CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 GENERAL

The single phase induction motors (SPIMs) have been serving humankind for since long

[36, 37]. SPIMs have been proven to be robust, sturdy, and reliable means of electrome-

chanical energy conversion in low to fractional horsepower ranges. SPIMs do not require

any power conversion systems for input power and can be plugged directly into single phase

AC power supply. Moreover, since the SPIMs are of brushless nature, there is much less

maintenance. SPIMs have been diversified into different types such as split-phase motors,

capacitor start motors, capacitor start-run motors, permanent capacitor motors, shaded pole

motors, repulsion type motors, and many more. The domestic appliance sector has been rely-

ing on single-phase induction motors until now because of the other electromechanical energy

conversion technologies exorbitant cost. The power ratings of SPIMs in domestic appliances

start from as low as 20 W in evaporative cooler water pumps to 1 hp in domestic water suction

pumps. One such domestic appliance, which has a significantly higher number of hours of

operation, is a ceiling fan. The ceiling fans have been making use of SPIM technology for

a long because of their cheap and reliable nature. However, there has been a severe lack of

attention paid to the improvement in the efficiency of the SPIM-based ceiling fans. In this

chapter, a brief history of the SPIMs with subsequent improvements in design and perfor-

mance in the available literature is explored. Moreover, different types of motors that have

been used for ceiling fan application are investigated. This chapter presents an exhaustive

literature review of the single phase induction motor technology, design, optimization, and

performance analysis of SPIMs.

21
2.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

The concept of a three-phase induction motor by Nikola Tesla and Dolivo-Dobrowolsky

is one of the most crucial work in electromechanical energy conversion [38]. However, the

domestic power supply usually comprises of single-phase AC supply because of easy distri-

bution and low connected load in households. Thus, SPIMs come to the rescue for providing a

mechanism of electrical to mechanical energy conversions in ceiling fans, washing machines,

refrigerators compressors, air conditioners, kitchen appliances, and many more. For the pur-

pose of a crisp understanding of the principle and working of SPIMs, an exhaustive survey of

available literature is carried out. Moreover, past research work and state-of-the-art on ceiling

fans and exhaust fans are explored. Various types of motors for ceiling fans and exhaust fans

are reviewed. Moreover, the dynamics of the blades on the performance of ceiling fans are

explored. Various design methodologies for optimizing the performance of ceiling fan and

exhaust fan motors are reviewed.

2.2.1 Single Phase Induction Motors

The initial single-phase motors comprised of the primary armature coils and short-circuited

secondary coils, which require an initial push to start from the rest [36, 37]. The stator with

single phase distributed winding and rotor with commutators on a wound drum-like structure

similar to a direct current (DC) machine has been utilized in earlier stages [39]. The split-

phase induction motors have been started as universal motors and after being accelerated, the

commutator bars are short-circuited making it run like an induction motor [40]. The repulsion

type starts SPIMs too have been utilized very much in past [41–43]. A mathematical treat-

ment based on the transformer theory is given to the two-phase motor with a squirrel cage

rotor [44]. Centrifugal clutches have been used to start the split-phase induction motors. Cen-

trifugal switches cut off the starting winding just below the rated speed such that the motor

22
develops the rated torque with a single winding. Moreover, the repulsion starts motor with the

auxiliary winding in series with a capacitor to improve the performance of the motor has been

proposed [45]. The design of starting winding with and without the capacitor for the SPIMs

has been discussed in [46]. The use of computers for the performance calculation of the

SPIMs has been developed first by Veinott [47]. The performance analysis of the two-phase

induction motors with asymmetrical windings in quadrature as well as not in quadrature, is

carried out in [48, 49] with the help of three and five dimensionless parameters, respectively.

The magnetic characteristics of the SPIM with capacitor are analyzed with FEA [50]. The

optimization of PCSPIM is done using the nonlinear programming approach in [51, 52]. The

optimal placement of the run capacitor in the SPIM is investigated analytically based on the

equivalent circuit in [53]. An iterative design procedure for capacitor start-run SPIMs in-

cluding the effect of temperature and the magnetic saturation is developed in [54]. The d-q

transient model of capacitor start-run SPIM is developed using the trapezoidal rule for in-

tegration of the d-q axes differential equation of the flux [55]. A lumped parameter-based

approach is adopted, which incorporates the effects of the temperature, magnetic saturation,

and core losses into consideration for the calculation of the steady-state performance [56].

Various types of capacitor-run SPIMs of split phase, permanent magnet, and synchronous re-

luctance type are analyzed using two phase transformations [57]. The transient model of the

asymmetrical PCSPIM with windings placed at an angle other than 90° is proposed [58]. A

PCSPIM is optimized as a nonlinear design problem with constraints using a saturable equiv-

alent circuit [59]. The SPIMs with permanent magnets embedded in the rotor along with the

squirrel cage has been proposed to run as permanent magnet synchronous motors in steady-

state for improved performance [60–66]. The PM-based SPIMs suffer from irreversible de-

magnetization. The analysis of the demagnetization using FEA is presented in [67]. A lumped

23
parameters-based approach for thermal analysis of the PCSPIMs is proposed [68]. The same

is validated using the FEA and experimental results with decent accuracy. A sequential linear

programming-based optimization routine is developed to optimize the geometry of the SPIM

for the oil pumps [69]. A high power written pole single phase IM is simulated using the

dynamic model in d-q reference frame [70]. A three-phase induction motor is connected in

Steinmetz connection for producing an 18 pole winding fed from the single-phase AC supply

is presented in [71]. A phase variable transient solution for the electromagnetic equations of

air conditioner compressor PCSPIM is developed in [72]. A method of performance calcula-

tion of PCSPIMs replacing the turns ratio with the complex voltage ratio is proposed in [73].

A dual pole motor construction with permanent magnet excitation in the rotor along with the

squirrel cage is presented in [74]. The motor runs as PMSM with a 4 pole configuration and

a split-phase induction motor in a 2 pole configuration. A transient model for analytical per-

formance analysis of shaded pole SPIM in phase variables is presented in [75]. A concept of

three phase induction motor driven with VFD is proposed for energy-efficient operation [76].

The efficiency of the optimally designed motor is 70.31% with an output of 15 W. However, it

is worthy to notice that the air delivery is not commented upon which, is the actual parameter

for consideration. The transient analysis of the ceiling fan motor with magnetic equivalent

circuit coupled with circuit simulation is presented in [77].

2.2.1.1 Theory and Operation of SPIMs

The two theories explaining the working of the single-phase induction motors are the

forward-backward rotating field theory and the cross-field theory [78, 79]. The cross-filed

theory considers the main flux of the motor and rotor current in two orthogonal axes [80].

The stator winding axis is called the transformer axis and the orthogonal axes are called the

field axes. Kirchoff’s voltage law can be set up in individual axis and the circuits can be

24
solved to know the performance of the motor. The rotor bar current in the squirrel cage can

be resolved into three components [81]. The first is the rotor magnetizing component at a

frequency which is the sum of the line and the speed frequencies, and the renaming two are

the torque producing components at slip and sum of line and speed frequencies.

The performance of the two winding SPIMs is predicted using the proposed revolving

filed polygon technique [82]. Three different equivalent circuits based on cross-field theory,

double field revolving theory, and symmetrical components are used for accurate prediction

of performance.

2.2.1.2 Speed Control of the SPIMs

The speed change using the pole modulation with a change in winding configuration has

been popular in British industries [83–85]. The influence on the single phase motor effi-

ciency with circuits comprising of the silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs) has been investi-

gated in [86]. A SCR-based dynamic winding switching mechanism for power factor im-

provement of SPIMs is proposed in [87]. The modeling of the PCSPIM with SCR-based

controller in integral cycle mode in the stationary d-q reference frame is done [88]. A dis-

continuous phase controlled switching method of TRIAC in series with the line is used for

smooth speed control of the PCSPIM [89]. The speed control of the capacitor run SPIM

using a DC capacitor fed from H bridge converter is presented [90]. A back-to-back con-

nected SCR or TRIAC is placed in parallel to the capacitor of PCSPIM and the capacitor is

switched to provide starting torque and to improve the efficiency of the motor [91]. A TRIAC

is connected in series with main winding rather than connecting inline claiming improve-

ment in performance [92]. A series TRIAC firing angle control is proposed for the operation

of PCSPIM at maximum efficiency based on the ratio of the currents in main and auxiliary

winding [93]. Moreover, the impact of the TRIAC-based control on magnetic saturation is

25
studied in [94]. A diode bridge rectifier fed DC chopper is connected in series with the SPIM

to control the speed of the motor [95]. An IGBT-based switching device in parallel to the

capacitor is proposed for providing the maximum starting torque to the PCSPIM [96]. A

four TRIAC-based electronic pole change method is proposed for speed control of PCSPIM

in [97]. A sliding mode observer-based speed control of PCSPIM with IGBT in parallel to

the capacitor is proposed in [98]. For switching of the IGBT, a digital signal processor is used

to implement the optimization algorithm for dynamically varying the switching cycle of the

IGBT. A four switch drive for symmetrical and unsymmetrical SPIMs is proposed in [99]. A

single-phase full-bridge IGBT converter is used to implement the rotor flux oriented vector

control of the SPIM in [100]. The motor does not require any capacitor in such condition. A

two IGBT based control scheme for SPIM is proposed for reduced cost and improved perfor-

mance in [101]. The comparison of TRIAC controller and sinusoidal pulse-width modulation

based voltage controller on a 55W, 1250 rpm PCSPIM motor is investigated in [102]. A full-

bridge inverter-based maximum efficiency operation of SPIM is proposed using the winding

currents as a control variable rather than the slip in [103]. The proposed algorithm does not

require the need of a position sensor and controls the speed of the motor indirectly. An in-

ner current loop and outer speed loop for control of the unsymmetrical SPIM from a single

phase IGBT bridge converter is proposed in [104]. Similarly, a unique nondyadic wavelet ba-

sis functions-based multi-resolution analysis provides the switching pulses to the full bridge

converter for control of the PCSPIM in [105]. A three phase voltage source inverter is used

to drive the three two winding SPIM with two diametrically inverted input reference volt-

ages in [106]. Similarly, a three phase IGBT inverter fed from the a Z source impedance

network drives a two winding SPIM claiming the increased electromagnetic torque and im-

proved torque vs speed characteristics of the motor in [107]. A set of six equivalent circuit

26
based steady-state models of SPIMs with and without capacitor are proposed and validated

using the experimental results in [108]. An IGBT based H-bridge converter fed from DC-link

midpoint to which, the common terminal of two windings of a symmetrical two phase induc-

tion motor is connected with, is proposed as a variable frequency drive in [109]. The motor

behaves as a two phase equivalent of the symmetrical three phase induction motor controlled

with VFD. A test procedure for measurement of the iron losses in the PCSPIMs is proposed

in [110]. Two based H bridge converters are used to feed two windings of a split-phase induc-

tion motor with selective harmonic elimination in [111] for the reduction in THD of the motor

currents. Three cascaded full bridge Z source inverters are operated to give 7 level voltage

to PCSPIM achieving fault-tolerant capability in [112]. An H bridge inverter is used with a

flux weakening strategy for driving a PCSPIM allowing to save 10-20% power as compared

to the traditional methods [113]. A shaded pole SPIM supplied power with wireless power

transmission for 110 W is proposed in [114].

2.2.2 Outer Rotor Single Phase Induction Motor Ceiling Fans

The outer rotor SPIMs ceiling fans comprise of the stator with significantly higher num-

ber of poles (12 to 18) with an outer rotor along with a die-casted squirrel cage. Since the

excitation frequency is 50/60 Hz, the number of poles is kept higher for keeping the motor
120 × f
speed low (Nr = ). The windings are placed at an angle of 90° spatially to obtain the
P
airgap MMF balanced [79].

The stator comprises of two layers of windings namely main and auxiliary in two different

radial lengths. These layers are spatially arranged to have a displacement of 90° electrical.

The winding is typically a concentrated double-layer winding. The slot per pole per phase

is unity in such motors. The rotor is an outer runner with a number of bars strictly selected

to avoid the cogging and crawling phenomena. The auxiliary winding is connected in series

27
with a permanent capacitor to provide the starting torque and improved the power factor

under running condition. Both the windings are connected in parallel and supplied from

an AC power source. The distribution of current in both the windings highly depends on the

geometric design of the motor, turns in both the windings, an impedance of both the windings,

the value of the capacitor connected in series with auxiliary winding, and the operation point

of the motor (load on the motor). Therefore, it is explicit that the design of the a SPIM is

optimal for just one loading condition. The optimization of such motor is a bit tedious task

because of such concerns.

2.2.3 Axial Flux Single Phase Induction Motor Ceiling Fans

The axial flux motor technology provides a comparatively compact design, improved ef-

ficiencies, and better thermal performance [115, 116]. An axial flux single phase induction

motor with two rotors and sandwiched stator is proposed in [117]. The line voltage fed axial

flux PCSPIM is optimally designed with lumped parameter-based analysis approach for evap-

orative cooler application in [118]. The d-q model of AFSPIM is investigated and compared

with the 3D FEA [119]. An optimization for reducing the impact of the static eccentricity in

AFSPIM based on d-q theory is presented in [120]. A concept of double stator single rotor

axial flux induction motor is proposed in [121–124]. The motor is a two-pole motor rated for

5 kW and 7200 rpm. The axial flux induction motors with dual stator dual rotor structure are

popular for EV applications [125]. An axial flux induction motor rated for 300W, 1380 rpm

is used for cryogenic magnetic levitation application [126]. However, the use of ceiling fans

with axial flux motors has been almost nonexistent. Thus, there lies a huge potential in ceiling

fans with axial flux motors because of their compact structure and higher power density.

28
2.2.4 Permanent Magnet Brushless DC / Synchronous Motor Ceiling Fans

The ceiling fan motors with the outer rotor as permanent magnet poles are feasible with

two types of constructions namely brushless DC motors and PM synchronous motors. A com-

parison of BLDCM and PMSM with outer rotor configuration is presented in [127]. More-

over, an altogether topology of axial flux BLDC motor rated for 70 W with 115 mm outer

diameter and overall length of 69 mm is proposed in [128, 129]. The quoted efficiency of the

motor is 89.1%. Such motors can prove to be a miracle if optimized for ceiling fan appli-

cation. A CAD-based design procedure is used to develop a hub motor that is most suitable

for ceiling fan application with an efficiency of 78 % with Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets. The

designed motor provides 1 Nm at 310 rpm. Similarly, Nd-Fe-B based ceiling fan motor rated

for input wattage of 20 W at 360 rpm is designed considering the effects of armature reaction

in [19]. Two designs of BLDC motor for ceiling fan with rare earth PMs and ferrite PMs for

an output power of 22 W at 370 rpm are evaluated using FEA [130]. The difference in the

efficiency of both the type of fans is quite marginal whereas the ferrite magnet motor costs

22% cheaper as compared to the Nd-Fe-B motor. The stator tooth pole shaping and magnet

skewing are suggested for the reduction in cogging torque and acoustic noise of a BLDCM

based ceiling fan [131]. A reduction of 90% in cogging torque and 7.1 dB are reported.

A non-isolated buck-boost converter operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is

used to reduce the input power along with the THD of the BLDC motor ceiling fan in [132].

The topologies of Halbach array PM based BLDC motor for ceiling fans have been proposed

recently in [133, 134]. These topologies consume less amount of PM volume as compared

to conventional PM motors. A combination of Halbach array and consequent pole topology

for ceiling fan BLDC motor is proposed with a 40% reduction in the PM volume [135]. The

PMSM based ceiling fan motor with 38 W power input as compared to the conventional SPIM

29
with 65 W input power is reported in [136]. However, the power factor is significantly low. A

14 pole 12 slot PMSM with 100 W input power with a skew in permanent magnet poles across

the length of the motor is proposed in [137]. The split ratio and pole pitch ratio are optimized

for a PMSM ceiling fan with two stators (one working as motor and other as generator) is

carried out in [138]. The five phase PMSM motors with output power in the range of few

kilowatts are quite popular for HVLS ceiling fans for big spaces such as airports, warehouses,

barns, and other similar areas [139].

The fundamental frequency of 50 Hz which is suitable for lower core losses in the motor,

requires a higher number of poles for lower synchronous speeds. The stator of PM motor

with a higher number of poles for ceiling fans are wound with non-overlapping concentrated

windings [22, 23, 140, 141]. Such windings are called fractional slot concentrated windings

(FSCWs). The slot per pole per phase is a fractional quantity in FSCWs. The distributed

winding with integral slot/pole/pitch is difficult to wound and is not economical for a higher

number of poles in small diameter stators. FSCWs have advantages over the overlapping

distributed windings such as high power density, lower conductive losses, fault-tolerant ca-

pability, higher slot fill factor, and lower cogging torque. A higher-order harmonic of the

fundamental stator space is responsible for the torque production. Moreover, the back-emf of

the motor comprises of higher-order harmonics. A popular winding configuration for ceiling

fans is 18 slot/14 pole with a fundamental winding factor of 0.902 [142]. A set of design

guidelines for the design of multi-phase, multi-layer FSCW is presented based on the period-

icity of the motor in [143, 144].

2.2.5 Switched Reluctance Motor Ceiling Fans

The power density of the switched reluctance motors, is comparable to the three phase

induction motors. The exterior rotor configuration is more suitable for ceiling fans [6, 145].

30
The analytical design, as well as FEA based design approach, are well documented in the

available literature [146, 147]. Despite being intuitively easier motor technology for ceiling

fans, SR motors are not used for commercial ceiling fans, because of the inherent acoustic

noise and higher cost of the electronic drive circuit. A special treatment to the acoustic noise

of SRMs, which is a key design parameter in ceiling fans is given in [148]. A commercial 5

star SR motor based ceiling fan available with 220 CMM air delivery is listed in [25]. The

motor is a two phase motor with multiple teeth on a single stator pole. The motor comprises

of 4 stator poles and 18 rotor poles. A C-dump inverter is used to drive the motor with

two sets of DC power sources (low voltage and high voltage). Moreover, two asymmetric

H bridge converters are suggested for driving the two phases of the motor. Traditionally,

for each phase, an asymmetric H bridge converter using two semiconductor switches and

two diodes, is required. Further, there are topologies using (N+1) switches for driving N

phases of the SRM classified as (N+1)-Switch converters [148]. The converters utilizing the

benefit of bifilar winding and requiring N switches for N phases are classified as N-Switch

converter. Apart from these, C-dump converters are available in the literature, which are the

amalgamation of buck and boost converters for each phase. C-dump converters are more

popular for three phase SR drives. Specifically for four phases, the mid-point converter is

quite popular because of the reduced number of switches (four). For better current ripple, and

lower common-mode voltage, multi level converters are used in the literature. Two-phase SR

motors can be easily driven using the single switch topology for low power and inexpensive

applications [149]. However, for sophisticated control of two phase SR motor single switch

per phase (two switches in total) can be adapted [150]. A two-phase SR motor based HVLS

ceiling fan motor has been patented in South Korea [151]. For ceiling fan SRMs, low cost

and low acoustic noise are the key criteria for the converter selection. The number of stator

31
and rotor poles along with phases is a design choice that is dominated by the operating speed

of the motor, the acoustic noise, and the bill of material (BOM) cost of the power converter

circuit. For lower BOM cost, the number of switches should be less. For the lower acoustic

noise, the number of stator and rotor teeth should be higher, while the teeth should be lower

for better control. Thus, the design of SRM for ceiling fan at a competitive price is a difficult

task, which is reflected by the available commercial options in the market.

2.2.6 Impact of Blades on Performance of Ceiling Fans

The number of blades, type of blade, and pitch angle of the blade are important aspects

of the airflow [152]. Increasing the number of blades increases the airflow. However, it also

increases the weight and the drag, thereby increasing the input power of the motor. The usual

numbers of blades are 3 to 5 in conventional fans. There are broadly two type of blades, flat

blades, and aerofoil blades. Flat blades are flat strips placed at an angle forcing the volume

of air downwards as they rotate. However, there is a turbulence of air at the trailing edge

of the blade, which reduces the volume of air to be displaced by the next blade. Thus, the

efficiency of the flat blades, is lower as compared to the aerofoil blades. The aerofoil blades

have a curvature across the length, which minimizes the turbulence of the air volume at the

trailing edge. Aerofoil blades are much expensive to manufacture and produce less noise. The

pitch angle of blades in the flat ones, is kept in the range of 8°-10° in residential ceiling fans.

Increasing the blade angle results in an increase in air delivery at the expense of the higher

power consumption and reduced speed. The pitch angle of the aerofoil-designed blades is

higher near the center where the tangential velocity is lower and vice versa. The lower angle

at the trailing edge, helps in reducing the drag and air turbulence. For a sweep radius of ‘r’,

considering that the downward velocity ‘s’ of the air, is constant throughout the length of the

32
blade, the power output of the blades can be calculated as [9],

Pb = πr2 × s (2.1)

The efficacy of the ceiling fan in m3 /min/W can be calculated as,

πr2 × s
Q= (2.2)
V × I × cos(θ )

where , ‘V’ and ‘I’ are the supply voltage and supply current to the motor and θ is the power

factor angle.

2.2.7 Robust Design Methodologies and Optimization Techniques

The design optimization of the induction motor is a challenging task. The analytical de-

sign methods suffer on account of accuracy because of saturation and other non-linearities.

On the other hand, an induction motor needs transient time-stepping FEA analysis which,

consumes significantly higher time for performance evaluation of a single design. Thus, there

is a need for a robust design method or hassle-free optimization techniques. The design of

experiments (DOE) is a statistical method of understanding the behavior of the system with

respect to the change in the system variables [153]. DOE methods help to tune or predict

the system variables for an improvement in performance parameters without dealing with the

actual physics of the system. In the electromagnetic design of electrical machines, transient

FEA simulations are treated as experiments. The experiments are planned and simulated and

the results are used to develop a statistical model. The statistical model is used to predict

or improve the performance parameters. Even the complex designs, which require multiple

coupled physics such as electromagnetic design of EV motor along with coupled thermal

and structural solution of the motor, are much time taking and resource intensive problems.

33
The DOE can help to reduce the computational efforts and time for such multi-physics prob-

lems [154]. The DOE comprises of various tools for a different type of design processes such

as for initial screening experiments there are Box Behnken designs (BBDs) and Central Com-

posite designs (CCDs). Similarly, for analyzing the individual effects of system variables

on the performance parameters along with their iterations with each other full factorial de-

signs and fractional factorial designs are used. Full factorial, fractional factorials. Taguchi’s

orthogonal arrays, response surface methodology (RSM), meta-heuristic optimization, ma-

chine learning, and deep learning-based surrogate models are some of the statistical methods,

which are utilized for electromagnetic design optimization of electric motors. Taguchi’s or-

thogonal arrays with L16 and L9 matrices are used to find the optimal design of radial and

linear permanent magnet synchronous motors, respectively in [155,156]. A linear Vernier PM

motor is optimized with four design parameters using RSM in [157]. A regression machine

learning algorithm called extreme learning machine is proposed for obtaining the optimal

design of linear PMSM motor and compared with support vector machines (SVM) for val-

idation in [158]. An optimization of interior magnet PMSM is done using the Kriging and

non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA-II) after availing the sample data from the

design of experiments in [159]. Kriging, also known as Gaussian regression analysis is used

to optimized switched reluctance motor drive and axial flux PMSM for electric vehicles, re-

spectively [160, 161]. Convolutional neural networks are used to optimize the geometry of

the IPMSM [162, 163]. Hence, a data-driven approach to optimization of electric motors, has

ramped up in the past few years.

2.3 IDENTIFIED RESEARCH AREAS

While exploring the available literature on SPIMs and other motors, their speed control,

ceiling fans, low power domestic appliance motors, and interaction with the industry partners

34
in reference to the present day bottlenecks and opportunities, the following research areas

have been identified.

• The evaluation of the performance of existing ceiling fan motors, is to be conducted.

The development of the testing mechanism for measurement of output torque speed

characteristic of the outer rotor ceiling fan motor is missing in the available literature.

Moreover, the development of simplified methods for large scale testing of ceiling fan

motors without the need to couple any torque transducer is required for easy of produc-

tion quality check at the manufacturing point.

• The analysis and performance evaluation of the speed controllers available in the mar-

ket are to be carried out for energy-efficient ceiling fans. An experimental evaluation

of the power consumption, harmonic distortion of supply current, and the impact of

the present day speed control mechanisms are to be carried out in detail. The impact

analysis of speed controllers on the internal parameters of the ceiling fan motor using

FEA.

• The design and development of the energy-efficient ceiling fan are to be done in accor-

dance with revised Indian Standards and Regulations for 5 Star ratings.

• Development of cheap and energy-efficient SPIMs are to be carried out competing with

the present ceiling fan motors with permanent magnets.

• Design and development of axial flux SPIM are to be carried out for ceiling fans which

is an alternative type of construction, for getting more benefit of the available volume.

• Design improvement and optimization of the inner rotor PCSPIM are to be carried for

exhaust fans.

• The development of the transient models for inner rotor SPIMs with permanent capac-

itors with different approaches and in different reference frames.

35
2.4 CONCLUSIONS

In this chapter, a detailed review on the single phase induction motors, their design, speed

control, different types of motors for ceiling fans, the influence of the blades on the air de-

livery, testing of the air delivery, and methods for quick FEA based design optimization of

electrical machines has been presented. It has been observed that for ceiling fan motors the

available literature is inadequate. Moreover, there is a severe lack of literature on the design

process of standard ceiling fans, their testing methods, and analysis despite being in abun-

dance. The research objectives have been identified based on the shortcomings felt in the

available literature and the requirements of the present day industry. The coming chapters in

this thesis, illustrate detailed research in these identified research areas.

36