(1847-
1911)i
nthe1870sa
nds
ubs
eque
ntl
yde
vel
ope
dbyJ
anLi
on-
Cac
het(
1838-
1912)a
ndl
eade
rsoft
heRe
for
medChur
ch.I
npr
opa
gat
ingCNE,duToi
twa
sse
eki
ngt
o
a
ppl
ythet
eac
hingsofCa
lvi
ni
smt
oal
lar
easofl
i
fe”
.Duet
othea
bov
e-me
nti
one
dfa
ct,
CNE
wa
ses
tabl
i
she
dex
act
lyay
earbe
for
ese
gre
gat
ionwa
sint
roduc
edi
nSout
hAf
ri
ca.I
nmy
opi
ni
ont
hec
rea
tionofCNEwa
sthet
ruebe
ginni
ngofs
egr
ega
tioni
nthec
ount
ryofSout
h
Af
ri
ca.

Ac
cor
dingt
o(Ma
cMI
LLAN,1967)“
Chr
ist
ianNa
tiona
lEduc
ati
oni
dea
sor
igi
nat
edi
nthe
Ca
pepr
ovi
nceov
erahundr
edy
ear
sagoi
nar
eac
tiont
oangl
i
ciz
ati
on.
Lat
er,
aft
ert
heAngl
o-
Boe
rWa
r,t
heDut
ch-
spe
aki
ngpe
opl
eoft
hef
orme
rRe
publ
i
csf
ear
edt
hel
ossoft
hei
r
i
dent
it
ythr
oughde
pri
vat
ionoft
hei
rla
ngua
gea
ndna
tiona
li
ty.Pr
iva
teChr
ist
ianNa
tiona
l
s
chool
swe
ret
her
efor
ese
tupi
noppos
iti
ont
othes
tat
eins
truc
tion(
Dut
ch)
,Te
ache
rswho
we
reChr
ist
ianme
nandwome
n,a
ndpa
rentpa
rti
ci
pat
ioni
nthec
ont
roloft
hes
chool
s.
Chr
ist
ianNa
tiona
leduc
ati
ongr
ew,t
hus
,outoft
hede
epne
edsofade
fea
tedpe
opl
eand
s
erv
ed,byi
tse
mpha
sisonr
eli
gi
on,na
tiona
li
ty,a
ndl
angua
ge,t
ore
bui
l
dthe
irpr
idei
n
t
hems
elv
esa
ndt
hei
rbe
li
efi
nthef
utur
e”.
Thus
,Chr
ist
ianNa
tiona
lEduc
ati
onIbe
li
evewa
sin
myopi
ni
ona
nat
temptt
oel
i
mina
tec
ompe
tit
ionofot
herr
ace
sint
hee
li
tewor
king
e
nvi
ronme
nts
otha
tonl
ywhi
tepe
opl
ecoul
dfi
ndj
obsba
sedont
hei
radv
anc
ede
duc
ati
on
c
ompa
redt
ope
opl
eofc
olour
.Thus
,educ
ati
onwa
sus
edi
nmyopi
ni
ona
sthema
int
oolt
o
e
nabl
ese
gre
gat
ioni
nthea
par
the
ide
ra.

Ac
cor
dingt
o(He
yni
nge
n,1967)t
hea
imofChr
ist
ianNa
tiona
leduc
ati
oni
sto“
indoc
tri
nat
e
a
llc
hil
dre
nint
heNa
tiona
li
sti
deol
ogy
”.Thi
sst
ate
mentIbe
li
evei
nsi
nua
test
hatby
c
onv
inc
ingpe
opl
eofc
olourt
hatt
hei
rse
gre
gat
ioni
sba
sedonChr
ist
iani
ty.Thi
snot
ionI
be
li
evewa
sbr
oughtf
orwa
rds
oconv
inc
ingbyt
heg
ove
rnme
ntt
hatbl
ackpe
opl
est
art
edt
o
be
li
evet
hatt
hei
rse
gre
gat
ionwa
sfa
ira
ndj
ust
.

BANTUEDUCATI
ON

Ac
cor
dingt
o(Gi
l
iome
e,2009)“
In1953He
ndr
ikVe
rwoe
rd,
Mini
ste
rofNa
tiv
eAf
fai
rs,
1950-
1959a
ndPr
imeMi
ni
ste
rfr
om 1959-
1966,pi
l
ote
dtheBa
ntuEduc
ati
onAc
tthr
ough
pa
rli
ame
nt.I
tint
roduc
eda
neduc
ati
onpol
i
cyt
hati
ssome
time
sde
pic
teda
sone“
bas
edon
t
hea
ssumpt
ionofa
ninf
eri
orpot
ent
ial
inAf
ri
canmi
ndsa
nda
sex
pli
ci
tl
yde
signe
dtopr
epa
re
bl
ack
sfora
ninf
eri
orpl
acei
nsoc
iet
y”,
thusIbe
li
evet
hatf
ort
hegov
ernme
ntt
oca
rryouti
ts
pl
anofs
egr
ega
tion,
the
ykne
wtha
titwoul
donl
ybe
comes
ucc
ess
ful
ift
hee
duc
ati
ons
yst
em
i
scha
nge
d,a
ndt
hisf
acti
nmyopi
ni
onss
howst
hepowe
rtha
teduc
ati
onhol
dsi
nac
ount
ry.
Ac
cor
dingt
o(Pa
mChr
ist
ie,
1982)“
InJ
anua
ry1949,
theNa
tiona
li
stGov
ernme
nt,
bel
i
evi
ng
t
hats
chool
i
ngwa
sane
sse
nti
alme
anst
oac
hie
ves
ucc
essi
nbr
ingi
nga
bouta
par
the
id,
setup
aCommi
ssi
ononNa
tiv
e.I
nthema
in,i
tcons
ide
redt
hatbl
acke
duc
ati
ons
houl
dbea
n
i
nte
gra
lpa
rtofac
are
ful
l
ypl
anne
dpol
i
cyofs
egr
ega
teds
oci
o-e
conomi
cde
vel
opme
ntf
ort
he
bl
ackpe
opl
e.Abov
eal
l
,ite
mpha
sis
edt
hef
unc
tiona
lva
lueoft
hes
chool
asa
nins
tit
uti
onf
or
t
het
rans
mis
siona
ndde
vel
opme
ntofbl
ackc
ult
ura
lhe
rit
age
.”The
ref
ore
,be
caus
ebl
ack
pe
opl
ewe
rer
ece
ivi
ngt
hemi
ni
muma
ndba
sicr
equi
rede
duc
ati
on,
the
yende
dupi
nba
sica
nd
mi
ni
mum wa
gej
obsa
ndt
hisnot
ioni
ssuppor
tedwhe
n(Gi
l
iome
e,2009)a
ddst
hat“
the
re
wa
sas
tronge
mpha
sisont
hepr
ovi
si
ononama
ssba
sicofba
sicl
i
ter
acyt
obl
ackc
hil
dre
nas
apr
epa
rat
ionf
ors
emi
-sk
il
le
djobs
.”

The
ref
ore
,onec
ane
vens
ugge
stt
hatt
her
eas
onwhyt
hegov
ernme
nte
vena
war
deds
ome
e
duc
ati
ont
ope
opl
eofc
olourwa
ssot
hatt
heya
rea
blet
odot
hewor
ktha
tthewhi
tesdi
d
notwa
ntt
odoi
nsoc
iet
y.La
stl
y,a
ccor
dingt
o(Gi
l
iome
e,2009)“
act
ivebl
ackr
esi
sta
ncet
o
t
hes
yst
emt
hatwa
sint
roduc
edi
n1954c
amema
inl
yfr
om t
hepe
rsonne
loft
hec
hur
ch
s
choola
ndt
rai
ni
ngc
oll
ege
s”.Ibe
li
evet
hisf
acti
ssi
gni
fi
cantbe
caus
eift
hea
par
the
id
gov
ernme
nt’
slogi
cfort
hei
rinj
ust
icewa
sba
sedonChr
ist
iani
ty,t
hes
epe
opl
ewhoi
nde
pth
s
tudi
edChr
ist
iani
tyunde
rst
oodt
hatt
hegov
ernme
ntse
xpl
ana
tionf
ori
nj
ust
icewa
sonl
yan
e
xcus
etoc
arr
iedoutt
hei
rai
mst
oma
kewhi
tepe
opl
esupr
emet
ope
opl
eofc
olour
.

EDUCATI
ONI
NSOUTHAFRI
CATODAY

Ac
cor
dingt
o('
Manna
pul
a-Ma
pes
ela
,2009)t
hee
duc
ati
ons
yst
ema
fte
r1994“
it
sma
nda
tei
s
t
ore
ali
seas
yst
emofe
duc
ati
ont
hati
str
ans
for
meda
ndde
moc
rat
ise
dina
li
gnme
ntwi
tht
he
v
alue
sgua
rdi
nghuma
ndi
gni
ty,e
qua
li
ty,huma
nri
ght
sandf
ree
dom,non-
rac
isma
ndnon-
s
exi
sm,a
ndonet
hate
nsur
est
her
ightt
oba
sice
duc
ati
onf
ora
llc
iti
zens
”.I
naddi
ti
on,i
n
or
dert
ocompe
nsa
tef
ort
hei
nj
ust
iceoft
hepa
st,t
hegov
ernme
ntha
scr
eat
edi
ni
ti
ati
ves
s
ucha
sNa
tiona
lSt
ude
ntFi
nanc
ialAi
dSc
hemet
hata
ssi
stss
tude
ntsofc
olourwhoc
ome
f
roma
dva
nta
gedba
ckgr
ounds
.

CONCLUSI
ON

Summa
ris
ingt
hehi
stor
yofs
egr
ega
tioni
neduc
ati
oni
sac
hal
l
engi
ngt
askbe
caus
ethe
rei
s
muc
htodi
scus
sont
hist
opi
c.Howe
ver
,thea
bov
e-me
nti
one
dinf
orma
tiona
ref
act
sI
c
ons
ide
rimpor
tants
urr
oundi
ng t
hebe
ginni
ng ofSe
gre
gat
ion,Ba
ntu Educ
ati
on,a
nd
Chr
ist
ianNa
tiona
lEduc
ati
oni
nthe1900s
.

REFERENCES

 Ma
nna
pul
a,M,
Hay
,D.
(2009)
.Sout
hAf
ri
caHi
ghEduc
ati
onBe
for
eandAf
ter1994.
Re
sea
rchGa
te.
 He
rma
n,G.
(2009)
.ANot
eonBa
ntuEduc
ati
on.
Sout
hAf
ri
canJ
our
nal
ofEc
onomi
cs.

 He
xha
m,I
.R.(
0176)
.Chr
ist
ianNa
tiona
lEduc
ati
ona
sanI
deol
ogi
calCommi
tme
nt,
111-
120.
Col
l
ect
edSe
mina
rPa
per
s.

 He
yni
nge
n,C.
(1967)
.Chr
ist
ianNa
tiona
lEduc
ati
on,
Ber
gha
hanBook
s.

 Ma
cMI
LLI
AN,
R.G.
(1967)
.Chr
ist
ianNa
tiona
lEduc
ati
on,
43-
56.
Ber
gha
hanBook
s.

 Chr
ist
ieP,Col
l
ins
,C.(
1982)
.Ba
ntu Educ
ati
on:Apa
rthe
idI
deol
ogyorLa
bour
Re
produc
tion,
Uni
ver
sit
yofCa
peTown.