1

. MEANI
NGANDPURPOS
EOFRES
EARCH

Amo
ngt
hea
nima
lso
nea
rthk
nownt
ous
,ma
nist
hemo
stc
uri
ousa
nima
l.Heh
asa
lla
lon
gsi
nce
h
isc
rea
tio
nso
ugh
ttoe
nla
rgeh
isu
nde
rst
and
ingo
fhi
mse
lf
,an
dth
ewo
rlda
roun
dhi
mina
n
a
tte
mptt
oimp
rov
ehi
swa
yofl
i
vin
g.Wes
eet
hate
arl
yma
ndi
sco
ver
edt
hewh
eeli
nor
dert
osa
ve
h
ims
elff
romc
arr
yi
ngh
eav
ylo
adso
nhi
she
ado
rba
ck.Hed
isc
ove
redt
hel
eve
rtoe
asel
i
fti
ngo
f
h
eav
yth
ing
s.Ma
nlo
oke
datt
heh
eav
ensa
ndf
ormul
ate
dex
pla
nat
io
nsf
orwh
ath
esa
wth
at
e
nab
ledh
imt
opr
edi
cte
cli
pse
sal
ongt
imea
go(Ns
ubug
a,2000)
.

Re
sea
rchi
sth
epr
oce
sso
fca
rry
ingo
utad
il
ig
ente
nqui
ryo
rac
ri
ti
cale
xami
nat
io
nofag
ive
n
p
hen
ome
non
.Iti
nvo
lve
scr
it
ic
ala
nal
yse
sofe
xis
ti
ngc
onc
lus
ion
sort
heo
rie
swi
thr
ega
rdt
one
wly
d
isc
ove
redf
act
s.

Re
sea
rch,
the
ref
ore
,me
ansac
ont
inue
dse
arc
hfo
rne
wkn
owl
edg
ean
dun
der
sta
ndi
ngo
fth
ewo
rld
a
roun
dus
.Iti
sano
rig
ina
lco
ntr
ib
uti
ont
oth
eex
ist
ings
toc
kofk
nowl
edg
e.(
Re-
Sea
rch
).

1
.0.
1 PURPOS
EOFRES
EARCH

(
a)Di
sco
verNe
wKno
wle
dge
.Th
ema
inp
urp
oseo
fre
sea
rchi
stod
isc
ove
rne
wkn
owl
edg
ean
d
i
nsi
ght
s.Th
isi
nvo
lve
sth
edi
sco
ver
yofn
ewf
act
s,t
hei
rco
rre
cti
nte
rpr
eta
tio
nan
dpr
act
ic
al
a
ppl
i
cat
io
n.Th
oug
hth
erea
reo
the
rso
urc
eso
fkn
owl
edg
e,r
ese
arc
hre
mai
nst
hemo
ste
ffi
ci
enta
nd
r
eli
abl
eso
urc
eofk
nowl
edg
e.

(
b)De
scr
ibePhe
nome
non.I
tist
hro
ughr
ese
arc
hth
atwec
anp
rec
ise
lyd
esc
ri
bea
nda
ccur
ate
ly
p
ort
rayt
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
sofap
art
ic
ula
rin
div
idua
lorp
hen
ome
none
.g.s
ize
,sh
ape
,he
igh
t,a
nd
c
han
geo
vert
ime
,et
c.De
scr
ip
ti
onp
rov
ide
sfo
rsi
tua
tio
nala
nal
yse
swh
ichf
ormsb
asi
sfo
rfur
the
r
r
ese
arc
h.

(
c)Pr
edi
ctPh
eno
meno
n.Pr
edi
ct
io
nist
hea
bil
i
tyt
oes
ti
mat
eph
eno
men
onA,
giv
enp
hen
ome
nonB.
F
ore
xamp
leo
urk
nowl
edg
eont
hemo
veme
nto
fth
emo
on,e
art
han
dsunh
elp
susp
red
ictt
he
a
maz
inga
ccur
acyo
fth
eoc
cur
ren
ceo
flun
are
cli
pse
s.

(
d)Co
ntr
olPhe
nome
non.Th
isi
sth
eab
il
it
ytor
egul
atet
hep
hen
ome
nonun
ders
tud
y.F
ore
xamp
le
i
nal
abo
rat
orye
xpe
rime
nt,
adr
ugt
hats
upp
res
sesb
odyg
rowt
hisa
dmi
ni
st
ere
dtoag
roupo
fra
tst
o
i
nve
sti
gat
eit
sef
fec
tonwe
igh
tga
ini
nra
ts.An
oth
erg
roupo
fra
tsi
sfe
donn
orma
ldi
etwi
tho
utt
he
d
rug
.Al
lot
herc
ond
iti
onsa
reh
eldc
ons
tan
tfo
rbo
thg
roup
sofr
ats
.Af
ters
ome
ti
me,t
hea
ver
age
we
igh
tofe
achg
roupo
fra
tsi
sca
lcul
ate
d.

(
e)Ex
pla
inPhe
nome
non.Ex
pla
nat
io
nin
vol
vesa
ccur
ateo
bse
rva
tio
nan
dme
asur
eme
nto
fag
ive
n
p
hen
ome
non
.Ino
rde
rtoe
xpl
ai
nph
eno
men
on,o
nes
houl
dbea
blet
ode
scr
ibei
t,p
red
icti
ts
o
ccur
ren
cea
ndo
bse
rvef
act
orst
hatc
aus
eit
soc
cur
ren
cewi
thc
ert
ain
tya
nda
ccur
acy
.

(
f) The
ory De
vel
opme
nt.Th
eor
yde
vel
opme
nti
nvo
lve
sfo
rmul
ati
ngc
onc
ept
s,l
aws a
nd
g
ene
ral
i
zat
io
nsa
boutag
ive
nph
eno
men
on.
Iti
sdo
net
ova
li
dat
ean
dco
nfi
rme
xis
ti
ngt
heo
rie
s.

1
.0.
2 MOTI
VATI
ONI
NRES
EARCH

(
a)De
sir
etog
etad
egr
eea
lon
gwi
thi
tsc
ons
eque
nti
alb
ene
fi
ts

(
b)De
sir
etos
olv
eun
sol
vedp
rob
lems

(
c)De
sir
etob
eofs
erv
icet
oth
eso
cie
ty

(
d)De
sir
etoe
arnr
esp
ect

(
e)Di
rec
ti
vesf
romg
ove
rnme
nt

(
f)Emp
loy
men
tco
ndi
ti
ons

1
.0.
3 EDUCATI
ONALRES
EARCH

Ed
uca
tio
nasas
cie
nceo
rasa
nar
tiso
pent
ore
sea
rch
.Th
epr
ima
ryr
eas
onwh
yre
sea
rchi
s
c
ond
uct
edi
nth
efi
el
dofe
duc
ati
oni
sth
ate
duc
ati
oni
sap
roc
esswh
ichc
ont
inue
stog
rowi
nor
der
t
obea
ppr
opr
iat
ean
def
fec
ti
ve.F
urt
her
mor
e,wes
eet
hatt
hema
kin
gan
dimp
leme
nta
tio
nof
e
duc
ati
ona
lpo
li
ci
esi
sal
way
ssub
jec
ttoc
ri
ti
ci
smi
nth
at…i
sitr
ese
arc
hba
sed
?Wh
ati
sth
e
r
ese
arc
hev
ide
nce
?Pe
rha
ps,n
ewc
han
gesi
ned
uca
tio
nca
nbev
ene
rat
edi
fft
heya
reb
ase
don
e
mpi
ri
cal
res
ear
ch.

1
.0.
4 AREASOFEDUCATI
ONALRES
EARCH

(
a)Re
sea
rchi
ntot
heHi
st
oryo
fEd
uca
tio
n.Th
ist
ypeo
fre
sea
rchg
ive
susac
lea
rpe
rce
pti
ono
fth
e
p
roc
ess
eso
fde
vel
opme
ntt
ren
dsi
ned
uca
tio
nalt
houg
hta
ndp
rac
ti
ce.
Ite
nri
che
sourun
der
sta
ndi
ng
o
fth
ech
ang
ingr
ela
tio
nsh
ipb
etwe
ene
duc
ati
ona
ndt
hes
oci
alma
tri
x.

(
b)Re
sea
rchi
nto Co
mpa
rat
ive Ed
uca
tio
n.I
tat
temp
tst
oan
aly
zea
ndc
omp
ared
iff
ere
nt
e
duc
ati
ona
lsy
ste
ms.

(
c)Ps
ycho
log
ica
lRe
sea
rch
.Th
isf
ie
lds
tud
iest
hen
atur
ean
dmo
dif
ic
ati
ono
fhuma
nbe
hav
iorb
oth
o
fin
div
idua
lsa
ndo
fgr
oup
s.I
tisma
inl
yco
nce
rne
dwi
thh
uma
nab
il
it
ie
sma
tur
ati
ona
ndl
ear
nin
g.

(
d)Pe
dag
ogi
calRe
sea
rch
.Ita
imse
xcl
usi
vel
yati
mpr
ovi
ngt
eac
hin
gme
tho
dsa
ndi
sal
way
s
c
ond
uct
edi
nat
eac
hin
gsi
tua
tio
n.

(
e)Re
sea
rchi
nEd
uca
tio
nalMa
nag
eme
nta
ndPo
li
cy.
Thi
sfi
el
disi
ncl
i
nedt
owa
rdsma
nag
eme
nti
n
e
duc
ati
ona
lin
sti
tut
io
ns,
eco
nomi
csa
ndp
lan
nin
gofe
duc
ati
on.

1
.0.
5 NATUREANDHALLMARKSOFEDUCATI
ONALRES
EARCH.

Ta
kent
oge
the
r,t
hef
ol
lo
win
gde
scr
ib
eth
ena
tur
eofe
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
.

(
a)Ob
jec
ti
vi
ty
.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
hus
eso
bje
cti
veme
tho
dsf
ord
atac
oll
ect
io
nan
dan
aly
sis
.Th
is
r
efe
rst
oth
equa
li
tyo
fda
tap
rod
uce
dbyp
roc
edur
eswh
iche
it
herc
ont
rolf
orb
iaso
rta
kei
nto
a
cco
unts
ubj
ect
iv
it
y.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
hist
her
efo
reun
bia
sed
,op
en-
min
deda
ndn
ots
ubj
ect
iv
e.
Th
eco
ncl
usi
onsd
rawnt
hro
ught
hei
nte
rpr
eta
tio
noft
her
esul
tso
fourd
ataa
nal
ysi
ssh
oul
dbe
o
bje
cti
vea
ndb
ase
donf
act
sre
sul
ti
ngf
romt
hea
ctua
lda
taa
ndn
otf
romo
uro
wns
ubj
ect
iv
eor
e
mot
io
nal
val
ues
.Th
emo
reo
bje
cti
vet
hei
nte
rpr
eta
tio
noft
hed
ata
,th
emo
res
cie
nti
fi
cth
ere
sea
rch
i
nve
sti
gat
io
n
(
b)Pr
eci
si
ona
ndCo
nfi
denc
e.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
hus
est
ech
nic
ala
ndy
etv
eryp
rec
isel
ang
uag
eto
c
onv
eye
xac
tme
ani
ngs
.Ex
pre
ssi
onss
ucha
sva
li
di
tya
ndr
eli
abi
l
ityi
nme
asur
eme
nt,r
ese
arc
h
d
esi
gn,s
amp
li
ng,a
nds
tat
is
ti
cals
ign
ifi
can
cec
onv
eyt
ech
nic
alp
roc
edur
esi
nqua
nti
tat
iv
een
qui
ry
.
Ot
herp
hra
sess
ucha
str
ans
fer
abi
l
itya
ndd
epe
nda
bil
i
tya
ret
ech
nic
ale
xpr
ess
ion
sofs
tra
teg
ieso
f
e
nqui
ryi
nqua
li
tat
iv
ere
sea
rch
.Pr
eci
si
ona
lsor
efe
rst
oho
wcl
oset
hef
ind
ing
sba
sedo
nas
amp
le
a
ret
oth
ere
ali
ty
.Pr
eci
si
onr
efl
ect
sth
ede
gre
eofe
xac
ti
tud
eoft
her
esul
tsb
ase
dont
hes
amp
let
o
t
hep
hen
ome
nas
tud
iedo
nth
eex
ist
ingt
heun
ive
rseo
rth
eac
tua
lpo
pul
ati
on.Co
nfi
den
cer
efe
rst
o
t
hep
rob
abi
l
ityt
hato
ure
sti
mat
esa
rec
orr
ect
.Iti
sno
tme
rel
yen
oug
htob
epr
eci
seb
utt
hati
tis
i
mpo
rta
ntt
obe95%s
ureo
rco
nfi
den
tth
ato
ure
sti
mat
esa
rec
orr
ecta
ndt
hatt
her
eiso
nlya5%
c
han
ceo
fourb
ein
gwr
ong
.Th
isi
sal
sok
nowna
sth
eco
nfi
den
cel
eve
lint
hat
,gi
venp
erf
ect
io
nwe
wo
uldl
i
ket
obe1
00%c
orr
ect
,ima
gin
gth
ati
fyo
uha
vet
oomuc
her
rorf
ors
ome
onewh
oha
sto
t
akear
ock
ett
oth
emo
on,t
heny
ourr
ese
arc
hle
ave
sal
ott
obed
esi
red
.Th
ena
rro
wert
heg
ap
wi
thi
nwh
ichwec
ane
sti
mat
eth
era
ngeo
fourp
red
ict
io
ns,
andt
heg
rea
tert
hec
onf
ide
nceweh
ave
i
nourr
ese
arc
hre
sul
ts
,th
emo
reus
eful
ands
cie
nti
fi
cth
efi
ndi
ngs
s
hal
lbe
.Pr
eci
si
ona
ndc
onf
id
enc
eca
nth
ere
for
ebeo
bta
ine
dbyo
nlya
ppr
opr
iat
esc
ien
tif
ics
amp
li
ng
d
esi
gns
.
(
c)Ve
rif
ic
ati
on.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
hse
ekst
ode
vel
opk
nowl
edg
ean
dpr
ese
nti
tinama
nne
rth
at
a
ll
owsv
eri
fi
cat
io
norr
esul
tsi
nsub
seq
uen
tst
udi
es.Re
sul
tsa
rev
eri
fi
edi
nva
rio
uswa
ysd
epe
ndi
ng
o
nth
epur
pos
eoft
heo
rig
ina
lst
udy
.Iff
ore
xamp
leas
tud
yte
stsac
ert
aint
heo
ry,t
henf
urt
her
t
est
ingwi
tho
the
rgr
oup
san
dse
tti
ngsc
oul
dco
nfi
rmo
rre
vis
eth
eth
eor
y.Re
sea
rchi
sas
oci
al
e
nte
rpr
is
e,a
ndi
tsi
nfo
rma
tio
nisp
res
ent
edt
oth
epr
ofe
ssi
ona
lco
mmun
ityf
orp
ubl
i
csc
rut
iny
.
Re
pli
cab
il
it
yins
cie
nti
fi
cre
sea
rchc
oho
rtst
hatt
her
esul
tso
fth
ere
sea
rcho
rth
ete
stso
fth
e
h
ypo
the
siss
houl
dbes
upp
ort
eda
gai
nan
dag
ainwh
ent
her
ese
arc
hisr
epe
ate
dino
the
rsi
mil
ar
c
ir
cums
tan
ces
,th
eRe
pli
cab
il
it
ygi
vesc
onf
id
enc
eino
urr
ese
arc
hde
sig
nan
dhe
ncema
kesi
t
s
cie
nti
fi
c.
(
d)Pa
rsi
moni
ousEx
pla
nat
ion.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
hat
temp
tst
ore
duc
eco
mpl
exr
eal
i
tie
stos
imp
le
e
xpl
ana
tio
ns.Th
isr
efe
rst
oth
esi
mpl
i
cit
yofe
xpl
ai
ni
ngt
hep
hen
ome
nao
rpr
obl
emst
hato
ccura
nd
i
nth
eap
pli
cat
io
nso
fso
lut
io
nst
oth
epr
obl
ems
.Be
ings
imp
lei
nex
pla
ini
ngt
heo
utc
ome
soft
he
r
ese
arc
hisa
lwa
ysp
ref
err
edt
oco
mpl
exr
ese
arc
hfr
ame
wor
kst
hatc
ons
ide
rani
mag
ina
blen
umb
er
o
ffa
cto
rs.Be
ings
cie
nti
fi
cdo
esn
otme
ant
hatweh
avet
obec
omp
li
cat
ed,wec
omeupwi
tht
oo
ma
nyv
ari
abl
est
hatc
ann
otb
ean
aly
zeda
ndt
huse
ndupma
kin
gth
ewh
oler
ese
arc
hin
val
i
d.
(
e)Emp
iri
ci
sm.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
hre
li
eso
nev
ide
nceo
bta
ine
dfr
oms
yst
ema
ticme
tho
dsa
nd
l
ogi
cali
nte
rpr
eta
tio
nsr
ath
ert
hano
wno
pin
ion
stod
rawc
onc
lus
ion
s.Toar
ese
arc
her
,da
tai
nfo
rm
o
fte
sts
cor
es,
comp
ute
rpr
int
out
s,f
ie
ldn
ote
s,i
nte
rvi
ewr
eco
rds
,ar
ti
fac
tsa
ndh
ist
ori
cald
ocume
nts
a
rec
ri
ti
cal
fora
nal
ysi
san
dlo
gic
ali
nte
rpr
eta
tio
ns.

(
f)Lo
gic
alRe
aso
ning
.Al
lre
sea
rchr
equi
resl
ogi
calr
eas
oni
ng.Re
aso
nin
gisat
hin
kin
gpr
oce
ss,
us
ingp
res
cri
bedr
ule
sofl
ogi
c,i
nwh
icho
nep
roc
eed
sfr
om ag
ene
rals
tat
eme
ntt
oas
pec
if
ic
c
onc
lus
ion(
ded
uct
io
n)o
rfr
oms
pec
if
ics
tat
eme
ntst
osumma
ryc
onc
lus
ion(
ind
uct
io
n).S
cie
nti
fi
c
r
ese
arc
hbl
end
sit
sel
ftot
est
ingl
ogi
cal
l
yde
vel
ope
dhy
pot
hes
ist
ose
ewh
eth
ero
rno
tth
eda
ta
s
upp
ort
sth
epr
opo
sedh
ypo
the
sis
.Th
isme
anst
hatt
heh
ypo
the
sismus
tbed
eve
lop
eda
fte
ra
c
are
fuls
tud
yoft
hep
rob
lem.Hy
pot
hes
isi
ste
ste
dbya
ppl
yi
ngc
ert
ains
tat
is
ti
calt
est
stot
hed
ata
c
oll
ect
edf
ort
hatp
urp
ose
.Ift
heh
ypo
the
sisd
eve
lop
edi
sno
tqui
tet
est
abl
e,i
twe
ake
nsas
cie
nti
fi
c
i
nve
sti
gat
io
n.Th
ish
app
enswh
ent
hev
ari
abl
esd
eve
lop
eda
ret
ooa
bst
rac
tan
ddi
ff
ic
ultt
ome
asur
e
o
rob
ser
vei
.
e.p
ers
ona
li
ty
,ob
edi
enc
e,un
der
sta
ndi
ng,
jobi
nte
res
t,c
ommi
tme
nt,
temp
era
men
tet
c.
(
g)Co
ndi
ti
ona
lCo
ncl
usi
ons
.On
emi
sco
nce
pti
ona
boutr
ese
arc
hist
hatt
her
esul
tsa
rea
bso
lut
ean
d
t
hatt
hec
onc
lus
ion
sar
etr
ueb
eyo
ndas
had
owo
fdo
ubt
.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
hdo
esn
oto
ffe
r
c
ert
ain
ty,a
lli
tof
fer
sisp
rob
abi
l
ist
ick
nowl
edg
eth
ati
fAi
sdo
ne,t
henBwi
l
lpr
oba
blyo
ccur
.It
t
her
efo
res
eek
stor
educ
eun
cer
tai
nti
es,a
ndt
husd
rawi
ngc
ond
iti
ona
lco
ncl
usi
onsi
sce
ntr
ali
n
e
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
.He
ncet
heus
eofp
hra
sesl
i
ke…r
esul
tst
endt
oin
dic
ate
,ora
res
ugg
est
iv
e…

(
h)Ge
ner
ali
sea
bil
i
ty.Th
isr
efe
rst
oth
e(s
cop
e)o
fap
pli
cab
il
it
yoft
her
ese
arc
hfi
ndi
ngs
.Th
ewi
der
t
her
ang
eofa
ppl
i
cab
il
it
yoft
hes
olut
io
nsg
ene
rat
edb
yre
sea
rcht
hemo
reus
efult
her
ese
arc
his
.
Ge
ner
ali
sab
il
it
ywi
l
lde
pen
donh
owe
lab
ora
tet
hes
amp
li
ngd
esi
gnwa
s.Th
eki
ndo
fin
str
ume
nts
us
edi
nda
tac
oll
ect
io
nan
dob
jec
ti
vi
tys
howni
nth
ein
ter
pre
tat
io
nofd
ata
.
1
.0.
6 CHARACTERI
STI
CSOFAGOODRES
EARCH
Go
odr
ese
arc
hge
ner
ate
sde
pen
dab
led
ata
,be
ingd
eri
vedb
ypr
act
ic
est
hata
rec
ond
uct
ed
p
rof
ess
ion
all
yth
atc
anb
eus
edr
eli
abl
yfo
rma
nag
eme
ntd
eci
si
onma
kin
g.Go
odr
ese
arc
hdi
ff
ers
f
romp
oorr
ese
arc
hth
ati
sca
rel
ess
lyp
lan
neda
ndc
ond
uct
edr
esul
ti
ngi
nda
tat
hate
duc
ati
ona
l
s
pec
ial
i
stsc
an’
tus
etor
educ
eth
eird
eci
si
on-
mak
ingr
is
ks.Go
odr
ese
arc
hfo
ll
owst
hes
tan
dar
dso
f
t
hes
cie
nti
fi
cme
tho
ds.
The
sei
ncl
ude
:
i
)Pur
pos
ecl
ear
lyd
efi
ned
Th
epu
rpo
seo
fth
ere
sea
rcht
hep
rob
lemi
nvo
lve
dort
hed
eci
si
ont
obema
des
houl
dbec
lea
rly
d
efi
neda
nds
har
plyd
eli
nea
tedi
nte
rmsa
ndma
deun
amb
iguo
usa
spo
ssi
bl
e.Th
est
ate
men
toft
he
d
eci
si
onp
rob
lems
houl
din
clud
eit
ssc
ope
,li
mit
ati
onsa
ndp
rec
ises
pec
if
ic
ati
onso
fth
eme
ani
ngso
f
a
llwo
rdsa
ndt
ermss
ign
ifi
can
ttot
her
ese
arc
h.F
ail
ureo
fth
ere
sea
rch
ert
odot
hisa
deq
uat
elyma
y
r
ais
ele
git
ima
ted
oub
tsi
nth
emi
ndso
fre
sea
rchr
epo
rtr
ead
ersa
stowh
eth
ert
her
ese
arc
herh
as
s
uff
ic
ien
tun
der
sta
ndi
ngo
fth
epr
obl
emt
oma
keas
oun
dpr
opo
salt
oat
tac
kit
.Th
isc
har
act
eri
st
ici
s
c
omp
ara
blet
ode
vel
opi
ngas
tra
teg
icp
lanb
efo
red
eve
lop
ingat
act
ic
alp
lano
rana
cti
onma
pfo
r
a
chi
evi
nga
nob
jec
ti
ve.
i
i
)Re
sea
rchp
roc
essd
eta
il
ed
Th
ere
sea
rchp
roc
edur
esus
eds
houl
dbed
esc
ri
bedi
nsuf
fi
ci
entd
eta
ilt
ope
rmi
tan
oth
err
ese
arc
her
t
ore
pea
tth
ere
sea
rch
.Ex
cep
twh
ens
ecr
ecyi
simp
ose
d,e
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rchr
epo
rtss
houl
dre
vea
l
wi
thc
and
ort
hes
our
ceso
fda
taa
ndt
heme
ansb
ywh
icht
heywe
reo
bta
ine
d.Omi
ssi
onso
f
s
ign
ifi
can
tpr
oce
dur
ald
eta
il
sma
kei
tdi
ff
ic
ulto
rimp
oss
ibl
etoe
sti
mat
eth
eva
li
di
tya
ndr
eli
abi
l
ityo
f
t
hed
ataa
ndj
ust
if
iab
lywe
ake
nth
eco
nfi
den
ceo
fth
ere
ade
rint
her
ese
arc
han
dan
y
r
eco
mme
nda
tio
nsb
ase
dont
her
ese
arc
h.Th
isc
har
act
eri
st
ici
sco
mpa
rab
let
ode
vel
opi
ngat
act
ic
al
p
lan
.
i
i
i)Re
sea
rchd
esi
gnt
hor
oug
hlyp
lanne
d
Th
epr
oce
dur
ald
esi
gno
fth
ere
sea
rchs
houl
dbec
are
ful
l
ypl
ann
edt
oyi
el
dre
sul
tst
hata
rea
s
o
bje
cti
vea
spo
ssi
bl
e.Wh
enas
amp
li
ngo
fth
epo
pul
ati
oni
sin
vol
vedt
her
epo
rts
houl
din
clud
e
e
vid
enc
eco
nce
rni
ngt
hed
egr
eeo
fre
pre
sen
tat
iv
eso
fth
esa
mpl
e.A s
urv
eyo
fop
ini
onso
r
r
eco
ll
ect
io
nso
ugh
tno
ttob
eus
edwh
enmo
rer
eli
abl
eev
ide
ncei
sav
ail
abl
efr
omd
ocume
nta
ry
s
our
ceso
rbyd
ire
cto
bse
rva
tio
n.Bi
bl
io
gra
phi
cse
arc
hess
houl
dbea
sth
oro
ugha
ndc
omp
let
eas
p
oss
ibl
e.Ex
per
ime
ntss
houl
dha
ves
ati
sf
act
oryc
ont
rol
s.Di
rec
tob
ser
vat
io
nss
houl
dber
eco
rde
din
wr
it
inga
sso
ona
spo
ssi
bl
eaf
tert
hee
ven
t.Ef
for
tss
houl
dbema
det
omi
ni
miz
eth
ein
flue
nceo
f
p
ers
ona
lbi
asi
nse
lec
ti
nga
ndr
eco
rdi
ngd
ata
.Th
isc
har
act
eri
st
ici
sco
mpa
rab
let
ode
vel
opi
ng
d
eta
il
eda
cti
onp
lan
sfo
rea
cht
act
ic
.
i
v)Hi
ghe
thi
cal
sta
nda
rdsa
ppl
i
ed
Re
sea
rch
erso
fte
nwo
rki
nde
pen
den
tlya
ndh
aves
ign
ifi
can
tla
tit
udei
nde
sig
nin
gan
dex
ecut
ing
r
ese
arc
hpr
oje
cts
.Ar
ese
arc
hde
sig
nth
ati
ncl
ude
ssa
feg
uar
dsa
gai
nstc
aus
ingme
nta
lorp
hys
ica
l
h
armt
opa
rti
ci
pan
tsa
ndma
kesd
atai
nte
gri
tyaf
ir
stp
rio
rit
ysh
oul
dbeh
igh
lyv
alue
d.Et
hic
ali
ssue
s
i
nre
sea
rchr
efl
ecti
mpo
rta
ntmo
ralc
onc
ern
sab
outt
hep
rac
ti
ceo
fre
spo
nsi
bl
ebe
hav
iori
nso
cie
ty.
Re
sea
rch
ersf
req
uen
tlyf
indt
hems
elv
esp
rec
ari
ous
lyb
ala
nci
ngt
her
igh
tso
fth
eirs
ubj
ect
sag
ain
st
t
hes
cie
nti
fi
cdi
ct
ate
soft
hei
rch
ose
nme
tho
d.Wh
ent
hiso
ccur
s,t
heyh
avear
esp
ons
ibi
l
ityt
ogua
rd
t
hewe
lf
areo
fth
epa
rti
ci
pan
tsi
nth
est
udi
es,
anda
lsot
heo
rga
niz
ati
onst
owh
icht
heyb
elo
ng,
the
ir
c
li
ent
s,c
oll
eag
uesa
ndt
hems
elv
es.Ca
ref
ulc
ons
ide
rat
io
nmus
tbeg
ive
ntor
ese
arc
hsi
tua
tio
ns
wh
ent
her
eisap
oss
ibi
l
ityf
orp
hys
ica
lorp
syc
hol
ogi
calh
arm,e
xpl
oi
tat
io
n,i
nva
sio
nofp
riv
acy
,an
d
l
osso
fdi
gni
ty
.Th
ere
sea
rchn
eedmus
tbewe
igh
eda
gai
nstt
hep
ote
nti
alf
ora
dve
rsee
ffe
cts
.
Ty
pic
all
yyo
uca
nre
des
ignas
tud
y,b
uts
ome
ti
mesy
ouc
ann
ot.Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
dbep
rep
are
d
f
ort
hisd
il
emma
.
v
)Li
mit
ati
onsf
rank
lyr
eve
ale
d
Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
dre
por
t,wi
thc
omp
let
efr
ank
nes
s,f
lawsi
npr
oce
dur
ald
esi
gna
nde
sti
mat
e
t
hei
ref
fec
tont
hef
ind
ing
s.Th
erea
rev
eryf
ewp
erf
ectr
ese
arc
hde
sig
ns.S
omeo
fth
eimp
erf
ect
io
ns
ma
yha
vel
i
ttl
eef
fec
tont
hev
ali
di
tya
ndr
eli
abi
l
ityo
fth
eda
ta.
Oth
ersma
yin
val
i
dat
eth
eme
nti
rel
y.
Ac
omp
ete
ntr
ese
arc
hers
houl
dbes
ens
it
iv
etot
hee
ffe
ctso
fimp
erf
ectd
esi
gna
ndh
iso
rhe
r
e
xpe
rie
ncei
nan
aly
zin
gth
eda
tas
houl
dpr
ovi
deab
asi
sfo
res
ti
mat
ingt
hei
rin
flue
nce
.Asa
n
e
duc
ati
ona
lpr
act
it
io
ner
,yo
ush
oul
dque
sti
ont
hev
alueo
fre
sea
rchwh
eren
oli
mit
ati
onsa
re
r
epo
rte
d.
v
i)Ad
equa
tea
nal
ysi
sfo
rde
cis
ionma
king
An
aly
siso
fth
eda
tas
houl
dbes
uff
ic
ien
tlya
deq
uat
etor
eve
ali
tss
ign
ifi
can
cea
ndt
heme
tho
dso
f
a
nal
ysi
sisus
eds
houl
dbea
ppr
opr
iat
e.Th
eex
ten
ttowh
icht
hisc
ri
te
rio
nisme
tisf
req
uen
tlyag
ood
me
asur
eoft
hec
omp
ete
nceo
fed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
her
s.Ad
equa
tea
nal
ysi
soft
hed
atai
sth
emo
st
d
iff
ic
ultp
has
eofr
ese
arc
hfo
rth
eno
vic
e(n
ew/
ine
xpe
rie
nce
d).Th
eva
li
di
tya
ndr
eli
abi
l
ityo
fda
ta
s
houl
dbec
hec
kedc
are
ful
l
y.Th
eda
tas
houl
dbec
las
sif
ie
dinwa
yst
hata
ssi
stt
her
ese
arc
hert
o
r
eac
hpe
rti
nen
tco
ncl
usi
onsa
ndc
lea
rlyr
eve
alt
hef
ind
ing
sth
atl
eadt
oth
osec
onc
lus
ion
s.Wh
en
s
tat
is
ti
calme
tho
dsa
reus
edt
hep
rob
abi
l
ityo
fer
rors
houl
dbee
sti
mat
eda
ndt
hec
ri
te
riao
f
s
tat
is
ti
cal
sig
nif
ic
anc
eap
pli
ed.
v
ii
)Fi
ndi
ngsp
res
ent
eduna
mbi
guo
usl
y
La
ngua
get
hati
sre
str
ain
edc
lea
ran
dpr
eci
se;a
sse
rti
onst
hata
rec
are
ful
l
ydr
awna
ndh
edg
edwi
th
a
ppr
opr
iat
ere
ser
vat
io
nsa
nda
nap
par
ente
ffo
rtt
oac
hie
vema
ximum o
bje
cti
vi
tyt
endt
ole
avea
f
avo
rab
lei
mpr
ess
iono
fth
ere
sea
rch
erwi
tht
hed
eci
si
onma
ker
.Ge
ner
ali
zat
io
nst
hato
utr
unt
he
e
vid
enc
eonwh
icht
heya
reb
ase
d,e
xag
ger
ati
onsa
ndun
nec
ess
aryv
erb
iag
e(ma
nywo
rds
)te
ndt
o
l
eav
eanun
fav
ora
blei
mpr
ess
ion
.Suc
hre
por
tsa
ren
otv
alua
blet
oed
uca
tio
nalp
rac
ti
ti
one
rswa
din
g
t
hro
ught
hemi
nef
ie
ldso
fde
cis
ion
/po
li
cyma
kin
g.Pr
ese
nta
tio
nofd
atas
houl
dbec
omp
reh
ens
ive
,
e
asi
l
yun
der
sto
odb
ypo
li
cyma
ker
s,a
ndo
rga
niz
eds
oth
atc
ri
ti
cal
fin
din
gsc
ane
asi
l
ybel
oca
ted
.
v
ii
i)Co
ncl
usi
onsj
ust
if
ied
Co
ncl
usi
onss
houl
dbec
onf
ine
dtot
hos
ejus
ti
fi
edb
yth
eda
tao
fth
ere
sea
rcha
ndl
i
mit
edt
oth
oseo
f
wh
icht
hed
atap
rov
ide
dana
deq
uat
eba
sis
.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
her
sar
eof
tent
emp
tedt
obr
oad
en
t
heb
asi
sofi
nduc
ti
onb
yin
clud
ingp
ers
ona
lex
per
ien
cesa
ndt
hei
rin
ter
pre
tat
io
nso
the
rth
anf
rom
d
atac
oll
ect
ed.Eq
ual
l
yun
des
ir
abl
eisa
llt
oof
req
uen
tpr
act
ic
eofd
rawi
ngc
onc
lus
ion
sfr
omas
tud
y
o
fal
i
mit
edp
opul
ati
ona
nda
ppl
yi
ngt
hemun
ive
rsa
ll
y.Re
sea
rch
ersma
yal
sob
ete
mpt
edt
ore
lyt
oo
h
eav
il
yond
atac
oll
ect
edi
nap
ri
ors
tud
yan
dus
eiti
nth
ein
ter
pre
tat
io
nofan
ews
tud
y.Th
ese
a
cti
onst
endt
ode
cre
aset
heo
bje
cti
vi
tyo
fre
sea
rcha
ndwe
ake
nco
nfi
den
cei
nth
efi
ndi
ngs
.Go
od
e
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
ersa
lwa
yss
pec
if
yth
eco
ndi
ti
onsun
derwh
icht
hei
rco
ncl
usi
onss
eemt
obe
v
ali
d.
i
x)Re
sea
rche
r’se
xpe
rie
ncer
efl
ect
ed
Gr
eat
erc
onf
ide
ncei
nth
ere
sea
rchi
swa
rra
nte
dift
hee
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
eri
sex
per
ien
ced
,ha
sa
g
oodr
eput
ati
oni
nre
sea
rch
,an
disap
ers
ono
fin
teg
rit
y.Wh
erei
tisp
oss
ibl
efo
rth
ere
ade
rofa
r
ese
arc
hre
por
ttoo
bta
ins
uff
ic
ien
tin
for
mat
io
nab
outt
her
ese
arc
her
,ito
ffe
rst
heb
estl
eve
rag
efo
r
j
udg
ingt
hed
egr
eeo
fco
nfi
den
ceap
iec
eofr
ese
arc
hwa
rra
ntsa
ndt
hev
alueo
fan
yde
cis
iono
n
wh
ichi
tre
sts
.Fo
rth
isr
eas
on,t
her
ese
arc
hre
por
tsh
oul
dco
nta
ini
nfo
rma
tio
nab
outt
he
q
ual
i
fi
cat
io
nso
fth
ere
sea
rch
er.
1
.0.
7 RES
EARCHPROCES
S

Th
ere
sea
rchp
roc
esst
ypi
cal
l
yin
vol
vess
eve
ralp
has
es.Be
lowi
sas
umma
ryo
fth
ere
sea
rch
p
roc
ess
.

(
a)S
ele
ctaGe
ner
alPr
obl
em.Th
epr
obl
emd
efi
nest
hea
reao
fed
uca
tio
ninwh
icht
her
ese
arc
hwi
l
l
b
eco
nduc
ted
,suc
hasi
nst
ruc
ti
on,
admi
ni
st
rat
io
n,a
dul
ted
uca
tio
n,o
rsp
eci
ale
duc
ati
on.

(
b)Re
vie
wth
eLi
ter
atur
eont
hePr
obl
em.Th
isi
sth
esp
ineo
fth
een
tir
ere
sea
rchp
roc
ess
.Th
e
mo
sti
mpo
rta
ntl
i
ter
atur
eisp
ri
orr
ese
arc
han
dth
eor
yont
hata
reao
fst
udy
.

(
c)De
cid
etheS
pec
if
icRe
sea
rchPr
obl
em,
Que
sti
ono
rhy
pot
hes
is.
Thi
sre
qui
rest
hei
nve
sti
gat
ort
o
s
ele
ctwh
eth
eraq
uan
tit
ati
veo
rqua
li
tat
iv
emo
deo
fen
qui
ryi
sap
pro
pri
atef
ort
her
ese
arc
hpr
obl
em

(
d)De
ter
minet
heDe
sig
nandt
heMe
tho
dol
ogy
.Th
ere
sea
rch
erd
eci
desf
romwh
omt
hed
atawi
l
l
b
eco
ll
ect
edf
rom,
howt
hes
ubj
ect
s/r
esp
ond
ent
swi
l
lbes
ele
cte
dan
dho
wda
tawi
l
lbec
oll
ect
ed.

(
e)Co
ll
ectDa
ta.Att
hiss
tag
e,d
atai
sco
ll
ect
edf
romt
her
esp
ond
ent
swi
thd
uec
ons
ide
rat
io
nof
e
thi
cal
andl
ega
lco
nce
rnsr
ega
rdi
ngd
atac
oll
ect
io
nan
dan
aly
sis
.

(
f)Da
taAna
lys
isa
ndPr
ese
nta
tio
nofRe
sul
ts.Us
eofv
ali
dst
ati
st
ic
alme
tho
dst
oan
aly
zed
ataa
nd
p
res
entt
hemus
ingv
isua
lre
pre
sen
tat
io
nsa
nds
tat
is
ti
cal
tab
les
.

(
g)I
nte
rpr
eta
tio
nofF
ind
ing
s,Co
ncl
usi
onsa
ndRe
comme
nda
tio
ns.De
cis
ion
sab
outt
her
epo
rti
ng
f
orma
tap
pro
pri
atef
ort
hes
tud
yan
dth
ein
ten
deda
udi
enc
esa
rema
de.
(
h)Re
por
twr
it
inga
ndd
iss
emi
nat
iono
ffi
ndi
ngs
.

1
.0.
8 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED BY EDUCATI
ONAL RES
EARCHERS I
N DEVELOPI
NG
COUNTRI
ES

(
a)I
nad
equa
teTr
aini
ngo
nMe
tho
dol
ogy
.Th
ela
cko
fsc
ien
tif
ict
rai
ni
ngi
nth
eme
tho
dol
ogyo
f
r
ese
arc
hisag
rea
timp
edi
men
tfo
rre
sea
rch
ersi
nmo
std
eve
lop
ingc
oun
tri
es.Th
erei
spa
uci
tyo
f
c
omp
ete
ntr
ese
arc
her
san
dth
ere
for
emo
ste
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
erst
akeal
eapi
nth
eda
rkwi
tho
ut
k
nowi
ngr
ese
arc
hme
tho
ds.Mo
stwo
rkwh
ichg
oesi
nth
ena
meo
fre
sea
rchi
sno
tme
tho
dol
ogi
cal
l
y
s
oun
dan
dismo
stl
yac
uta
ndp
ast
eap
pro
acha
ndq
uit
eof
tent
her
esul
tsd
ore
fl
ectt
her
eal
i
ty.

(
b)I
nsuf
fi
ci
entI
nte
rac
ti
onb
etwe
enUni
ver
sit
iesa
ndRe
sea
rchI
nst
it
uti
ons
.Ag
rea
tde
alo
fpr
ima
ry
d
atao
fno
nco
nfi
den
tia
lna
tur
ere
mai
nsun
touc
hedb
yed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
her
sfo
rwa
nto
fpr
ope
r
c
ont
act
s.Th
erei
sne
edt
ode
vel
ops
ome me
cha
nis
mso
fa un
ive
rsi
ty
-i
ndus
tryi
nte
rac
ti
on
p
rog
rammes
oth
ate
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
ersc
ang
eti
dea
sfr
omp
rac
ti
ti
one
rso
nwh
atn
eed
stob
e
r
ese
arc
heda
ndp
rac
ti
ti
one
rsc
ana
ppl
yth
ere
sea
rchd
oneb
yed
uca
tio
nal
res
ear
che
rs.

(
c)La
cko
fTr
ustf
romRe
spo
nde
nts
.Mo
stb
usi
nes
sun
itsi
nth
ede
vel
opi
ngc
oun
tri
esd
ono
tha
ve
t
hec
onf
id
enc
eth
att
hema
ter
ials
upp
li
edb
yth
emt
oed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
her
swi
l
lno
tbemi
sus
ed
a
nda
ssuc
hth
eya
reo
fte
nve
ryr
eluc
tan
tins
upp
lyi
ngt
hen
eed
edi
nfo
rma
tio
ntoe
duc
ati
ona
l
r
ese
arc
her
s.

(
d)Ov
erl
app
ingRe
sea
rche
s.I
nde
vel
opi
ngc
oun
tri
es,r
ese
arc
hst
udi
eswh
icho
ver
lapo
nea
not
her
a
reun
der
tak
enq
uit
eof
tenwh
ichr
esul
tsi
ndup
li
cat
io
nan
dar
eawa
steo
fre
sour
ces
.Th
isp
rob
lem
c
anb
eso
lve
dth
roug
hpr
ope
rco
mpi
l
ati
ona
ndr
evi
si
ona
tre
gul
ari
nte
rva
lsal
i
sto
fon
goi
ngr
ese
arc
h
s
tud
ies
.

(
e)Co
deo
fCo
nduc
t.Th
erei
snoc
odeo
fco
nduc
ttog
ove
rnf
ori
nte
r-un
ive
rsi
ti
esr
iva
lry
.

1
.0.
9 TYPESOFRES
EARCH
Cl
ass
if
ic
ati
ono
fRe
sea
rch
I
nth
efi
el
dso
fge
ner
ale
duc
ati
on,h
eal
the
duc
ati
on,p
hys
ica
led
uca
tio
n,r
ecr
eat
io
n,e
tct
her
eex
ist
d
iff
ere
ntk
ind
sofp
rob
lems
,co
nse
que
ntl
y,d
if
fer
entt
ype
sofr
ese
arc
har
eus
edt
oso
lvet
hes
e
p
rob
lems
.Re
sea
rchi
nge
ner
alc
anb
ecl
ass
if
ie
dorc
ate
gor
ize
dinma
nywa
ys.Th
efo
ll
owi
nga
ret
he
b
asi
cmo
deso
fcl
ass
if
ic
ati
on:
(
a)Th
efi
el
dofs
tud
yinwh
icht
her
ese
arc
hisc
ond
uct
ed.I
.
e.d
isc
ipl
i
ne;f
ore
xamp
lee
duc
ati
ona
l
r
ese
arc
h,s
oci
ol
ogi
cal
res
ear
ch,
mar
ket
ingr
ese
arc
het
c
(
b)Th
epl
acewh
eret
her
ese
arc
hisc
ond
uct
ed.He
ncewet
alki
nfo
rmso
ffi
el
dre
sea
rch
,la
bor
ato
ry
r
ese
arc
h,c
ommun
ityr
ese
arc
het
c.
(
c)Ap
pli
cat
io
noft
her
ese
arc
h–t
hewa
y/mo
dei
nwh
icht
hef
ind
ing
soft
her
ese
arc
hwi
l
lbeus
ed
e
.g.
,ac
ti
onr
ese
arc
h,s
erv
icer
ese
arc
het
c
(
d)Pur
pos
eoft
her
ese
arc
hi.
e.b
asi
cre
sea
rch
,ac
ti
onr
ese
arc
h,a
ppl
i
edr
ese
arc
han
dev
alua
tio
n
r
ese
arc
h.
(
e)Byme
tho
dso
fan
aly
sis
,i.
e.
,de
scr
ip
ti
ver
ese
arc
han
demp
iri
cal
res
ear
ch
(
f)Ch
ara
cte
rofd
atac
oll
ect
edi
.
e.q
ual
i
tat
iv
ere
sea
rcha
ndq
uan
tit
ati
ver
ese
arc
h.
(
g)Pr
oce
dur
e/De
sig
nus
ed–e
xpe
rime
nta
lre
sea
rch
,sur
veyr
ese
arc
het
c.
Ba
sicr
ese
arc
h
I
tisa
lsor
efe
rre
dtoa
spur
eorf
und
ame
nta
lre
sea
rch
.Iti
sat
ypeo
fre
sea
rchwh
ichi
sch
ara
cte
riz
ed
b
yad
esi
ret
okn
owo
rtoe
xpo
undt
hef
ron
tie
rso
fkn
owl
edg
e.I
tisr
ese
arc
hba
sedo
nth
ecr
eat
io
nof
n
ewk
nowl
edg
e.I
tisma
inl
yth
eor
eti
cala
ndf
ora
dva
nce
men
tofk
nowl
edg
e.Ba
sicr
ese
arc
her
sar
e
i
nte
res
tedi
nde
riv
ings
cie
nti
fi
ckn
owl
edg
ewh
ichwi
l
lbeab
roa
dba
sef
orf
urt
herr
ese
arc
h.Th
e
ma
inp
urp
osef
orc
ond
uct
ingt
hisr
ese
arc
hist
oge
ner
atemo
rei
nfo
rma
tio
nan
dun
der
sta
ndi
ngt
he
p
hen
ome
nat
hato
per
atei
nas
it
uat
io
n.Th
eai
misn
otus
ual
l
ytoa
ppl
yfi
ndi
ngs
,tos
olv
ean
i
mme
dia
tep
rob
lemb
utr
ath
ert
oun
der
sta
ndmo
rea
boutac
ert
ainp
hen
ome
naa
nde
xpo
undt
hat
k
nowl
edg
e.An
oth
erf
ocuso
fba
sicr
ese
arc
hist
oge
ner
aten
ewk
nowl
edg
eino
rde
rtor
efi
neo
r
e
xpa
nde
xis
ti
ngt
heo
rie
s.Ho
wev
er,t
her
eisn
oco
nsi
der
ati
ono
fth
epr
act
ic
ala
ppl
i
cat
io
nso
fth
e
f
ind
ing
stoa
ctua
lpr
obl
emso
rsi
tua
tio
ns.S
uchr
ese
arc
hdo
esh
owe
vero
fte
nle
adt
ofur
the
r
r
ese
arc
hoft
hep
rac
ti
cal
nat
urea
ndma
yinf
actp
rov
idet
hev
eryb
asi
soft
hisf
urt
herr
ese
arc
h.
Ap
pli
edRe
sea
rch
Th
eist
het
ypeo
fre
sea
rchwh
ichi
sco
nduc
tedf
orp
urp
oseo
fimp
rov
ingp
res
entp
rac
ti
ce,n
orma
ll
y
a
ppl
i
edr
ese
arc
hisc
ond
uct
edf
ort
hep
urp
ose
sofa
ppl
yi
ngo
rte
sti
ngt
heo
rya
nde
val
uat
ingi
ts
us
eful
nes
sins
olv
ingp
rob
lems
.Ap
pli
edr
ese
arc
hpr
ovi
desd
atat
osup
por
tth
eor
yors
ugg
estt
he
d
eve
lop
men
tofn
ewt
heo
rie
s.I
tist
her
ese
arc
hdo
newi
tht
hei
nte
nti
ono
fap
ply
ingt
her
esul
tso
fit
s
f
ind
ing
stos
olv
esp
eci
fi
cpr
obl
ems
,cur
ren
tlyb
ein
gex
per
ien
cedi
nanOr
gan
iza
tio
n.
Ac
ti
onRe
sea
rch
Th
isi
sas
mal
lsc
alei
nte
rve
nti
oni
nth
efun
cti
oni
ngo
fth
ere
alwo
rlda
ndac
los
eex
ami
nat
io
noft
he
e
ffe
ctso
fsuc
hin
ter
ven
tio
ns.Ac
ti
onr
ese
arc
hisn
orma
ll
ysi
tua
tio
nala
ndi
tisc
onc
ern
edwi
th
d
iag
nos
ingap
rob
lemi
nas
pec
if
icc
ont
exta
nda
tte
mpt
ingt
oso
lvei
tint
hatc
ont
ext
.No
rma
ll
y
a
cti
onr
ese
arc
hisc
ond
uct
edwi
tht
hep
ri
mar
yin
ten
tio
nofs
olv
ingas
pec
if
ic
,imme
dia
tea
nd
c
onc
ret
epr
obl
emi
nal
oca
lse
tti
ng.
Act
io
nre
sea
rchi
sno
tco
nce
rne
dwi
thwh
eth
ert
her
esul
tso
fth
e
s
tud
yar
ege
ner
ali
zedt
oot
hers
ett
ing
s,s
inc
eit
sma
jorg
oal
ist
ose
ekas
olut
io
ntoag
ive
npr
obl
em.
Ac
ti
onr
ese
arc
hisl
i
mit
edi
nit
sco
ntr
ib
uti
ont
oth
eor
y,b
uti
tisus
efulb
eca
usei
tpr
ovi
desa
nswe
rs
t
opr
obl
emst
hatc
ann
otwa
itf
ort
heo
ret
ic
als
olut
io
ns.
De
scr
ipt
iveRe
sea
rch
Ad
esc
ri
pt
iv
est
udyi
sun
der
tak
eni
nor
dert
oas
cer
tai
nan
dbea
blet
ode
scr
ibet
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
sof
v
ari
abl
esi
nas
it
uat
io
n.Qu
iteo
fte
nde
scr
ip
ti
ves
tud
iesa
reun
der
tak
eni
nor
gan
iza
tio
nsi
nor
dert
o
l
ear
nab
outa
ndd
esc
ri
bec
har
act
eri
st
ic
sofe
mpl
oye
es.e
.g.Ed
uca
tio
nle
vel
,jo
bst
atus
,le
ngt
hof
s
erv
icee
tc.Th
emo
stp
rev
ale
ntme
tho
dofg
ath
eri
ngi
nfo
rma
tio
ninad
esc
ri
pt
iv
est
udyi
sth
e
q
ues
ti
onn
air
e.Ot
her
sin
clud
e:i
nte
rvi
ews
,jo
ban
aly
sis
,do
cume
nta
rya
nal
ysi
set
c.De
scr
ipt
iv
e
s
tat
is
ti
css
ucha
sth
eme
an,
sta
nda
rd,
dev
iat
io
n,f
req
uen
cie
s,p
erc
ent
age
sar
eus
edi
nth
ean
aly
sis
o
fde
scr
ipt
iv
ere
sea
rch
.
Co
rre
lat
ion
alRe
sea
rch
Co
rre
lat
io
nre
sea
rchi
sde
scr
ip
ti
vei
nth
ati
tca
nno
tpr
esumeac
aus
e-a
nd-
eff
ectr
ela
tio
nsh
ip.I
tca
n
o
nlye
sta
bli
sht
hatt
her
eisa
nas
soc
iat
io
nbe
twe
ent
woo
rmo
ret
rai
tso
rpe
rfo
rma
nce
.Th
isi
nvo
lve
s
c
oll
ect
ingd
atat
ode
ter
min
ewh
eth
erar
ela
tio
nsh
ipe
xis
tsb
etwe
ent
woo
rmo
req
uan
tif
iab
le
v
ari
abl
es.Th
ema
inp
urp
oseo
fco
rre
lat
io
nre
sea
rchi
stod
esc
ri
bet
hen
atur
eoft
her
ela
tio
nsh
ip
b
etwe
ent
het
wov
ari
abl
es.Co
rre
lat
io
nalr
ese
arc
hhe
lpsi
nid
ent
if
yi
ngt
hema
gni
tud
eoft
he
r
ela
tio
nsh
ip.Ma
nyt
ech
niq
uesh
aveb
eend
evi
sedt
opr
ovi
deuswi
thn
ume
ric
alr
epr
ese
nta
tio
nso
f
s
uchr
ela
tio
nsh
ipsa
ndt
hes
ear
ekn
owna
sme
asur
eso
fas
soc
iat
io
n.Th
emo
stc
ommo
nlyus
ed
me
asur
eso
fas
soc
iat
io
nar
etwo
;Pe
ars
on’
spr
oduc
tmo
men
tofc
oef
fi
ci
ent
san
dSp
ear
man
’sr
ank
o
rde
rco
rre
lat
io
n.Co
rre
lat
io
nal
tec
hni
que
sar
ege
ner
all
yin
ten
dedt
oan
swe
r3q
ues
ti
ons
:
1
.Ist
her
ear
ela
tio
nsh
ipb
etwe
ent
het
wov
ari
abl
es?
2.
Ift
hea
nswe
risYe
s,wh
ati
sth
edi
rec
ti
ono
fth
ere
lat
io
nsh
ip(
nat
ureo
fre
lat
io
nsh
ip)(
-or+)
3
.Wh
ati
sth
ema
gni
tud
eoft
her
ela
tio
nsh
ip?
Ca
usa
lRe
sea
rch
Ac
aus
als
tud
yiso
newh
ichi
sdo
net
oes
tab
li
shad
efi
ni
ti
ve‘
caus
e’‘
ef
fec
t’r
ela
tio
nsh
ipa
mon
g
v
ari
abl
es.
Int
hist
ypeo
fre
sea
rch
,th
ere
sea
rch
eri
ske
ent
ode
li
nea
tin
gon
eormo
ref
act
orst
hata
re
c
ert
ain
lyc
aus
ingt
hep
rob
lem.Th
ein
ten
tio
noft
her
ese
arc
herc
ond
uct
ingac
aus
als
tud
yist
obe
a
blet
ost
atet
hatv
ari
abl
eXc
aus
e’sv
ari
abl
eYt
och
ang
e.Ac
aus
als
tud
yismo
ree
ffe
cti
vei
na
s
it
uat
io
nwh
eret
her
ese
arc
herh
asa
lre
adyi
den
tif
ie
dth
eca
useo
fth
epr
obl
em.Ho
wev
er,t
hist
ype
o
fad
esi
gni
sli
mit
ingi
nth
atq
uit
eof
ten
,es
pec
ial
l
yina
nor
gan
iza
tio
n,t
her
ear
eamul
ti
pl
e
p
rob
lemswh
icha
rel
i
nke
dtoma
nyf
act
orsi
eDo
esap
ayr
is
eca
useh
igh
erp
rod
uct
iv
it
y?
Hi
st
ori
calRe
sea
rch
Th
isi
sth
esy
ste
mat
ica
ndo
bje
cti
vel
oca
tio
nan
dsy
nth
esi
sofe
vid
enc
eino
rde
rtoe
sta
bli
shf
act
s
a
ndd
rawc
onc
lus
ion
sab
outp
aste
ven
ts.Th
eac
tofh
ist
ori
calr
ese
arc
hin
vol
vest
hei
den
tif
ic
ati
on
a
ndl
i
mit
ati
ono
fap
rob
lemo
fana
reao
fst
udywh
ichi
sba
sedo
npa
ste
ven
ts.Th
ere
sea
rch
era
ims
t
olo
cat
easma
nyp
ert
ine
nts
our
ceso
fin
for
mat
io
nasp
oss
ibl
eco
nce
rni
ngt
hes
pec
if
icp
rob
lem.
Th
ena
nal
yzet
hei
nfo
rma
tio
ntoa
sce
rta
ini
tsa
uth
ent
ic
it
yan
dac
cur
acy
,an
dth
enb
eab
let
ous
eit
t
oge
ner
ali
zeo
nfut
ureo
ccur
ren
ces
.Hi
st
ori
calr
ese
arc
her
sca
nno
tre
li
vet
hep
asts
oth
eymus
tus
e
d
ocume
ntsa
ndo
the
rar
ti
fac
tst
ore
con
str
uctt
hep
astt
hro
ughap
roc
esso
fcr
it
ic
ale
nqui
ry
.Int
he
c
ont
exto
fed
uca
tio
n,h
ist
ori
calr
ese
arc
hde
alswi
the
duc
ati
ona
lma
tte
rso
fth
epa
st.I
tst
udi
eswh
at
wa
san
dpr
oje
ctt
her
esul
tst
owh
ati
s.Hi
st
ori
cal
res
ear
chi
simp
ort
antb
eca
use
:
i
)Ite
nab
less
olut
io
nst
oco
nte
mpo
rar
ypr
obl
emst
obes
olv
edi
nth
epa
st.
i
i
)Hi
st
ori
cal
res
ear
cht
hro
wsl
i
ghto
npr
ese
nta
ndf
utur
etr
end
s.
i
i
i)Hi
st
ori
calr
ese
arc
hal
l
owsf
ort
her
eve
lat
io
nofd
atai
nre
lat
io
ntos
ele
cth
ypo
the
sis
,th
eor
iesa
nd
g
ene
ral
i
zat
io
nst
hata
rep
res
ent
lyh
elda
boutt
hep
ast
.
Ab
il
it
yofh
ist
oryt
oemp
loyt
hep
ast
,top
red
ictt
hef
utu
rea
ndt
ous
eth
epr
ese
ntt
oex
pla
int
hep
ast
g
ive
shi
st
ori
calr
ese
arc
had
uala
ndun
iqueq
ual
i
tywh
ichma
kesi
tex
cep
ti
ona
ll
yus
efulf
ora
llt
ype
s
o
fsc
hol
arl
yst
udya
ndr
ese
arc
h.
Ex
per
ime
nta
lRe
sea
rch
I
nex
per
ime
nta
lre
sea
rch
,th
ein
ves
ti
gat
ord
eli
ber
ate
lyc
ont
rol
san
dma
nip
ula
test
hec
ond
iti
ons
wh
ichd
ete
rmi
net
hee
ven
tst
owh
ichh
eisi
nte
res
ted
.Iti
nvo
lve
sma
kin
gac
han
gei
nth
eva
lueo
f
o
nev
ari
abl
e(t
hei
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
)an
dob
ser
vi
ngt
hee
ffe
cto
fth
atc
han
geo
nan
oth
erv
ari
abl
e
(
thed
epe
nde
ntv
ari
abl
e).I
nex
per
ime
nta
lde
sig
n,t
hei
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
blei
sas
ti
mul
usi
.
e.,i
tis
s
ti
mul
ate
dwh
il
eth
ede
pen
den
tva
ria
blei
sre
spo
nsi
ve.I
fal
lex
tra
neo
usf
act
orsc
anb
esuc
ces
sful
l
y
c
ont
rol
l
edt
hent
her
ese
arc
herc
anp
res
umet
hatc
han
gesi
nth
ede
pen
den
tva
ria
blea
red
uet
oth
e
i
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
.
Lo
ngi
tud
ina
lSt
udi
es
Th
esea
red
esi
gne
dtop
ermi
tob
ser
vat
io
nso
vera
nex
ten
dedp
eri
od.F
ore
xamp
le,a
nal
yse
sof
n
ews
pap
ere
dit
ori
al
sov
ert
ime
.Th
rees
pec
ial
typ
eso
flo
ngi
tud
ina
lst
udi
ess
houl
dben
ote
dhe
re:
i
)Tr
endS
tud
ies
:ar
eth
oset
hats
tud
ych
ang
eswi
thi
nso
meg
ene
ralp
opul
ati
ono
vert
ime
.I.
e.a
s
eri
eso
fop
ini
onp
oll
sdur
ingt
hec
our
seo
fane
lec
ti
onc
amp
aig
n,s
howi
ngt
ren
dsi
nth
ere
lat
iv
e
s
tre
ngt
hsa
nds
tan
din
gofd
if
fer
entc
and
ida
tes
.
i
i
)Co
hor
tSt
udi
es:e
xami
nemo
res
pec
if
ics
ubp
opul
ati
ons(
coh
ort
s)a
sth
eyc
han
geo
ver
ti
me.
Ty
pic
all
yac
oho
rti
sana
geg
roup
,suc
hast
hos
epe
opl
ebo
rnd
uri
ngt
he1
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,pe
opl
ewh
ogo
t
ma
rri
edi
n196
4,a
nds
ofo
rth
.Ane
xamp
leo
fco
hor
tst
udywo
uldb
eas
eri
eso
fna
tio
nals
urv
eys
,
c
ond
uct
edp
erh
apse
ver
yte
nye
ars
,tot
hes
tud
yth
eec
ono
mica
tti
tud
eso
fth
eco
hor
tbo
rnd
uri
ng
t
hel
ate1
950s
.As
amp
leo
fpe
rso
ns20-
25y
ear
sofa
gemi
ghtb
esur
vey
edi
n1980,
ano
the
rsa
mpl
e
o
fth
ose3
0-3
5ye
arso
fag
ein1
990,a
nda
not
hers
amp
leo
fth
ose40-
45y
ear
sofa
gei
n2000.
Al
tho
ught
hes
pec
if
ics
eto
fpe
opl
est
udi
edi
nea
cho
fth
eses
urv
eyswo
uldb
edi
ff
ere
nt,
eac
hsa
mpl
e
wo
uldr
epr
ese
ntt
hes
urv
ivo
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fth
eco
hor
tbo
rnb
etwe
en1
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959.
i
i
i)Pa
nelS
tud
ies
:ar
esi
mil
art
otr
enda
ndc
oho
rts
tud
iese
xce
ptt
hatt
hes
ames
eto
fpe
opl
eis
s
tud
iede
acht
ime
.On
eex
amp
lewo
uldb
eav
oti
ngs
tud
yinwh
icht
hes
ames
amp
leo
fvo
ter
sar
e
i
nte
rvi
ewe
dev
erymo
nthd
uri
nga
nel
ect
io
nca
mpa
igna
nda
ske
dfo
rwh
omt
heyi
nte
nde
dtov
otef
or.
S
uchas
tud
ywo
uldn
oto
nlyma
kei
tpo
ssi
bl
etoa
nal
yzeo
ver
allt
ren
dsi
nvo
terp
ref
ere
nce
sfo
r
d
iff
ere
ntc
and
ida
tes
,butwo
uldh
avet
hea
dde
dad
van
tag
eofs
howi
ngt
hep
rec
isep
att
ern
sof
p
ers
ist
enc
ean
dch
ang
eini
nte
nti
ons
.
Et
hno
gra
phi
cRe
sea
rch.I
nth
isme
tho
dth
ere
sea
rch
erd
esc
ri
besa
ndi
nte
rpr
etst
hes
har
eda
nd
l
ear
nedp
att
ern
sofv
alue
s,b
eha
vio
urs
,be
li
ef
san
dla
ngua
geo
fag
roup
.Asap
roc
essi
tin
vol
ves
e
xte
nde
dob
ser
vat
io
nso
fth
egr
oup
,mo
sto
fte
nth
roug
hpa
rti
ci
pan
tob
ser
vat
io
n,i
nwh
icht
he
r
ese
arc
heri
simme
rse
dint
oth
eda
ytod
ayl
i
veso
fth
epe
opl
ean
dob
ser
vesa
ndi
nte
rvi
ewst
he
g
rou
ppa
rti
ci
pan
ts.Th
eda
tao
nma
nyv
ari
abl
esa
rec
oll
ect
edo
vera
nex
ten
dedp
eri
odo
fti
mei
na
n
atur
als
ett
ing
.Et
hno
gra
phe
rsd
ono
tst
udyi
ndi
vi
dua
lso
uts
idet
hec
ont
exta
nde
nvi
ron
men
tin
wh
icht
hef
unc
ti
ono
ccur
s.
Ad
vant
age
sofEt
hno
gra
phi
cRe
sea
rch
(
i)Et
hno
gra
phi
cre
sea
rchp
rov
ide
sav
eryc
omp
let
epi
ct
ureo
fth
een
vir
onme
ntb
ein
gst
udi
ed.
(
ii
)Si
ncet
hes
est
udi
ede
xte
ndo
vers
eve
ralmo
nth
s,t
heyg
iveal
ong
it
udi
nalp
ers
pec
ti
ven
ot
p
oss
ibl
ewi
tho
the
rty
peso
fre
sea
rch
.
(
ii
i)Hy
pot
hes
eso
rth
eor
iesd
eve
lop
eda
reg
roun
deds
oli
dl
yond
atag
ath
ere
dinan
atur
ali
st
ics
ett
ing
.
Di
sad
vant
age
sofEt
hno
gra
phi
cRe
sea
rch
(
i)Av
erya
ler
tan
dso
phi
st
ic
ate
dob
ser
verwh
oca
nwr
it
ecl
ear
lya
ndr
api
dl
yisn
eed
ed.
(
ii
)Ob
ser
ver
smus
tbet
rai
nedi
nob
ser
vat
io
nal
tec
hni
que
stoma
ket
her
esul
tsv
ali
d.
(
ii
i)Al
oto
fti
mei
sne
ede
dtoun
der
sta
ndt
hee
nvi
ron
men
tbe
ings
tud
ied
.
(
iv
)Ob
ser
vat
io
nal
rec
ord
sar
eve
ryl
ongma
kin
gitd
if
fi
cul
ttoq
uan
tif
yan
din
ter
pre
t.
(
v)I
tisi
mpo
ssi
bl
etoo
bse
rvea
ndwr
it
edo
wne
ver
yth
ingt
hato
ccur
sint
heo
bse
rva
tio
nal
ses
sio
n.A
l
oto
fin
for
mat
io
nisl
ef
toute
vena
sth
ere
sea
rch
erp
uzz
leswi
thwh
att
ore
cor
dan
dwh
att
oomi
t.
(
vi
)Th
eob
ser
vero
fte
nbe
come
sana
cti
vep
art
ic
ipa
nti
nth
een
vir
onme
ntun
ders
tud
y.Th
isc
anl
ead
t
oro
lec
onf
li
ct
san
demo
ti
ona
lin
vol
veme
ntwh
ichc
anr
educ
eth
eva
li
di
tyo
fth
eda
tab
ein
g
c
oll
ect
ed.
Na
rra
tiv
eRe
sea
rch.Th
isi
sth
est
udyo
fho
wdi
ff
ere
nth
uma
nbe
ing
sex
per
ien
cet
hewo
rlda
roun
d
t
hem,a
ndi
tin
vol
vesame
tho
dol
ogyt
hata
ll
owsp
eop
let
ote
llt
hes
tor
ieso
fth
eirl
i
ves
.Na
rra
tiv
e
r
ese
arc
her
sco
ll
ectd
ataa
boutt
hep
art
ic
ipa
nts
’ex
per
ien
cesa
ndt
heme
ani
ngst
heya
ttr
ibut
eto
t
hos
eex
per
ien
ces
.Inus
ingt
hisme
tho
dth
ere
sea
rch
ermus
temp
owe
rth
epa
rti
ci
pan
ttot
ellt
he
s
tor
yan
dtob
eco
ll
abo
rat
iv
ean
dre
spe
ctf
uli
nth
epr
oce
ss.I
ned
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
h,wea
tte
mptt
o
i
ncr
eas
eth
eun
der
sta
ndi
ngo
fce
ntr
ali
ssue
sre
lat
edt
ote
ach
ing
/le
arn
ingt
hro
ught
het
ell
i
nga
nd
r
ete
ll
in
goft
eac
her
s’a
nds
tud
ent
s’s
tor
ies
.

1
.10 S
OURCESOFI
NFORMATI
ONI
NRES
EARCH
S
our
ceso
fin
for
mat
io
nca
nbec
las
sif
ie
dase
it
hers
eco
nda
ryo
rpr
ima
rys
our
ces
.Ap
rima
rys
our
cei
s
ad
ire
ctd
esc
ri
pt
io
nofa
nyo
ccur
ren
ceb
yani
ndi
vi
dua
lwh
oac
tua
ll
yob
ser
vedo
rwi
tne
sse
dth
e
o
ccur
ren
ce.S
eco
nda
rys
our
cesi
ncl
udea
nyp
ubl
i
cat
io
nswr
it
tenb
yawr
it
erwh
owa
sno
tad
ire
ct
o
bse
rve
rorp
art
ic
ipa
ntt
oth
eev
ent
sde
scr
ib
ed.
Thes
our
cesi
ncl
ude
;
(
a)S
cho
lar
lyJ
our
nal
s.Th
esea
rec
ruc
ial
res
ear
chd
ocume
ntsa
nda
rema
inl
yco
nta
ine
dont
hewe
b.
Pr
ope
rlyr
efe
ren
cedj
our
nala
rti
cl
eswi
l
lha
vet
hea
uth
or’
sna
me,y
earo
fpub
li
cat
io
n,t
it
leo
fth
e
a
rti
cl
e,t
it
leo
fth
ejo
urn
ala
ndv
olumen
umb
erf
ore
aseo
flo
cat
io
n.I
nso
mec
ase
s,l
i
bra
rie
sha
ve
s
ubs
cri
bedt
oce
rta
inj
our
nal
segEMERALD,J
STOR,J
our
nalo
fEme
rgi
ngTr
end
sinEd
uca
tio
nal
Re
sea
rcha
ndPo
li
cyS
tud
ies(
JETERAPS
),I
nte
rna
tio
nal
Jour
nal
ofCur
ren
tRe
sea
rch(
IJ
CR)
.
(
b)The
sesa
ndDi
sse
rta
tio
ns.Al
lgr
adua
tes
tud
ent
swh
owi
sht
ore
cei
veaMa
ste
rsd
egr
eeo
r
Do
cto
rofPh
il
oso
phyun
der
tak
eor
ig
ina
lre
sea
rchwo
rkwh
icht
heywr
it
eupat
hes
is.
(
c)Pa
per
spr
ese
nte
dinc
onf
ere
nce
s.Re
sea
rchp
ape
rsp
res
ent
edi
nco
nfe
ren
cesa
rea
lsog
ood
s
our
ceso
fin
for
mat
io
n.Ev
ent
ual
l
ysuc
hpa
per
sge
tpub
li
she
dasc
onf
ere
ncep
roc
eed
ing
sori
n
r
efe
ree
djo
urn
als
.
(
d)Bo
oks
.Sub
jec
tbi
bl
io
gra
phi
esa
rea
vai
l
abl
einmo
stl
i
bra
rie
swh
ichg
ive
sal
i
sto
fbo
oksi
n
g
ene
ral
.Ifo
nei
sin
ter
est
edi
nap
art
ic
ula
rbo
ok,t
hent
hec
ardc
ata
log
uewh
ichi
sal
pha
bet
ic
all
y
i
nde
xedb
yaut
hor
,sub
jec
tan
dti
tl
eca
nbec
hec
kedt
ose
eift
heb
ooki
sav
ail
abl
eint
hel
i
bra
ry.
(
e)Go
ver
nme
ntDo
cume
nts
.Th
esei
ncl
udep
oli
cyp
ape
rsa
ndr
ese
arc
hre
por
tso
wne
dby
g
ove
rnme
ntsa
nds
omeo
fwh
icha
res
pon
sor
edb
yin
ter
nat
io
nala
gen
cie
s.E.
g.I
mpa
cto
fFr
ee
Pr
ima
ryEd
uca
tio
ninKe
nyaf
und
edb
yth
eUn
ite
dNa
tio
ns.
(
f)Re
fer
enc
esQuo
tedi
nBo
oks
.Th
ere
fer
enc
esq
uot
eda
tth
eba
cko
far
ele
van
tbo
okma
yre
vea
l
mo
rer
ele
van
tso
urc
eso
fin
for
mat
io
n.
(
g)I
nte
rna
tio
nalI
ndi
ces
.Th
esea
rei
mpo
rta
nts
our
ceswh
ichl
i
stt
hes
esa
ndd
iss
ert
ati
onswh
ich
h
aveb
een wr
it
teni
nap
art
ic
ula
rar
eao
fsp
eci
al
iz
ati
one
.g.t
he Di
sse
rta
tio
ns Ab
str
act
s
I
nte
rna
tio
nal
whi
chl
i
stsd
iss
ert
ati
ons
,aut
hor
s,t
it
lesa
ndun
ive
rsi
ti
es.
(
h)Ab
str
act
s.Ab
str
act
sgi
veal
i
sto
fjo
urn
ala
rti
cl
eswi
ths
umma
rie
s.Ab
str
act
swi
l
lgi
vet
hen
ame
,
v
olumea
ndi
ssuen
umb
ero
fth
ejo
urn
alwh
eret
hef
ulla
rti
cl
eca
nbef
oun
de.
g.e
duc
ati
ona
l
a
bst
rac
ts.
(
i)Pe
rio
dic
als
.Th
esea
rej
our
nal
s,ma
gaz
ine
sorl
oca
lne
wsp
ape
rswh
icha
rep
ubl
i
she
dpe
rio
dic
all
y.
I
nso
mel
i
bra
rie
sli
keMa
rga
retTh
atc
herLi
br
arya
tMo
iUn
ive
rsi
ty
,th
erei
sap
eri
odi
cal
sse
cti
on
wh
ichl
i
stsa
llt
hea
vai
l
abl
ejo
urn
als
.
(
j)Af
ri
cana
/Na
tio
nalCo
ll
ect
ionS
ect
iono
ftheLi
bra
ry.
Thi
sisas
pec
ial
are
aint
hel
i
bra
rie
s(Af
ri
ca)
wh
erea
nyma
ter
ialo
n Ke
nyab
yKe
nya
ns/
stud
ent
sisk
ept
.In mo
stl
i
bra
rie
sth
ese
san
d
d
iss
ert
ati
onsa
rek
epti
nth
ena
tio
nal
col
l
ect
io
nse
cti
on.
(
k)Gr
eyLi
ter
atur
e.Th
isr
efe
rst
oan
yth
ingwr
it
tenb
utn
otp
ubl
i
she
d.Th
esema
yin
clud
ele
ctur
e
n
ote
s,n
ews
pap
ers
.
(
j)I
nte
r-Li
bra
ryLo
an.I
nKe
nyai
fac
ert
ainb
ooki
sne
ede
dan
diti
sno
tinap
art
ic
ula
rli
bra
ry,t
he
l
i
bra
rys
taf
fca
nbo
rro
wth
atb
ookf
roma
not
herl
i
bra
ryi
nKe
nya
.
(
k)TheI
nte
rne
t-Go
ogl
e.Wi
tht
hea
cce
sso
fth
ein
ter
net
,iti
sve
rye
asyt
obr
ows
eth
ewe
ban
dge
t
l
i
ter
atur
efr
omt
hel
ate
stj
our
nala
rti
cl
es,c
onf
ere
ncep
ape
rs,e
-bo
oks
,an
dpo
li
cyd
ocume
ntsf
rom
v
ari
ouso
rga
niz
ati
ons
.
2. BAS
ICTERMSI
NEDUCATI
ONALRES
EARCH

I
tisi
mpo
rta
ntt
oac
qui
reas
oun
dun
der
sta
ndi
ngo
fba
sict
ermsus
edi
ned
uca
tio
nal
res
ear
ch

(
a)Po
pul
ati
on.Po
pul
ati
onr
efe
rst
oane
nti
reg
roupo
fin
div
idua
ls,e
ven
tso
rob
jec
tsh
avi
nga
c
ommo
nob
ser
vea
blec
har
act
eri
st
ic
.Ex
amp
leswo
uldb
eal
lth
irdy
eare
duc
ati
ons
tud
ent
sint
he
c
oun
try
.Th
isi
sal
soc
all
edt
het
arg
etp
opul
ati
onb
eca
usei
tist
het
ota
lnumb
ero
fsub
jec
tswh
ichi
s
o
fin
ter
estt
oth
ere
sea
rch
er.S
ome
ti
mest
hep
opul
ati
oni
sto
ola
rgeo
rto
osc
att
ere
dth
atas
amp
le
c
ann
otl
ogi
cal
l
ybed
rawnf
romt
hewh
olep
opul
ati
on.I
nwh
ichc
asee
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
ersd
raw
s
amp
lesf
rom a
cce
ssi
bl
epo
pul
ati
on.Th
ere
sea
rch
ersmus
tho
wev
erd
emo
nst
rat
eth
att
he
a
cce
ssi
bl
epo
pul
ati
oni
sco
mpa
rab
let
oth
eta
rge
tpo
pul
ati
oni
nth
ech
ara
cte
ris
ti
cst
hata
ppe
ar
s
ali
enta
ndr
ele
van
ttot
hes
tud
y.Ex
amp
leswo
uldb
eth
irdy
eare
duc
ati
ons
tud
ent
sofMo
i
Un
ive
rsi
ty
.Th
ech
oic
eoft
het
arg
et/
acc
ess
ibl
epo
pul
ati
onmus
tbej
ust
if
ie
d.Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
d
p
rov
idet
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
soft
hep
opul
ati
oni
nte
rmso
fsi
ze,s
ubg
roup
san
dal
lot
herv
ari
abl
eso
f
i
nte
res
t.

(
b)S
amp
le.Th
isi
sap
arto
fth
eta
rge
t/a
cce
ssi
bl
epo
pul
ati
ont
hath
asb
eenp
roc
edur
all
yse
lec
tedt
o
r
epr
ese
nti
t.Ed
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
her
ssh
oul
dpr
ovi
ded
eta
il
soft
hes
amp
lei
nte
rmso
fnumb
ersa
nd
c
har
act
eri
st
ic
s.Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
dst
atet
heme
tho
dth
atwa
s/wi
l
lbeus
edt
ode
ter
min
eth
e
s
amp
les
izea
ndwh
y.I
fth
epo
pul
ati
oni
she
ter
oge
neo
us,
the
nth
esa
mpl
esh
oul
dre
fl
ectt
his
.

(
c)S
amp
li
ngTe
chni
que
s.Th
isi
sad
esc
ri
pt
io
noft
hes
tra
teg
ieswh
icht
her
ese
arc
herwi
l
lus
e(d
)to
s
ele
ctr
epr
ese
nta
tiv
ere
spo
nde
ntsf
romt
het
arg
et/
acc
ess
ibl
epo
pul
ati
on.Th
esa
mpl
i
ngme
tho
d
a
dop
tedo
fte
nde
pen
dso
nth
ena
tur
eofr
ese
arc
han
dch
ara
cte
ris
ti
cso
fth
epo
pul
ati
on.Ho
wev
er,
e
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
ersmus
tpr
ovi
deaj
ust
if
ic
ati
ono
fan
ysa
mpl
i
ngt
ech
niq
ueus
ed.
The
rea
ret
wo
ma
ins
amp
li
ngs
tra
teg
ies
;pr
oba
bil
i
tya
ndn
onp
rob
abi
l
itys
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
ues
.Pr
oba
bil
i
tys
amp
li
ng
t
ech
niq
uesi
ncl
udes
imp
ler
and
oms
amp
li
ng,s
tra
tif
ie
dsa
mpl
i
ng,c
lus
ter(
are
a)s
amp
li
ng,a
nd
s
yst
ema
tics
amp
li
ng.No
npr
oba
bil
i
tys
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
uesi
ncl
udec
onv
eni
enc
e,p
urp
osi
ve,q
uot
a
a
nds
nowb
all
(ne
two
rki
ng)s
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
ues
.

(
i)S
imp
leRa
ndo
mSa
mpl
i
ng.I
nth
isme
tho
d,e
ver
yme
mbe
roft
het
arg
et/
acc
ess
ibl
epo
pul
ati
onh
as
an
onz
erop
rob
abi
l
ityo
fbe
ingi
ncl
ude
dint
hes
amp
le.Th
isme
tho
dre
sul
tsi
nanun
bia
seds
amp
le
b
eca
uset
hei
ndi
vi
dua
lss
ele
cte
dva
ryo
nlyd
uet
ora
ndo
mfl
uct
uat
io
n.Th
isme
tho
dus
ese
it
her
r
and
oms
ele
cti
ono
rra
ndo
mas
sig
nme
nt.Ev
eryme
mbe
roft
het
arg
etg
roupi
sas
sig
nedan
umb
er
b
efo
ret
her
and
oms
ele
cti
on/
ass
ign
men
tisc
arr
iedo
ut.Th
isme
tho
den
sur
est
hate
achme
mbe
rof
t
het
arg
etp
opul
ati
onh
asa
neq
uala
ndi
nde
pen
den
tch
anc
eofb
ein
gin
clud
edi
nth
esa
mpl
e.A
r
and
omn
umb
ert
abl
ema
yal
sob
eus
ed.I
fth
erei
sap
opul
ati
ono
f70me
mbe
rsa
nd1
0ar
etob
e
s
ele
cte
datr
and
om,e
acho
fth
e70me
mbe
rsi
sas
sig
nedan
umb
erf
rom 1t
o70.Th
efi
rs
t10
me
mbe
rst
hata
ppe
arwh
ene
vero
neb
egi
nsi
nth
era
ndo
mnumb
ert
abl
ede
ter
min
eth
e10s
amp
le
me
mbe
rs.S
inc
eth
erea
reo
nly70me
mbe
rsi
nth
epo
pul
ati
on,ma
ximum t
wod
igi
tsr
and
om
n
umb
ersa
reus
ed.Numb
erse
xce
edi
ng70o
rth
osewh
ichh
avea
lre
adyb
eens
ele
cte
dar
eig
nor
ed.
59,
39,
1 80,
5, 30,
52, 88,
09, 27,
1 87,
8, 02,
48.

(
ii
)St
rat
if
iedS
amp
li
ngTe
chni
que
s.I
nth
ist
ech
niq
uet
her
ese
arc
heri
den
tif
ie
ssubg
roup
sint
he
p
opul
ati
ona
ndt
hei
rpr
opo
rti
onsa
nds
ele
ctf
rome
achg
roupt
ofo
rm as
amp
le.Ra
the
rth
an
s
ele
cti
ngr
and
oml
yfr
oma
nen
tir
ehe
ter
oge
neo
usp
opul
ati
on,t
her
ese
arc
heri
nth
isa
ppr
oac
h
d
ivi
dest
hep
opul
ati
oni
ntos
ubg
roup
sca
ll
eds
tra
ta.He
ncet
hep
opul
ati
oni
sst
rat
if
ie
din
tos
ub
p
opul
ati
ons
.Or
din
ari
l
y,a
lls
tra
taa
rer
epr
ese
nte
dint
hes
amp
le,a
ndt
hes
amp
leme
mbe
rsa
re
s
ele
cte
dfr
ome
achs
tra
tum a
tra
ndo
m.Th
eal
l
oca
tio
nofs
amp
les
izea
mon
gth
est
rat
ash
oul
d
e
it
herb
eeq
uala
ll
oca
tio
norp
rop
ort
io
nala
ll
oca
tio
n.Amo
rec
ommo
nlyus
edme
tho
disp
rop
ort
io
nal
a
ll
oca
tio
n,wh
ere
bye
achs
tra
tumc
ont
ri
but
est
oth
esa
mpl
ean
umb
ert
hati
spr
opo
rti
ona
ltoi
tss
ize
i
nth
epo
pul
ati
on.

(
ii
i)Cl
ust
erS
amp
li
ng.Th
isi
nvo
lve
sth
era
ndo
mse
lec
ti
ono
fcl
ust
ersf
romt
hel
arg
erp
opul
ati
ono
f
c
lus
ter
san
dal
lth
epo
pul
ati
onme
mbe
rso
fas
ele
cte
dcl
ust
era
rei
ncl
ude
dint
hes
amp
le.Th
is
me
tho
ddi
ff
ersf
roms
tra
tif
ie
dra
ndo
msa
mpl
i
ngi
nth
att
her
and
oms
ele
cti
ono
ccur
sno
twi
th
i
ndi
vi
dua
lme
mbe
rsb
utwi
thg
roup
s.Th
isme
tho
disus
edwh
eni
tisn
otp
oss
ibl
etoo
bta
ina
s
amp
li
ngf
rameb
eca
uset
hep
opul
ati
oni
sei
the
rve
ryl
arg
eors
cat
ter
edo
veral
arg
ege
ogr
aph
ica
l
a
rea
.Th
isme
tho
das
sume
sth
atc
lus
ter
sar
esi
mil
ari
nch
ara
cte
ris
ti
cs.F
ore
xamp
lei
fyo
uwa
ntt
o
s
tud
ych
il
dre
nwi
thd
isa
bil
i
ti
esi
npr
ima
rys
cho
olsi
nKe
nya
.Itwo
uldb
eti
mec
ons
umi
nga
nd
e
xpe
nsi
vet
oli
sta
llc
hil
dre
nwi
thd
isa
bil
i
tie
sinp
ri
mar
ysc
hoo
lsi
nKe
nya
.Pe
rha
psal
i
sto
fal
l47
c
oun
tie
san
dra
ndo
mlys
ele
cto
neo
rtwod
epe
ndi
ngo
nth
esa
mpl
ere
qui
red
.Al
lch
il
dre
nwi
th
d
isa
bil
i
tie
sinp
rima
rys
cho
olsi
nth
ese
lec
tedc
oun
tywi
l
lbei
ncl
ude
dint
hes
amp
le.
Itc
oul
dbed
one
i
nmul
ti
st
agea
ppr
oac
h.
(
iv)S
yst
ema
ticS
amp
li
ng.I
nth
isp
roc
edur
e,t
hes
ele
cti
ono
fth
efi
rs
tme
mbe
rde
ter
min
est
hee
nti
re
s
amp
le.I
tin
vol
vesr
and
oml
yse
lec
ti
ngt
hef
ir
stme
mbe
r,b
egi
nni
ngwi
thar
and
oms
tar
tofa
n
e
leme
nti
nth
era
ngeo
f1t
okf
rom al
i
sta
ndf
romt
hatp
oin
tont
aki
nge
ver
ykt
hna
meo
nth
e
p
opul
ati
onf
rame
.Th
epo
pul
ati
onme
mbe
rss
houl
dne
verb
eins
omef
ormo
fal
i
sto
ral
pha
bet
ic
al
o
rde
r.I
nor
dert
oel
i
min
atet
hep
rob
lemo
fpe
rio
dic
it
y,t
hel
i
sto
fal
lme
mbe
rsi
nth
esa
mpl
i
ngf
rame
s
houl
dber
and
omi
zed
.Re
spo
nde
ntsa
rra
nge
dina
lph
abe
ti
cal
ord
erma
yfo
ll
owac
ert
ainp
att
ern
,e.
g.
s
ize
,co
louro
rle
tte
ran
dth
ere
for
epi
cki
nge
ver
ykt
hre
spo
nde
ntma
yel
i
min
ater
esp
ond
ent
sfr
oma
p
art
ic
ula
rsi
ze,c
olo
uro
rle
tte
ren
tir
ely
.Th
esa
mpl
esi
zei
sch
ose
nan
dsa
mpl
i
ngi
nte
rva
l
d
ete
rmi
ned
.Th
erul
eoft
het
humbi
nde
cid
ingt
hes
amp
li
ngi
nte
rva
list
odi
vi
det
het
ota
lpo
pul
ati
on
b
yth
esa
mpl
esi
ze.
Ther
and
oms
ele
cti
ono
fth
efi
rs
tca
sema
ybef
romt
her
and
omn
umb
ert
abl
e.

(
v)Pur
pos
iveS
amp
li
ng.Th
isi
sas
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
uet
hata
ll
owst
her
ese
arc
hert
ous
eca
sest
hat
h
avet
her
equi
redi
nfo
rma
tio
nwi
thr
esp
ectt
oth
eob
jec
ti
veso
fth
est
udy
.Re
spo
nde
ntsa
re
t
her
efo
reh
and
pic
kedb
eca
uset
heya
rei
nfo
rma
tiv
eorp
oss
est
her
equi
redc
har
act
eri
st
ic
s.Th
is
t
ech
niq
uema
yal
sob
eus
eda
spa
rto
fmul
ti
st
ages
amp
li
ngp
roc
edur
e.F
ore
xamp
le,as
tud
yon
h
ead
tea
che
rs’
sta
ffma
nag
eme
ntp
rac
ti
cesa
ndt
hei
rin
flue
nceo
nst
ude
nts
’ac
ade
micp
erf
orma
nce
.
S
uchar
ese
arc
herwo
uldp
urp
ose
ful
l
yse
lec
tsc
hoo
lswh
oseh
ead
tea
che
rsh
aves
erv
edf
ora
tle
ast
t
hre
eye
arsb
eca
usei
tisa
ssume
dth
att
hep
eri
odi
sco
mme
nsur
atef
ort
heh
ead
tea
che
rtob
e
a
sso
cia
tedwi
tht
her
esul
ts
.

(
vi)S
nowb
allS
amp
li
ng.I
nth
ist
ech
niq
uet
hei
ni
ti
als
ubj
ect
swi
tht
hed
esi
redc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sar
e
i
den
tif
ie
dus
ingp
urp
ose
fuls
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
ue.Th
efe
wid
ent
if
ie
dsub
jec
tsn
ameo
the
rst
hatt
hey
k
nowh
avet
her
equi
redc
har
act
eri
st
ic
sun
tilt
her
ese
arc
herg
etst
hen
umb
ero
fre
spo
nde
nts
r
equi
red
.Th
isme
tho
disus
edwh
ent
hep
opul
ati
ont
hatp
oss
ess
est
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
sun
ders
tud
y
i
sno
twe
llk
nowna
ndt
her
eisn
eedt
ofi
ndr
esp
ond
ent
s.

(
vii
) Quo
taS
amp
li
ng i
sth
ese
con
dty
peo
fpu
rpo
siv
esa
mpl
i
ng.We us
eitt
oimp
rov
e
r
epr
ese
nta
tiv
ene
ss.Th
elo
gicb
ehi
ndq
uot
asa
mpl
i
ngi
sth
atc
ert
ainr
ele
van
tch
ara
cte
ris
ti
cs
d
esc
ri
bet
hed
ime
nsi
onso
fth
epo
pul
ati
on.I
fas
amp
leh
ast
hes
amed
ist
ri
but
io
nont
hes
e
c
har
act
eri
st
ic
s,t
heni
tisl
i
kel
yre
pre
sen
tat
iv
eoft
hep
opul
ati
onr
ega
rdi
ngo
the
rva
ria
ble
sonwh
ich
weh
aven
oco
ntr
ol.
Sup
pos
eth
est
ude
ntb
odyo
f
KPA/
EWCi
s55p
erc
entf
ema
lea
nd45p
erc
entma
le.Th
esa
mpl
i
ngq
uot
awo
uldc
allf
ors
amp
li
ng
s
tud
ent
sata55t
o45p
erc
entr
ati
o.Th
iswo
ulde
li
min
ated
ist
ort
io
nsd
uet
oan
onr
epr
ese
nta
tiv
e
g
end
err
ati
o.I
nmo
stq
uot
asa
mpl
es,r
ese
arc
her
ssp
eci
fymo
ret
hano
nec
ont
rold
ime
nsi
on.Ea
ch
s
houl
dme
ett
wot
est
s:(
1)i
tsh
oul
dha
vead
ist
ri
but
io
nint
hep
opul
ati
ont
hatwec
ane
sti
mat
e.(
2)
I
tsh
oul
dbep
ert
ine
ntt
oth
eto
pics
tud
ied
.Wema
ybe
li
evet
hatr
esp
ons
est
oaq
ues
ti
ons
houl
dva
ry,
d
epe
ndi
ngo
nth
ege
nde
roft
her
esp
ond
ent
.Ifs
o,wes
houl
dse
ekp
rop
ort
io
nalr
esp
ons
esf
romb
oth
me
nan
dwo
men
.Wema
yal
sof
eelt
hatun
der
gra
dua
tesd
iff
erf
romg
rad
uat
est
ude
nts
,sot
his
wo
uldb
ead
ime
nsi
on.Ot
herd
ime
nsi
onss
ucha
sth
est
ude
nt’
sac
ade
micd
isc
ipl
i
ne,e
thn
icg
roup
,
r
eli
gi
ousa
ffi
l
iat
io
n,a
nds
oci
alg
roupa
ffi
l
iat
io
nma
ybec
hos
en.On
lyaf
ewo
fth
esec
ont
rol
sca
nbe
us
ed.
Toi
l
lus
tra
te,
sup
pos
ewec
ons
ide
rth
efo
ll
owi
ng:
Ge
nde
r–t
woc
ate
gor
ies–ma
le,
fema
le
Cl
assl
eve
l–t
woc
ate
gor
ies–g
rad
uat
ean
dun
der
gra
dua
te
Co
ll
ege–s
ixc
ate
gor
ies–Ar
tsa
ndS
cie
nce
,Ag
ri
cul
tur
e,Ar
chi
te
ctur
e,Bus
ine
ss,
Eng
ine
eri
ng,
oth
er
Re
li
gi
on–f
ourc
ate
gor
ies–Pr
ote
sta
nt,
Cat
hol
i
c,J
ewi
sh,
oth
er
F
rat
ern
ala
ffi
l
iat
io
n–t
woc
ate
gor
ies–me
mbe
r,n
onme
mbe
r
F
ami
l
yso
cia
l-
eco
nomi
ccl
ass–t
hre
eca
teg
ori
es–up
per
,mi
ddl
e,l
owe
r
Quo
tas
amp
li
ngh
ass
eve
ralwe
akn
ess
es.F
irs
t,t
hei
deat
hatq
uot
aso
nso
mev
ari
abl
esa
ssume
r
epr
ese
nta
tiv
ene
sso
not
her
sisa
rgume
ntb
yan
alo
gy.I
tgi
vesn
oas
sur
anc
eth
att
hes
amp
lei
s
r
epr
ese
nta
tiv
eont
hev
ari
abl
esb
ein
gst
udi
ed.Of
ten
,th
eda
taus
edt
opr
ovi
dec
ont
rol
sma
yal
sob
e
d
ate
dori
nac
cur
ate
.Th
erei
sal
soap
rac
ti
call
i
mito
nth
enumb
ero
fsi
mul
tan
eousc
ont
rol
sth
atc
an
b
eap
pli
edt
oen
sur
epr
eci
si
on.F
ina
ll
y,t
hec
hoi
ceo
fsub
jec
tsi
sle
ftt
ofi
el
dwo
rke
rst
oma
keo
na
j
udg
men
tal
bas
is.
The
yma
ych
oos
eon
lyf
ri
end
lyl
ook
ingp
eop
le,
peo
plewh
oar
eco
nve
nie
ntt
oth
em,
a
nds
ofo
rth
.De
spi
tet
hep
rob
lemswi
thq
uot
asa
mpl
i
ng,i
tiswi
del
yus
edb
yop
ini
onp
oll
st
ersa
nd
ma
rke
ti
nga
ndo
the
rre
sea
rch
ers
.Pr
oba
bil
i
tys
amp
li
ngi
sus
ual
l
ymuc
hmo
rec
ost
lya
ndt
ime
c
ons
umi
ng.
(
d)S
amp
li
ngEr
ror
.Th
isi
sth
edi
scr
epa
ncyb
etwe
ent
hec
har
act
eri
st
ic
soft
hep
opul
ati
ona
ndt
he
c
har
act
eri
st
ic
soft
hes
amp
le,a
lth
oug
hth
esa
mpl
eisd
rawnf
romt
hatp
art
ic
ula
rpo
pul
ati
on.A
r
and
oms
amp
le,
howe
vera
ccur
ate
lyd
rawn
,isn
eve
rth
eex
actr
epl
i
cao
fth
epo
pul
ati
on.
Sup
pos
ewe
wa
ntt
oca
lcul
atet
heme
ana
geo
fal
lth
irdy
eare
duc
ati
ons
tud
ent
sinMo
iUn
ive
rsi
ty
.Wec
oul
d
d
rawas
amp
leo
f300s
tud
ent
san
dge
tas
amp
leme
ana
geo
f18.I
fth
etr
ueme
ana
geo
fal
lth
ird
y
eare
duc
ati
ons
tud
ent
sis1
9,t
hed
isc
rep
anc
ybe
twe
ent
het
ruep
opul
ati
onme
ana
ndt
hes
amp
le
me
ani
s1y
ear
.Ifwewe
ret
odr
awmo
rea
ndmo
res
amp
leso
feq
uals
ize
,itwo
uldb
eob
vio
ust
hat
t
hema
jor
it
yoft
hes
amp
leme
answo
uldb
edi
st
ri
but
eda
roun
dth
epo
pul
ati
onme
an.

(
e)Va
ria
ble
.Th
isi
same
asur
eab
lec
har
act
eri
st
ict
hata
ssume
sdi
ff
ere
ntv
alue
samo
ngt
he
r
esp
ond
ent
s.Op
era
tio
nald
efi
ni
ti
ono
fth
eva
ria
blei
sth
epr
oce
sso
fob
tai
ni
ngd
iff
ere
ntv
alue
sfo
r
e
achs
ubj
ecto
nap
art
ic
ula
rva
ria
ble
.Twos
imi
l
ars
tud
iesus
inge
xac
tl
yth
esa
mev
ari
abl
esma
y
h
avec
omp
let
el
ydi
ff
ere
ntr
esul
ts
,de
pen
din
gont
hewa
yea
chs
tud
yop
era
tio
nal
i
zedt
hev
ari
abl
es.
Va
ria
ble
sli
ket
ime
,vo
lume
,le
ngt
h,a
ge,s
ex,b
loo
dpr
ess
ure
,he
art
bea
t,t
emp
era
tur
esh
ave
s
tan
dar
dme
asur
es.Ot
herv
ari
abl
esd
ono
tha
ves
tan
dar
dme
asur
ese
.g.s
adn
ess
,mo
ti
vat
io
n,
h
app
ine
ss,h
atr
ed,s
upe
rvi
si
on,d
ele
gat
io
n.Re
sea
rch
erst
her
efo
ret
ryt
ode
vel
ops
cal
eso
f
me
asur
ingt
hes
eab
str
actc
onc
ept
san
dsuc
hsc
ale
sdi
ff
er,d
epe
ndi
ngo
nth
eemp
has
ist
hate
ach
r
ese
arc
herg
ive
stoac
ert
ainc
onc
ept
.

(
i)I
nde
pend
entVa
ria
ble
.Th
isi
sth
eva
ria
blet
hatar
ese
arc
herma
nip
ula
tesi
nor
dert
ode
ter
min
e
i
tse
ffe
cto
rin
flue
nceo
nan
oth
erv
ari
abl
e.Th
eya
rea
lsoc
all
edp
red
ict
orv
ari
abl
esb
eca
uset
hey
p
red
ictt
hea
moun
tofv
ari
ati
ont
hato
ccur
sina
not
herv
ari
abl
e.F
ore
xamp
let
hei
nfl
uen
ceo
fal
coh
ol
o
nre
act
io
nti
mea
mon
gdr
iv
ers
,th
ein
flue
nceo
fin
comeo
nho
usi
ngc
ond
iti
ons
,th
ein
flue
nceo
f
g
end
ero
nca
ree
rch
oic
e,i
nfl
uen
ceo
fna
tio
nal
i
tyo
nch
oic
eoff
ood
s.Al
coh
ol,i
nco
me,g
end
er,a
nd
n
ati
ona
li
tya
rei
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
s.Re
sea
rch
erswi
l
lma
nip
ula
tea
lco
hola
ndi
nco
me,b
utg
end
er
a
ndn
ati
ona
li
tyi
sgi
vena
ndt
hust
her
esp
ond
ent
sar
egr
oup
eda
cco
rdi
ngl
y.

(
ii
)De
pend
entVa
ria
ble
.Th
isi
sth
eva
ria
blewh
icha
tte
mpt
stoi
ndi
cat
eth
eto
tali
nfl
uen
cea
ris
ing
f
romt
hee
ffe
ctso
fth
ein
dep
end
entv
ari
abl
e.Al
soc
all
edc
ri
te
rio
nva
ria
ble
,itv
ari
esa
saf
unc
ti
ono
f
t
hei
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
.Fo
rex
amp
let
hei
nfl
uen
ceo
fal
coh
olo
nre
act
io
nti
mea
mon
gdr
ive
rs,
the
i
nfl
uen
ceo
fin
comeo
nho
usi
ngc
ond
iti
ons
,th
ein
flue
nceo
fge
nde
ronc
are
erc
hoi
ce,i
nfl
uen
ceo
f
n
ati
ona
li
tyo
nch
oic
eoff
ood
s.Re
act
io
nti
me,h
ous
ingc
ond
iti
ons
,an
dca
ree
rch
oic
ear
ede
pen
den
t
v
ari
abl
es.

(
ii
i)Co
ntr
olVa
ria
ble
s.Th
esea
rev
ari
abl
eswh
icha
rel
i
kel
ytoi
nfl
uen
cet
her
ese
arc
hre
sul
ts
.Th
ere
a
res
eve
ralt
ype
sofv
ari
abl
est
hatma
yin
flue
ncer
esu
ltso
fas
tud
ywi
tho
utt
her
ese
arc
herb
ein
g
a
war
eoft
hem.Ho
wev
er,
ser
iousa
nde
xpe
rie
nce
dre
sea
rch
ersa
rea
blet
oid
ent
if
yva
ria
ble
swh
ose
o
mis
sio
nma
yin
flue
ncet
her
esul
tsi
fth
eya
ren
otc
ons
ide
redi
nas
tud
y.Wh
enap
oss
ibl
e
e
xtr
ane
ousv
ari
abl
eisb
uil
tin
tot
hes
tud
y,i
tisr
efe
rre
dtoa
sco
ntr
olv
ari
abl
e.Ho
wev
er,a
bso
lut
e
c
ont
rolo
fex
tra
neo
usi
nfl
uen
cei
sno
tpo
ssi
bl
eina
nys
tud
y,a
ndi
tisf
ort
hisr
eas
ont
hatr
ese
arc
h
r
esul
tsa
rei
nte
rpr
ete
dont
heb
asi
sofd
egr
eeso
fco
nfi
den
cer
ath
ert
hanc
ert
ain
ty.I
fpr
evi
ous
r
ese
arc
hst
udi
esi
ndi
cat
eth
atac
ert
ainv
ari
abl
ema
yin
flue
ncey
ourr
ese
arc
hfi
ndi
ngs
,th
eny
oua
re
we
lla
dvi
sedt
oco
ntr
olf
ori
tth
roug
h;

Th
efi
rs
tme
tho
dofa
cco
unt
ingf
ort
hee
ffe
ctso
fap
oss
ibl
eex
tra
neo
usv
ari
abl
eist
oin
clud
eita
san
i
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
.Ifp
rev
iouss
tud
iesi
ndi
cat
eth
atg
end
erma
yal
soi
nfl
uen
cer
eac
ti
ont
ime
a
mon
gdr
ive
rs,
the
n,i
nde
ter
min
ingt
hee
ffe
cto
fal
coh
olo
nre
act
io
nti
me,
wes
houl
dad
dse
xasa
n
i
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
blei
nours
tud
y.Us
ingS
PSSs
tat
is
ti
calp
roc
edur
ess
ucha
sre
gre
ssi
on,wec
an
t
henme
asur
eth
eef
fec
tofa
lco
holo
nre
act
io
nti
mea
mon
gdr
ive
rswh
il
eco
ntr
oll
i
ngf
ors
ex.Th
e
s
eco
ndme
tho
dwo
uldb
etoi
ncl
udet
hee
xtr
ane
ousv
ari
abl
eint
hes
tud
ybuto
nlya
ton
ele
vel
.
Th
ere
for
ewec
anc
ont
rolf
ors
exd
if
fer
enc
esb
ysa
mpl
i
ngo
nlyf
ema
leso
rma
leso
nly
.Ho
wev
er,
the
r
esul
tso
fsuc
has
tud
ywi
l
lon
lyb
ege
ner
ali
sea
blet
oth
ese
lec
tedg
end
er.Th
ela
stme
tho
dist
o
s
tat
is
ti
cal
l
ysi
pho
nth
eef
fec
tso
fth
eex
tra
neo
usv
ari
abl
eont
hed
epe
nde
ntv
ari
abl
ees
pec
ial
l
y
t
hro
ughp
art
ialc
orr
ela
tio
n.As
pur
ious
/ex
tra
neo
usv
ari
abl
eisav
ari
abl
ewh
ichh
asas
pur
ious
r
ela
tio
nsh
ipwi
thb
otht
hei
nde
pen
den
tan
dde
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
.Th
ere
lat
io
nsh
ipi
spur
elya
cci
den
tal
a
ndn
otme
ani
ngf
ula
tal
l
.Fo
rex
amp
les
upp
osi
ngar
ese
arc
herf
ind
soutt
hatt
her
eisah
igh
er
p
rop
ort
io
nofo
ne-
yea
rol
dch
il
dre
nina
rea
sco
nsi
st
ent
lyi
nha
bit
edb
yac
ert
ains
pec
ieso
fbi
rds
.It
wo
uldb
ein
cor
rec
ttoi
nte
rpr
ett
hist
ome
ant
hato
ney
earo
ldc
hil
dre
nat
tr
actt
hats
pec
ieso
fbi
rds
.
Th
ere
lat
io
nsh
ipi
spur
elya
cci
den
tala
ndf
ort
uit
ous(
cha
nce
),b
eca
uset
her
ela
tio
nsh
ipi
sex
pla
ine
d
b
yat
hir
dva
ria
ble
,rur
alur
banl
oca
tio
n.I
nte
rve
ningv
ari
abl
eco
mesb
etwe
ent
hei
nde
pen
den
tan
d
d
epe
nde
ntv
ari
abl
e,a
ndi
sre
cog
niz
eda
sbe
ingc
aus
edb
yth
ein
dep
end
entv
ari
abl
ean
dasb
ein
ga
d
ete
rmi
nan
toft
hed
epe
nde
ntv
ari
abl
e.I
nas
tud
yons
cho
ola
bse
nte
eis
mamo
ngf
ema
let
eac
her
s,
ma
rri
edwo
ment
eac
her
swe
ref
oun
dtoh
aveah
igh
err
ateo
fab
sen
tee
ismc
omp
are
dtos
ing
le
wo
ment
eac
her
s.On
eco
uldt
her
efo
rec
onc
lud
eth
atma
rit
als
tat
usi
sad
ete
rmi
nan
tofa
bse
nte
eis
m.
As
ear
chf
orap
oss
ibl
ein
ter
ven
ingv
ari
abl
ewo
uldr
eve
alt
hatt
hev
ari
abl
e‘a
moun
tofh
ous
ewo
rk’
is
i
nde
eda
nin
ter
ven
ingv
ari
abl
e.Wh
ent
hei
nte
rve
nin
gva
ria
ble‘
amo
unto
fho
use
wor
k’wa
s
c
ont
rol
l
edf
or,
nod
iff
ere
ncei
nth
era
teo
fab
sen
tee
ismwa
sfo
und
.Th
ere
for
e,‘
amo
unto
fho
use
wor
k’
i
sac
ons
eque
nceo
fma
rit
als
tat
usa
ndad
ete
rmi
nan
tofa
bse
nte
eis
m.Ant
ece
dentv
ari
abl
eco
mes
b
efo
ret
hei
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
blea
ndd
oesn
oti
nfl
uen
cet
her
ela
tio
nsh
ipb
etwe
ent
hei
nde
pen
den
t
v
ari
abl
ean
dde
pen
den
tva
ria
bleb
utr
ath
erc
lar
if
ie
sth
ein
flue
ncet
hatp
rec
ede
ssuc
har
ela
tio
nsh
ip.
I
tisp
oss
ibl
etoc
arr
youtac
aus
alr
ela
tio
nsh
ipa
sfa
rba
cka
sth
eor
eti
cal
l
yme
ani
ngf
ula
ndi
nso
me
l
ogi
cals
eque
nce
.Wh
ent
hea
nte
ced
entv
ari
abl
eisc
ont
rol
l
edf
or,t
her
ela
tio
nsh
ipb
etwe
ent
he
i
nde
pen
den
tan
dde
pen
den
tva
ria
bles
houl
dno
tdi
sap
pea
r.S
imi
l
arl
y,wh
ent
hei
nde
pen
den
tva
ria
ble
i
sco
ntr
oll
edf
or,t
her
esh
oul
dno
tbea
nyr
ela
tio
nsh
ipb
etwe
ent
hea
nte
ced
enta
ndd
epe
nde
nt
v
ari
abl
es.F
ore
xamp
le,p
oli
ti
cals
tab
il
it
ywo
ulda
ttr
acti
nve
sto
rs-
hig
hin
ves
tme
ntsl
eadt
ojo
b
o
ppo
rtun
iti
es-
inc
rea
sei
njo
bop
por
tun
iti
esl
eadt
obe
tte
rst
and
ard
sofl
i
vin
g-r
educ
ti
oni
nmo
rta
li
ty
r
ate
s-i
ncr
eas
eins
cho
ole
nro
ll
men
t…t
hes
eque
ncei
sen
dle
ss.

(
f)Da
ta.Da
tar
efe
rst
oal
lin
for
mat
io
nar
ese
arc
herg
ath
ersf
orh
iso
rhe
rst
udy
.Th
erea
ret
wo
t
ype
sofd
ata
;se
con
dar
yan
dpr
ima
ryd
ata
.Pr
ima
ryd
atai
sth
ein
for
mat
io
nth
att
her
ese
arc
her
o
bta
insf
romt
hef
ie
ld.S
eco
nda
ryd
atai
sth
ein
for
mat
io
nth
att
her
ese
arc
hero
bta
insf
romr
ese
arc
h
a
rti
cl
es,
boo
ks,
jour
nal
s.

(
g)Re
sea
rchDe
sig
n.Th
isi
sth
ear
ran
geme
nto
fth
eco
ndi
ti
onsf
orc
oll
ect
io
nan
dan
aly
siso
fda
tai
n
ama
nne
rth
ata
imst
oco
mbi
ner
ele
van
ceo
fth
ere
sea
rchp
urp
osewi
tht
hep
roc
edur
es.I
tisab
lue
p
rin
toft
hee
nti
rer
ese
arc
hst
udy
.Re
sea
rchd
esi
gns
tan
dsf
ora
dva
ncep
lan
nin
goft
heme
tho
dst
o
b
ead
opt
edf
orc
oll
ect
ingt
her
ele
van
tda
taa
ndt
het
ech
niq
uest
obeus
edi
nth
ean
aly
sis
,ke
epi
ngi
n
v
iewt
hep
urp
oseo
fth
est
udya
ndt
hea
vai
l
abi
l
ityo
fst
aff
,ti
mea
ndmo
ney
.

3
.0PROPOS
ALWRI
TINGI
NEDUCATI
ONALRES
EARCH

De
fini
ti
ono
fPr
opo
sal
.Th
isi
sawr
it
tenp
res
ent
ati
ono
fani
nte
nde
dre
sea
rchs
pec
if
yi
ngt
he
r
ese
arc
hpr
obl
em,
sco
pe,
met
hod
olo
gya
ndt
heb
udg
eto
fth
est
udy
.

S
igni
fi
canc
eofaRe
sea
rchPr
opo
sal

1
.Itma
kesk
nowno
ne’
sin
ten
tio
nso
fge
tti
ngi
nvo
lve
dwi
thr
ese
arc
hwo
rka
ndt
hisi
sdo
net
hro
ugh
t
her
ese
arc
hers
pel
l
ingo
utt
heo
bje
cti
veso
fhi
s/h
ers
tud
y.
2.Th
epr
oce
sso
fwr
it
ingap
rop
osa
lal
l
owst
her
ese
arc
hert
opl
ana
ndr
evi
ewt
hes
tep
sth
atwi
l
lbe
un
der
tak
eni
nth
epr
oje
ct.I
tgi
vest
her
ese
arc
hera
nop
por
tun
ityt
osp
otf
lo
wsi
nth
elo
gic
,er
ror
sin
a
ssump
ti
onsa
nde
venp
rob
lemst
hata
ren
ota
deq
uat
elya
ddr
ess
edb
yth
eob
jec
ti
vesa
ndd
esi
gno
f
t
hes
tud
y.
3
.Ing
ene
ral
,i
tpr
ovi
desj
ust
if
ic
ati
onf
orf
und
ing
,be
cau
set
her
ese
arc
hpr
opo
salj
ust
if
ie
sth
eus
eof
r
eso
urc
es.I
fon
eisi
nana
cad
emi
cse
tti
ng,t
hep
rop
osa
lmus
tpr
ovi
dej
ust
if
ic
ati
onf
ora
cce
pta
nce
a
sco
ntr
ibut
ingt
oei
the
rex
ist
ingk
nowl
edg
eora
ddi
ngt
oit(
tha
tise
it
here
xte
ndi
ngt
hec
urr
entf
ie
ld
o
fwo
rko
rpr
ovi
di
nga
ddi
ti
ona
lkn
owl
edg
etot
hee
xis
ti
ngf
ie
ld)
.
4.Af
tert
hep
rop
osa
lisd
onea
nda
ppr
ove
d,t
hed
ocume
nts
erv
esa
sgui
def
ort
her
ese
arc
her
t
hro
ugh
outt
hei
nve
sti
gat
io
ns,
ie,
pro
gre
ssc
anb
emo
nit
ore
d.
5.Th
epr
opo
salp
rov
ide
sab
asi
sfo
rth
eev
alua
tio
noft
hed
ocume
nt;i
tgi
vest
her
ese
arc
had
vis
ora
b
asi
sfo
ras
sis
ti
ngt
her
ese
arc
her
.
6
.Awe
ll
-d
esi
gne
dre
sea
rchp
rop
osa
lhe
lpst
her
ese
arc
hert
oav
oidt
het
ir
inga
ndt
imec
ons
umi
ng
a
lte
rat
io
nso
ncet
her
ese
arc
hpr
oje
ctt
ake
sof
f.
7.Th
epr
opo
salf
orc
est
imema
nag
eme
nta
ndb
udg
ete
sti
mat
e.Th
esee
sti
mat
esa
ll
owr
ese
arc
her
s
t
opl
ant
hep
roj
ecti
nsuc
hawa
yth
att
hewo
rkp
rog
res
sess
tea
dil
yto
war
dst
hed
ead
li
ne.S
inc
e
ma
nyp
eop
let
endt
ofo
ll
owt
hewo
rk,h
avi
ngas
che
dul
ehe
lpsr
ese
arc
her
swo
rkt
owa
rdst
he
c
omp
let
io
noft
hep
roj
ect
.
8.Ap
rop
osa
lal
sop
rov
ide
sano
ppo
rtun
ityf
ort
her
ese
arc
hert
odi
scus
sth
ere
sea
rche
ffo
rtso
f
o
the
rswh
oha
vewo
rke
donr
ela
teda
rea
s.
9.Ap
rop
osa
lisa
lsoa
blet
osug
ges
tth
eda
tan
ece
ssa
ryf
ors
olv
ingt
hep
rob
lema
ndh
owt
hed
ata
wi
l
lbeg
ath
ere
d,t
rea
ted
,an
din
ter
pre
ted
.
1
0.I
nad
dit
io
n,t
hep
rop
osa
lofac
ont
actr
ese
arc
hermus
tpr
ese
nti
tsp
lan
,se
rvi
cesa
ndc
red
ent
ial
s
i
nth
ebe
stp
oss
ibl
ewa
ytoe
nco
ura
gei
tss
ele
cti
ono
verc
omp
eti
to
rs.I
nco
ntr
actr
ese
arc
h,t
he
s
urv
iva
lofc
omp
ani
esd
epe
ndso
nth
eira
bil
i
tyt
ode
vel
opwi
ni
ngp
rop
osa
ls.

3
.0.
1 PRELI
MINARI
ES

(
a)Ti
tl
e/To
pic
.Th
isi
sat
hema
tics
tat
eme
nto
fwh
att
her
ese
arc
hisa
lla
bout
.Its
houl
dbeab
rie
f
s
tat
eme
nto
fbe
twe
en1
4to1
8wo
rds
.Th
eti
tl
esh
oul
dcl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
eth
eva
ria
ble
sun
ders
tud
y,
t
hes
ett
ingo
fth
est
udy
,an
dar
ece
ntr
eal
i
gne
d.Th
eti
tl
epa
ges
houl
dha
veat
it
leo
fth
ere
sea
rch
,
f
ulln
ame
san
dqua
li
fi
cat
io
nso
fth
ere
sea
rch
er,t
hea
war
dfo
rwh
icht
hep
rop
osa
lisi
nte
nde
d,
mo
ntho
fsub
mis
sio
n,a
nds
houl
dno
tben
umb
ere
d.

TheRo
leo
fLo
cal
Communi
tyi
ntheMa
nag
eme
nto
fFund
sfo
rFr
eePr
ima
ryEd
uca
tio
ninKe
nya

Be
for
ese
lec
ti
ngar
ese
arc
hto
pic
,iti
simp
ort
antt
hato
nec
ons
ide
rst
hef
ol
lo
win
gis
sue
s;

(
i)Pe
rso
nali
nte
res
tint
het
opi
c.Ar
ese
arc
hers
houl
dno
tal
l
owh
ims
elft
obec
omp
ell
edi
nto
c
hoo
sin
gat
opi
cinwh
ichh
e/s
heh
asn
oin
ter
est
.At
opi
cofo
ne’
sin
ter
estp
rov
ide
sth
ere
sea
rch
er
wi
tha
nop
por
tun
ityt
odos
ign
ifi
can
tin
dep
end
entwo
rkwi
thp
ass
iona
ndz
eal
.

(
ii
)Imp
ort
anc
eofr
ese
arc
h.At
opi
cth
ati
sin
sig
nif
ic
antma
yno
tat
tr
actf
und
ingo
rre
ade
rsh
ip.

(
ii
i)Ti
mea
vai
l
abl
e.Ag
oodt
opi
csh
oul
dbea
cco
mpl
i
she
dwi
thi
nag
ive
nti
mef
rame
.

(
iv)Re
sea
rche
rsk
il
ls
.Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
dco
nsi
derwh
eth
erh
eha
sth
ene
ces
sar
ysk
il
lsr
equi
red
f
ort
hes
tud
y.

(
v)Thec
ost
.Iti
sne
ces
sar
ytoc
ons
ide
rth
eco
sto
fco
nduc
ti
nga
ndr
epo
rti
ngt
hes
tud
yan
dbes
ure
t
hati
tca
nbea
cco
mmo
dat
ed.

(
vi)Et
hic
ali
ssue
s.S
omet
opi
csr
ais
eet
hic
ali
ssue
swh
icht
her
ese
arc
herma
yno
tea
sil
yov
erc
ome
.
S
ucht
opi
css
houl
dbea
voi
ded
.

(
b)Ta
bleo
fCo
nte
nts

(
c)De
cla
rat
ion.
Thi
sisas
elfc
ommi
tt
ings
tat
eme
nto
fno
npl
agi
ari
sma
ndo
wne
rsh
ipo
fwo
rk

(
d)Ab
str
act
.Ab
rie
fde
scr
ip
ti
ono
fth
ein
ten
deds
tud
yina
bout500wo
rdsi
ndi
cat
ing
;pur
pos
ean
d
o
bje
cti
veso
fth
est
udy
,de
sig
n,t
heo
ret
ic
alf
rame
wor
ks,s
amp
li
nga
ndd
atac
oll
ect
io
npr
oce
dur
es,
a
nal
yt
ic
alt
ool
s,a
ndus
eful
nes
soft
hef
ind
ing
s.

(
e)Li
sto
fTa
ble
s

(
f)Li
sto
fFi
gur
es

(
g)Li
sto
fAc
rony
ms

3
.0.
2 CHAPTERONE I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Th
isi
sre
fer
redt
oasi
ntr
oduc
ti
onb
eca
usei
tpr
ovi
dest
heb
asi
soft
hes
tud
y.Th
efo
ll
owi
ngs
ub
s
ect
io
nsa
ren
orma
ll
yin
clud
edi
nth
ein
tro
duc
ti
on(
cha
pte
ron
e)o
far
ese
arc
hpr
opo
sal
.

1
.1 Ba
ckg
roundo
ftheS
tud
y.Att
hiss
tag
e,t
hee
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rch
erg
ive
sth
era
tio
nal
eof
t
hes
tud
ybyp
rov
idi
nge
vid
enc
ean
dco
ndi
ti
onso
fth
eex
ist
ings
it
uat
io
ntoma
ket
her
ead
erf
eelt
he
ur
gen
cyo
fth
epr
obl
ema
ndt
hen
eedt
ost
udyi
tino
rde
rtos
olv
eth
epr
obl
ema
ndc
ont
ri
but
etoi
ts
s
olut
io
n.I
tpo
rtr
ayst
heh
ist
orya
ndt
hec
har
act
ero
fth
epr
obl
em,o
ris
sue
sath
and
,an
dtr
iest
o
e
xpo
set
hef
act
sth
ats
urr
oun
dth
epr
obl
emt
hatmus
tbet
ack
ledb
yun
der
tak
ingt
hes
tud
y.Th
e
h
ist
ori
cals
eque
ncei
spr
ese
nte
dins
omel
ogi
cals
eque
nces
ucha
swo
rldo
ver
,Af
ri
ca,Ea
stAf
ri
ca,
a
ndKe
nya
.

1
.2 S
tat
eme
nto
fthePr
obl
em.Th
isr
efe
rst
owh
att
her
ese
arc
herh
asi
den
tif
ie
dase
xis
ti
ngi
n
l
i
ter
atur
e,t
heo
ryo
rpr
act
ic
e-ac
ond
iti
onwh
ichn
eed
stob
epr
obe
dan
dso
lut
io
nsf
oun
d.I
tsh
oul
dbe
d
rawnf
romab
rie
fre
vie
wofs
cho
lar
lya
rti
cl
es,
doc
ume
ntsa
nds
urv
eys
.Th
roug
hsuc
hsur
vey
s,t
he
r
ese
arc
hers
houl
dbea
blet
oes
tab
li
shal
i
ter
atur
ega
pan
dama
nif
est
ati
ono
fth
epr
obl
em.F
or
e
xamp
le,l
i
ter
atur
eons
cho
olma
nag
eme
nti
sre
ple
tewi
ths
tud
ieso
npo
ten
tia
lbe
nef
it
sst
rat
egi
c
p
lan
sins
cho
ols(
x,
2001
;y,2006
;z,
201
0).Co
ntr
aryt
oth
epo
sit
iv
efi
ndi
ngso
fst
rat
egi
cpl
ans
d
ocume
nte
dab
ove
,th
erei
sas
cho
olo
fth
oug
htt
hata
rgue
sth
att
her
ear
enoe
xpl
i
citc
lai
msf
or
b
ene
fi
tso
fst
rat
egi
cpl
ans
,ot
hert
hani
tisag
ove
rnme
ntr
equi
reme
nt(
a,
2003
;b,
2028;c
,201
1).
Gi
vent
hei
nco
nsi
st
enc
ies
,th
erei
sne
edt
ofi
l
lth
evo
idb
yes
tab
li
shi
ng….
.Ar
ese
arc
hpr
obl
emi
sa
d
isc
rep
anc
ybe
twe
ent
hed
esi
reds
tat
usa
ndt
hea
ctu
als
tat
uswh
ichc
ano
nlyb
eso
lve
dth
roug
h
c
oll
ect
io
nan
dan
aly
siso
fda
ta.

(
i)I
sth
eread
isc
rep
anc
ybe
twe
enwh
ati
san
dwh
ats
houl
dbe(
ide
ala
ndr
eal
?)

(
ii
)Ist
her
eaq
ues
ti
ona
boutwh
yth
erei
ssd
isc
rep
anc
y?

(
ii
i)Ar
eth
erep
oss
ibl
ean
dre
aso
nab
lea
nswe
rst
oth
edi
scr
epa
ncy
?

(
iv
)Th
epo
ssi
bl
ean
swe
rsf
ormt
heb
asi
sofi
nve
sti
gat
io
n

1
.3 Pur
pos
eandOb
jec
ti
veso
ftheS
tud
y.

1
.3.
1 Pur
pos
eoft
heS
tud
y.Th
isr
efe
rst
oth
ege
ner
ali
nte
nti
ono
fth
est
udy
.Ite
sta
bli
she
sth
e
d
ire
cti
ono
fth
est
udyb
yca
ptur
ingi
nas
ing
lel
i
neo
rpa
rag
rap
hth
ees
sen
ceo
fth
est
udy
.Itp
rov
ide
s
as
pec
if
ica
nda
ccur
ates
yno
psi
s(s
umma
ry)o
fth
eov
era
lla
imo
fth
est
udy
,an
dfo
rmst
hec
ent
ral
a
ndc
ont
rol
l
ingi
deao
fth
est
udy
.

1
.3.
2 Ob
jec
ti
veso
ftheS
tud
y.Th
esea
res
pec
if
icg
oal
sar
is
ingf
romt
hep
urp
oseo
fth
est
udy
.Th
ey
s
houl
dbeS
MART-
spe
cif
ic(
cl
eara
ndc
onc
ise
),me
asur
abl
e(a
cti
vev
erb
sli
kee
sta
bli
sh)
,ac
hie
vab
le
(
fea
sib
lea
ndma
nag
eab
lee
.g.
exp
eri
enc
eso
fde
adt
eac
her
s),
rea
li
st
ic(
tooh
ardo
rto
osi
mpl
e),
ti
me
b
oun
d(a
vai
l
abl
eti
me)
,cl
ear
lyi
ndi
cat
eth
eta
rge
tpo
pul
ati
ona
ndv
ari
abl
esun
ders
tud
y.

1
.4 Re
sea
rchQue
sti
ons
/Hy
pot
hes
es.Re
sea
rchq
ues
ti
onsa
ndh
ypo
the
sesa
reus
ual
l
yus
ed
a
lte
rna
tiv
ely
.Ar
ese
arc
hque
sti
oni
sano
bje
cti
ver
e-s
tat
edi
nque
sti
onf
orm.Ar
ese
arc
herus
es
r
ese
arc
hque
sti
onswh
enh
eors
hei
sno
tsur
eoft
hep
oss
ibl
eso
lut
io
nst
oth
ere
sea
rchp
rob
lema
nd
t
her
efo
rer
equ
ire
sda
tat
obec
oll
ect
edo
nit
.Th
ere
sea
rchq
ues
ti
onsa
ndt
heo
bje
cti
vess
houl
dbe
s
yst
ema
tic
all
yan
dlo
gic
all
yco
nsi
st
enti
.
e.q
ues
ti
on1s
houl
dco
rre
spo
ndt
oob
jec
ti
ve1
.Th
e
p
hra
sin
gbe
gin
swi
tht
heI
Van
dco
ncl
ude
dwi
thDVi
nak
indo
rrh
eto
rics
tyl
e.F
ore
xamp
lewha
tis
t
her
ela
tio
nshi
pbe
twe
enb
asi
csa
lar
yandmo
ti
vat
io
nofd
ipl
omat
eac
her
sinp
riv
atep
rima
rys
cho
ols
i
nKe
nya
? Ahy
pot
hes
isi
sap
rop
osa
lab
outas
olut
io
ntoap
rob
lem.I
sani
nte
ll
ig
ent
/ed
uca
ted
g
ues
sorat
ent
ati
ves
olut
io
ntoap
rob
lem?Hy
pot
hes
esa
sop
pos
edt
oque
sti
onsa
res
tat
edi
fth
e
r
ese
arc
herh
ass
omei
deao
fth
epo
ssi
bl
eca
use
soft
hep
rob
lemun
deri
nve
sti
gat
io
n,a
ndwa
ntst
o
f
indo
uti
fth
eso
lut
io
nsh
oldun
dert
hes
tat
edc
ir
cums
tan
ceso
rno
t..I
tisr
ema
insl
arg
elyag
ues
s
un
tilf
act
sar
efo
undt
oco
nfi
rmo
rdi
scr
edi
tit
.Th
ewo
rdh
ypo
the
sisi
saGr
eekwo
rdme
ani
ng
‘
gr
oun
dwo
rk’I
tsh
oul
dbet
est
abl
e,p
rec
ise
,in
dic
atet
heI
Van
dth
eDVa
ndt
hei
rre
lat
io
nsh
ip,a
nd
b
ase
dons
omev
ali
dre
aso
nso
rth
eor
yfo
rte
sti
ng.Anul
lhy
pot
hes
is(
H0)s
tat
est
hatt
her
eisn
o
s
tat
is
ti
cal
l
ysi
gni
fi
can
tre
lat
io
nsh
ipb
etwe
ent
hev
ari
abl
esb
ein
gst
udi
edo
rnos
tat
is
ti
cald
iff
ere
nce
wi
l
lbef
oun
dint
heDVd
uet
oex
per
ime
nta
ltr
eat
men
ts.
Ana
lys
tsus
ual
l
yte
stt
ode
ter
min
ewh
eth
er
t
her
eha
sbe
enn
och
ang
eint
hep
opul
ati
ono
fin
ter
esto
rwh
eth
erar
eald
iff
ere
ncee
xis
ts.An
y
r
ela
tio
nsh
ipi
nth
isc
aseo
rdi
ff
ere
nceb
etwe
ent
het
woi
sme
rel
yduet
och
anc
eso
rso
mee
rro
r.
Ex
amp
le:
The
rei
snos
tat
is
ti
cals
igni
fi
cantr
ela
tio
nshi
pbe
twe
enb
asi
csa
lar
yandmo
ti
vat
io
nofd
ipl
oma
t
eac
her
sinp
riv
atep
rima
rys
cho
olsi
nKe
nya
?
The
rei
snos
tat
is
ti
cals
igni
fi
cantd
if
fer
enc
einl
eve
lso
fmo
ti
vat
io
nbe
twe
end
ipl
omat
eac
her
swho
e
arnb
ett
erb
asi
csa
lar
yandt
hos
ewhoe
arnl
essi
npr
iv
atep
rima
rys
cho
olsi
nKe
nya
?
Al
ter
nat
iveDi
rec
ti
onHy
pot
hes
is
I
tisas
tat
eme
ntt
hats
tat
est
hatar
ela
tio
nsh
ipo
rdi
ff
ere
ncee
xis
tsb
etwe
ent
hes
ti
pul
ate
dva
ria
ble
a
ndg
oesf
urt
hert
osp
eci
fyt
hen
atur
eoft
her
ela
tio
nsh
ipo
rdi
ff
ere
nceb
etwe
env
ari
abl
es.Th
is
me
anst
hatt
her
ela
tio
nsh
ipma
ybes
tat
eda
sbe
ingg
rea
tert
han
,le
sst
han
,in
cre
ase
d,d
ecr
eas
ed,
h
igh
ert
han
,lo
wert
hane
tc.Al
ter
nat
iv
ehy
pot
hes
isa
red
eno
teda
s(H1;
).Ex
amp
le:Th
ehi
ghe
rthe
b
asi
csa
lar
y,t
hehi
ghe
rthemo
ti
vat
io
nall
eve
lsa
mongd
ipl
omat
eac
her
sinp
riv
atep
rima
rys
cho
ols
i
nKe
nya
.
Al
ter
nat
iveno
n-d
ire
cti
ona
lhy
pot
hes
is
Th
ist
ypeo
fhy
pot
hes
iss
tat
eth
att
her
eisar
ela
tio
nsh
ipo
rdi
ff
ere
nceb
etwe
ent
hes
ti
pul
ate
d
v
ari
abl
esb
utt
her
ese
arc
herd
oesn
otk
nowt
hen
atur
eofs
uchar
ela
tio
nsh
ipo
rdi
ff
ere
nce
.Th
ese
t
ype
sofh
ypo
the
sisd
oin
dic
atear
ela
tio
nsh
ipo
rdi
ff
ere
nceb
utd
ono
tin
dic
atet
hed
ire
cti
ono
fth
ese
r
ela
tio
nsh
ips
.Fr
omt
hes
ehy
pot
hes
es,
iti
sno
tpo
ssi
bl
etos
aywh
eth
ert
her
ela
tio
nsh
ipi
spo
sit
iv
eor
n
ega
tiv
e.
Ex
amp
le:Th
erei
sst
ati
st
ic
als
igni
fi
cantr
ela
tio
nshi
pbe
twe
enb
asi
csa
lar
yandmo
ti
vat
io
nof
d
ipl
omat
eac
her
sinp
riv
atep
ri
mar
ysc
hoo
lsi
nKe
nya
?
The
rei
sst
ati
st
ic
als
igni
fi
cantd
if
fer
enc
einl
eve
lso
fmo
ti
vat
io
nbe
twe
end
ipl
omat
eac
her
swhoe
arn
b
ett
erb
asi
csa
lar
yandt
hos
ewhoe
arnl
essi
npr
iv
atep
rima
rys
cho
olsi
nKe
nya
?
Asar
uleo
fthet
humb
,ine
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rchn
ullh
ypo
the
sesa
rer
eco
mme
nde
dbe
caus
eth
ey
e
nab
let
her
ese
arc
hert
oap
pro
acht
hes
tud
yfr
oman
eut
ral
poi
nta
ndt
huse
li
min
ati
ngb
ias
.
Asar
uleo
fthet
humb
,H0i
sre
jec
tedi
fth
ep<0.
05(
ift
hec
alc
ula
tedv
aluei
sgr
eat
ert
hant
he
c
ri
ti
calv
alu
e).At
ype1e
rro
risc
ommi
tt
edi
fon
ere
jec
tsan
ullh
ypo
the
sist
hati
sot
her
wis
etr
ue.
S
imi
l
arl
y,at
ype2e
rro
risc
ommi
tt
edi
fon
eac
cep
tsan
ull
hyp
oth
esi
sth
ati
sot
her
wis
efa
lse
.
F
romt
hed
isc
uss
iona
bov
e,ah
ypo
the
sist
hati
sus
edi
nth
ean
aly
seso
fda
tai
sth
est
ati
st
ic
al
h
ypo
the
sis
;wh
il
eth
atwh
ichi
s us
edt
oin
dic
atet
hed
ire
cti
ono
fre
sul
tsi
sca
ll
edt
he
r
ese
arc
h/s
ubs
tant
ivehy
pot
hes
is.
1
.5 As
sump
tio
nso
ftheS
tud
y.Th
isi
sas
upp
osi
ti
ont
hataf
acti
str
ue.
Ina
nyr
ese
arc
hth
erea
re
us
ual
l
yse
ver
alv
ari
abl
est
hatc
anb
est
udi
ed,
butar
ese
arc
hers
ele
ctsaf
ewt
ost
udya
nda
tte
mpt
s
t
oco
ntr
olt
her
est
.Fo
rex
amp
ler
ead
inga
ndun
der
sta
ndi
ngq
ues
ti
onswe
ll
,wh
atmo
ti
vat
io
nen
tai
l
s,
a
ndb
eca
useo
fan
aly
ti
cal
too
lsp
erh
apst
hes
amp
lewi
l
lbeat
ruer
efl
ect
io
noft
hep
opul
ati
on.
1
.6 S
igni
fi
canc
eandJ
ust
if
ic
ati
ono
fthes
tud
y.Th
isi
sth
ere
lev
anc
eoft
hes
tud
yint
ermso
f
a
cad
emi
cco
ntr
ibut
io
nsa
ndp
rac
ti
calus
eth
atmi
ghtb
ema
deo
fth
efi
ndi
ngs
.Iti
sth
eus
age
,
b
ene
fi
ts
,ad
van
tag
esa
ndc
ont
ri
but
io
nso
fth
ere
sea
rcht
oot
herr
ese
arc
her
s,p
rac
ti
ti
one
rsa
ndp
oli
cy
ma
ker
s.
1
.7. TheS
cop
eandLi
mit
ati
onso
ftheS
tud
y.Th
esc
opei
sal
sor
efe
rre
dtoa
sth
ede
li
mit
ati
ons
,
a
ndme
ansad
esc
ri
pt
io
noft
heb
oun
dar
ieso
fth
est
udyi
nte
rmso
fco
nte
nt,me
tho
dol
ogy
,
g
eog
rap
hic
ala
ndt
heo
ret
ic
alc
ove
rag
e,a
ndt
ime
.Li
mit
ati
onsa
reh
ind
ran
ceso
ran
tic
ipa
ted
c
ons
tra
int
sorp
ote
nti
alwe
akn
ess
eso
fth
est
udyi
mpo
sedb
yit
s me
tho
dol
ogy
.Th
eya
re
me
tho
dol
ogi
calwe
akn
ess
esi
nth
est
udyd
esi
gnt
hatma
ylo
weri
tsv
ali
di
tya
ndr
eli
abi
l
ity
.Ti
mea
nd
mo
neya
ren
eve
rint
hems
elv
esl
i
mit
ati
ons
.
1
.8 The
ore
tic
al/
Conc
ept
ualF
rame
wor
k.At
heo
ryi
sas
eto
fpr
ope
rlya
rgue
did
easi
nte
nde
dto
e
xpl
ai
nap
hen
ome
non
.At
heo
ret
ic
alf
rame
wor
kisas
eto
fin
ter
rel
ate
dva
ria
ble
s,d
efi
ni
ti
onsa
nd
p
rop
osi
ti
onst
hatp
res
entas
yst
ema
ticv
iewo
fap
hen
ome
nonb
ysp
eci
fy
ingr
ela
tio
nsa
mon
g
v
ari
abl
esi
nor
dert
oex
pla
ini
ngap
hen
ome
non
.A c
onc
ept
ualf
rame
wor
kisa s
che
mat
ic
p
res
ent
ati
ono
fth
eth
eor
ysh
owi
ngt
her
ela
tio
nsh
ipb
etwe
enc
onc
ept
s/v
ari
abl
es.Th
eIVss
houl
dbe
o
nth
ele
ft,
whi
l
eth
eDVsa
reo
nth
eri
ghta
nds
epa
rat
edb
yth
eEVs
….S
EEF
RAMEWORK

3
.0.
3 CHAPTERTWOLI
TERATUREREVI
EW
Th
isi
sth
esy
ste
mat
ici
den
tif
ic
ati
on,l
oca
tio
n,r
etr
iev
al,a
nal
yse
san
dev
alua
tio
nofd
ocume
nts
r
ela
tedt
oth
ere
sea
rchp
rob
lemb
ein
gin
ves
ti
gat
ed.
2.
0 I
ntr
oduc
ti
on.Th
isi
sth
ena
rra
tiv
eho
ok,b
eca
usei
tpr
ovi
desa
nov
erv
iewo
fth
epr
obl
em
un
ders
tud
yan
din
for
mst
her
ead
era
bouti
ssue
stob
eco
nsi
der
edi
nth
ere
vie
wse
cti
onb
y
d
esc
ri
bi
nga
ndh
igh
li
ght
ingt
hes
pec
if
ici
ssue
stob
ere
vie
wed
.
2.
1 Li
ter
atur
eont
hei
nde
pend
entv
ari
abl
e.Af
tert
hei
ntr
oduc
ti
on,t
her
ese
arc
hers
houl
d
p
roc
eedt
ode
scr
ibel
i
ter
atur
ere
lat
edt
oth
eIVo
fth
est
udy
.Th
usi
far
ese
arc
hers
tat
edf
iv
e
o
bje
cti
ves
,th
eno
nei
sex
pec
tedt
oha
vef
iv
esub
sec
ti
onse
achf
ocus
ingo
nas
ing
leo
bje
cti
vea
s
h
ere
inun
der
2.
1.
1 Ba
sicS
ala
ryo
fTe
ach
ers
2.
1.
2 Ho
usi
ngS
che
meo
fTe
ach
ers
2.
1.
3 He
alt
hSc
hemeo
fTe
ach
ers
2.
1.
4 Pe
nsi
onS
che
meo
fTe
ach
ers
2.
1.
5 S
umma
ry
2.
2 Li
ter
atur
etheDe
pend
entVa
ria
ble
.Th
iss
ect
io
nde
scr
ibe
ssc
hol
arl
yli
te
rat
urer
ela
tedt
oth
e
DV.
Int
hisc
ase
;
2.
2.
1 Mo
ti
vat
io
ninTe
rmso
fRe
por
ti
ngTi
me
2.
2.
2 Mo
ti
vat
io
ninTe
rmso
fDe
par
tur
eTi
me
2.
2.
3 Mo
ti
vat
io
ninTe
rmso
fAb
sen
tee
ism
 2.
2.
4 Mo
ti
vat
io
ninTe
rmso
fAt
ti
tud
eto
war
dst
heS
cho
ol
2.
2.
5 S
umma
ry
2.
3 Li
ter
atur
eont
heRe
lat
ions
hipb
etwe
ent
heDVa
ndt
heI
V.Th
iss
ect
io
nde
scr
ibe
ssc
hol
arl
y
l
i
ter
atur
ere
lat
edt
oth
ere
lat
io
nsh
ipb
etwe
ent
heDVa
ndI
V.I
nth
isc
ase
;
2.
3.
1 Ba
sics
ala
rya
ndMo
ti
vat
io
nofTe
ach
ers
2.
3.
2 Ho
usi
nga
ndMo
ti
vat
io
nofTe
ach
ers
2.
3.
3 He
alt
hSc
hemea
ndMo
ti
vat
io
nofTe
ach
ers
2.
3.
4 Pe
nsi
onS
che
mea
ndMo
ti
vat
io
nofTe
ach
ers
2.
3.
5 S
umma
ry

I
mpo
rta
nceo
fLi
ter
atur
eRe
vie
w.
)
i) I
the
lpst
her
ese
arc
hert
ode
ter
min
ewh
ath
asa
lre
adyb
eend
onewh
ichi
sre
lat
edt
oth
e
r
ese
arc
hpr
obl
emi
nor
dert
oav
oidd
upl
i
cat
io
ns.
)
ii
) I
tre
vea
lst
oth
ere
sea
rch
ert
hes
tra
teg
ies
,pr
oce
dur
esa
ndi
nst
rume
ntst
hath
aveb
eenf
o
undus
efuli
nin
ves
ti
gat
ingt
hep
rob
lemi
nque
sti
ona
ndh
enc
eav
oidmi
st
ake
sdo
neb
y
p
rev
iousr
ese
arc
her
s.
)
ii
i) I
tist
hro
ughLRt
hatt
her
ese
arc
heri
sab
let
oin
ter
pre
tth
ere
sul
tso
fth
est
udya
ndd
isc
u
s
sth
emi
nte
rmso
fwh
eth
ert
heys
upp
orto
rco
ntr
astp
rev
iousf
ind
ing
s.
)
iv
) I
tist
hro
ughLRt
hato
nisa
blet
ode
mon
str
ateg
apsi
nex
ist
ingl
i
ter
atur
eino
rde
rtoq
ual
i
fyt
hes
tud
y.
)
v) Th
eLRh
elp
sth
ere
sea
rch
ert
ojus
ti
fyt
her
ele
van
cea
ndt
hen
eedf
ort
hep
rop
ose
dre
se
a
rch
.

3
.0. CHAPTERTHREERES
EARCHDES
IGNANDMETHODOLOGY
Th
isc
hap
terp
res
ent
sa d
eta
il
edd
esc
ri
pt
io
noft
her
ese
arc
hde
sig
n,s
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
ues
,
i
nst
rume
nta
tio
nan
dda
taa
nal
ysi
ste
chn
ique
s.I
tco
mpr
is
eso
fva
rio
uss
ubs
ect
io
nswh
icha
re
us
ual
l
ypr
ese
nte
dint
heo
rde
rbe
low:
3
.1 Re
sea
rchDe
sig
n.Th
iss
ect
io
nde
scr
ib
est
hep
att
ernt
hatt
her
ese
arc
hin
ten
dst
ofo
ll
ow,
p
lano
rst
rat
egyf
orc
ond
uct
ingr
ese
arc
h.Th
erea
ret
wo ma
ins
tra
teg
ies
:qua
li
tat
iv
ean
d
q
uan
tit
ati
ves
tra
teg
ies
.Wi
thi
nth
esea
res
eve
rald
if
fer
entr
ese
arc
hde
sig
nse
.gs
urv
ey,
eth
nog
rap
hy,
h
ist
ori
cal
etc
3
.2 S
tud
yPo
pul
ati
on.Th
isr
efe
rst
oth
eto
taln
umb
ero
fsub
jec
ts,o
rth
eto
tale
nvi
ron
men
tof
i
nte
res
ttot
her
ese
arc
her
.Itc
oul
dei
the
rbet
het
arg
eto
rac
ces
sib
lep
opul
ati
on.
3
.3 S
amp
li
nga
ndS
amp
li
ngPr
oce
dur
es.Att
hiss
tag
eth
ere
sea
rch
erp
rov
ide
sin
for
mat
io
nof
t
hes
amp
lei
nte
rmso
fnumb
ersa
ndc
har
act
eri
st
ic
s.I
tsh
oul
dde
mon
str
ateh
owt
hes
amp
les
ize
wa
sde
ter
min
ed.I
tal
sog
ive
sad
esc
ri
pt
io
noft
hes
tra
teg
ieswh
icht
her
ese
arc
herwi
l
lus
etos
ele
ct
r
esp
ond
ent
sfr
omt
hep
opul
ati
on.
Itc
oul
dei
the
rbep
rob
abi
l
ityo
rno
npr
oba
bil
i
tys
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
ue,
b
utt
her
ese
arc
hermus
tpr
ovi
deaj
ust
if
ic
ati
onf
ora
nys
amp
li
ngt
ech
niq
uec
hos
en.
3
.4 Re
sea
rchI
nst
rume
nts
.Att
hiss
tag
eth
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
dde
scr
ibep
rec
ise
lyh
owr
ese
arc
h
d
atawi
l
lbeo
bta
ine
d,a
ndt
her
efo
red
esc
ri
besr
ese
arc
hin
str
ume
ntsa
ndd
atac
oll
ect
io
npr
oce
dur
es.
Th
isr
efe
rst
oth
eto
olst
obeus
edf
orc
oll
ect
ingd
ataa
ndh
owt
hos
eto
olsh
aveb
eend
eve
lop
ed.
The
mo
stp
opul
ari
nst
rume
ntsf
ord
atac
oll
ect
io
nine
duc
ati
ona
lre
sea
rcha
req
ues
ti
onn
air
es,
int
erv
iews
,
o
bse
rva
tio
ns,a
ndd
ocume
nta
nal
ysi
s.Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
dde
mon
str
atet
hes
uit
abi
l
ityo
fth
e
i
nst
rume
ntf
ort
hes
tud
y.Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
dha
ves
uff
ic
ien
tkn
owl
edg
eoft
hev
ari
oust
ool
sfo
r
c
oll
ect
ingd
ataa
nde
spe
cia
ll
yth
eirme
ani
ngs
,pur
pos
es,a
dva
nta
gesa
ndwe
akn
ess
esi
npa
rti
cul
ar
c
ir
cums
tan
ces
.
3
.4.
1 Que
sti
onna
ire
s.Th
eya
rec
ommo
nlyus
edt
oob
tai
nimp
ort
anti
nfo
rma
tio
nab
outt
he
p
opul
ati
on,wh
ere
bye
achi
te
mint
heq
ues
ti
onn
air
eisd
eve
lop
edt
oad
dre
ssas
pec
if
ico
bje
cti
ve,
r
ese
arc
hque
sti
ono
rhy
pot
hes
isi
nas
tud
y.Th
eque
sti
onsc
oul
dei
the
rbec
los
ede
nde
d,o
pene
nde
d
q
ues
ti
ons
,co
nti
nge
ncy
,orma
tri
xque
sti
ons
.Th
eLi
ker
tty
pes
cal
eist
hemo
stc
ommo
nlyus
ed
r
ati
ngs
cal
e.
)
a)S
truc
tur
ed/
Clo
sede
nde
d.Th
ist
ypeo
fit
emsr
efe
rtoq
ues
ti
onswh
icha
rea
cco
mpa
nie
dbya
l
i
sto
fal
lpo
ssi
bl
eal
ter
nat
iv
esf
romwh
ichr
esp
ond
ent
sse
lec
tth
ean
swe
rth
atb
estd
esc
ri
be
st
hei
rsi
tua
tio
n.Be
caus
eitma
yno
tbeh
uma
nlyp
oss
ibl
etoe
xha
usta
llt
hep
oss
ibl
eal
ter
na
t
iv
es,
iti
scus
toma
ryt
oin
clud
eac
ate
gor
yof“
oth
er”t
ota
kec
areo
fal
ter
nat
iv
est
hatma
yn
o
tfi
tint
hec
ate
gor
iesp
rov
ide
d.E.
g.wh
icht
ypeo
fph
oned
oyo
uus
e?S
mar
tPh
one()
,Ba
s
i
cPh
one()
,Ta
ble
t()Ot
her()
)
b)Uns
truc
tur
ed/
Ope
nend
ed.Th
isr
efe
rst
oque
sti
onswh
ichg
ivet
her
esp
ond
entc
omp
let
efr
e
e
domo
fre
spo
nse
.Th
eamo
unto
fsp
acei
sag
oodi
ndi
cat
oro
fwh
eth
erab
rie
forl
eng
thya
ns
we
risd
esi
red
.E.
g.wh
icht
ypeo
fph
oned
oyo
uus
e?
)
c)Co
nti
nge
ncyQue
sti
ons
.Inp
art
ic
ula
rca
ses
,ce
rta
inq
ues
ti
onsa
rea
ppl
i
cab
let
oce
rta
ing
rou
po
fre
spo
nde
nts
.Ins
uchc
ase
s,f
ol
lo
w-upq
ues
ti
onsa
ren
eed
edt
oge
tfur
the
rin
for
mat
io
nfr
 o
mth
ere
lev
ants
ub-
gro
upo
nlye
gha
vey
oue
verv
ote
dinap
oli
ti
cal
ele
cti
onYe
s()No()
,
i
fye
s,h
owma
nyt
ime
sha
vey
ouv
ote
dOn
ce()2-
4ti
mes()5-
10t
ime
s()Ov
er1
0ti
m
e
s()
)
d)Ma
tri
xQue
sti
ons
.Th
esea
req
ues
ti
onswh
ichs
har
eth
esa
mes
eto
fre
spo
nsec
ate
gor
iesa
n
da
rema
inl
yonal
i
ker
tty
peo
fsc
ale
.Egh
ows
ati
sf
ie
dar
eyo
uwi
thy
our
a
.Fi
nan
cia
lst
atus 1
2345
b
.Qua
li
tyo
fli
fe1
2345
c
.Ab
il
it
ytos
ave1
2345
Ke
y1e
xtr
eme
lyd
iss
ati
sf
ie
d…….
.5e
xtr
eme
lys
ati
sf
ie
d
Ad
vant
age
sofus
ingQue
sti
onna
ire
1
.Th
eyc
anb
eus
edt
ore
achma
nyp
eop
le.
2.
Sav
eti
me,
esp
eci
al
lywh
eret
heyh
aveb
eenma
il
edt
ore
spo
nde
nts
.
3
.Co
ste
ffe
cti
veg
ive
nth
eyc
anb
ema
il
eda
ndo
nec
ana
voi
dus
ingi
nte
rvi
ewe
rs.
4.
Que
sti
onsa
res
tan
dar
diz
eda
ndt
her
efo
ret
her
esp
ons
esa
rel
i
kel
ytob
eth
esa
me.
5.
Int
erv
iewe
rbi
ase
sca
nbea
voi
dedwh
enq
ues
ti
onn
air
esa
rema
il
ed.
6
.Th
eyg
iveag
rea
terf
eel
i
ngo
fbe
inga
non
ymo
usa
ndt
her
efo
ree
nco
ura
geo
penr
esp
ons
est
o
s
ens
it
iv
eque
sti
ons
.
7.
Eff
ect
iv
einr
eac
hin
gdi
st
antl
oca
tio
nswh
erei
tisn
otp
rac
ti
cal
tog
oth
ere
.
Di
sad
vant
age
s
1
.Que
sti
onn
air
ema
il
edt
ore
spo
nde
ntsma
yno
tber
etur
ned
.
2.Th
ein
abi
l
ityt
oco
ntr
olt
hec
ont
exto
fque
sti
onsa
nswe
rin
gan
dsp
eci
fi
cal
l
yth
epr
ese
nceo
fot
her
p
eop
lewh
oma
yfi
l
lth
eque
sti
onn
air
e(Noc
ont
rol
ove
rwh
oco
mpl
ete
sit
)
3
.Ac
ert
ainn
umb
ero
fpo
ten
tia
lre
spo
nde
nts
,pa
rti
cul
arl
yth
ele
aste
duc
ate
dma
ybeun
abl
eto
r
esp
ondt
owr
it
tenq
ues
ti
onn
air
esb
eca
useo
fil
l
ite
rac
yan
dot
herd
iff
ic
ult
ie
sinr
ead
ing
.
4.Wr
it
tenq
ues
ti
onn
air
esd
ono
tal
l
owt
her
ese
arc
her
stoc
orr
ectmi
sun
der
sta
ndi
ngo
ran
swe
r
q
ues
ti
onst
hatt
her
esp
ond
entma
yha
ve.
5.
Sour
ceq
ues
ti
onna
irema
yber
etur
nedha
lff
il
le
doruna
nswe
red
.
3
.4.
2 I
nte
rvi
ews
.Th
isi
sano
rala
dmi
ni
st
rat
io
nofaq
ues
ti
onn
air
eora
nin
ter
vie
wsc
hed
ule
.
Be
caus
eth
ist
ech
niq
uei
nvo
lve
sfa
cet
ofa
cee
nco
unt
ers
,ar
ese
arc
hern
eed
stoo
bta
inma
ximum
c
oop
era
tio
nfr
omr
esp
ond
ent
s.
Ad
vant
age
sofI
nte
rvi
ews
 )
a)Th
eyp
rov
idei
n-d
ept
hda
tawh
ichi
sno
tpo
ssi
bl
etog
etus
ingaq
ues
ti
onn
air
e.
)
b)Th
eyg
uar
dag
ain
stc
onf
usi
ngq
ues
ti
onss
inc
eth
ein
ter
vie
werc
anc
lar
if
yth
em.
)
c)Th
eya
ref
le
xib
lea
nda
ll
owt
her
ese
arc
hert
oad
aptt
oth
esi
tua
tio
nan
dco
ll
ecta
smu
chi
nfo
r
mat
io
n.
)
d)Ve
ryp
ers
ona
lan
dse
nsi
ti
vei
nfo
rma
tio
nca
nbee
xtr
act
edt
hro
ughh
one
sta
ndp
ers
ona
lin
ter
a
cti
ono
nth
epur
pos
eoft
her
ese
arc
h.
)
e)Th
ere
sea
rch
erc
ang
etmo
rei
nfo
rma
tio
nbyus
eofp
rob
ingq
ues
ti
ons
.
)
f)Th
eyl
eadt
ohi
ghe
rre
spo
nser
ate
sbe
caus
eiti
sna
tur
all
ydi
ff
ic
ultf
orar
esp
ond
entt
oco
mpl
e
tel
yre
fus
etoa
nswe
rque
sti
ons
.
)
g)S
eri
ousa
ppr
oac
hbyr
esp
ond
entr
esul
ti
ngi
nac
cur
atei
nfo
rma
tio
n.
)
h)Go
odr
esp
ons
era
te.
)
i)Co
mpl
et
eda
ndi
mme
dia
te.
)
j)Po
ssi
bl
ein
-de
pthq
ues
ti
ons
.
)
k)I
nte
rvi
ewe
rinc
ont
rol
andc
ang
iveh
elpi
fth
erei
sap
rob
lem.
)
l)Ca
nin
ves
ti
gat
emo
ti
vesa
ndf
eel
i
ngs
.
)
m)Ca
nus
ere
cor
din
geq
uip
men
t.
)
n)Ch
ara
cte
ris
ti
cso
fre
spo
nde
nta
sse
sse
d–t
oneo
fvo
ice
,fa
cia
lex
pre
ssi
on,
hes
it
ati
on,
etc
.
)
o)Ca
nus
epr
ops
.
)
p)I
fon
ein
ter
vie
werus
ed,
uni
fo
rmi
tyo
fap
pro
ach
.

Di
sad
vant
age
sofI
nte
rvi
ews
)
a)Th
eya
ree
xpe
nsi
veb
eca
user
ese
arc
her
sha
vet
otr
ave
ltome
etr
esp
ond
ent
s.
)
b)I
nte
rvi
ewi
ngr
equi
resah
ighl
eve
lofs
kil
l
,pe
rha
psy
ett
obea
cqui
redb
yan
ovi
cer
ese
arc
her
.
)
c)I
nte
rvi
ewsg
ene
ral
l
yin
vol
ves
mal
l
ers
amp
lesb
eca
uset
heya
ret
imec
ons
umi
ng.
)
d)I
nin
ter
vie
ws,
ther
esp
ons
esa
rei
nfl
uen
cedb
yth
ere
spo
nde
nts
’vi
ewo
fth
ere
sea
rch
ers
’imp
r
ess
ion
.
)
e)Th
eya
res
ubj
ectt
obi
asa
nds
ubj
ect
iv
it
yfr
omt
hei
nte
rvi
ewe
r.
)
f)Emb
arr
ass
men
tpo
ssi
bl
eifp
ers
ona
lque
sti
onsa
reus
ed.
3
.4.
3 Ob
ser
vat
ion.I
nth
isme
tho
dar
ese
arc
herus
esa
nob
ser
vat
io
nch
eck
li
stt
ore
cor
dwh
at
h
e/s
heo
bse
rve
sdur
ingd
atac
oll
ect
io
n.Th
isme
tho
dbr
idg
est
heg
apb
etwe
enwh
atp
eop
les
ayt
hey
d
oan
dwh
att
heya
ctua
ll
ydo
.
3
.4.
4 Do
cume
ntAna
lys
is.Th
isi
nvo
lve
scr
it
ic
ale
xami
nat
io
nofp
ubl
i
can
dpr
iva
ter
eco
rde
d
i
nfo
rma
tio
nre
lat
edt
oth
eis
sueun
deri
nve
sti
gat
io
n.I
tisus
edt
oob
tai
nun
obt
rus
ive(
note
asi
l
y
n
oti
ced
)in
for
mat
io
natt
hep
lea
sur
eoft
her
ese
arc
herwi
tho
uti
nte
rrup
ti
ngt
her
ese
arc
hed
.
3
.5 Qua
li
tyCo
ntr
ol.Co
ntr
oll
i
ngq
ual
i
tyi
sab
oute
nsur
inga
cce
pta
blel
eve
lso
fva
li
di
tya
nd
r
eli
abi
l
it
yoft
hes
tud
yth
roug
hpr
ope
rco
ntr
olo
fex
tra
neo
usv
ari
abl
es.
3
.5.
1 Re
li
abi
l
ity
.Th
isi
same
asur
eoft
hed
egr
eet
owh
ichar
ese
arc
hin
str
ume
nty
iel
dsc
ons
ist
ent
r
esul
tsa
fte
rre
pea
tedt
ri
al
s.I
tisf
und
ame
nta
ll
yco
nce
rne
dwi
thi
ssue
sofc
ons
ist
enc
yofme
asur
es
o
vert
ime
.Its
eek
stod
emo
nst
rat
eth
att
heo
per
ati
onso
fas
tud
ysuc
hasd
atac
oll
ect
io
npr
oce
dur
es,
i
fre
pea
tedwi
l
lle
adt
ore
sul
tss
imi
l
art
oth
oseo
bta
ine
dint
heo
rig
ina
lst
udy
.Th
eer
ror
sma
ybea
s
ar
esul
tofi
nac
cur
atec
odi
ng,a
mbi
guo
usi
nst
ruc
ti
ont
oth
esub
jec
ts,i
nte
rvi
ewe
rs/
int
erv
iewe
es
f
ati
gue
,et
c.Th
erea
red
iff
ere
ntme
tho
dso
fas
ses
sin
gre
li
abi
l
ityo
fre
sea
rchi
nst
rume
nts
(
a)Te
st-
Ret
estt
echni
que
.Th
isi
nvo
lve
sad
min
ist
eri
ngt
hes
amei
nst
rume
ntt
wic
etot
hes
ame
g
rou
pofs
ubj
ect
s.Asar
uleo
fth
eth
umb
,th
epi
l
ots
tud
ygr
oupmus
tne
verp
art
ic
ipa
tei
nth
eac
tua
l
s
tud
y.Th
erei
sus
ual
l
yat
imel
aps
eofa
boutt
hre
ewe
eksb
etwe
ent
hef
ir
stt
esta
ndt
hes
eco
ndt
est
.
Th
ere
sul
tso
fth
esc
ore
sfr
omb
otht
est
ingp
eri
odsa
ret
henc
orr
ela
teda
ndac
oef
fi
ci
ento
fre
li
abi
l
ity
i
sob
tai
ned
.Af
ig
ureo
fab
ove0.
60a
nda
bov
ewi
l
lbeu
seda
sat
humbr
ulea
ndab
enc
hma
rkl
eve
l
t
ode
not
eana
cce
pta
blel
eve
lofs
tab
il
it
yoft
hei
nst
rume
nts(
Bry
man
,2004)
.
(
b)S
pli
t-
Hal
fTe
chni
que
.Th
isi
nvo
lveo
net
est
ings
ess
ion
,th
ena
tra
ndo
mdi
vi
det
hes
cor
edi
te
ms
i
ntot
wog
roup
sora
lte
rna
tiv
elyg
roupo
ddn
umb
erst
oge
the
ran
dev
enn
umb
erst
oge
the
ran
d
c
omp
utee
achr
esp
ond
ent
sto
tals
cor
efr
omt
het
wog
roup
san
dco
rre
lat
eth
esc
ore
sfr
omt
het
wo
g
rou
pso
fit
emsf
ora
llr
esp
ond
ent
s.
3
.5.
2 Va
li
di
ty
.Th
isi
sth
eac
cur
acyo
fan
dme
ani
ngf
uln
esso
fin
fer
enc
eswh
icha
reb
ase
dont
he
r
esul
ts
.Iti
sth
ede
gre
etowh
icha
nin
str
ume
ntme
asur
eswh
ati
tisd
esi
gne
dtome
asur
e.I
tha
sto
d
owi
thh
owa
ccur
ate
lyt
hed
atao
bta
ine
dint
hes
tud
yre
pre
sen
tst
hev
ari
abl
eso
fth
est
udy
.
Thr
eat
sandCo
mmo
nEf
fec
tsRe
lat
edt
otheRe
sea
rchPr
oce
ss.
)
a)TheHa
wtho
rneEf
fec
t.Th
isr
efe
rst
osi
tua
tio
nwh
eres
ubj
ect
’sa
war
ene
sso
fbe
ings
tud
ied
mo
ti
vat
est
hemt
ope
rfo
rmb
ett
er.Th
eme
rep
res
enc
eoft
her
ese
arc
herma
yin
duc
een
thus
i
a
sma
mon
gth
ere
spo
nde
nts
.Th
isi
ses
pec
ial
l
yst
ron
gwh
eret
her
ese
arc
heri
sre
qui
redt
oo
b
ser
vet
hes
ubj
ect
sdur
ingt
hes
tud
y.Th
eph
ysi
calp
res
enc
eoft
her
ese
arc
herma
yal
tert
he
s
ubj
ect
s’b
eha
vio
ran
dth
ere
sul
tswo
uldt
her
efo
reb
ein
val
i
d.I
two
uldb
eap
pro
pri
atet
ous
e
h
idd
enc
ame
rast
oob
ser
vet
heb
eha
vio
rofs
ubj
ect
sbutt
hes
ubj
ect
smus
tbei
nfo
rme
daf
ter
 t
hes
tud
y.(
Per
for
man
ceo
nex
per
ime
nta
lgr
oup
).
)
b)ThePl
ace
boEf
fec
t.Th
isi
sge
ner
all
yfo
undi
nme
dic
alr
ese
arc
h,wh
ere
bya
nyd
ruga
dmi
ni
st
e
redt
oag
roupo
fpa
tie
ntsh
ast
woe
ffe
cts
;th
ech
emi
cale
ffe
cta
ndt
hep
syc
hol
ogi
cale
ffe
ct.
Ap
lac
eboi
sac
hemi
cal
l
yin
act
iv
esub
sta
nce
,wh
ichh
ast
hes
amec
olo
ran
dta
stea
sth
etr
u
ed
rug
.Ev
eni
fth
edr
ugi
sno
tef
fec
ti
ve(
cha
lk)
,so
mes
ubj
ect
swi
l
lsh
ows
omei
mpr
ove
men
t
d
uet
oth
eme
rea
cto
fta
kin
gth
edr
ug.I
nre
sea
rch
,ha
lfo
fth
epa
tie
ntswo
uldb
egi
vent
he
a
cti
ved
rug
,an
dth
eco
ntr
olg
roupi
sgi
venap
lac
ebo
,ift
her
eiss
ign
ifi
can
tdi
ff
ere
nceb
etwe
e
nt
hes
etwog
roup
s,t
hen
ewd
rugwo
uldb
esa
idt
oha
ves
ign
ifi
can
tef
fec
tso
nth
edi
sea
se.
E
v
enwi
thp
lac
ebo
s,t
her
ese
arc
her
s’e
xpe
cta
tio
nsma
yin
flue
ncet
her
esul
ts
,int
hath
e/s
hew
i
l
lta
kep
art
ic
ula
rat
ten
tio
nan
dca
ref
ulme
asur
eme
ntswh
end
eal
i
ngwi
tht
hee
xpe
rime
nta
l
g
roupa
sop
pos
edt
oth
eco
ntr
olg
roup
.Th
eob
ser
vera
ndt
hes
ubj
ect
ssh
oul
dne
verk
nowwh
oi
sta
kin
gth
epl
ace
boa
ndwh
oisn
ot.
(Pe
rfo
rma
nceo
nbo
th)
.
)
c)J
ohnHe
nryEf
fec
t.I
tisas
it
uat
io
nwh
eret
hec
ont
rolg
roupp
erf
ormsmuc
hhi
ghe
rth
ani
tsu
s
uala
ver
ages
imp
lyb
eca
uset
hes
ubj
ect
sar
epl
ace
dinac
omp
eti
ti
vep
osi
ti
onwi
tht
hee
xpe
r
ime
nta
lgr
oup
.Fo
rex
amp
les
tud
ent
sus
ingo
rdi
nar
yle
ctur
eme
tho
dco
uldwo
rkmuc
hha
rde
rb
eca
uset
heyd
ono
twa
ntt
obeo
uts
hon
ebyt
hos
eus
ingc
omp
ute
rs.
Thi
sef
fec
tma
ybeap
r
obl
emi
nst
udi
eswh
eren
ewt
ech
niq
ues
,pr
ogr
amme
s,e
qui
pme
nt,
mac
hin
ese
tca
reb
ein
gt
e
ste
dwi
thav
iewo
fre
pla
cin
gth
eex
ist
ings
yst
em.
(Pe
rfo
rma
nceo
nco
ntr
olg
roup
).
)
d)TheHa
loEf
fec
t.I
tre
fer
stoas
it
uat
io
nwh
eret
her
ese
arc
her
’sr
ati
ngsa
rei
nfl
uen
cedb
yhi
s
o
rhe
rin
iti
ali
mpr
ess
iono
fth
esub
jec
t.Ar
ese
arc
her
sra
tin
gofap
art
ic
ula
rsub
jec
tma
ybei
n
flue
nce
dbyh
iso
rhe
rkn
owl
edg
eoft
hes
ubj
ect
’
spr
evi
ousp
erf
orma
nceo
nan
oth
erv
ari
abl
e
)
e)Hi
st
ory
/Ma
tur
ati
on.F
req
uen
tlyi
ned
uca
tio
nalr
ese
arc
h,e
ven
tso
the
rth
ant
hee
xpe
rime
nta
l
t
rea
tme
ntso
ccurd
uri
ngt
het
imeb
etwe
enp
ret
esta
ndp
ostt
esto
bse
rva
tio
ns.S
uche
ven
ts
c
anmi
st
ake
nlyb
eat
tr
ib
ute
dtot
hed
if
fer
enc
esi
ntr
eat
men
t.
)
f)S
tat
is
ti
calRe
gre
ssi
on.
Thi
ssi
mpl
yme
anst
hats
ubj
ect
ssc
ori
ngh
igh
esto
nap
ret
esta
rel
i
ke
l
ytos
cor
ere
lat
iv
elyl
owe
ronap
ostt
esta
ndv
icev
ers
a.I
nsh
ort
,i
npr
ete
stp
ostt
ests
it
uat
i
o
ns,
the
rei
sat
end
enc
yfo
rsc
ore
stor
egr
esst
owa
rdst
heme
an.
)
g)I
nst
rume
nta
tio
n.Un
rel
i
abl
ein
str
ume
ntsc
ani
ntr
oduc
ese
rio
use
rro
rsi
ntoe
xpe
rime
nts
)
h)S
ele
cti
on.Bi
asma
ybei
ntr
oduc
eda
sar
esul
tofd
iff
ere
nce
sint
hes
ele
cti
ono
fsub
jec
tsf
ort
h
eco
mpa
ris
ong
roupo
rwh
eni
nta
ctc
las
sesa
ree
mpl
oye
dase
xpe
rime
nta
lorc
ont
rol
gro
up.
 )
i)Ex
per
ime
nta
lMo
rta
li
ty
.Th
elo
sso
fsub
jec
tsma
yoc
curi
nlo
ngr
unn
ings
tud
iesa
ndma
yha
v
eco
nfo
und
inge
ffe
ctso
nth
est
udyv
ari
abl
es.Wh
ere
ast
hei
ni
ti
alg
roupma
yha
veb
eenr
an
d
oml
yse
lec
ted
,th
ere
sid
uet
hats
tay
sth
eco
urs
eisl
i
kel
ytob
edi
ff
ere
ntf
romt
heun
bia
sed
s
amp
let
hatb
ega
nit
.

3
.6 Da
taCo
ll
ect
ionPr
oce
dur
es.I
nth
iss
ect
io
nth
ere
sea
rch
erd
esc
ri
besh
owd
atawi
l
lbe
c
oll
ect
edb
yus
ingt
hei
nst
rume
ntsd
esc
ri
beda
bov
e.Th
isp
roc
edur
esi
ncl
udes
elfa
dmi
ni
st
ere
d
q
ues
ti
onn
air
es,
res
ear
che
rad
min
ist
ere
dque
sti
onn
air
es,
useo
fin
ter
net
.
3
.7 Da
taAna
lys
is.Th
iss
ect
io
nde
alswi
tht
heo
rga
niz
ati
on,i
nte
rpr
eta
tio
nan
dpr
ese
nta
tio
nof
c
oll
ect
edd
ata
.Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
dho
wheo
rsh
ewi
l
lra
wda
tac
oll
ect
edi
ntous
eab
les
izea
nd
ma
keme
ani
ngo
uto
fth
eda
ta.
Thi
sisd
onet
hro
ughd
esc
ri
pt
iv
ean
din
fer
ent
ial
ana
lys
iso
fda
ta.
3
.7.
1 De
scr
ipt
iveAna
lys
is.Th
isr
efe
rst
oth
eus
eofme
asur
eso
fce
ntr
alt
end
enc
iess
ucha
s
me
an,me
dia
n,a
ndmo
de,a
ndme
asur
eso
fdi
spe
rsi
ons
ucha
sra
nge
,qua
rti
l
ede
via
tio
n,s
tan
dar
d
d
evi
ati
ona
ndv
ari
anc
etod
esc
ri
beag
roupo
fsub
jec
ts.
3
.7.
2 I
nfe
rent
ialS
tat
is
ti
cs.Th
isr
efe
rst
oth
eus
eofv
ari
ouss
tat
is
ti
cala
ppl
i
cat
io
nst
odr
aw
c
onc
lus
ion
sco
nce
rni
ngt
her
ela
tio
nsh
ipsa
ndd
if
fer
enc
esf
oun
dinr
ese
arc
hre
sul
tse
.g.s
tud
entt
-
t
est
,Co
rre
lat
io
n(r
),ANOVA(
Fte
st)
,Ch
i-S
qua
re(
X2)
,an
dRe
gre
ssi
onAn
aly
sis(
R)
3
.8 Et
hic
alCo
nsi
der
ati
ons(
Res
ear
chPr
oto
col
s).De
spi
tet
heh
ighv
alueo
fkn
owl
edg
ega
ine
d
t
hro
ughr
ese
arc
h,k
nowl
edg
eca
nno
tbep
urs
ueda
tth
eex
pen
seo
fhuma
ndi
gni
ty
.Ar
ese
arc
her
s
houl
dde
scr
ibeh
owe
thi
cal
req
uir
eme
ntswi
l
lbeup
hel
dint
hes
tud
y.
3
.8.
1 I
nfo
rme
dCo
nse
nt.Th
ere
spo
nde
ntsmus
tma
ket
hei
rde
cis
iont
opa
rti
ci
pat
eint
hes
tud
y
b
ase
dona
deq
uat
ekn
owl
edg
eoft
hes
tud
y.Th
ere
spo
nde
ntss
houl
dth
ere
for
ebei
nfo
rme
dab
out
t
hep
roc
edur
eso
fth
est
udyi
nwh
icht
heya
reb
ein
gas
kedt
opa
rti
ci
pat
e.Th
efi
rs
tco
mpo
nen
tis
d
isc
los
ure
,wh
ere
byt
her
ese
arc
hera
deq
uat
elyi
nfo
rmsa
llr
ese
arc
hpa
rti
ci
pan
tso
nth
ena
tur
ean
d
p
urp
oseo
fth
ere
sea
rch
,th
epr
oce
dur
est
obeus
ed,t
hee
xpe
cte
dbe
nef
it
stot
hep
art
ic
ipa
ntsa
nd
o
the
rin
sti
tut
io
nsi
nge
ner
al.Th
isc
ons
ents
houl
dbes
oug
hto
ral
l
yfr
omt
hep
art
ic
ipa
ntsb
yth
e
r
ese
arc
her
.Th
ese
con
dco
mpo
nen
tin
vol
vesun
der
sta
ndi
ng,wh
ere
byt
her
ese
arc
here
nsur
est
hat
t
hep
art
ic
ipa
ntsun
der
sta
ndt
hen
atur
ean
dpur
pos
eoft
her
ese
arc
han
dsh
oul
dgi
vea
llp
art
ic
ipa
nts
o
ppo
rtun
ityt
oas
kque
sti
onsa
ndt
her
ese
arc
herr
esp
ond
stot
hem.Th
eth
irdc
omp
one
ntd
eal
swi
th
v
olun
tar
ine
ss,
andi
nth
isc
aset
her
esp
ond
ent
’
sco
nse
ntt
opa
rti
ci
pat
eint
hes
tud
yisv
olun
tar
y,f
ree
o
fco
erc
iono
rpr
omi
seso
fbe
nef
it
sfo
rth
eirp
art
ic
ipa
tio
n.Th
efo
urt
hco
mpo
nen
tisa
bout
c
omp
ete
nce
,an
dhe
ret
her
ese
arc
hers
houl
den
sur
eth
att
her
esp
ond
ent
sar
eco
mpe
ten
t.I
ffo
r
s
omer
eas
onap
ote
nti
alp
art
ic
ipa
nth
ada
neme
rge
ncyt
oat
ten
dto
,th
ere
sea
rch
erma
yra
ndo
mly
s
ele
cta
nal
ter
nat
iv
epa
rti
ci
pan
ttor
esp
ondt
oth
ein
str
ume
nts
.
3
.8.
2 Pr
iva
cya
ndCo
nfi
den
tia
li
ty
.

Th
ese
con
det
hic
ali
ssuei
sab
outp
ri
vac
yan
dco
nfi
den
tia
li
ty
.Pr
iva
cyh
ast
odowi
tht
hef
actt
hat
r
esp
ond
ent
sha
vear
igh
ttok
eepf
rom t
hep
ubl
i
cce
rta
ini
nfo
rma
tio
nab
outt
hems
elv
es.
Co
nfi
den
tia
li
tyh
ast
odowi
tht
hir
dpa
rtya
cce
sst
oth
eda
tac
oll
ect
ed,wi
tho
utc
ons
ento
fth
e
r
esp
ond
ent
.Th
ere
sea
rch
ers
houl
den
sur
eth
atp
ri
vac
yan
dco
nfi
den
tia
li
tyi
sva
li
dl
yma
int
ain
edb
y
i
nst
ruc
ti
ngt
her
esp
ond
ent
sno
ttoi
ndi
cat
eth
eirn
ame
sort
hos
eoft
hei
rin
sti
tut
io
nsa
nywh
erei
n
t
heq
ues
ti
onn
air
es.

3
.8.
3 Ano
nymi
ty
.

Al
lpa
rti
ci
pan
tsi
nre
sea
rchh
avet
her
ig
htt
ore
mai
nan
ony
mous
,be
caus
eth
eiri
ndi
vi
dua
lid
ent
it
ie
s
a
ren
ots
ali
entf
eat
ure
sint
hes
tud
y.

3
.8.
4 J
ust
ic
e.

J
ust
ic
eisa
net
hic
alp
rin
cip
let
hatd
ema
ndse
qui
tab
les
ele
cti
ono
fpa
rti
ci
pan
ts.Th
ere
sea
rch
er
s
houl
den
sur
eth
atj
ust
ic
eise
nha
nce
dth
roug
hra
ndo
mse
lec
ti
onr
esp
ond
ent
stop
art
ic
ipa
tei
nth
e
s
tud
y.

3
.8.
5 Re
sea
rche
r’sRe
spo
nsi
bi
li
ty
.

Re
sea
rch
ermus
tber
esp
ons
ibl
e,o
fgo
odi
nte
gri
tya
ndr
ema
ins
ens
it
iv
etoh
uma
ndi
gni
tya
ndwe
ll
me
ani
ngt
oth
ein
ten
tio
nso
fth
est
udy
.

3
.9 Re
fer
enc
esa
ndBi
bl
io
gra
phy
.Re
fer
enc
esc
ont
aino
nlyt
hos
ewo
rksc
it
edwi
thi
nth
ete
xt,
wh
il
ebi
bl
io
gra
phyc
ont
ain
swo
rkwh
eth
erc
it
edo
rno
t,i
ncl
udi
ngwo
rksr
eada
sge
ner
alb
ack
gro
und
.
Th
ere
for
e,b
ibl
i
ogr
aph
yist
heo
ver
alll
i
sto
fwh
erey
ouh
aveg
ott
eny
ourk
nowl
edg
efr
om,wh
ere
as
r
efe
ren
cel
i
sti
swh
ato
neh
asq
uot
edo
rpa
rap
hra
sedi
nth
ete
xt.Th
efo
rma
tad
opt
edb
yMo
i
Un
ive
rsi
tyi
sth
eAme
ric
an Ps
ych
olo
gic
alAs
soc
iat
io
n Pub
li
cat
io
n Ma
nua
l(APA)
.Th
isi
sin
a
lph
abe
ti
calo
rde
r,a
ndi
sasf
ol
lo
ws,Aut
hor
’sS
urn
ame
,in
iti
al
s.(
Yea
rofp
ubl
i
cat
io
n).Ti
tl
e.Ci
tyo
f
Pub
li
cat
io
n;Co
unt
ryo
fPub
li
cat
io
n:Pub
li
she
r.
 Bo
rg,
R.W.
,&Ga
ll
,M.
D.(
1983
).Ed
uca
tio
nalRe
sea
rch
:AnI
ntr
oduc
ti
o 4the
n( d.)
.Ne
wYo
rk:
Lo
ngma
n,I
nc.

Pe
ter
,K.
C.L.
,To
,W.
M.,
&Bi
l
ly,
T.W.
Y.(
2009)
.Th
eImp
leme
nta
tio
nan
dPe
rfo
rma
nce
Ou
tco
meso
fIS
O9000i
nSe
rvi
ceOr
gan
isa
tio
ns:AnEmp
iri
cal
Tax
ono
myI
.nt
erna
tio
nal J
our
nal
o
fQua
li
ty&Re
li
abi
l
ityMa
nag
eme
nt,26(
7),6
46-
62.
Ret
ri
eve
dfr
omEme
ral
d Gr
oup
Pub
li
shi
ngLi
mit
ed(
www.
eme
ral
di
nsi
ght
.c
om/
res
ear
chr
egi
st
er)
.

Ap
pend
ice
s. Th
esea
rema
ter
ial
swh
ichma
ybeo
fin
ter
estt
oth
ere
ade
rsEg
q
ues
ti
onn
air
es,
bud
get
set
c

BudgetItem Un
itCo
st S
ubTo
tal
Material
sa ndSuppli
es
10Re amso fPh o
tocopy
ingPaper 400 4000
Ext
e r
na lHardDiskDataBa c
kUp 7500 7500
Pri
nti
n g-
DraftsandQue st
io
nnair
es 1
0000 1
0000
Photocopyi
ng-Questi
onnai
res 5000 5000
Bin
d i
ng-li
brar
y 2000 2000
Tel
eph oneExp e
nses 4500 4500
SubTo t
a l 33000
Authori
za t
io
n
PermitFees 2000 2000
TravelExpensesforPermit 2000 2000
Accommo dat
ionExpensesfo
rPermit 3000 3000
SubTo t
a l 7000
DataCo l
lect
ion
TraveltoandWi thi
n9Co unti
es 3
0000 30000
Accommo dat
ionDuri
ngd at
aCo l
l
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n9Co
unt
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s 3
0000 30000
SubTo t
a l 60000
TotalDirec
tEx pen
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Overhead(10%o fTotalDir
ectExpe
nse) 10000
TotalResearchExpenses 110000
 PRELI
MINARI
ES

Ti
tl
e

De
cla
rat
io
n

Ab
str
act

Ta
bleo
fCo
nte
nts

Li
sto
fTa
ble
s

Li
sto
fDi
agr
ams

Li
sto
fAc
ron
yms

CHAPTERONE I
NTRODUCTI
ON

I
ntr
oduc
ti
on

Ba
ckg
roun
doft
hes
tud
y

S
tat
eme
nto
fth
ePr
obl
em

Ob
jec
ti
veso
fth
est
udy

Hy
pot
hes
is/
Res
ear
chq
ues
ti
onso
fth
eSt
udy

As
sump
ti
onso
fth
eSt
udy

S
ign
ifi
can
ceo
fth
eSt
udy

S
cop
ean
dLi
mit
ati
onso
fth
eSt
udy

Th
eor
eti
cal
andCo
nce
ptua
lFr
ame
wor
k

Op
era
tio
nal
Def
ini
ti
ono
fTe
rms

CHAPTERTWO LI
TERATUREREVI
EW

I
ntr
oduc
ti
on
Li
te
rat
ureo
nth
eIn
dep
end
entVa
ria
ble

Li
te
rat
ureo
nth
eDe
pen
den
tVa
ria
ble

Li
te
rat
ureo
nth
ere
lat
io
nsh
ipb
etwe
ent
heI
nde
pen
den
tan
dDe
pen
den
tva
ria
ble

CHAPTERTHREE RES
EARCHDES
IGNANDMETHODOLOGY

I
ntr
oduc
ti
on

S
tud
yAr
ea

Re
sea
rchDe
sig
n

S
tud
yPo
pul
ati
on

S
amp
lea
ndS
amp
li
ngPr
oce
dur
es

Re
sea
rchI
nst
rume
nts

Va
li
di
tya
ndRe
li
abi
l
ityo
fIn
str
ume
nts

Da
taCo
ll
ect
io
nPr
oce
dur
es

Da
taAn
aly
sis

Et
hic
alCo
nsi
der
ati
ons

BI
BLI
OGRAPGHY

APPENDI
CES